| CourseNotes

AP Statistics Probability Flashcards

7617866435	Probability	A number between 0 and 1 that reports the likelihood of the event's occurrence.	0
7617866436	Trial	A single attempt	1
7617866437	Outcome	Value measured, observed, or reported for an individual instance of the trial	2
7617866438	complement of A	1-P(A)	3
7617866439	Independence	If knowing whether one event occurs does not alter the probability that the other event occurs.	4
7617866440	Law of Large Numbers	Long-run relative frequency of repeated independent events becomes close to actual frequency as number of trials increases.	5
7617866442	Disjoint (Mutually Exclusive)	They share no outcomes in common.	6
7617866443	General Addition Rule (not mutually exclusive)	P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A intersect B)	7
7617866444	Multiplication Rule of Independent Events	P(A) * P(B)	8
7617866445	Sample Space	The collection of all possible outcome values	9
7617866446	Conditional Probability	P(B \| A) = P(A intersect B)/P(A)	10
7617866447	Law of Averages	A flawed way of thinking that if an event doesn't happen for a while that it is due to occur soon.	11
7617907522	reverse conditioning (baye's rule)	P(A\|B) = P(B\|A)*P(A)/P(B)	12
7617929465	General Addition Rule (mutually exclusive events)	P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B)	13
7617936758	Multiplication rule of dependent events	P(A\|B)*P(B) = P(A intersect B)	14
7618004528	Probability Distribution	Lists all possible outcomes of a random event and each outcome's probabilities	15
7618014226	disjoint	aka mutually exclusive	16
7618020833	P(at least 1)	1-P(none)	17
7618041795	venn diagram	a helpful diagram to draw when you have events that are not mutually exclusive.	18
7618081150	Two Way Table	A table that lists counts for 2 categorical variables that is helpful with conditional probabilities.	19
7618103830	P(A\|B)	Probability of event A given that event B occurs.	20
7618147669	Tree Diagram		21

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Unit 3 Vocabulary Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

8567054322	Primitive Data	Holds only one piece of data at a time. The variable holds the actual value. Example: int and double	0
8567054323	Class Data	Holds more than one piece of data at a time and can hold data of different types. Has built in methods (tools). Users can create their own. The variable holds the memory location of the actual data - REFERS to it. Example: Strings	1
8567054324	Garbage Collection	Java goes through and "cleans up" any unattached values in memory.	2
8567054325	Overloaded	This means the method has multiple uses depending on the type or number of parameters used.	3
8567054326	Methods	Code that is given a name and parameters that belong to a class. (Spells)	4
8567054327	Object	A variable of a class type. It can hold lots of data and has methods. It is different than a primitive type.	5
8567054328	Array	An object that holds more than one thing in memory. All items must be the same data type. They can hold primitive types or class types.	6
8567054329	New	A Java command that creates a new reference - this is when Java stores the memory address in the variable.	7
8567054330	Element	The value held in each index of an array.	8
8567054331	Index	The address of the elements in an array.	9
8567054332	Initialize (array)	Stores known values in an array.	10
8567054333	Initializer Lists	Automatically sets the values in an array.	11
8567054334	The For header	The first line of a For loop.	12
8567054336	Algorithms	A process that has an order, has clear instructions, has operations that can be done by a computer, produces a result, and stops in a finite amount of time	13
8567054337	Insertion	Means putting a value into the middle of an array	14
8567054338	Deletion	Means removing a value from the middle of an array	15

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Biology Proteins Flashcards

For the AP Exam, students need to be able to identify the structure of an amino acid, and the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures of proteins.

