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AP Psychology Unit 13 Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)

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6389196697	eclectic approach	an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy.	0
6389196698	psychotherapy	treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth.	1
6389196699	psychoanalysis	Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences—and the therapist's interpretations of them—released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight.	2
6389196700	resistance	in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material.	3
6389196701	interpretation	in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight.	4
6389196702	transference	in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent).	5
6389196703	psychodynamic therapy	therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight.	6
6389196704	insight therapy	a variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client's awareness of underlying motives and defenses.	7
6389196705	client-centered therapy	a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth. (Also called person-centered therapy.)	8
6389196706	active listening	empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy.	9
6389196707	unconditional positive regard	a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance.	10
6389196708	behavior therapy	therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors.	11
6389196709	counterconditioning	a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning.	12
6389196710	exposure therapy	behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid.	13
6389196711	systematic desensitization	a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.	14
6389196712	virtual reality exposure therapy	An anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking.	15
6389196713	aversive conditioning	a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol).	16
6389196714	token economy	an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats.	17
6389196715	cognitive therapy	therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.	18
6389196716	cognitive-behavioral therapy	a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior).	19
6389196717	family therapy	therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members.	20
6389196721	biomedical therapy	prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system.	21
6389196722	psychopharmacology	the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior	22
6389196723	antipsychotic drugs	drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder	23
6389196724	tardive dyskinesia	involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors	24
6389196725	antianxiety drugs	drugs used to control anxiety and agitation	25
6389196726	antidepressant drugs	drugs used to treat depression; also increasingly prescribed for anxiety. Different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters	26
6389196727	eletroconvulsive therapy (ECT)	a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient	27
6389196728	repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)	the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity	28
6389196729	psychosurgery	surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior	29
6389196730	lobotomy	a now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain	30

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AP Biology- Chapter 11 Flashcards

key words from chapter 11, 2011 ed.

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6085967234	signal transduction pathway	process where surface cellular responses cause responses within the cell	0
6085967235	local regulator	a released, short-distance signaling molecule which travels between the secreting and target cell	1
6085967236	hormone	a released, long-distance signaling molecule which travels between the secreting cell (endocrine) and the target cell	2
6085967237	ligand	a signaling molecule	3
6085967238	G protein-coupled receptors	uses a signaling molecule/ligand, a G protein/GTPase and GTP to activate an inactive enzyme; located in a membrane	4
6085967239	G proteins	relays signals from a plasma membrane signal receptor, known as a G protein-coupled receptor, to other signal transduction proteins in the cell	5
6085967240	receptor tyrosine kinases	molecules activated by ligands and phosphates to activate a response	6
6085967241	ligand gated ion channel receptors	block and allow ions in and out of the cell	7
6085967242	protein kinase	general name for an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein	8
6085967243	protein phosphatases	(PP) enzymes that rapidly remove phosphate groups from proteins during signal transduction	9
6085967244	second messengers	small, non-protein, water-soluble molecules/ions that act as the signaling molecule/ligand	10
6085967245	cyclic AMP (cAMP)	an important second messenger that helps make protein kinase A (PKA); made with help of the signaling molecule epinephrine	11
6085967246	adenylyl cyclase	an enzyme that converts ATP to cAMP	12
6085967247	diacylglycerol (DAG)	second messenger that helps with the release of calcium ions in the cytosol; produced by a cleavage of a certain kind of phospholipid in the plasma membrane	13
6085967248	inositol triphosphate (IP3)	a second messenger that releases calcium ions from organelles, such as the ER; produced by a cleavage of a certain kind of phospholipid in the plasma membrane	14
6085967249	scaffolding proteins	proteins that can hold multiple relay proteins, increasing the speed and efficiency of signals	15
6085967250	apoptosis	cellular suicide	16
6085967251	growth factors	compounds that stimulate nearby target cells to grow and divide	17
6085967252	paracrine signaling	a type of local signaling where the target cell is close to the signal-releasing cell	18
6085967253	synaptic signaling	a type of local signaling specific to neurotransmitters in nerve cells	19
6085967254	hormonal signaling	a type of long-distance signaling where an endocrine excretes hormones in a blood vessel to travel to a target cell	20
6085967255	reception	when a signaling molecule binds to a receptor protein	21
6085967256	transduction	the relay of molecules in a cell via a signal transduction pathway	22
6085967257	response	when an enzyme is activated to do an activity in a cell	23
6085967258	transcription factors	control which genes are written (transcribed) onto mRNA at a certain place and at a certain time	24
6085967259	GTP	moves proteins around for cellular response, (like rage)	25
6085967260	GTPase	aka G protein, relay protein, (like Achilles)	26
6085967261	kinase	enzymes that add phosphate groups (phosphorylate) to amino acids in a protein chain	27

