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AP Biology: Cell Communication Flashcards

Cell Communication
Vocabulary: signal transduction pathway, quorum sensing, hormones, protein kinase, protein phosphatase, G proteins, cyclic AMP, first messengers, second messengers, signal amplification, apoptosis, paracrine signaling, synaptic signaling, hormonal signaling
1. Know the three stages of Cell Signaling:
a. Reception - receptors in the plasma membrane, intracellular receptors
b. Transduction - signal transduction pathways, phosphorylation and dephosporylation, second messengers
c. Response - nuclear and cytoplasmic responses; protein synthesis, ion channels, cell shape
2. Describe the relationship between signal molecules and cell surface receptors, and give examples of each.
3. Describe G-protein-linked receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases, and explain the role of each in receiving chemical signals and initiating signal transduction pathways.
4. Describe a signal transduction pathway and explain how this multi-step process can amplify the signal and lead to a cellular response.
5. Understand that different kinds of cells have different collections of proteins (p.221) and how this affects the response of a particular cell to a specific signaling molecule.
6. Define apoptosis and describe its importance and function(s) in an organism.

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6895258451	amplification	The strengthening of stimulus energy during transduction.	0
6895258452	apoptosis	A program of controlled cell suicide, which is brought about by signals that trigger the activation of a cascade of suicide proteins in the cell destined to die.	1
6895258453	cytoplasm	The contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus and bounded by the plasma membrane.	2
6895258454	epinephrine	water soluble ligand molecule; A catecholamine that, when secreted by the adrenal medulla, mediates "fight-or-flight" responses to short-term stresses; also released by some neurons as a neurotransmitter; also known as adrenaline.	3
6895258455	G protein	A GTP-binding protein that relays signals from a plasma membrane signal receptor, known as a G protein-coupled receptor, to other signal transduction proteins inside the cell.	4
6895258456	gap junction	A type of intercellular junction in animals that allows the passage of materials between cells.	5
6895258457	glycogen	An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.	6
6895258458	ligand	A molecule that binds specifically to another molecule; often first step in cell communication. Water soluble ligands typically do not enter cell. Lipid soluble ligands (such as steroids) do enter the cell.	7
6895258459	ligand-gated ion channel	A protein pore in cellular membranes that opens or closes in response to A signaling chemical (its ligand), allowing or blocking the flow of specific ions.	8
6895258460	local regulator	A secreted molecule that influences cells near where it is secreted. Used in paracrine and synaptic signaling.	9
6895258461	protein kinase	An enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein, thus phosphorylating the protein.	10
6895258462	protein phosphatase	An enzyme that removes phosphate groups from (dephosphorylates) proteins, often functioning to reverse the effect of a protein kinase.	11
6895258463	receptor tyrosine kinase	A receptor protein in the plasma membrane, the cytoplasmic (intracellular) part of which can catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a tyrosine on another protein. Receptor tyrosine kinases often respond to the binding of a signaling molecule by dimerizing and then phosphorylating a tyrosine on the cytoplasmic portion of the other receptor in the dimer. The phosphorylated tyrosines on the receptors then activate other signal transduction proteins within the cell.	12
6895258464	scaffolding protein	A type of large relay protein to which several other relay proteins are simultaneously attached, increasing the efficiency of signal transduction.	13
6895258465	second messenger	A small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecule or ion, such as a calcium ion (Ca2+) or cyclic AMP, that relays a signal to a cell's interior in response to a signaling molecule bound by a signal receptor protein.	14
6895258466	signal transduction	The linkage of a mechanical, chemical, or electromagnetic stimulus to a specific cellular response.	15
6895258467	signal transduction pathway	A series of steps linking a mechanical or chemical stimulus to a specific cellular response. There are four types that we studied: g-protein linked reception; hormonal reception; receptor tyrosine kinase reception; pathways using second messengers (cAMP; calcium ions).	16
6895258468	testosterone	A steroid hormone required for development of the male reproductive system, spermatogenesis, and male secondary sex characteristics; the major androgen in mammals. Pathway illustrates the mechanism for all steroid hormones.	17
6895258469	transcription factor	A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes. The hormone-receptor complex becomes a transcription factor in the steroid transduction pathway.	18
6895258470	three stages of cell communication	reception - receptor responds to binding of ligand molecule; transduction - translation and amplification of message; response - activation of cellular response	19
6895258471	g-linked protein receptor	receives message for g-linked protein signaling pathway. Consists of seven alpha helices that span the plasma membrane. Changes shape when ligand molecule binds.	20
6895258472	signal transduction pathway	The process by which a signal on a cell's surface is converted into a specific cellular response.	21
6895258473	local regulators	These regulators influence cells in the vicinity of them.	22
6895258474	hormones	Circulating chemical signals that are formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluids, and act on specific target cells.	23
6895258475	ligand	A molecule that specifically binds to another molecule, often a larger one.	24
6895258476	protein kinase	The enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to protein.	25
6895258477	protein phosphatases	Enzymes that can rapidly remove phosphate groups from proteins.	26
6895258478	second messengers	Small, non-protein water soluble molecules or ions that send messages throughout the cells by diffusion.	27
6895258479	reception	The target cell's detection of a signal molecule coming from outside the cell.	28
6895258480	transduction	The binding of the signal molecule changes the receptor protein in some way.	29
6895258481	response	The transduced signal finally triggers a specific cellular response.	30
6895258482	G-protein-linked receptor	A plasma membrane receptor that works with the help of a G-protein.	31
6895258483	receptor tyrosine kinase	A receptor with enzymatic activity that can trigger more than one signal transduction pathway at once, helping the cell regulate and coordinate many aspects of cell growth and reproduction.	32
6895258484	ligand-gated ion channel	Type of membrane receptor that has a region that can act as a "gate" when the receptor changes shape.	33