Terms : Hide Images

7358173848	*proteins	*a macromolecule made chains of amino acids	0
7397543287	*Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen (CHON)	*elements that make up a protein	1
7358177816	categories of proteins	structural proteins, storage proteins, transport proteins, defensive proteins, and enzymes	2
7358467726	*enzymes	*proteins that speed up chemical reactions (reduce the activation energy required)	3
7358470858	defensive proteins	proteins that recognize and respond to particles that invade the organism such as antibodies	4
7358478263	hormonal and regulatory proteins	proteins that control physiological processes such as insulin	5
7358482854	receptor proteins	proteins that receive and respond to molecular signals from inside and outside the cell	6
7358489181	storage proteins	proteins that store chemical building blocks for later use	7
7358492221	structural proteins	proteins that provide physical stability such as collagen	8
7358495085	transport proteins	proteins that carry substances within the organism, such as hemoglobin	9
7358499681	genetic regulatory proteins	proteins that regulate how, when, and to what extent a gene is expressed	10
7358202515	*amino acid	*building block (monomer) of proteins, composed of an amino group and a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and an R-group	11
7397562072	*a carboxyl group, an amino group, a central Carbon, a Hydrogen, and an R-group	*structure of an amino acid	12
7358240130	*20	*the number of different amino acids that occur extensively in all living organisms	13
7358253032	glycine	the simplest amino acid, with a Hydrogen atom for the R-group; small enough to fit into tight corners in the interior of a protein molecule	14
7358526356	proline	amino acid that lack a hydrogen atom in the amino group resulting in a ring structure; often functions to stabilize bends or loops in proteins	15
7358538557	cysteine	amino acid that has a terminal sulfhydrl group, and can react with another cysteine and form a disulfide bridge	16
7358544511	disulfide bridge	covalent bond formed between two cysteine amino acids when their SH groups become oxidized; this helps determine how a protein folds	17
7358235881	*dehydration synthesis	*process that bond an amino acid to another amino acids (forms peptide bond)	18
7358550897	oxidization	refers to a molecule that has lost electrons	19
7358555825	reduction	refers to a molecule that has gained electrons	20
7358641918	LEO (the lion) says GER	LEO- loss of electrons is oxidation GER- gain of electrons is reduction	21
7358220046	*peptide bond	*covalent bond formed between amino acids	22
7358452786	*from amino group to carboxyl group (N-C-C+N-C-C)	*order that the amino acids join together	23
7358225084	*polypeptide chain	*a long line of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds	24
7358210096	*R-group	*stands for the rest of the compound, different for each kind of amino acid, giving the amino acid its properties	25
7358273491	*properties the R-group may give the amino acid	*hydrophilic or hydrophobic, polar or nonpolar, acidic or basic	26
7358208510	side chain	another name for the R-group	27
7358280558	four levels of a proteins structure	primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, quaternary structure	28
7358286693	*primary structure	*the order of amino acids in a peptide chain that makes up a protein	29
7358309083	*secondary structure	*three-dimensional shape that occurs from the hydrogen bonding between the amino and carboxyl groups (the backbone) of nearby amino acids; may be shaped as an alpha helix or a beta pleated sheet	30
7358332399	alpha helix	secondary structure of an amino acid shaped like a spiral	31
7358337332	beta pleated sheet	secondary structure of an amino acid shaped like pleats on a skirt	32
7358324733	fibrous proteins	proteins whose shapes are dominated by beta pleated sheet or alpha helix, like collagen	33
7358346302	*tertiary structure	*additional three dimensional shaping to a secondary structure due to interactions of the R-groups	34
7358353981	globular proteins	proteins whose shape is dominated by the additional three-dimensional shaping of a tertiary structure, like hemoblobin	35
7358621195	*denatured	*a change in the shape of a protein due to chemical treatments, temperature, change of pH, or high concentrations of polar or nonpolar substances; may or may not be irreversible	36
7358374796	*quaternary structure	*a protein that is assembled from two or more peptide chains; hemoglobin consists of four peptide chains that are held together by hydrogen bonding and interactions among R-groups	37
7358590304	*hydrogen bonds	*bond that occurs between R-groups that stabilize folds in proteins	38
7358594983	*hydrophobic R-groups	*move together to the interior of a protein, away from water	39
7358604523	van der Waals interactions	bond-like interaction that stabilize nearby hydrophobic R-groups	40
7358608019	ionic interactions	bond that forms between oppositely charged (positive and negative) R-groups	41
7358616221	salt bridge	another name for ionic interactions that occur between oppositely charged (positive and negative) R-groups	42

Powered by Quizlet.com

Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Psychology: History and Research Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

