| 6022049450 | Bubonic plague | disease brought to Europe from the Mongols during the Middle Ages. It killed 1/3 of the population and helps end Feudalism. Rats, fleas. | | 0 |
| 6022051522 | "Little Ice Age" | A century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s. Its ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe were notable. | | 1 |
| 6022055191 | Ming Dynasty | A major dynasty that ruled China from the mid-fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century. It was marked by a great expansion of Chinese commerce into East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. | | 2 |
| 6022057485 | Eunuch | A man who has been castrated. In some ancient kingdoms, the highest positions in the government went to eunuchs. | | 3 |
| 6022060009 | Hundred Years' War | Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families. | | 4 |
| 6022068905 | Tsar | The Russian term for ruler or king; taken from the Roman word caesar. | | 5 |
| 6022070842 | Renaissance | A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a 'rebirth' of Greco-Roman culture. Usually divided into an Italian Renaissance, from roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century, and a Northern Renaissance 1400-1600. | | 6 |
| 6022072841 | Leonardo da Vinci | Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance, Leonardo filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. As a painter Leonardo is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503). | | 7 |
| 6022077940 | Michelangelo | (1475-1564) An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David. | | 8 |
| 6022079707 | Humanism | A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements. | | 9 |
| 6022085458 | Zheng He | (1371-1433?) Chinese naval explorer who sailed along most of the coast of Asia, Japan, and half way down the east coast of Africa before his death. | | 10 |
| 6022091277 | Prince Henry the Navigator | (1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire. | | 11 |
| 6022096305 | Magnetic Compass | Chinese invention that aided navigation by showing which direction was north. | | 12 |
| 6022106835 | Astrolabe | An instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets. | | 13 |
| 6022111167 | Vasco de Gama | Portuguese explorer who started exploring the east African coast and eventually reached Calicut on the southwestern coast of India; gave Portugal a direct sea route to India. | | 14 |
| 6022135621 | Treaty of Tordesillas | A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal. | | 15 |
| 6022145129 | Christopher Columbus | (1451-1506) Sailed for Spain. In 1492, he accidentally landed in the Americas instead of reaching the East Indies. | | 16 |
| 6022170963 | Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world. | | 17 |
| 6022181113 | James Cook | English navigator who claimed the east coast of Australia for Britain and discovered several Pacific islands (1728-1779). | | 18 |
| 6022185560 | Joint-stock company | A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors. | | 19 |
| 6022188336 | East India Company | An English company formed in 1600 to develop trade with the new British colonies in India and southeastern Asia. | | 20 |
| 6022190914 | Manila | Philippines. | | 21 |
| 6022198940 | Manila Galleons | Heavily armed, fast ships that brought luxury goods from China to Mexico and carried silver from Mexico to China. | | 22 |
| 6022200804 | Siberia | The northeastern sector of Asia or the Eastern half of Russia. | | 23 |
| 6022202386 | Seven Years' War | Fought between France/Russia and Prussia- Frederick kept fighting against heavy odds and was saved when Peter III took Russian throne and called off the war. | | 24 |
| 6022209115 | Columbian Exchange | The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. | | 25 |
| 6022211193 | Martin Luther | 95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion. | | 26 |
| 6022212679 | Indulgences | Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation. | | 27 |
| 6022215142 | Protestant Reformation | A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches. | | 28 |
| 6022217872 | Johannes Gutenburg | German printer; in 1446 he invented a printing press that used movable type. This eventually led to written information including scripture being available to the general population causing a greater need for literacy. | | 29 |
| 6022252603 | Calvinists | Following the beliefs of John Calvin of Geneva who argued that God was all powerful and all good, while humans are weak and wicked because of the corrupting effect of original sin. He also argued that God was all knowing and that he knew who was and wasn't going to hell. He believed that since the first moment of creation, some souls had been predestined for either eternal bliss or eternal torment and those who were meant to go to hell could not save themselves with good-doing. | | 30 |
| 6022255490 | Anglicans | Belonged to church of England and came to America; "purified" version of Catholics. | | 31 |
| 6022260240 | Catholic Reformation | Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline. | | 32 |
| 6022262200 | Council of Trent | Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend. | | 33 |
