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AP World History Semester 1 final Flashcards

8732663010	Royal Road	Constructed by Darius the Great in Persia in the 5th century BCE. Aided communication, trade, and administration of the empire.	0
8732663011	Satrapies	The system of administration under the Achaemenid Empire whereby the emperors ruled through regional governors.	1
8732663012	Terracotta Warriors	funerary objects created by slave labor under by the first Qin emperor. They are a example of how emperors used coerced labor to suit their whims	2
8732663013	Shihuangdi	First Qin emperor who unified China through force and military strength.	3
8732663014	Ashoka	Ruled a large empire in South Asia where Buddhism was promoted.	4
8732663015	Mauryan Dynasty	Ruled an empire in Northern India and restored Hinduism.	5
8732663016	Silk Roads	important Eurasian trade route in the Classical and Post-Classical Era. It declined due to the rise of the Atlantic trade stystm, the spread of the black plague long its route, and the disunity of Central Asia after the fall of the Mongol Emires.	6
8732663017	Represents Caeserpopism in the Byzantine empire.		7
8732663018	Justinian	emperor who expanded the size of the Byzantine empire, codified the legal system based on Roman law, and enforced Christianity in his empire	8
8732663019	Southernization	The transfer of ideas throughout Asia in the post-classical era which led to innovations that were later adopted by Europeans.	9
8732663020	Zero	invented in India and transferred to the West through Arab traders.	10
8732663021	Champa Rice	originated in Vietnam then transferred to China through the tribute system	11
8732663022	Dhow	developed in the Indian Ocean trade routes then adopted to the European caravel.	12
8732663023	Domesticated mammals	Item lacking in the Americas which impeded their ability match the trade volumes seen in Afro-Eurasia.	13
8732663024	Moldboard	developed in east Asia and adopted by Western Europe in the Middle Ages greatly improving agricultural yields.	14
8732663025	maize	Engineered in Meso-America (central America) and transferred indirectly to north and south America. Became one of the most important items transferred to Europe in the Colombian exchange.	15
8732663026	agriculture	developed independently in several areas of the world in the neolithic era.	16
8732663027	pastoralists	nomadic herders who aid in the spread of culture and technology due to their contact with several different settled societies.	17
8732663028	Inca	Native American civilization whose ability to trade was limited by their location in the Mountains	18
8732663029	Cahokia	large Native American civilization in North America which engaged in long-range trading ranging all the way from the Great Lakes to the Gulf Coast.	19
8732663030	Daoism	East Asian religion stressing the importance of harmony in nature	20
8732663031	Confucianism	East Asian religion stressing the creation of order in society adhering to traditional social roles.	21
8732663032	Zen	a syncretic faith created through a blend of Mahayana Buddhism and Daoism	22
8732663033	Virgin of Guadalupe	syncretic faith blending elements of traditional Aztec beliefs with Catholocism	23
8732663034	mulatto	Racial class in the Americas consisting of individuals with Spanish and African genetic roots	24
8732663035	Janissaries	Christian and Jewish subjects who were forced to convert to Islam but given powerful positions in the Ottoman military.	25
8732663036	Mestizos	Racial class in the Americas consisting of individuals with Spanish and Native American roots.	26
8732663037	Penensulares	Racial class in the Americas consisting of individuals with Spanish blood who were born in Spain	27
8732663038	Creoles	Racial class in the Americas consisting of individuals with Spanish blood who were born in the Americas. They were barred from holding high government, military, or church offices.	28
8732663039	Holy Roman Empire	A loose confederation of German states nominally ruled by an elected emperor	29
8732663040	Malacca	region in modern day Malaysia through with much shipping in Southeast Asia passes. It was temporarily occupied by the Portuguese in the Pre-modern era.	30
8732663041	Fall of Rome	Led to much disunity and lack of centralization in Western Europe for nearly a millennium.	31
8732663042	Led to spread of agriculture and malaria.		32
8732663043	Led to development of Swahili language and adoption of the Southeast Asian banana as an important African crop.		33
8732663044	One effect was the introduction of measles and smallpox which decimated previously unexposed populations		34
8732663045	Trade of gold and salt created wealthy empires here.		35
8732663046	empire whose innovations included paper, printing, and gunpowder.		36
8732663047	Deadly invasions here led to an empire which created relative peace and led to the reopening of important trade routes.		37
8732663048	People who engaged in raids throughout coastlines of European waterways but did not establish long-lasting, powerful states.		38
8732663049	Main market for American and Japanese silver.		39
8732663050	Region connected to Asia in the last ice age allowing for Asian settlers to reach the areas by foot at least 40,000 years ago.		40
8732663051	empire that eventually shrunk in size due to invasions by nomadic neighbors.		41
8732663052	Region which heavily persecuted members of religious minority groups after political unification in the 15th century.		42
8732663053	led some leaders to convert from traditional religions in order to attract and facilitate trade. However masses in these regions blended this new religion with traditional beliefs.		43
8732663054	Settlers here navigated by astronomical, wind, and tide observations and transferred pigs, chickens, and yams from Asia.		44
8732663055	Arose due to combination of religious and political conflicts.		45
8732663056	Caused gender imbalance and rise of some strong empires in Africa from participation in the slave trade		46
8732663057	Three-field system	provided for annual rotation of crops, leaving 1/3 of the land fallow (empty) for fertilization by pastoral animals. Led to increased crop production in Europe.	47
8732663058	justification by faith	Luther's belief that salvation comes only from faith and that good words are not needed.	48
8732663059	Tokugawa Shogunate	period of limited contact with the West	49
8732663060	physiocrat	someone who advocates minimal government involvement in trade.	50
8732663061	mercantilst	someone who advocates extensive government regulation of the economy in order to preserve a country's bullion.	51
8732663062	capitalist	someone who believes in private ownership and individual risk in business ventures.	52
8732663063	represents leader who required nobles to shave off their beards and dress in western clothing in an effort to modernize the nation.		53
8732663064	represents person who maintained a strong absolute monarchy in France.		54
8732663065	Spain	settled Americas with relatively few women, creating a race of people of mixed Spanish and Native blood.	55
8732663066	Portugal	settled Americas with relatively few women and also imported large amounts of slaves to work on sugar plantations resulting in a large population of mixed Native, African, and European heritage.	56
8732663067	English	Settled Americas with families and also held deep racial beliefs about inferiority of other races resulting in colonies with little mixing of European and Native heritage.	57
8732663068	Portuguese Empire		58
8732663069	Spanish Empire.		59
8732663070	Dutch Empire		60
8732663071	British Empire		61
8732663072	Route of Ferdinand Magellan		62
8732663073	Route of Vaso da Gama		63
8732663074	Route of Jacques Cartier		64
8732663075	Route of Bartolomeo Dias		65
8732663076	Route of Christopher Colombus		66