7292745538	everyday behaviors and feelings	The vast majority of psychologists study...	0
7292748556	basic science	The pursuit of knowledge for its own sake is called...	1
7292753113	theory	A complex explanation based on findings from many studies is a(n)...	2
7292770899	Sigmund Freud	The concept of "unconscious determinants of behavior" is associated with...	3
7292778678	free association	Which of the following is NOT associated with B.F. Skinner?	4
7292789603	is an educated guess, has to be scientifically tested, and is part of the scientific method	A hypothesis...	5
7292794616	Wilhelm Wundt	The first modern psychologist was...	6
7292796056	personality test	Sir Francis Galton contributed to the development of the...	7
7292806217	humanistic psychology	Which of the following is associated with Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers?	8
7292877706	applied science	Psychologists who use psychological principles to solve immediate problems are practicing...	9
7292941399	scientific study of behavior and mental processes	Psychology is defined by...	10
7292944731	observe, describe, explain, predict, and control behavior	The main goals of psychology are to...	11
7292946182	surveys and experiments	Two research methods widely used by psychologists are...	12
7292954197	its concern with the biological functions of the brain, the way it conducts experiments, the way it conducts experiments, and the way it analyzes data and draws conclusions	The practice of psychology is closely related to the natural sciences by...	13
7292971572	experiments in astrology often do not yield the same results twice	Many scientists do not believe in astrology because...	14
7292979869	clinical psychologists	The majority of psychologists are...	15
7292996373	changes that occur throughout the life span	Developmental psychologists are especially concerned with...	16
7293007189	external rather than internal influences	Social psychologists differ from personality psychologists in their focus on...	17
7293015313	clarify their goals, overcome adjustment problems, and meet challenges	Counseling psychologists encourage their clients to...	18
7293024005	educational psychologists	Course planning and instructional methods for school districts are usually handled by...	19
7293028508	1800s, after the birth of modern science	Modern psychology, was born in the...	20
7293030293	introspection	The method of learning that stresses examining one's own thought and feelings is...	21
7293036579	how mental processes help organisms adapt to their environment	William James rejected structuralism and focused on...	22
7293040313	sudden insight	According to Gestalt psychologists, much learning is accomplished by...	23
7293046667	unconscious motives and conflicts	In its early days, the school of psychoanalysis stressed that behavior was caused by...	24
7300285229	conscious choice and self-direction	The contemporary psychoanalytic perspective stresses the influence of...	25
7300289887	the scientific study of observable behavior	The school of behaviorism defined psychology...	26
7300292491	the effects of biological factors on our behavior	The modern biological perspective of psychology studies...	27
7300297144	the humanistic perspective	Human consciousness, experience, and self-awareness are the main concerns of...	28
7300300142	in consultations with patients	In contrast to other early psychologists, Sigmund Freud gained his understanding of human behavior...	29
7300323842	everyday experiences and common sense, other research studies, and folklore	Psychologists come up with research questions based on...	30
7300325073	a survey	One method that helps researcher gather information from many people is...	31
7300331749	people at random from the target population	To ensure that a sample represents a target population, researcher select...	32
7300335337	older studies drew participants from the military and universities	Men have traditionally taken part in psychological studies more often than women because...	33
7300337466	personality tests, aptitude test, and intelligence test	The testing method of observation investigates human behavior through...	34
7300339308	Sigmund Freud	The case-study method of observation was practiced by...	35
7300342173	case studies cannot always be replicated	Scientists are cautious about making generalizations from case studies because...	36
7300344492	the ways in which people change over time	The longitudinal method is concerned with observing...	37
7300346218	may drop out	The greatest drawback of the longitudinal method is that participant in the study...	38
7300349104	comparing participants from different age groups	The cross-sectional method chart changed over time by...	39
7300350834	naturalistic observation	Observing the way people eat in restaurants is an example of...	40
7300471739	laboratory observation	"Skinner boxes" are examples of...	41
7300502663	correlation	After making their observations, scientists study their data using...	42
7300505384	show the effect of the treatment and no other factors	In an experiment, it is useful to have a control group to...	43
7300511049	a person's expectations affect the results of a treatment	A placebo is often as effective as taking medication because...	44
7300636043	may have expectations that affect their observations	A double-blind study is sometimes needed because researchers...	45
7300638629	encourage participants to tell the truth	Psychologists keep the records of their research participants confidential to...	46
7300643519	there was no control group, the experimental group was too small, and the sample did not remain constant over the course of the experiment	The 1927 study at the Hawthorne plant was flawed because...	47
7300651104	if there will be no harmful effects from the study	According to the American Psychologist Association, psychologists can deceive participants in an experiment...	48