| 6022266447 | Society of Jesus (Jesuits) | Founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism. | | 34 |
| 6022279973 | Thirty Years' War | Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire ends with peace of westpahlia.1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a batlte between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire. | | 35 |
| 6022281704 | Peace of Westphalia | (1648) is the collective name for two treaties ending the Thirty Years' War that were signed by the Holy Roman Empire, minor German states, Spain, France, Sweden, and the Dutch Republic. It confirmed the principle of "cuius regio eius religio" (that a ruler's religion determined that of his country) introduced by the Peace of Augsburg, but mandated relative tolerance of other (Christian) faiths. It adjusted the borders of German states and strengthened their princes with respect to the Emperor and transferred most of Lorraine and some of Alsace to France. | | 36 |
| 6022283977 | Balance of Power | A strategy to maintain an equilibrium, in which weak countries join together to match or exceed the power of a stronger country. It was one of the guiding principles of the Congress of Vienna. | | 37 |
| 6022286105 | Habsburg Dynasty | Dynasty based in Austria that ruled the majority of central and western parts of Europe during the thirteenth and twentieth centuries. The title of Holy Roman Emperor was held by the family. | | 38 |
| 6022287218 | Bourbon Dynasty | Dynasty in France started by the reign of King Henry IV, powerful and EXTREMELY wealthy, rulers of this Dynasty wanted hegemony (dominant power), wanted to see shift of balance of power. | | 39 |
| 6022292267 | Romanov Dynasty | Dynasty that favored the nobles, reduced military obligations, expanded the Russian empire further east, and fought several unsuccessful wars, yet they lasted from 1613 to 1917. | | 40 |
| 6022294452 | Spanish Inquisition | An organization of priests in Spain that looked for and punished anyone suspected of secretly practicing their old religion instead of Roman Catholicism. | | 41 |
| 6022298496 | Spanish Armada | "Invincible" group of ships sent by King Philip II of Spain to invade England in 1588; Armada was defeated by smaller, more maneuverable English "sea dogs" in the Channel; marked the beginning of English naval dominance and fall of Spanish dominance. | | 42 |
| 6022300997 | Constitutional States | following struggles, the constitutional government strengthened the state and provided a political framework that enabled merchants to flourish as never before in European experience. Ruler in England and the Netherlands shared authority with representative institutions and created constitutional states. | | 43 |
| 6022303407 | English Civil War | Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king. | | 44 |
| 6022306416 | Glorious Revolution | Following the English Civil War, this event involve the British Parliament once again overthrowing their monarch in 1688-1689. James II was expelled and William and Mary were made king and queen. Marks the point at which Parliament made the monarchy powerless, gave themselves all the power, and wrote a bill of Rights. The whole thing was relatively peaceful and thus glorious. | | 45 |
| 6022308552 | Absolutism | A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.) | | 46 |
| 6022311632 | Louis XIV | (1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles. | | 47 |
| 6022315076 | Palace of Versailles | A large royal residence built in the seventeenth century by King Louis XIV of France, near Paris. The palace, with its lavishgardens and fountains, is a spectacular example of French classical architecture. The Hall of Mirrors is particularly well known. The peace treaty that formally ended World War I was negotiated and signed here as well. | | 48 |
| 6022318063 | Peter the Great | (1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg. | | 49 |
| 6022320695 | Catherine the Great | Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire (1729-1796). | | 50 |
| 6022322437 | Cossacks | Peoples of the Russian Empire who lived outside the farming villages, often as herders, mercenaries, or outlaws. Cossacks led the conquest of Siberia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. | | 51 |
| 6022326693 | Bourgeoisie | In early modern Europe, the class of well-off town dwellers whose wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce, and allied professions. | | 52 |
| 6022328439 | Gentry | A general term for a class of prosperous families, sometimes including but often ranked below the rural aristocrats. | | 53 |
| 6022330225 | Capitalism | An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. | | 54 |
| 6022396932 | Mercantilism | An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought. | | 55 |
| 6022399452 | Serfdom | A type of labor commonly used in feudal systems in which the laborers work the land in return for protection but they are bound to the land and are not allowed to leave or to peruse their a new occupation. This was common in early Medeival Europe as well as in Russia until the mid 19th century. | | 56 |
| 6022403024 | Nicolaus Copernicus | A Polish astronomer who proved that the Ptolemaic system was inaccurate, he proposed the theory that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the solar system. | | 57 |