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CH.22 AP World History Flashcards

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9655157333	Indian National Congress	1914-Present : Organization established in 1885 by Western-educated elite Indians in an effort to win a voice in governance of India; over time, the INC became a major popular movement that won India's independence from Britain	0
9655157334	Spanish Flu 1919	Global outbreak of a deadly type of flu. The movement of soldiers during WWI helped to spread the virus. 20-40% of people in the world are estimated to have become ill with the virus that attacked the young and healthy as well the weak. People sometimes felt fine in the morning and were dead by night. An estimated 675,000 people died in the U.S. and 50 million worldwide.	1
9655157335	Mahatma Gandhi	was a political leader and the undoubted spiritual leader of the Indian drive or independence from Great Britain	2
9655157336	Satyagraha	"truth force"; Mahatma Gandhi's political philosophy, which advocated confrontational but nonviolent political action	3
9655157337	Mahatma	"Great Soul"	4
9655157338	Untouchables	member of the lowest-caste Hindu group or a person outside the caste system. Contact with untouchables is traditionally held to defile members of higher castes	5
9655157339	Jawaharlal Nehru	first prime minister of independent India and was the spiritual leader of the Indian drive or independence from Great Britain	6
9655157340	Congress Party	political party in India, formally the Indian National Congress, established in the late nineteenth century. It was the party of Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru. After India achieved independence from Britain in 1947, the Congress party dominated India's politics for two decades	7
9655157341	Muslim League	All-India Muslim League, created in 1906, was a response to the Indian national Congress in India's struggle for independance from Britain; the League's leader, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, argued that regions of India with a Muslim majority should form a separate state called Pakistan	8
9655157342	Muhammad Ali Jinnah	leader p of India's All India Muslim League and first president of the breakaway state of Pakistan	9
9655157343	Boers	A.K.A. Afrikaners. the sector of the white population of South Africa that was descended from early Dutch settlers	10
9655157344	Afrikaner	settlers of the seventeenth century. Their Great Trek founded new settler colonies in the nineteenth century. Though a minority among South Africans, they held political power after 1910	11
9655157345	Boer war 1899	'Second Boer War'----Great Britain defeated two Boer states in South Africa: the South African Republic and the Orange Free State	12
9655157346	Apartheid	policy or system of segregation or discrimination on grounds of race	13
9655157347	African National Congress	The South African political party established in 1912 by elite Africans who sought to win full acceptance in colonial society, it only gradually became a popular movement that came to control the government in 1994	14
9655157348	Nelson Mandela	put in jail for 26 years and then became the first black president of South Africa, ANC supporter, was sent to jail for having connections and being part of the ANC was relased from jail when apartheid ended	15
9655157349	Soweto	Impoverished black neighborhood outside Johannesburg, South Africa, and the site of a violent uprising in 1976 in which hundreds were killed; that rebellion began a series of violent protests and strikes that helped end apartheid	16
9655157350	Black labor movement	Black workers formed coalitions to change unions from within. The Coalition of Black Trade Unionists, for example, was founded in 1972	17
9655157351	Kwame Nkrumah	led Ghana to independence from Britain in 1957 and served as its first prime minister and president	18
9655157352	"Human capital"	the collective skills, knowledge, or other intangible assets of individuals that can be used to create economic value for the individuals, their employers, or their community	19
9655157353	Microloans	Provision of small loans and other financial services to individuals and small businesses in developing countries	20
9655157354	Turkey	Turkey is a nation straddling eastern Europe and western Asia with cultural connections to ancient Greek, Persian, Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman empires	21
9655157355	Mustafa Kemal Ataturk	The Founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey (1881 - 1938); as military commander and leader of the Turkish national movement, he made Turkey into a secular stat	22
9655157356	Fez	city in north central Morocco; religious center	23
9655157357	Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi	Born in 1919, Was shah of Iran from 1941 until he was deposed and fled the country in 1979; he dies in 1980	24
9655157358	Bazaaris	name given to the merchants class and workers of bazaars, the traditional marketplaces of Iran	25
9655157359	Ulama	body of Muslim scholars recognized as having specialist knowledge of Islamic sacred law and theology	26
9655157360	Tehran	Capital of Iran	27
9655157361	Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini	important Shia ayattolah who became the leader of Iran's Islamic revolution and ruled Iran from 1979 until his death in 1989	28
9655157362	Hijab	a head covering worn in public by some Muslim women	29
9655157363	"Bad Hijab"	that the women are seen as not being properly veiled and covered	30
9655157364	Revolutionary guards	Iran's most powerful security and military organization, responsible for the protection and survival of the regime	31
9655157365	Secularized states	States purports to be officially neutral in matters of religion, supporting neither religion nor irreligious	32
9655157366	Saddam Hussein	President of Iraq from 1979 until overthrown by an American-led invasion in 2003. Waged war on Iran from 1980 to 1988. His invasion of Kuwait in 1990 was repulsed in the Persian Gulf War in 1991	33