7300653988	make sure the findings are true for different groups of people	Scientists sometimes replicate a study using different participants in order to...	49
7300655665	experimental	Participants in an experiment who are exposed to the independent variable make up the _____ group.	50
7300657710	mean	The most commonly used measure of central tendency is the...	51
7300658822	double-blind study	When neither the participants nor the experimenter knows which group of participants is the experimental one, the study is known as a...	52
7300672338	84	What is the mode of the following distribution: 63, 75, 75, 79, 82, 82, 84, 84, 84, 84, 91, 99.	53
7300682864	longitudinal	In _____ studies, psychologists study the same group of participants at regular intervals over a period of years.	54
7300683644	independent	The variable that experimenters manipulate is called the _____ variable.	55
7300685153	correlation	A measure of the degrees of relatedness between two variables is...	56
7300688169	avoid disturbing the participants	The cardinal rule of naturalistic observation is to	57
7300690273	self-fulfilling prophecy	When researchers unwittingly bring about the situation they expected to find, they have created a...	58
7300692025	81	What is the median of the following distribution: 65, 78, 78, 81, 84, 92, 96.	59
7300696256	frequency polygon	Which of the following uses rectangles to show frequency distribution?	60
7300698300	mean	On a normal curve, the center of the range of scores is represented by the...	61
7300740809	similar to storage facilities; similar to file names on computers, we need names to recall information	According to cognitive psychologists, how do people store and retrive information?	62
7300744664	In case studies you interview and study 1-5 people while naturalistic observation does not involve you interviewing with the clients. Rather you watch them without disturbing them.	How does naturalistic observation differ from a case study?	63
7300751813	A random sample is a sample in which each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected to represent the whole. A stratified sample has groups that are formed based on the percentage of shared traits in a population.	What is the difference between a random sample and a stratified sample?	64
7300760255	True	Psychologists use everyday techniques to gather and analyze information in a systematic way.	65
7300762669	False	A stratified is considered non-representative because it places the population into small groups.	66
7300890189	True	The primary rule of naturalistic observation is to remain unseen or unnoticed by the subjects of your observation.	67
7300897818	False	Psychologists regularly develop theories based on case studies.	68
7300899991	False	A positive correlation indicated that there is a cause-and-effect relationship between two sets of data.	69
7300910685	True	One difference between an interview and a questionnaire is that the researcher conducting an interview can clarify or rephrase a question.	70
7300916681	True	Researchers use experiments when they have more than two variables to consider.	71
7300925182	False	An ethical psychologist would not use an anonymous survey because the participants would be unaware of how the results of the survey would be used.	72
7300927752	False	This graph shows a negative correlation between the hours spent playing a video game and the scores earned on the game.	73
7300933073	True	Some distributions have two modes, and are therefore known as bimodal distributions.	74
7300941142	Kenneth B. Clark	Psychologist who studied the effect of segregation on children.	75
7300942484	cognitive activity	Mental process, such as a dream or memory.	76
7300947991	structuralism	School of psychology that looks at the basic elements of conscious experience.	77
7300950032	sociocultural perspective	Contemporary psychological approach that emphasizes study of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status.	78
7300952112	John B. Watson	Found of the school of behaviorism.	79
7300958479	Socrates	Philosopher who stressed the importance of introspection.	80
7300959959	Wilhelm Wundt	Founded structuralism.	81
7300963419	Gestalt psychology	School of psychology that describes experience as a whole rather than broken down into parts.	82
7300969588	behavior	Action that can be observed or measured.	83
7300972305	William James	Wrote the first modern psychology textbook.	84
7300977879	independent variable	Factor in an experiment that researchers manipulate so that they can determine its effect.	85
7300979388	correlation	Measure of how closely one thing is related to another.	86
7300980046	stratified sample	Sample in which subgroups of a population are represented proportionally.	87
7300982161	hypothesis	Educated guess.	88
7300982162	target population	Whole group that is the subject of a study.	89
7300993754	single-blind study	Study in which participants do not know whether they are receiving the treament or not.	90
7300998483	case study	In-depth investigation of an individual or small group.	91
7300999749	placebo	Substance or treatment that has no effect apart from a person's belief in it.	92
7301002294	population	The total group from which a sample is drawn.	93
7301004890	frequency distribution	Arranging data so you know how often a score occurs.	94
7301006044	scatter plot	Graph that demonstrates the direction of the relationship between the two variables.	95
7301011477	stratified sample	Representative of various subgroups of the population.	96
7301013123	correlation coefficient	A statistic that describes the direction and strength of the relationship between two sets of variables or data.	97
7301015277	normal curve	A symmetrical bell-shaped curve.	98
7301017945	descriptive statistics	The listing and summarizing of data in a practical way.	99