| 6022407915 | Geocentric vs. Heliocentric Universe | The geocentric idea states that the earth is at the center of the universe while the heliocentric idea states that the sun is at the center of the universe. | | 58 |
| 6022410747 | Scientific Revolution | A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs. | | 59 |
| 6022414130 | Galileo Galilei | This scientist proved Copernicus' theory that the sun was the center of the solar system and developed the modern experimental method. | | 60 |
| 6022414131 | Isaac Newton | English mathematician and scientist- invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion. was supposedly inspired by the sight of a falling apple. | | 61 |
| 6022416549 | Smallpox | The overall deadliest known disease in the history of the world. In the 20th century alone there were approximately 500,000,000 people who died of this disease. | | 62 |
| 6022418569 | Encomienda | A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians. | | 63 |
| 6022422250 | Conquistadors | Group of Spanish soliers who defeated the Aztecs using never seen before guns and horses. They also brought small pox which killed many natives. | | 64 |
| 6022433226 | Hernan Cortez | Spanish soldier who led the conquistadors in a war against the Aztecs in 1519 and beat them. | | 65 |
| 6022438928 | Francisco Pizarro | Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541). | | 66 |
| 6022455093 | Motecuzoma II | Ruler of Aztecs who was required to give up his gold in order to gain back his freedom as ruler. Instead of gaining freedom, he was beheaded. | | 67 |
| 6022458764 | Atahualpa | Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish. | | 68 |
| 6022462347 | New Spain | Spanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica; included most of central Mexico; based on imperial system of Aztecs | | 69 |
| 6022467169 | Brazil | Area settled by Portugal in South America; in which they found money by exporting Brazilwood, largest importer of slaves. | | 70 |
| 6022512098 | Peninsulares | Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class. | | 71 |
| 6022521299 | Creoles | In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all nonnative peoples. | | 72 |
| 6022524134 | Mestizos | A person of mixed Native American and European ancestry. | | 73 |
| 6022525848 | Mulattos | A person of mixed European and African ancestry. | | 74 |
| 6022530400 | Mita System | The system recruiting workers for particularly difficult and dangerous chores that free laborers would not accept. | | 75 |
| 6022536510 | Fur Trade | European powers sought to capitalize on popularity of fur in Europe; involved trade with Indians. | | 76 |
| 6022537918 | Cash Crops | Crops, such as tobacco, sugar, and cotton, raised in large quantities in order to be sold for profit. | | 77 |
| 6022541773 | Indentured Labor (Servant) | Labor for a fixed period of time in exchange for transportation, food, clothing, lodging and other necessities. | | 78 |
| 6022549497 | Pilgrims | Group of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands. | | 79 |
| 6022585249 | Puritans | English Protestant dissenters who believed that God predestined souls to heaven or hell before birth. They founded Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629. | | 80 |
| 6022586957 | Manioc | Cassava with long tuberous edible roots and soft brittle stems; Used especially to make cassiri (alcohol) and tapioca; Cassava root eaten as a staple food after dying and leaching. | | 81 |
| 6022593883 | Atlantic Slave Trade | Lasted from 16th century until the 19th century. Trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas. One part of a three-part economical system known as the Middle Passage of the Triangular Trade. | | 82 |
| 6022595408 | Islamic Slave Trade | Became sort of a model to the Atlantic slave trade that we are familiar with today. It was much smaller than the Atlantic slave trade, but still had a significant number of African slaves transported throughout foreign lands. The demand for slaves was so large that Muslim merchants turned away from eastern European slaves, and turned towards sub-Saharan African slaves. A result of this was slave raiding. The Islamic slave trade went on between 750 and 1500 C.E. | | 83 |
| 6022597241 | Atlantic System | The network of trading links after 1500 that moved goods, wealth, people, and cultures around the Atlantic Ocean basin. | | 84 |
| 6022599647 | Triangular Trade | Trading System between Europe, Africa, and the colonies; European purchased slaves in Africa and sold them to colonies, new materials from colonies went to Europe while European finished products were sold in the colonies. | | 85 |
| 6022600807 | Middle Passage | A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies. | | 86 |
| 6022603245 | African Diaspora | The separation of Africans from their homeland through centuries of forced removal to serve as slaves in the Americas and elsewhere. | | 87 |
| 6022604301 | Plantations | A large, frequently foreign-owned piece of agricultural land devoted to the production of a single export crop. | | 88 |