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AP World History Summer Vocabulary Flashcards

AP World History Vocabulary for the summer of 2017
THIS COPY IS NOT MADE FOR THE INTENT OF PLAGIARISM
Please feel free to use this Quizlet for studying purposes or to collect definitions only. If you write down the definitions please put them in your own words

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6947098190	Absolutism	The acceptance or belief in the absolute principles within the political, philosophical, ethical, or theological matters of the higher ups (such as the government).	0
6947098775	Agriculture	The practice of farming; it includes cultivation of the soil for growing crops and collecting food and material sources from animals such as wool.	1
6947100218	Aristocracy	The highest class in certain type of societies, more so found within those whom hold hereditary titles or offices.	2
6947100219	Bias	An opinion that is usually based on one's favorite thing, person, or group when it is compared with another; this form of an opinion is usually considered to be unfair.	3
6947100516	Bureaucracy	This is an system of government in which almost every important decision is made by the state officials rather than by the elected representatives.	4
6947100517	Chiefdom	This is a form of hierarchical political organization in an non-industrial society which is usually based on kinship.	5
6947101018	City-State	A city that with the surrounding territory forms, it becomes an independent state.	6
6947101492	Civilization	An stage of human social development, and organization, which is considered the most advanced.	7
6947101493	Commercial	Being involved with or engaged in commerce.	8
6947102135	Demography	An study or composition of statistics like births, deaths, income; when there is a large spread disease they also tend to use this to demonstrate the changes in human populations.	9
6947102808	Divination	An practice of seeking knowledge of the future or the unknown future by means of "magic" or in other supernatural means.	10
6947102809	Dynasty	a line of hereditary rulers of a country.	11
6947102810	Empire	An large group of states or countries under one supreme ruler.	12
6947103209	Epidemic	An widespread reoccurring infectious disease in a certain community and at a certain time.	13
6947103210	Forager	One whom wanders to search for supplies or provisions such as food or wool.	14
6947103622	Globalization	The rapid and unimpeded flow of capital, labor, and ideas across national borders.	15
6947103623	Indentured Servant	An person whom signed a contract in which they agree to work for a certain amount of time in exchange for food, clothing, and shelter.	16
6947104136	Interregional	Involving or connecting two or more different regions.	17
6947104137	Kingdom	An region ruled by a king or queen.	18
6947104482	Medieval	The Middle Ages, more so known for its old-fashioned and/or primitive times.	19
6947104774	Merchant	A person, usually tied to a company, that is involved with trade or commerce.	20
6947104775	Monotheism	The belief that there is only one God.	21
6947105763	Nation	A politically organized body of people under a single government.	22
6947105764	Neolithic	New Stone Age; an period in the development of human technology which began around 10,200 BC.	23
6947105773	Nobility	A group of people in an high-ranking society group.	24
6947109127	Nomad	A member of a community of people who live in different locations; they tend to wander from place to place.	25
6947109128	Ocean	A very large span of water which has been divided geographically; it has also been made into trading routes and traveling routes for tourism.	26
6947109129	Pandemic	An outbreak of a disease that spread worldwide.	27
6947109544	Papacy	This is the office/authority of the Pope.	28
6947109549	Pastoral	This is used for (or related to) the keeping or grazing of sheep or cattle.	29
6947111409	Patriarchal	This relates to or is considered a characteristic of a system of society or of a government only controlled by men.	30
6947112096	Periodization	This is the process of study of the categorization of the past into quantified named blocks of time in order to facilitate the studies and analysis' of history.	31
6947114498	Polytheism	This is the belief and/or worship that there is more than one God.	32
6947114499	Prehistoric	This was a time period around 5000 years ago, before writing was invented.	33
6947123658	Primary Source	An artifact, document, diary, manuscript, autobiography, recording, or any other source of information that was created for the purpose for it to be studied and used as an academic discipline.	34
6947123659	Revolution	This is the forcible overthrow of a government, or a social order, with favor from an group of an rebellion in favor of a new system.	35
6947123995	Rural	The characteristic of an area of living, it is commonly referred to as the countryside.	36
6947123996	Scribe	This is a person whom's job is to write and copy out documents before printing was invented.	37
6947124518	Secondary Source	Usually portrayed in scholarly books and articles, this type of source isn't completely reliable due to the fact the ones whom wrote it were not witnesses or experience it first-hand.	38
6947124519	Serf	This is an agricultural laborer that is bound, under the feudal system, to work on his/hers lord's/mistresses estate.	39
6947124520	Shaman	This is a person that is regarded as having access to and influenced by the world of good and bad spirits; these are more commonly seen within the areas of northern Asia and North America.	40
6947125124	Slave	This is someone whom is legal property of another and that is forced to obey their owners or masters.	41
6947125125	State	This is a territory, in a nation, that is considered an organized political community under the rule of one government.	42
6947125694	Steppes	A large area of an flat grassland with no forest which can usually be found in southeastern Europe or Siberia.	43
6947125695	Urban	This area of living is characterized as the city or town.	44