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Biology Chapter 22 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

6385711033	Species	The ability to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring.	0
6385711034	Reproductive Isolation	Pre-zygotic: before zygote Post-zygotic: after zygote	1
6385711035	Temporal Isolation	Pre-zygotic. Differences in timing of breeding cycles prevent reproduction.	2
6385711036	Behavioral Isolation	Pre-zygotic. Differences in courtship behaviors prevent mating from taking place.	3
6385711037	Habitat Isolation	Pre-zygotic. Two species who occupy different habitats within the same area may not encounter each other, and therefore do not reproduce.	4
6385711038	Mechanical Isolation	Pre-zygotic. Morphological differences prevent reproductive success.	5
6385711039	Gamete Isolation	Pre-zygotic. Sperm of one egg may not be able to fertilize the egg of another species.	6
6385711040	Reduced Hybrid Fertility	Post-zygotic. Chromosome incompatibility make offspring of two different species infertile.	7
6385711041	Reduced Hybrid Viability	Post-zygotic. In some species a hybrid zygote will form, but will not complete development or is born frail.	8
6385711042	Hybrid Breakdown	Post-zygotic. Original hybrids are robust and vigorous, however, offspring of these hybrids are small and/or sterile.	9
6385711043	Allopatric Speciation	The formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another.	10
6385711044	Sympatric Speciation	The formation of new species in populations that live in the same geographic area.	11
6385711045	Adaptive Radiation	Period of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill different ecological roles in their communities (availability of habitats increases rates of speciation).	12
6385711046	Polyploidy	Cells fail to divide and tissue becomes tetraploid. Tetraploid tissue makes diploid gametes continuing polyploidy (creates an extra set(s) of homologous chromosomes).	13
6385711047	Gradualism	The hypothesis that evolution proceeds chiefly by the accumulation of gradual changes.	14
6385711048	Punctuated Equilibrium	The hypothesis that evolutionary development is marked by isolated episodes of rapid speciation between long periods of little or no change.	15
6385711049	Speciation	The process by which one species splits into two or more species.	16
6385711050	Hybrid Zone	A region in which members of different species meet and mate, producing at least some offspring of mixed ancestry.	17
6385711051	Morphological Species Concept	Characterizes a species by body shape and other structural features.	18
6385711052	Ecological Species Concept	Characterizes a species by its ecological niche, the sum of how members of the species interact with the nonliving and living parts of its environment.	19
6385711053	Phylogenetic Species Concept	Characterizes a species as the smallest group of individuals that share a common ancestor, forming one branch on the tree of life.	20
6385711054	Reinforcement	Strengthening reproductive barrier	21
6385711055	Fusion	Wearing of reproductive Barrier	22
6385711056	Stability	Continued production of hybrid individual	23

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Psychology History & Approaches Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

6407030265	empiricism	Information is collected by objective observations and experimentation using the scientific method.	0
6407030266	structuralism	An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind.	1
6407030267	functionalism	A school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.	2
6407030268	experimental psychology	the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method	3
6407030269	behaviorism	A theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior	4
6407030270	humanistic psychology	Historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth	5
6407030271	cognitive neuroscience	A field that attempts to understand the links between cognitive processes and brain activity.	6
6407030272	psychology	Scientific study of behavior and mental processes	7
6407030273	nature-nurture issue	The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors	8
6407030274	Survival of the Fittest (Natural Selection)	Process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully	9
6407030275	biopsychosocial approach	An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis	10
6407030276	biological psychology	A branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior	11
6407030277	evolutionary psychology	A relatively new specialty in psychology that sees behavior and mental processes in terms of their genetic adaptations for survival and reproduction.	12
6407030278	psychodynamic psychology	A branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders	13
6407030279	behavioral psychology	The scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning	14
6407030280	cognitive psychology	an approach to psychology that emphasizes internal mental processes	15
6407030281	social-cultural psychology	the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking	16
6407030282	psychometrics	the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits	17
6407030283	basic research	Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.	18
6407030284	developmental psychology	A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span	19
6407030285	educational psychology	the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning	20
6407030286	personality psychology	the study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting	21
6407030287	social psychology	The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another	22
6407030288	applied psychology	The branch of psychology concerned with everyday, practical problems	23
6407030289	industrial-organizational psychology	application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces.	24
6407030290	human factors psychology	A branch of psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use	25
6407030291	counseling psychology	A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being	26
6407030292	clinical psychology	A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders	27
6407030293	psychiatry	A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy. Medical degree M.D.	28
6407030294	sQ3R	A study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Rehearse, Review	29