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Action Potentials - AP Biology Flashcards

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8584237595	Graded potential depolarization	Depolarization diffuses to the area from neighboring membrane. Na+/K+ pump active. Na+ and K+ channels closed.	0
8584243951	Threshold potential	Potential is positive enough to open the Na+ channel, triggering an action potential. Depolarization diffuses to area from neighboring membrane. Na+/K+ pump active, Na+ channel open. K+ channels closed.	1
8584248522	Depolarization		2
8584251668	Action potential	At peak potential, Na+ channel closes and K+ channel opens. Na+/K+ ATPase remains active.	3
8584253363	Repolarization	K+ channel is open, Na+ channel is in its refractory period.	4
8584255709	Hyperpolarization	K+ channel closes once potential drops below the resting potential.	5
8584257612	Refractory period	Na+ channel cannot open, so a new action potential cannot be initiated. Na+/K+ ATPase remains active, slowly restoring potential to the resting potential.	6
8584261115	Resting Potential	Na+/K+ pump is active. Na+ channel and K+ channel are closed.	7
8584575525	Electrical Potential	The potential energy per unit of electric charge.	8
8584581252	Axon		9
8584583926	Dendrites		10
8584585666	Cell body		11
8584589890	Synapse	A junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to the next.	12
8584593259	Neurotransmitter	Chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. Examples include dopamine, acetylcholine, serotonin, and GABA.	13
8584617762	Saltatory conduction	A means by which action potentials jump from node to node along an axon.	14
8584621057	Node of Ranvier	A gap between successive segments of the myelin sheath where the axon membrane is exposed.	15
8584621058	Myelin	a fatty substance that helps insulate neurons and speeds the transmission of nerve impulses	16
8584691125	Current	A flow of electric charge. In neurons, current is generated from cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+).	17

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AP Biology Chapter 23 Flashcards

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5114480728	microevolution	evolution on its smallest scale	0
5114480729	genetic variation	differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA sequences	1
5114480730	neutral variation	differences in DNA sequences that do not confer s selective advantage or disadvantage, usually a result of point mutations in noncoding regions	2
5114480731	formation of genetic variation	formation of new alleles, altering gene number of position, rapid reproduction, sexual reproduction	3
5114480732	population	a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring	4
5114480733	gene pool	all copies of every type of allele at every locus in all members of the population	5
5114480734	Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium	a population that isn't evolving	6
5114480735	conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium	No mutations, random mating, no natural selection, extremely large population size, no gene flow	7
5114480736	adaptive evolution	evolution that results in a better match between organisms and their environment (caused by natural selection)	8
5114480737	genetic drift	allele frequencies fluctuating unpredictable from one generation to the next, especially in small populations	9
5114480738	founder effect	when individuals separate from the population, the smaller group may establish a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population. The larger population (the source) will not be effected by genetic variation	10
5114480739	bottleneck effect	a severe drop in population which results in an overrepresented allele an underrepresented allele	11
5114480740	Effects of genetic variation	genetic drift is significant in small populations, genetic drift can cause allele frequencies to change at random, genetic drift can lead to a loss of genetic variation within populations, genetic drift can cause harmful alleles to become fixed	12
5114480741	Gene flow	the transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to the movement of retile individuals or their gametes	13
5114480742	relative fitness	the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contributions of other individuals	14
5114480743	directional selection	occurs when conditions favor individuals exhibiting one extreme of a phenotype range, thereby shifting a population's frequency curve for the phenotypic character in one direction or the other. Common when a population changes or members migrate	15
5114480744	Disruptive selection	occurs when conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate phenotypes	16
5114480745	Stabilizing selection	acts against extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants	17
5114480746	sexual selection	a form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates	18
5114480747	sexual dimorphism	a diference in secondary sexual characteristics between males and females of the same species. a result of sexual selection	19
5114480748	intrasexual selection	selection within the same sex. individuals of one sex compete directly for mates of the opposite sex. most common among males	20
5114480749	intersexual selection	also called mate choice; individuals of one sex (usually females) are choosy in selecting their mates from the other sex. It usually depends of the showiness of the male's appearance or behavior	21
5114480750	balancing selection	natural selection that maintains two or more phenotypic forms in a population	22
5114480751	heterozygote advantage	if individuals who are heterozygous at a particular locus have a greater fitness than do both kinds of homozygotes, they exhibit heterozygote advantage	23
5114480752	frequency-dependent selection	the fitness of a phenotype depends on how common it is in the population	24
5114480753	Why can't natural selection fashion perfect organisms?	1. Selection can act only on existing variations. New advantageous alleles do not arise on demand. 2. Evolution is limited by historical constraints. New structures aren't formed, but instead evolution adapts to the existing structures. 3. Adaptations are often compromises. We can be versatile and athletic but our limbs are prone to sprains. 4. Chance, natural selection, and the environment interact. Alleles are sometimes "left behind" or the organism lives in a constantly changing environment	25