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AP Biology Flashcards

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4912122506	What are the Organic Molecules?	-Carbohydrates -Lipids -Nucleic Acids -Proteins	0
4912145611	What do all organic molecules contain	carbon and hydrogen	1
4912148348	What is special about carbon?	-Four valence electrons=four possible bonds -Can bond with itself with single, double or triple bonds -Can make long crazy branches or rings	2
4912156637	Functional Groups	specific combinations of atoms that determine reactivity and polarity.	3
4912159213	Macromolecules	made of repeating subunits.	4
4912167081	Subunit and Polymer of CARBOHYDRATES	subunit: monosaccharide polymer: disaccharide or polysaccharide	5
4912171283	Subunit and Polymer of LIPIDS	subunit: gycerol and fatty acids polymer: fat	6
4912177414	Subunit and Polymer of PROTEINS	subunit: amino acid polymer: polypeptide	7
4912182529	Subunit and Polymer of NUCLEIC ACIDS	subunit: nucleotide polymer: DNA or RNA	8
4912189023	Protein Monomers--> protein	amino acid -> peptide -> polypeptide -> protein	9
4912197748	Protein Description	- a polypeptide that has folded into a particular shape, which is essential for its proper function - make up structure - hormones such as insulin - antibodies - ALL OF THE FUNCTIONS because of their 20 different amino groups	10
4912213048	Amino Acid Structure and Buildup	Amino Group + amino acid + Hydrogen + carbon + R (variable functional group)	11
4912225718	Protein Structure	Primery structure: sequence of amino acids Secondary structure: hydrogen bonds between the amino acids cause the chain of amino acids to form alpha helixes and beta sheets. Tertiary Structure: the folding due to other chemical reactions and the bonding between R groups. Quaternary structure: multiple chains of amino acids interacting with each other.	12
4912265885	Carbohydrate Description	- Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio - Energy source - Building material	13
4912278644	Monosaccharides	- Always in rings - The hydroxyl groups makes them soluble in water	14
4912286052	Polysaccharides	- A source of energy: starch for plants and glycogen for animals - Structure: cellulose in plants and, chitin in animals, and preptidoglycan in bacteria	15
4912294306	Glycogen	the polysaccharide energy source for animals	16
4912318185	Lipid Groups	Triglycerides Waxes Steroids Phospholipids	17
4912340617	Triglycerides	saturated (fats that are solid and come from animals) and unsaturated (fats that are liquid and come from plants) Made out of a gylcerol and 3 fatty acids.	18
4912344441	Waxes	fats that are used in water retention by plants, structural purposes by bees, and ear canal protection and water proving by humans and some other animals.	19
4912352368	Phospholipids	Made of a polar head and non polar fatty acid tales. They form the plasma membranes of cells because the head faces the water (as it is polar) and the fatty acids face the inside of the cell. The kinks in the tale keep the plasma membrane fluid so that things and come and leave the cell.	20
4912370513	Steroids	- They form 4 fused carbon rings that differ in their functional groups. - They make up components of animal cells - Cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogen	21
4912408290	Nucleic Acids	DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) -genetic material -two strands connected by hydrogen bonds RNA (ribonucleic acid) -one strand -messenger ATP (adenosine triphosphate) -high energy molecule -two unstable phosphate bonds that are easily broken.	22
4912517588	Structure of a nucleotide	-pentose sugar -phosphate grouop -nitrogenous base	23
4919182733	pH	measure of hydrogen concentration	24
4919186028	Acids	release hydrogen ions high [H+] concentration	25
4919188033	Bases	take up hydrogen ions or release hydroxyls. low [H+] concentration	26

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AP Psychology: History & Approaches Flashcards