Powered by Quizlet.com

Chapter 16 APES Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

6337337764	Municipal Solid Waste	MSW. Refuse from households, small businesses, and hospitals.	0
6337337765	Waste Stream	Flow of solid waste that is recycled, incinerated, placed in a solid waste landfill, or disposed of in another way.	1
6337337766	Three Rs	Reduce, Reuse, Recycle (from most effective to least effective)	2
6337337767	Source Reduction	Seeks to reduce waste by reducing in the early stages of design and manufacture the use of materials destined to become MSW. For example: a company decreases the amount of packaging per volume of product.	3
6337337768	Reuse	Allowing a material to cycle through a system longer by reusing it.	4
6337337769	Recycling	Process by which materials destined to be MSW are collected, turned back into raw materials to make new objects.	5
6337337770	Closed Loop Recycling	Recycling of a product into the same product.	6
6337337771	Compost	Organic matter that has decomposed under controlled conditions to produce an organic rich material that enhances soil structure, cation exchange capacity, and fertility. Waste dumped into tipping area, compostable and noncompostable materials are separated, noncompostable material is removed to landfill, compostable material is aerated and turned 1+ tines for a period of a month to a year, composted material is allowed to cure, finished compost is transported for use.	7
6337337772	Sanitary Landfills	Ground facilities to hold MSW with as little contamination as possible. Solid waste transported to landfill, waste compacted by a specialized machine, leachate collection system removes water and contaminants and carries them to waste water treatment plant, landfill is capped and covered with soil and then planted with vegetation, methane produced in closed cells is extracted and either burned off or collected for use as fuel.	8
6337337773	Tipping Fee	Fee for dumping in landfill because of tremendous cost of initial build.	9
6337337774	Siting	Designating a location for a landfill.	10
6337337775	NIMBY	Not In My Backyard attitude. People don't want things like landfills to be put where they live.	11
6337337776	Incineration	Process of burning waste materials to reduce their volume and mas and sometimes to generate electricity and heat. Waste dumped into refuse bunker, crane moves material from bunker to hopper, waste burned in incineration chamber, ash is collected and removed from plant, baghouse filter helps filter clean air before its released through chimney, heat energy can be used to create steam and generate electricity.	12
6337337777	Ash	Residual nonorganic material that does not combust during incineration.	13
6337337778	Bottom ash	Residue collected underneath the furnace. Needs to be treated as hazardous waste.	14
6337337779	Fly Ash	Residue collected beyond the furnace. May contain toxic chemicals such as Cadmium.	15
6337337780	Waste to Energy	When heat generated by incineration is used rather than released to atmosphere.	16
6337337781	Superfund	CERCLA. Imposes tax on chemical and petroleum industries. Revenue from the tax is used to fund the cleanup of abandoned and nonoperating hazardous waste sites where there is no responsible party.	17
6337337782	Brownfields	Contaminated industrial and commercial land that didn't make it into Superfund. Need environmental cleanup before they can be redeveloped or expanded.	18
6337337783	Life Cycle	Important systems tool that looks at materials used and released throughout entire lifetime of the product.	19
6337337784	Integrated Waste Management	Employs multiple waste reduction strategies. Changes in packing design, manufacturing practices, in purchasing habits, increased reuse, backyard composting, recovery for recycling, composing.	20
6337337785	Mass, Density, Volume		21
6337337786	PCB's	(Polychlorinated biphenyls) are synthetic chemicals widely used from the 1930s to the 1970s in industrial products such as heat exchange fluids, paints, plastics, and lubricants	22
6337337787	Deepwell Injection	liquid waste is pumped into the ground via wells	23
6337337788	Mining and Agriculture	largest sources of solid waste	24
6337337789	Open Dump	take up a lot of space and are a risk of spreading harmful chemicals through fires	25
6337337790	waste	mineral outputs from a system that are not useful or consumed	26
6337337791	Planned Obselesence	product designed to become waste	27
6337337792	Perceived Obselence	product seems to be waste	28
6337337793	Leachate	polluted liquid produced by water passing through buried wastes in a landfill	29
6337337794	RCRA	Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 1976, human health protection by limiting hazardous waste	30
6337403698	33%	This percentage of MSW could be composted	31
6370087536	400 lb less	If a person generates 2000 lbs of waste per year and is able to cut that waste by 20%, how much less waste do they generate?	32
6370103593	1 X 10^7 lbs	A typical Illinois resident generates 5.0 lb of waste per day. If there are 20 million people in Illinois, how many pounds of waste are generated? give answer in sci notation	33
6370119496	31.25 lb	A pesticide has a half life of 20 years, if 1000 lbs are put into the environment today, how many pounds will be left in 100 years?	34
9300569932	Love Canal	Famous Superfund site that was caused by the Hooker Chemical Company	35
9300574181	sanitary landfill	Most MSW generated in the US ends up where?	36
9300577822	clay as it impedes the flow of leachate into the groundwater	what is the best soil type for siting a landfill?	37
9300581044	leachate	the liquid collected at the bottom of a landfill is called	38
9300582548	taken to a hazardous waste facility	leachate is disposed of by what method?	39