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AP Biology Photosynthesis Flashcards

Chapter 10 Vocabulary for AP Biology

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5760170575	Chlorophyll	Green Pigment Main photosynthetic pigmnet Absorbs primarily violet-blue and red wavelengths	0
5760170576	Thylakoids	dense interconnected membranous sacs	1
5760170577	Grana	stacks of thylakoid	2
5760170578	Granum	singular of grana	3
5760170579	Chloroplast	sites of photosynthesis	4
5760170580	Photosynthesis	conversion of light energy into chemical energy stored in sugar and other organic molecules	5
5760170581	Photosynthesis Equation	6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light --> C6H12O6 + 6 O2	6
5760170582	Carbon Dioxide	source of carbon and is considered inorganic carbon	7
5760170583	Electromagnetic Spectrum	Electromagnetic Energy which travels in waves	8
5760170584	Colors	Light we see is reflected off objects and light we dont see is absorbed by objects	9
5760170585	White	All colors reflected	10
5760170586	Black	All colors absorbed	11
5760170587	Chlorophyll a	main photosynthetic green pigment, absorbs primarily violet-blue and red wavelengths	12
5760170588	Pigment	a molecule that absorbs wavelengths in the visible light spectrum	13
5760170589	Carotenoid	absorbs blue and blue-green wavelengths Beta-Carotene; gives materials an orange color	14
5760170590	Light Reactions	Occur in thylakoid membrane and are also called light dependent reactions	15
5760170591	Photophosphorylation	Light is captured by pigments and used to convert ADP + Pi into ATP	16
5760170592	Photosystem	Consists of a reaction-center complex surrounded by light-harvesting complexes	17
5760170593	Light-Harvesting Complex	Contains chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids (within the photosystem)	18
5760170594	Photosystem 1	Has P700 chlorophyll a in reaction-center complex	19
5760170595	Photosystem 2	Has P680 chlorophyll a in reaction-center complex	20
5760170596	Cytochrome	Iron-containing carrier protein also found in mitochondrial electron transport (specific name of ETC protein)	21
5760170597	Calvin Cycle	Light-Independent reactions Occurs in stoma, does not use light directly	22
5760170598	Rubisco	The most abundant protein on Earth Carbon Fixation is catalyzed by Rubisco	23
5760170599	Reduction	The carbon molecules made in Carbon Fixation are reduced into to G3P that can be used to make glucose or perform other processes	24
5760170600	1 Cycle of Calvin Cycle	1 CO2 is fixed 3 ATP are used 2 NADPH are used 1 RuBP is regenerated 6 cycles needed to make 1 glucose molecule	25
5760170601	C4 Photosynthesis	A method that bypasses photorespiration Happens in corn, sugarcane, and other plants in hot, dry environments Moves from mesophyll to bundle-sheath cells	26
5760170602	C3 Plant	Calvin cycle, taking in carbon dioxide through the leaves' minuscule pores, called stomata. An enzyme called RuBisCO helps the carbon dioxide combine with sugar.	27