| 6022605323 | Voodoo | A black religious cult practiced in the Caribbean and the southern U.S., combining elements of Roman Catholic ritual with traditional African magic and religious rites, characterized by sorcery and spirit possession. | | 89 |
| 6022612108 | Abolition of Slavery | William Wilberforce was a part of the Parliament who led the fight for abolition. He continued to fight to free slaves after he retired from parliament. Britain abolished slavery in its empire in 1833. | | 90 |
| 6022616142 | Matteo Ricci | Italian Jesuit who wanted to convert China to Christianity during the Ming dynasty. | | 91 |
| 6022620956 | Qing Dynasty | (1644-1911 CE), the last imperial dynasty of China which was overthrown by revolutionaries; was ruled by the Manchu people: began to isolate themselves from Western culture. | | 92 |
| 6022623079 | Manchu | Northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644, which was the last of China's imperial dynasties. | | 93 |
| 6022624547 | Kangxi | Qing emperor (r. 1662-1722). He oversaw the greatest expansion of the Qing Empire. | | 94 |
| 6022627341 | Quianlong | Chinese emperor (1735-1796) of the Qing dynasty who subdued the Turkish and Mongolian threats to northern China, expanded the empire, and was a patron of the arts. | | 95 |
| 6022629511 | Civil Service Examinations | An elaborate Chinese system of selecting bureaucrats on merit, first introduced in 165 CE, developed by the Tang Dynasty in the seventh century CE, and refined under the Song Dynasty; later adopted in Vietnam and with less success in Japan and Korea. It contributed to efficient government, upward mobility, and cultural uniformity. | | 96 |
| 6022631809 | Macartney Mission | The unsuccessful attempt by the British Empire to establish diplomatic relations with the Qing Empire in 1793. | | 97 |
| 6022633982 | Tokugawa Shogunate | (1603-1867) Feudal Warlord rulers of Japan. Responisble for closing Japan off from the rest of the world. Overthrown during the Meiji Restoration. | | 98 |
| 6022637067 | Kabuki | A popular type of Japanese drama combined with music and dance, it is the type of theatre in Japan(Played buy all male actors). | | 99 |
| 6022640230 | Francis Xavier | Early Jesuit missionary often called the Apostle to the Indies. He was an associate of St Ignatius of Loyola, with whom he took the vow founding the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). From 1541 he traveled through India, Japan, and the East Indies, making many converts. | | 100 |
| 6022642694 | Ottoman Empire | Centered in Constantinople, which is now Istanbul, the Turkish imperial state that conquered large amounts of land in the Middle East, North Africa, and the Balkans, and fell after World War I. | | 101 |
| 6022645976 | Safavid Empire | Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state. | | 102 |
| 6022651629 | Mughal Empire | Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. | | 103 |
| 6022653427 | Istanbul | Capital of the Ottoman Empire; named this after 1453 and the sack of Constantinople. | | 104 |
| 6022660934 | Devshirme | 'Selection' in Turkish. The system by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries. | | 105 |
| 6022664347 | Janissaries | Christian boys taken from families, converted to Islam, and then rigorously trained to serve the sultan. | | 106 |
| 6022670071 | Suleyman the Magnificent | Ottoman Sultan (1512-20) expansion in Asia and Europe, helped Ottomans become a naval power, challegned Christian vessles througout the Mediterranian. 16th Century. The "lawgiver" who was so culturally aware yet exacted murder on two of his sons and a grandson in order to prevent civil war. Ottoman. | | 107 |
| 6022671311 | Ismail | A great Safavid ruler who, at the age of 14, conquered much of the territory that became the Safavid Empire. He was a religious tyrant who made Shi'ia the state religion. | | 108 |
| 6022674124 | Twelver Shiism | A belief that there were 12 infallible imam (religious leaders) after Muhammad and the 12th went into hiding and would return to take power and spread the true religion. | | 109 |
| 6022677297 | Shah Abbas | A Safavid king of Persia who centralized government, created a powerful military, encouraged the growth of industry and reduced taxes of farmers/herders. | | 110 |
| 6022678734 | Isfahan | Persian capital from the 16th to 18th centuries under the Safavid Empire. Still a major cultural center of Iran today. | | 111 |
| 6022679760 | Babur | First sultan of the Mughal Empire; took lots of land in India. | | 112 |
| 6022681100 | Akbar | Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus. | | 113 |
| 6022683252 | Rajputs | Members of a mainly Hindu warrior caste from northwest India. The Mughal emperors drew most of their Hindu officials from this caste, and Akbar I married a Rajput princess. | | 114 |
| 6022685171 | Taj Mahal | Most famous architecture achievement of Mughal India; originally built as a mausoleum for the wife of Shah Jajan, Mumtaz Mahal | | 115 |
| 6022686936 | Sikhism | Indian religion founded by the guru Nanak (1469-1539) in the Punjab region of northwest India. After the Mughal emperor ordered the beheading of the ninth guru in 1675, warriors from this group mounted armed resistance to Mughal rule. | | 116 |