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Psychology - Cognition - Memory Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)

Terms : Hide Images

8803445942	memory	the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.	0
8803445943	encoding	the processing of information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning.	1
8803445944	storage	the retention of encoded information over time.	2
8803445945	retrieval	the process of getting information out of memory storage.	3
8803445946	sensory memory	the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.	4
8803445947	short-term memory	activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten.	5
8803445948	long-term memory	the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.	6
8803445949	working memory	a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.	7
8803445950	parallel processing	the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.	8
8803445951	automatic processing	unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.	9
8803445952	effortful processing	encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.	10
8803445953	rehearsal	the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage.	11
8803445954	spacing effect	the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.	12
8803445955	serial position effect	our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.	13
8803445956	visual encoding	the encoding of picture images.	14
8803445957	acoustic encoding	the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words.	15
8803445958	semantic encoding	the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words.	16
8803445959	imagery	mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding.	17
8803445960	mnemonics	memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.	18
8803445961	chunking	organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.	19
8803445962	iconic memory	a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.	20
8803445963	echoic memory	A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.	21
8803445964	long-term potentiation (LTP)	an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.	22
8803445965	flashbulb memory	a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.	23
8803445966	amnesia	the loss of memory.	24
8803445967	implicit memory	retention independent of conscious recollection. (Also called non-declarative or procedural memory.)	25
8803445968	explicit memory	memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare." (Also called declarative memory.)	26
8803445969	hippocampus	a neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage.	27
8803445970	recall	a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.	28
8803445971	recognition	a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.	29
8803445972	relearning	a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time.	30
8803445973	priming	the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response.	31
8803445974	déjà vu	that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.	32
8803445975	mood-congruent memory	the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.	33
8803445976	proactive interference	the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.	34
8803445977	retroactive interference	the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.	35
8803445978	repression	in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.	36
8803445979	misinformation effect	incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.	37
8803445980	source amnesia	attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. (Also called source misattribution.) Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories.	38
8803445981	serial processing	occurs when the brain computes information step-by-step in a methodical and linear matter	39

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Psychology Unit 8A Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