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6681424242	empiricism/empirical methods	Information is collected by objective observations and experimentation using the scientific method.	0
6681424243	structuralism	An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind (WUNDT, TITCHENER).	1
6681424244	functionalism	A school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish (JAMES).	2
6681424245	behaviorism/behavioral perspective	A theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior (LEARNING, REWARDS, PUNISHERS)	3
6681424246	humanistic perspective	Perspective that emphasizes the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth (NEEDS, SELF-ACTUALIZATION)	4
6681424247	biological/biopsychological perspective	Looking at the physical and genetic determines of behavior (BRAIN, BODY, GENES, HORMONES)	5
6681424248	psychology	Scientific study of behavior and mental processes	6
6681424249	nature-nurture issue	The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors	7
6681424250	Survival of the Fittest (Natural Selection)	Process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully (related to evolutionary approach)	8
6681424251	biopsychosocial approach	An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis (ECLECTIC)	9
6681424252	evolutionary perspective	A relatively new specialty in psychology that sees behavior and mental processes in terms of their genetic adaptations for survival and reproduction (SURVIVAL VALUE, OFFSPRING)	10
6681424253	psychodynamic/psychoanalytic perspective	A branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders (UNCONSCIOUS, CHILDHOOD)	11
6681424254	cognitive perspective	an approach to psychology that emphasizes internal mental processes (THINKING!)	12
6681424255	social-cultural perspective	the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking (SOCIETY, CULTURE, GROUPS)	13
6681424256	psychometrics	the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits	14
6681424257	basic research	Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.	15
6681424258	developmental psychology	A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span	16
6681424259	educational psychology	the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning	17
6681424260	personality psychology	the study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting	18
6681424261	social psychology	The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another	19
6681424262	applied psychology	The branch of psychology concerned with everyday, practical problems, e.g., a psychologist who works directly with a client with problems is considered an applied psychologist	20
6681424263	industrial-organizational psychology	application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces (HR help, employee incentive programs)	21
6681424264	human factors psychology	A branch of psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use (psychology + engineering)	22
6681424265	counseling psychology	A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being	23
6681424266	clinical psychology	A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders	24
6681424267	psychiatry	A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical/drug treatments as well as psychological therapy. Medical degree M.D.	25
6681424268	1879	Year psychology became a science. First lab opened by father of psychology Wilhelm Wundt!	26
6681424269	Mary Calkins	Denied Harvard PhD, but became first female head of American Psychological Association.	27
6681424270	Margaret Floy Washburn	First women to get a PhD in psychology.	28
6681424271	Gestalt psychology	Focuses on how we organize the world around us - perception. We create order out of chaos and make things "whole".	29
6681424272	Sigmund Freud	Most famous psychologist of all time. Developed the psychoanalytic approach. Ideas heavily influenced by Darwin.	30
6681424273	John Locke	Nurture. "tabula rasa" - we are born a blank slate.	31
6681424274	Plato and Socrates	Knowledge is inborn/innate (NATURE)	32
6681424275	Aristotle	Knowledge comes from experience (NURTURE)	33

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Ap Environmental Science Population Flashcards