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AP Vocabulario 10 Mog Flashcards

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6087599454	activista	activist	0
6087603477	aliado(a)	ally	1
6087603478	amistad	friendship	2
6087606253	asimilación	assimilation	3
6087612711	autoestima	self-esteem	4
6087616087	camaradería	camaraderie	5
6087619615	capitán	captain	6
6087624290	carisma	charisma	7
6087629173	confianza	trust	8
6087632559	convicciones	convictions	9
6087646477	creencias personales	personal beliefs	10
6087649488	curandero(a)	shaman	11
6087652265	detective	detective	12
6087654119	ecologista	environmentalist	13
6087656547	enajenación	alienation	14
6087659259	espía	spy	15
6087662873	espionaje	espionage	16
6087667292	fidelidad	faithfulness	17
6087695228	filántropo	philanthropist	18
6087697857	guerra	warfare	19
6087699709	guerrero(a)	warrior	20
6087701865	héroe	hero	21

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AP Biology: Chapter 6 Flashcards

Vocabulary words from the AP Edition of Campbell Biology, Chapter 6.

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5701942224	organelles	membrane-enclosed structures within a eukaryotic cell	0
5701942225	cytosol	a jellylike substance where organelles and other components are found	1
5701942226	eukaryotic cell	Cell with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles	2
5701942227	prokaryotic cell	Cell with no nucleus nor membrane bound organelles	3
5701942228	nucleoid region	a non-membrane-enclosed region of the cell where prokaryotic DNA is found	4
5701942229	cytoplasm	the region in a cell between the cell membrane and nucleus; it contains the cell structures and oganelles	5
5701942230	plasma membrane	The selective barrier that surrounds a cell; it controls what enters and leaves the cell	6
5701942231	nucleus	chromosome-containing part of a eukaryotic cell	7
5701942232	nuclear envelope	encloses the nucleus to separate its contents from the cytoplasm	8
5701942233	nuclear lamina	a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope, lines the nuclear side of the nuclear envelope	9
5701942234	chromosomes	tightly coiled structures that carry the genetic information (can be seen during nuclear division)	10
5701942235	chromatin	loosly coiled genetic material that makes up chromosomes, a complex of proteins and DNA	11
5701942236	nucleolus	located in the nucleus, makes, synthesizes, and partially assembles ribosomes	12
5701942237	ribosomes	made of ribosomal RNA and protein, synthesize proteins	13
5701942238	endomembrane system	membranes that divide the cell into organelles such as the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and the cell membrane.	14
5701942239	endoplasmic reticulum (ER)	accounts for more than half of total membrane in many eukaryotic cells, continuous with the nuclear envelope	15
5701942240	smooth ER	portion of the endoplasmic reticulum free of ribosomes, synthesize lipids, detoxifies the cell, and regulates calcium levels	16
5701942241	rough ER	portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes, produce and transport membrane and secretory proteins	17
5701942242	glycoproteins	proteins with covalently-bonded carbohydrates that play a role in cell to cell interaction	18
5701942243	transport vesicles	vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another	19
5701942244	Golgi apparatus	stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum	20
5701942245	lysosome	membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes, which the cell uses to digest unwanted materials	21
5701942246	phagocytosis	the process by which a cell engulfs a solid particle	22
5701942247	autophagy	lysosomes break down damaged organelles	23
5701942248	food vacuoles	formed by phagocytosis, pinches off from plasma membrane and encloses a food particle	24