5881137239	motivation	a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.	0
5881573777	instinct	a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned through a species and is unlearned	1
5881641639	instinct theory	focuses on genetically predisposed behaviors	2
5881641640	drive	an aroused, motivated state	3
5881649964	drive-reduction theory	focuses on how our inner pushes and our external pulls interact	4
5881652013	homeostasis	a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state	5
5881652014	incentives	a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior	6
5881653098	optimum arousal theory	focuses on finding the right level of stimulation	7
5881653645	Abraham Maslow	self-transcendence, self-actualization, self-esteem, love & belongingness, safety, and physiological needs.	8
5881654049	Hierarchy of needs	Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active	9
5881655168	A.L. Washburn and Walter Cannon	american physiologists, experimented on hunger. their tests demonstrate that stomach contractions(pangs) send signals to the brain making us aware of our hunger	10
5881655169	glucose	the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues	11
5881655838	insulin	A protein hormone secreted by the pancreas that is essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates and the regulation of glucose levels in the blood.	12
5881656346	hypothalamus	A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.	13
5881656347	lateral hypothalamus	The part of the hypothalamus that produces hunger signals	14
5881656859	orexin	hunger-triggering hormone secreted by the hypothalamus	15
5881659568	ventromedial hypothalamus	The part of the hypothalamus that produces feelings of fullness as opposed to hunger, and causes one to stop eating.	16
5881659569	ghrelin	hormone secreted by empty stomach; sends "I'm hungry" signals to the brain	17
5881660071	obestatin	secreted by stomach, sends full signals to brain	18
5881660072	leptin	hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used	19
5881662846	PYY	digestive tract hormone; sends "I'm not hungry" signals to the brain	20
5881662847	set point	the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set	21
5881663717	basal metabolic rate	the body's resting rate of energy expenditure	22
5881663718	settling point	the level at which a person's weight settles in response to caloric intake and expenditure	23
5881665449	neophobia	dislike(/fear) of things unfamiliar	24
5881667041	social facilitation	the presence of others tends to amplify our natural behavior tendencies	25
5881667505	unit bias	the tendency for individuals to want to complete a unit of a given item or task	26
5881667863	anorexia nervosa	An eating disorder in which a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve.	27
5881668948	bulimia nervosa	An eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.	28
5881669462	binge-eating disorder	significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa	29
5881670445	biological influences on eating disorders	genetics may influence susceptibility to eating disorders	30
5881671440	cultural influences on eating disorders	body ideals vary across culture and time	31
5881772533	obesity and weight control	fat is an ideal form of stored energy - a high-calorie fuel reserve to carry the body through periods where food was scarce - a common occurrence in the feast-or-famine existence of our prehistoric ancestors	32
5884863525	social effects of obesity	obesity can also be socially toxic, by affecting both how you are treated and how you feel about yourself	33
5884867733	fat cells	Energy reserves are stored in the skin as... the immediate determinants of body fat are the size and number of fat cells	34
5884872197	set point and metabolism	once we become fat, we require less food to maintain our weight than we did to attain it	35
5884873713	genetic factors	some genes might influences when our intestines signal "full", with others dictating how efficiently we burn calories or convert extra calories to fat	36
5884876318	food and activity factors	children and adults who skimp on sleep are more vulnerable to obesity	37
5884879826	social influence	people were/are more likely to become obese when a friend became/becomes obese	38
5884879827	heritability	the extent to which differences in a trait can be attributed to our genetic makeup is important in trying to understand human behavior	39
5884881902	losing weight	having lost weight, formerly obese people look normal, but their fat cells may be abnormally small, their metabolism slowed, and their minds obsessed with food	40
5884885331	masters and johnson	Sexual response cycle became the most famous sex researchers since Alfred Kinsley by studying couples in the act of lovemaking. studied physiological responses of sexual intercourse	41
5884886845	sexual response cycle	the 4 stages of sexual responding described by masters and johnson	42
5884887910	excitement phase	during the initial......, the genital areas become engorged with blood, a woman's vagina expands and secretes lubricant, her breasts and nipples may enlarge	43
5884890167	plateau phase	excitement peaks as breathing, pulse, and blood pressure rates continue to increase	44
5884893529	orgasm	muscle contractions all over the body; these were accompanied by further increases in breathing, pulse, and blood pressure rates	45
5884894567	resolution phase	engorged genitals release blood. male goes through refractory phase. women resolve faster	46
5884896189	refractory period	a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm	47
5884900906	estrogen	sex hormones secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics	48
5884900907	testosterone	A male sex hormone produced by the testes; women secrete smaller amounts of testosterone from the adrenal cortex and ovary.	49
5884902631	external stimuli	it is common knowledge that men become sexually aroused when browsing See, hear, or read erotic material	50
5884905493	imagined stimuli	the brain is the most significant sex organ, imagination can influence sexual arousal and desire	51
5884909318	5 factors of teen pregnancy	1. ignorance 2. minimal communication about birth control 3. guilt related to sexual activity 4. alcohol use 5. mass media norms of unprotected promiscuity	52
5884913689	sexually transmitted diseases	factors that reduce sexual activity in teens; also called (STI's) sexually transmitted infections	53
5884916194	4 factors of teen restraint	1. high intelligence 2. religious engagement 3. father presence 4. participation in service learning programs	54
5884918349	sexual orientation	an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)	55
5884930284	erotic plasticity	the degree to which one's sex drive can be changed by cultural or social factors	56
5884935003	sexual orientation stats	about 3 or 4% of men and 1 or 2% of women	57
5884937496	fraternal birth-order effect	refers to an increase in the probability that a male will prefer a homosexual orientation with each older brother he has	58
5884939832	same sex attraction in animals	some degree of homosexuality seems to be a natural part of the animal word	59
5884946993	brain hemispheric differences in sexual orientation	brains differ with sexual orientation	60
5884952225	hypothalamic differences in sexual orientation	it is more likely that brain anatomy influences sexual orientation	61
5884961696	genetic differences in sexual orientation	shared sexual orientation is higher among identical twins than among fraternal twins	62
5884968111	prenatal hormones and sexual orientation	altered prenatal hormone exposure may lead to homosexuality in humans and other animals	63
5884973075	need to belong/affiliative motive	people are social beings who have a need to belong to a group, to love others, and to be loved	64
5884973076	ostracism	social exclusion; being deliberately left out of a group or social setting by exclusion or rejection	65
5884976139	anterior cingulate cortex	the part of the brain located in the middle of the frontal lobe; at the front of the corpus callosum	66
5884979923	approach-approach conflict	describes the situation where a person is trying to make a choice between two different desirable options	67
5884985581	approach-avoidance conflicts	involves making decisions about situations that have both positive and negative ramifications	68
5884988339	avoidance-avoidance conflict	refers to making a decision between two equally undesirable choices	69
5884991772	multiple approach-avoidance conflict	describes the internal mental debate that weighs the pros and cons of differing situations that have both good and bad elements	70