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AP Vocabulary Set A Flashcards

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5961231016	correspondence	exchanging handwritten letters	0
5961233739	domestic	home, nation	1
5961238356	opaqueness	unclear	2
5961243413	dogmatic	stubborn adherence to idea	3
5961245745	polemical	extreme, no middle ground	4
5961259903	circumspect	cautious	5
5961261454	hypochondriac	imagining an illness	6
5961265178	eloquence	fluent, beautiful use of language	7
5961273434	juxtapose	putting two items next to each other	8
5961277024	bibliographical	describing a list of sources used by a writer	9
5961286704	perspicuity	clear expression, easy to understand (think conspicuous)	10
5961296765	pragmatic	practical	11
5961302265	dogma	religious truth	12
5972315723	esoteric	understood only by a few	13

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AP Biology Phylogeny Vocab Flashcards

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7733821862	Clade	A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants	0
7733821865	Phylogeny	Phylogeny The evolutionary history of a species or group of species	1
7733821866	Phylogenetic Tree	A branching diagram that shows the evolutionary tree of a group of organisms	2
7733821867	Derived Character	An evolutionary novelty that is unique to a particular clade Ex.) birds' feathers	3
7733821868	Monophyletic	"Single tribe"; a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and all of its descendants; equivalent to a clade	4
7733821869	Polyphyletic	"Many tribes"; a group of taxa derived from two or more different ancestors	5
7733821870	Paraphyletic	"Beside the tribe"; a group of taxa that consist of a common ancestor and some, but not all of its descendants	6
7733821873	Homology	structures that originated from a common ancestor and have since adapted	7
7733821874	Outgroup	A species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage that contains the group of species being studied; Its selected so that its members are closely related to the group of species being studied, but not as closely related as any study-group members are to each other	8
7733821875	Analagous	structures that perform a similar function but have a different evolutionary origin, such as the wings of insects and birds.	9
7733821876	Homologous	similar in position, structure, and evolutionary origin but not necessarily in function	10
7733821877	Taxonomy	Linnaeus; A scientific discipline concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life; Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Family, Genus, Species	11
7733821882	Domain	highest taxonomic rank of organisms (bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes)	12
7733821888	Archaea	Domain (no nuclear membrane, prokaryote like Bacteria, but more closely related to Eukarya)	13
7733821889	Eukarya	Domain (contain a membrane-bound nucleus) (this is animals and humans etc- the important one)	14
7733821893	Spontaneous Origin Theory	accepted by most scientists; life developed from inanimate objects as molecules became more complex	15
7733821894	Miller-Urey Experiment (1953)	simulated conditions of Earth's early atmosphere and tried to see if an electric spark could produce molecules (found that carbon compounds and then amino acids were created)	16
7733821895	RNA first Theory	life originated with a basic polymer of RNA which did the work of proteins and DNA until these molecules were produced and functioned on their own (might have started with PNA- protein nucleic acid that was able to form spontaneously and self-replicate)	17
7733821897	reducing atmosphere	availability of hydrogen allows organic molecules to form more easily, lack of oxygen allowed amino acids to last longer (normally would react w/ sugar and form CO2 in oxygen environment)	18

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AP Psychology AP Review Copy Flashcards