5701942249	contractile vacuoles	pump excess water out of the cell to maintain a suitable concentration of ions and molecules in the cell	25
5701942250	central vacuole	the largest organelle in a plant cell. It is surrounded by the tonoplast and functions to hold materials and wastes. It also functions to maintain the proper pressure within plant cells	26
5701942251	mitochondria	chemically convert chemical (food) energy into usable ATP energy through cellular respiration	27
5701942252	chloroplasts	contain chlorophyll which help absorb solar energy in order to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars during photosynthesis	28
5701942253	cristae	infoldings in the inner membrane of the mitochondria	29
5701942254	mitochondrial matrix	compartment of the mitochondrion, enclosed by the inner membrane, contains enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle	30
5701942255	plastids	manufacture and store important chemical compounds used by the cell such as pigments, oils, and starches	31
5701942256	thylakoids	flattened and interconnected sacs found in chloroplasts. The light dependent stage of photosynthesis occurs on the membranes of these sacs	32
5701942257	granum	stacks of thylakoids	33
5701942258	stroma	fluid outside the thylakoids, contains chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes. The light independent stage of photosynthesis occurs in this area	34
5701942259	cytoskeleton	a network of fibers bracing the cytoplasm	35
5701942260	microtubules	hollow rods of protein, support the cell and moves organelles within the cell	36
5701942261	centrosome	a region located near the nucleus where micro-tubules grow from; important in cell division	37
5701942262	centrioles	cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division	38
5701942263	flagella	a long tail-like structure that aids in cell movement	39
5701942264	cilia	a short hair-like structures that enable movement of cells or movement of materials outside a cell, utilizes a back-and-forth motion	40
5701942265	microfilaments	the thinnest part of the cytoskeleton, are used to give shape to the cell and support all of its internal parts	41
5701942266	actin	a globular protein that makes up microfilaments	42
5701942267	pseudopodia	cellular extensions that enable a cell to crawl along a surface	43
5701942268	cytoplasmic streaming	the circular flow of cytoplasm within cells	44
5701942269	intermediate filaments	diverse class of cytoskeletal elements that bear tension like microfilaments	45
5701942270	cell wall	extracellular structure specific to plant cells, protects the cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive water uptake	46
5701942271	primary cell wall	a relatively thin and flexible layer in plant cells, first secreted by a young cell	47
5701942272	middle lamella	a thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cells that glues them together with pectin	48
5701942273	secondary cell wall	a strong and durable matrix in plant cells, often deposited in several laminated layers for cell protection and support	49
5701942274	extracellular matrix	where animal tissue cells are embedded, consists of protein and polysaccharides	50
5701942275	collagen	most common glycoprotein in the ECM, forms strong fibers outside the cells	51
5701942276	plasmodesmata	channels that perforate cell walls, allow for connections between cells in plants	52
5701942277	tight junctions	intercellular junction in animal tissues where plasma membranes of neighboring cells are very tightly pressed against each other, bound by specific proteins	53
5701942278	desmosomes	intercellular junction in animal tissues that function like rivets, fastening cells together into strong sheets	54
5701942279	gap junctions	intercellular junction in animal tissues that provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell, similar to plasmodesmata in plants	55