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8989714914	Three types of population distribution	Random, Uniform, Clumped	0
8989714915	Density Dependent Factor	A factor that influences an individuals probability of survival and reproduction in a manner that depends on the size of the population (i.e. predation, disease, food supply)	1
8989714916	Density Independent Factor	A factor that has the same effect on a individual's probability of survival and reproduction at any populations size	2
8989714917	exponential growth models	occurs when populations are not limited by resources. (J-curve)	3
8989714918	logistical growth model	occurs when populations reach a carrying capacity established by a limiting resource and initially experience large growth but then level off. However, they do not exist exactly at carrying capacity. They fluctuate above and below.	4
8989714919	Type I, II, III Curves	reproductive strategies of different species. Type I fosters their young, Type II does sorta kinda, and type III straight up ditches their kids	5
8989714920	K selective strategies	A species with a low intrinsic growth rate that causes the population to increase slowly until it reaches carrying capacity (TYPE I)	6
8989714921	R selective strategies	A species with a high intrinsic growth rate that causes the population to overshoot and quickly die off (TYPE III)	7
8989714922	Population size	The total number of individuals within a defined area at a given time	8
8989714923	Population density	The number of individuals per unit area at a given time	9
8989714924	Population distribution	How individuals are distributed with respect to one another	10
8989714925	Population age structure	how many individuals fit into age categories. Shown by age structure diagrams	11
8989714926	Growth Rate	The number of offspring an individual can produce in a given period of time, minus the deaths of the individual or offspring during the same period	12
8989714927	Metapopulations	A group of spatially distinct populations that are connected by occasional movements of individuals between the populations	13
8989714928	Competition	The struggle of individuals to obtain a limiting resource	14
8989714929	Resource partitioning	Where species work together and divide up a resource like birds in a tree-this can reduce competition	15
8989714930	Predation	The use of one species as a resource by another species	16
8989714931	Parasites	Type of predation when species live on or in the organism they consume	17
8989714932	Parasitoids	Type of predation when species lay eggs inside other organisms	18
8989714933	Mutualism	A type of interspecific interaction where both species benefit	19
8989714934	Commensalism	A type of relationship in which one species benefits but the other is neither helped nor hurt	20
8989714935	Keystone Species	Keystone or Busch? Jk nah this is a species that plays a role in its community that is far more important that ints relative abundance might suggest	21
8989714936	Primary Succession	Occurs on surfaces that are initially devoid of soil. Starts with moss and lichens on the exposed rock and it it progresses to shrubs and plants and eventually restores ecosystem.	22
8989714937	Secondary Succession	Occurs in areas that have been disturbed but have not lost their soil	23
8989714938	Community Ecology	The study of the interactions between species in a habitat	24
8989714939	Competitive exclusion principle	two species competing for the same limited resource cannot coexist. This explains why resource partitioning takes place so that both can survive	25
8989714940	Interspecific Competition	When two species compete over one limited resource	26
8989714941	Intraspecific Competition	When two individuals within the same species compete over one limited resource	27
8989714942	Factors that determine species richness	Latitude (distance from equator), Time (older the habitat, the higher SR), Habitat size (larger=greater)	28
8989714943	Theory of Island Biogeography	Explains that both habitat size and distance determine species richness	29
8989714944	How does the human population not have a food deficit?	Innovation and Technology	30
8989714945	growth rate equation	CBR-CDR/10	31
8989714946	doubling time for a population equation	70/growth rate	32
8989714947	Demography	The study of human populations and population trends	33
8989714948	Total Fertility Rate (TFR)	estimate of the average number of children each woman will bear in her lifetime	34
8989714949	Replacement level fertility (RLF)	2.1	35
8989714950	Developed Countries	Countries with high levels of industrialization and income	36
8989714951	Developing Countries	Countries with relatively low levels of industrialization and income	37
8989714952	Life Expectancy	The average number of years that an infant born in a particular year in a particular country can be expected to live, given the current average life span and death rate of that country	38
8989714953	Infant Mortality Rate	Number of deaths of children under the age of one per 1000 births	39
8989714954	Child Mortality Rate	Number of deaths of children under the age of five per 1000 births	40
8989714955	Demographic Transition	The theory that as a country moves from a subsistence economy to and industrialized one, it undergoes a predictable shift in population growth	41
8989714956	Family Planning	Regulating the number or spacing of children through the use of birth control	42
8989714957	IPAT equation	environmental Impact=Population, Affluence, Technology	43

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Pankow 17 Week 12 Landscape Scientific B Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

8255293016	Abies Concolor	0
8255293017	Acer platanoides	1
8255293018	Acer palmatum dissectum	2
8255293019	Acer palmatum 'Bloodgood'	3
8255293020	Acer sacchariinum	4
8255293021	Acer platanoides 'Crimson King'	5
8255293022	Festuca cinerea	6
8255293023	Fagus grandifolia	7
8255293024	Euonymus fortunei	8
8255293025	Fraxinus americana	9
8255293026	Forsythia x americana	10
8255293027	Adiantum pedatum	11

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TYB22/B34 Text 12 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

9241607883	die Brücke	bron	0
9241607884	der Turm	tornet	1
9241607885	bauen	bygga	2
9241607886	damals	på den tiden	3
9241607887	ich muss los	jag måste iväg	4
9241607888	die Hilfe	hjälpen	5
9241607889	gern geschehen	för all del	6
9241607890	die Strasse entlang	längs med gatan	7
9241607891	die Sehenswürdigkeit	sevärdhet	8
9241607892	die Bank	banken	9
9241607893	der Termin	avtalad tid	10
9241607894	erinnern	påminna	11
9241607895	auf Schusters Rappen	gå till fots	12
9241607896	unterwegs	på väg	13
9241607897	völlig	fullständigt	14
9241607898	der Kalender	kalendern	15
9241607899	vielleicht	kanske	16
9241607900	der Schweizer	schweizaren	17
9241607901	die Ausnahme	undantaget	18
9241607902	der Stadtplan	stadskartan	19
9241607903	bis	tills	20
9241607904	die Zollstation	tullstation	21
9241607905	höchstens	högst	22
9241607906	die Uhr	klockan	23
9241607907	der Tipp	tipset/rådet	24
9241625667	unbedingt	absolut	25
9241646669	weiter	vidare	26
9241659056	bemerken	märka	27
9241665059	Französisch	franska	28
9241670748	sich treffen	träffas	29
9241685430	die beiden	de bägge	30