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7785806759	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
7785806760	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
7785806761	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
7785806762	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
7785806763	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
7785806764	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
7785806765	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
7785806766	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
7785806767	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
7785806768	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
7785806769	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
7785806770	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
7785806771	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
7785806772	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
7785806773	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
7785806774	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
7785806775	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
7785806776	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
7785806777	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
7785806778	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
7785806779	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
7785806780	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
7785806781	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
7785806782	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
7785806783	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
7785806784	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
7785806785	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
7785806786	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
7785806787	theory	general idea being tested	28
7785806788	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
7785806789	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
7785806790	mode	appears the most	31
7785806791	mean	average	32
7785806792	median	middle	33
7785806793	range	highest - lowest	34
7785806794	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
7785806795	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
7785806796	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
7785806797	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
7785806798	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
7785806799	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
7785806800	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
7785806801	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
7785806802	neuron		43
7785806803	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
7785806804	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
7785806805	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
7785806806	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
7785806807	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
7785806808	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
7785806809	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
7785806810	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
7785806811	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
7785806812	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
7785806813	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
7785806814	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
7785806815	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
7785806816	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
7785806817	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
7785806818	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
7785806819	master gland	pituitary gland	60
7785806820	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
7785806821	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
7785806822	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
7785806823	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
7785806824	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
7785806825	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
7785806826	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
7785806827	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
7785806828	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
7785806829	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
7785806830	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
7785806831	hippocampus	process new memory	72
7785806832	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
7785806833	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
7785806834	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
7785806835	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
7785806836	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
7785806837	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
7785806838	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
7785806839	occipital lobe	vision	80
7785806840	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
7785806841	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
7785806842	Broca's area	speaking words	83
7785806843	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
7785806844	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
7785806845	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
7785806846	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
7785806847	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
7785806848	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
7785806849	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
7785806850	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
7785806851	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
7785806852	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
7785806853	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
7785806854	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
7785806855	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
7785806856	rods	night time	97
7785806857	cones	color	98
7785806858	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
7785806859	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
7785806860	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
7785806861	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
7785806862	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
7785806863	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
7785806864	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
7785806865	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
7785806866	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
7785806867	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
7785806868	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
7785806869	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
7785806870	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
7785806871	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
7785806872	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
7785806873	perception =	mood + motivation	114
7785806874	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
7785806875	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
7785806876	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
7785806877	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
7785806878	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
7785806879	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
7785806880	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
7785806881	insomnia	can't sleep	122
7785806882	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
7785806883	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
7785806884	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
7785806885	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
7785806886	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
7785806887	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
7785806888	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
7785806889	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
7785806890	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
7785806891	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
7785806892	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
7785806893	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
7785806894	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
7785806895	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
7785806896	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
7785806897	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
7785806898	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
7785806899	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
7785806900	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
7785806901	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
7785806902	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
7785806903	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
7785806904	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
7785806905	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
7785806906	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
7785806907	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
7785806908	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
7785806909	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
7785806910	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
7785806911	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
7785806912	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
7785806913	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
7785806914	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
7785806915	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
7785806916	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
7785806917	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
7785806918	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
7785806919	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
7785806920	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
7785806921	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
7785806922	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
7785806923	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
7785806924	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
7785806925	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
7785806926	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
7785806927	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
7785806928	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
7785806929	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
7785806930	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
7785806931	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
7785806932	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
7785806933	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
7785806934	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
7785806935	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
7785806936	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
7785806937	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
7785806938	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
7785806939	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
7785806940	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
7785806941	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
7785806942	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
7785806943	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
7785806944	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
7785806945	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
7785806946	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
7785806947	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
7785806948	encoding	information going in	189
7785806949	storage	keeping information in	190
7785806950	retrieval	taking information out	191
7785806951	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
7785806952	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
7785806953	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
7785806954	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
7785806955	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
7785806956	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
7785806957	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
7785806958	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
7785806959	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
7785806960	implicit memory	naturally do	201
7785806961	explicit memory	need to explain	202
7785806962	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
7785806963	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
7785806964	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
7785806965	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
7785806966	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
7785806967	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
7785806968	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
7785806969	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
7785806970	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
7785806971	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
7785806972	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
7785806973	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
7785806974	priming	association (setting you up)	215
7785806975	context	environment helps with memory	216
7785806976	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
7785806977	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
7785806978	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
7785806979	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
7785806980	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
7785806981	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
7785806982	children can't remember before age __	3	223
7785806983	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
7785806984	prototypes	generalize	225
7785806985	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
7785806986	against problem-solving	fixation	227
7785806987	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
7785806988	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
7785806989	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
7785806990	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
7785806991	grammar is _________	universal	232
7785806992	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
7785806993	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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