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AP Biology 8 Photosynthesis Flashcards

Photosynthesis

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8154446264	photosynthesis (definition)	process of harnessing light energy to build carbohydrates in autotrophs (ex. plants, cyanobacteria)	0
8154446265	photosynthesis (equation)	6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6 O2	1
8154446266	autotroph	organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food (producer)	2
8154446267	heterotroph	organism that cannot produce its own food and therefore obtains it by consuming other living things (consumer)	3
8154446268	anabolic	What kind of a process is photosynthesis?	4
8154446269	catabolic	What kind of a process is cellular respiration?	5
8154446270	light-dependent reactions	1st step of photosynthesis during which light energy is captured and used to synthesize ATP and NADPH	6
8154446271	light-independent reactions	2nd step of photosynthesis during which CO2 is incorporated into a sugar molecule using ATP and NADPH produced during the first step	7
8154446272	thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts	location of light-dependent reactions	8
8154446273	stroma of chloroplasts	location of light-independent reactions	9
8154446274	G3P	carbon product of the light-independent reactions	10
8154446275	photon	quantum (discrete quantity) of electromagnetic radiation (light energy) with both wave and particle properties	11
8154446276	inverse	What is the relationship between wavelength and energy?	12
8154446277	pigments	substances that can absorb, reflect, or transmit light	13
8154446278	absorption spectrum	graph of a pigment's ability to absorb various wavelengths of light	14
8154446279	violet, blue and red	Which wavelengths of the visible light spectrum do chlorophylls absorb?	15
8154446280	green and yellow	Which wavelengths of the visible light spectrum do chlorophylls reflect?	16
8154446281	carotenoids	accessory pigments in chloroplasts that broaden the spectrum of colors used in photosynthesis	17
8154446282	mesophyll	ground tissue of a leaf, sandwiched between upper and lower epidermis that specializes in photosynthesis	18
8154446283	chlorophyll b	pigment, green/olive, in chloroplast	19
8154446284	chlorophyll a	pigment, blue/green, in chloroplast	20
8154446285	excited state	when absorbed photon energy causes electron to move away from nucleus	21
8154446286	photosystems	photosynthetic pigments embedded with protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane	22
8154446287	water	splitting this molecule replaces electrons which are excited and passed to primary electron acceptor in PSII	23
8154446288	O2	released as a byproduct of splitting water	24
8154446289	proton-motive force	created by pumping hydrogen ions from stroma to thylakoid space during electron transport chain between PS II and PS I	25
8154446290	ATP synthase	enzyme that synthesies ATP by utilizing a proton-motive force	26
8154446291	Calvin cycle, dark reactions, and carbon fixation	other names for light independent reactions	27
8154446292	3 steps of light independent reaction	carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration of RuBP	28
8154446293	reduction	step in Calvin cycle that produces sugar G3P	29
8154446294	carbon dioxide	molecule reduced in Calvin cycle to produce sugar	30
8154446295	thylakoids	flattened membranous sacs inside chloroplasts that contain systems which convert light energy to chemical energy	31
8154446296	absorbed	energy is ____________ in photosynthesis	32
8154446297	released	energy is _____________ in cellular respiration	33
8154446298	glucose and oxygen	reactants of cellular respiration	34
8154446299	carbon dioxide and water	reactants of photosynthesis	35
8154446300	glucose	source of electrons used in ETC of cellular respiration	36
8154446301	intermembrane space	site of proton gradient built up in cellular respiration	37
8154446302	thylakoid space	site of proton gradient built up in photosynthesis	38
8154446303	NAD+ and FAD	high energy electron carrier(s) before reduction in cellular respiration (after they drop off electrons at ETC)	39
8154446304	NADH and FADH2	high energy electron carrier(s) after reduction in cellular respiration (after they pick up electrons from Kreb's cycle)	40
8154446305	NADP+	high energy electron carrier(s ) before reduction in photosynthesis (after they drop off electrons for Calvin cycle)	41
8154446306	NADPH	high energy electron carrier(s ) after reduction in photosynthesis (after they pick up electrons from ETC)	42
8154446307	ATP	energy product(s) from ETC in cellular respiration	43
8154446308	ATP and NADPH	energy product(s) from ETC in photosynthesis	44
8154446309	glucose, NADH and FADH2	reactant(s) oxidized in cellular respiration	45
8154446310	H2O	reactant(s) oxidized in photosynthesis (source of electrons)	46
8154446311	cyclic electron flow	light dependent reactions using only photosystem I to pump protons and generate excess ATP	47
8154446312	linear electron flow	light dependent reactions involving both photosystems; electrons from H2O are used to reduce NADP to NADPH	48
8154446313	RuBisCo	enzyme with affinity for both CO2 and O2 that catalyzes first step of Calvin cycle by adding CO2 to ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)	49
8154446314	stomata	pore-like openings on underside of leaves that allow gases (CO2 and O2) and water to diffuse in and out	50
8154446315	bundle-sheath cells	tightly packed around the veins of a leaf (site of Calvin cycle in C4 plants)	51
8154446316	photorespiration	occurs on hot, dry days when stomata close, O2 accumulates and Rubisco fixes O2 rather than CO2, using up ATP, O2 and sugars	52
8154446317	C3 plants	do not separately fix CO2 and use RuBisCo in Calvin Cycle	53
8154446318	C4 plants	spatially separate carbon fixation (mesophyll cells) from Calvin Cycle (bundle-sheath cells); use PEP carboxylase instead of RuBisCo to fix CO2	54
8154446319	CAM plants	temporally separate carbon fixation (day) and Calvin Cycle (night); use PEP carboxylase instead of RuBisCo to fix CO2	55