6544899891	plasma membrane	separates internal metabolic event; controls mvmnt of materials	0
6544899894	selectively permeable	allows: small, unchanged, polar molecules; hydrophobic molecules blocks: large polar molecules; ions	1
6544899895	integral proteins	imbedded in bilipid layer	2
6544899896	peripheral proteins	attached to membrane surface	3
6544899897	channel proteins	passage for hydrophillic substances	4
6544899898	aquaporins	channel proteins; increase rate of H20 passage	5
6544899899	ion channels	ions; gated channels	6
6544899900	gated channels	open and close in response to stimuli EX: nerve and muscle cells	7
6544899901	carrier proteins	specific molecules bind, changing protein shape	8
6544899902	transport proteins	use ATP (active transport) EX: sodium-potassium pump	9
6544899904	receptor proteins	provide binding sites; activates specific cell response	10
6544899907	organelles	bodies within cytoplasm; chemical rxns isolated, able to take place w/o interference; large surface areas to max. space for rxns	11
6544899908	nucleus	contains DNA and nucleoli; site of cell division	12
6544899909	chromatin	DNA spread through nucleus like web	13
6544899910	chromosomes	DNA becomes rod-shaped as cell begins division; includes 2 long DNA molecules and histone proteins	14
6544899911	histones	organize long DNA	15
6544899912	nucleosomes	coiling of DNA by histones	16
6544899913	nucleoli	concentrations of DNA in process of manufacturing ribosomes	17
6544899914	nuclear pores	passageway for proteins and RNA	18
6544899915	nuclear envelope	2 bilipid layers; bounded to nucleus, continuous with ER	19
6544899916	ribosome	2 RNA subunits + proteins; free v bound; protein synthesis	20
6544899917	free ribosomes	in cytosol; proteins made function within cell EX: enzymes that catalyze sugar breakdown	21
6544899918	bound ribosomes	attached to ER or nuclear envelope; proteins made function within cell membrane or exported from cell	22
6544899919	smooth ER	w/o ribosomes; synthesis of lipids and steroids, metabolizes CHO, detoxification	23
6544899920	rough ER	w/ ribosomes; synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins, produces new membrane	24
6544899921	golgi apparatus	collect, modify, and package proteins, CHO and lipids	25
6544899922	lysosomes	(animal cells only) vesicles from Golgi with hydrolytic enzymes; break down material in cytosol for recycling; low pH	26
6544899923	peroxisomes	animals: breakdown H202, fatty acids, AAs; plants: modify by-products of photosynthesis	27
6544899924	mitochondria	carry out cellular respiration; two membranes allow separation of metabolic processes	28
6544899925	chloroplasts	(plant cells only) carry out photosynthesis; two membranes	29
6544899926	microtubules	made of protein tubulin; found in spindle apparatus (guides chromosome mvmnt in cell division); support and motility for cell activity	30
6544899927	intermediate filaments	support for cell shape	31
6544899929	flagella	long, few, snake-like mvmnt; 9+2 microtubule EX: sperm	32
6544899930	cilia	short, many, back-and-forth mvmnt; 9+2 microtubule EX: line respiratory tract	33
6544899931	centrioles	(animal cells only) microtubule organizing centers; create spine apparatus in cell division	34
6544899932	transport vesicles	move materials btwn organelles	35
6544899934	contractile vacuoles	collect and pump water in cell	36
6544899935	central vacuoles	(plant cells only) contain most of plant cell interior; exert tugor when full for cell rigidity; functions specialized: 1) store starch, nutrients, waste, etc. 2) lysosome function 3) cell growth by absorbing H20 4) renders large SA-to-V ratio	37
6544899936	cell walls	(plant cells only) support	38
6544899937	extracellular matrix	(animal cells only) mechanical support, helps bind adjacent cells	39
6544899938	cell junctions	anchor cells together for cellular exchange	40
6544899939	anchoring junctions	(animals) protein attachments between cells EX: desmosome	41
6544899940	tight junctions	(animals) seal that prevents cellular exchange	42
6544899941	communication junctions	allow chemical and electrical signal passage	43
6544899942	gap junctions	(animals) (communication) narrow tunnels; basically channel protein connecting 2 cells	44
6544899943	plasmodesmata	(plants) (communication) narrow tunnels; like gap junctions	45
6544899944	prokaryotes	plasma membrane, DNA, ribosomes, cytoplasm, cell wall	46
6544899945	hypertonic	solute hypertonic to solution=higher [solutes]	47
6544899946	hypotonic	solute hypotonic to solution=lower [solutes]	48
6544899947	isotonic	[solute]=[solution]	49
6544899948	bulk flow	collective movement in response to pressure	50
6544899949	passive transport	[higher] to [lower]; increases w/ increase in [x], temp., smaller particle size	51
6544899950	diffusion	random mvmnt leads to net mvmnt from [high] to [low]	52
6544899951	osmosis	diffusion of water across selectively permeable mmbrn	53
6544899952	turgor pressure	osmosis into cell	54
6544899953	plasmolysis	osmosis out of cell	55
6544899954	cell lysis	swelling of cell b/c excess turgor pressure	56
6544899955	facilitated diffusion	diffusion through channel or carrier proteins	57
6544899956	active transport	[lower] to [higher]; requires use of E (usually ATP)	58
6544899957	electrochemical gradient	combo. of concentration and electrical voltage gradients of ions	59
6544899958	cotransport	protein that allows downhill mvmt to drive another uphill; E for uphill from [gradient] from downhill	60
6544899959	vesicular transport	uses vesicles to move substances across plasma mmbrn	61
6544899960	exocytosis	fuse w/ membrane, release contents outside cell	62
6544899961	endocytosis	capture substance outside cell, fuse w/ membrane, release contents into cell; 3 types: phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated	63
6544899962	phagocytosis	cellular eating; undissolved material enters cell; forms phagocytic vesicle	64
6544899963	pinocytosis	cellular drinking; dissolved material enters cell; forms liquid vesicle	65
6544899964	receptor-mediated endocytosis	specific molec. (ligands) binds to site, resulting in pinocytosis	66
6544899965	water potential	movement of water from where there is high potential to low potential; based upon solute and pressure components	67
6544899966	solute potential	=-iCRT i = ionization constant (NaCl = 2, glucose = 1) C = concentration (M) R = constant (0.0831 mol-liters/bar K) T = temperature (K) more solute = lower overall potential	68
6544899967	pressure potential	measurement of pressure, in an open container usually = 0	69

7253720870	Abstruse	difficult to understand	0
7253722383	Artificial	a language invented for a specific purpose and based on a set of prescribed rules; not genuine or natural	1
7253725228	Bombastic	speech or writing marked by an extravagance or affectation of style that the content does not warrant; grandiloquent or pompous	2
7253729979	Colloquial	characteristic of or appropriate to the spoken language or to writing that seeks the effect of speech; informal	3
7253733918	Concrete	of or relating to an actual, specific thing or instance; particular	4
7253735839	Cultured	educated, polished, and refined	5
7253738109	Connotative	suggest or imply in addition to a literal meaning; words with suggested or associated meanings	6
7253741034	Detached	marked by an absence of emotional involvement, and an impersonal objectivity	7
7253744137	Diatribe	a bitter, abusive denunciation	8
7253745342	Eloquence	a form of persuasion involving word choices based on moving an audience	9
7253747715	Emotional	a strong feeling that arises subjectively rather than through conscious effort	10
7253750662	Esoteric	intended for or understood by only a particular group, restricted number of people	11
7253753000	Euphemistic	substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive	12
7253757196	Exact	strictly and completely in accord with fact; not deviating from the truth or reality	13
7253759734	Figurative	based on or making use of figures of speech; metaphorical	14
7253761508	Grotesque	characterized by ludicrous or incongruous distortion as of appearance or manner	15
7253764527	Homespun	simple and homely; unpretentious	16
7253766430	Idiomatic	peculiar to or characteristic of a given language or particular group of people	17
7253770253	Incongruous	lacking in harmony; incompatible and inconsistent	18
7253772525	Insipid	lacking flavor or zest; dull	19
7269001861	Rhetoric	The art of using language effectively and persuasively; uses speech, writing, and compositional methods	20
7269001862	Visual Rhetoric	uses images to establish tone and mood; appeals to emotions OPTIC	21
7269001863	Diction	word choice	22
7269001864	Syntax	The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.	23
7269001865	Details	information the author includes, or does not include	24
7269001866	Language	the entire body of words/style; formal, informal, or slang	25
7269001867	Tone	the general character or attitude of a place, piece of writing, situation, etc.	26
7269001868	Connotation	All the meanings, associations, or emotions that a word suggests	27
7269001869	Denotation	The dictionary definition of a word	28
7269001870	Mood	Feeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader	29
7269001871	Syntax: Sentence Length	Staccato: 1-2 abrupt words (Emphatic) Telegraphic: <5 words Short: 5-12 words Medium: 13-20 words Long: >20 words	30
7269001872	Syntax: Word Order	Loose: main point at beginning Periodic: main point at end Interrupted: subordinate clause in middle for anticipation and emphasis	31
7269001873	Syntax: Sentence Type	declarative, interrogative (rhetorical or hypophora), imperative (demand or horative), exclamatory	32
7269001874	Hypophora	A figure of speech in which the speaker poses a question and then answers the question.	33
7269001875	Horative	meant to express strong encouragement	34
7269001876	Tropes	the use of a word in a way not intended by its normal signification	35
7269001877	Schemes	A change in standard word order or pattern.	36
7269001878	Parallelism	similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses	37
7269001879	Isocolon	Use of parallel elements similar not only in structure, but in length	38
7269001880	Tricolon	3 parallel clauses, phrases, or words used in quick succession without interruption	39
7269001881	Ellipsis	deliberate omission of a word or words	40
7269001882	Asyndeton	Deliberate omission of conjunctions	41
7269001883	Polysyndeton	deliberate use of many conjunctions	42
7269001884	Alliteration	Repetition of initial consonant sounds	43
7269001885	Assonance	Repetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity	44
7269001886	Anaphora	repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines	45
7269001887	Epistrophe	the repetition of a word at the end of successive clauses or sentences	46
7269001888	Epanalepsis	repetition at the end of a clause of the word that occurred at the beginning of the clause	47
7269001889	Anadiplosis	repetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause	48
7269001890	Climax	the arrangement of words, phrases, or clauses in an order of increasing importance	49
7269001891	Antimetabole	repetition of words, in successive clauses, in reverse grammatical order	50
7269001892	Chiasmus	reversal of grammatical structures in successive phrases or clauses	51
7318947789	Metaphor	an implied comparison between two unlike things that have something in common	52
7318947790	Simile	An explicit comparison between two things of unlike nature that have something in common, using "like" or "as"	53
7318947791	Synecdoche	using one part of an object to represent the entire object	54
7318947792	Metonymy	substitution of some attributive or suggestive word for what is actually meant	55
7318947793	Zeugma	using a word, typically a verb, in two different ways in one sentence	56

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