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AP Physics 1 Flashcards

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5612464115	First kinematics equation (constant acceleration) no displacement given	speed up or slow down acceleration is how quickly velocity changes	0
5612464116	Second kinematics equation (constant acceleration) no final velocity given	speed up or slow down most often used for projectile motion	1
5612464117	Third kinematics equation (constant acceleration) no time given	*speed up or slow down m/s m m/s/s	2
5612464118	Fourth Kinematics Equation (constant acceleration) no acceleration given	*speed up or slow down meters m/s seconds	3
5612464119	Newton's Second Law	vector addition right-left=ma or up-down=ma *one of the above equations acceleration=0 *watch direction for a*** *mass is measured in kg	4
5612464120	Newton's 3 Laws	3rd law means forces are equal and opposite	5
5612464121	Weight	depends on location and planet Force is weight measured in Newtons mass is m measured in kg g is acceleration due to gravity (9.8 for Earth)	6
5612464122	Force of static Friction	from freebody diagram Normal comes from up-down=ma equation Newtons coefficient is unitless	7
5612464123	Force of kinetic friction	depends on materials and normal force acting on object Normal comes from up-down=ma equation Newtons coefficient is unitless	8
5612464124	Work	carrying a book across a room is not work to do work the force must be parallel to displacement *friction does negative work Joules	9
5612464125	Work-Energy Theorem	Work is the change of kinetic energy object speeding up or slowing down *option to Newton's 2nd Law approach Joules	10
5612464126	Hooke's Law (springs)	F= force stretching or compressing a spring(N) k= spring constant/force constant (N/m) x= how much spring is stretched or compressed (m) *F=ma	11
5612464127	Elastic Potential Energy for a spring	U= potential energy (Joules) k= spring constant / force constant (N/m) x= how much spring is stretched or compressed (m) *Use in conservation of energy U+K=U+K	12
5612464128	Gravitational Potential Energy	U= potential energy (Joules) m= mass (kg) g=acceleration due to gravity (-9.8 Earth) y= vertical position from bottom (not ground) swinging objects roller coasters *used in conservation of energy U+K=U+K	13
5612464129	Conservation of Mechanical energy	one object use for swinging objects, springs, roller coasters *potential loss is kinetic gained	14
5612464130	conservation of energy with friction	Object moving with friction *energy at one time = energy at later time + work done by friction U+K=U+K+W	15
5612464131	Power	rate of energy change Watts	16
5612464132	energy from power	Energy= power * time Joules	17
5612464133	radial/ centripetal acceleration	change direction acceleration m/s/s	18
5612464134	total acceleration	no angular acceleration m/s/s *object speeding up/slowing down and turning	19
5612464135	linear/tangential velocity for circular motion	T is period= time for one complete circle x=vt where x is circumference m/s	20
5612464141	Universal Gravitational Potential Energy	object with a planet U= potential energy (Joules) G=6.67x10^-11 r=distance center to center (m) m=mass (kg)	21
5612464142	acceleration due to gravity	g= m/s/s acceleration due to gravity M = Mass of planet (kg) r = distance from the center of the plant to object location (m)	22
5612464148	momentum	vector! Watch sign for VELOCITY	23
5612464149	impulse	vector! change of direction means double the impulse WATCH SIGN for VELOCITY	24
5612464150	kinetic energy	scalar, never negative if you are moving you have kinetic energy	25
5612464152	universal law of gravitation	F = force (equal and opposite on masses) G=6.67x10^-11 m = mass (kg) r = distance center to center (m) Force = mg or ma or mv^2/r	26
5612464161	slope of a position vs time graph	v=x/t velocity	27
5612464162	slope of a velocity vs time graph	a= change of v/time acceleration	28
5612464163	area of a velocity vs time graph	x=vt displacement	29
5612464164	slope of a force vs acceleration graph	m=F/a mass	30
5612464165	area of a force vs time graph	Ft= impulse= change of momentum	31
5612464166	area of a force vs displacement graph	Fx=work= change of kinetic energy	32
5612464167	slope of a force vs stretch graph	k=F/x spring constant or force constant	33
5612464168	force of friction	another force for freebody Normal comes from freebody	34
5612464169	Newton's 2nd Law Practice	split tension Fcos (angle)- f =ma N +Fsin(angle)-mg=0	35
5612464170	conservation of momentum	use for collisions momentum before + momentum before = momentum after +momentum after	36
5612464171	Elastic collisions	conserve momentum and kinetic energy magnetic bumpers with carts	37
5612464172	Inelastic collisions	This is what you assume unless told otherwise conserve momentum not kinetic energy *objects do not have to stick together	38
5612464173	completely inelastic collisions	conserve momentum only objects stick together *Velcro with carts	39
5612464178	horizontal projectile motion	initial velocity = zero a=-9.8 displacement is negative	40
5612464179	projectile motion at an angle	split initial velocity into sin and cos vsin is for vertical constant acceleration equations *vcos is for horizontal constant velocity equation x=vt	41
5612464184	slope	divide axis and find equation for meaning	42
5612464185	area	multiply axis for meaning area under x-axis is negative *shading is from the x-axis up and from the x-axis down	43
5612464186	Newton's 2nd Law - atwood	up-down=ma T-W=ma T-.9(9.8)=.9a T-.6(9.8)=.6(-a)	44
5612464187	Newton's 2nd law- incline plane	N-mgcos(angle)=0 T-mgsin(angle)=ma T-mg=m(-a)	45
5612464188	Newton's 2nd law turning	N-mg=mv^2/r	46
5612464189	projectile motion	force = weight (down whole time) acceleration (down -9.8 m/s/s) horizontal motion constant velocity x=vt at P only horizontal velocity *at P vertical velocity is negative	47
5612464190	Newton's 2nd law -modified atwood	N-mg=0 T=4a T-2g=2(-a)	48
5612464191	Freebody for incline plane	only C and E correct C is at rest or moving down incline E is being accelerated up incline	49
5612464198	centripetal force	*Net force towards center of circle Moon around earth it is gravity car going around curve friction	50
5612464199	no centripetal force	no centripetal force object moves straight... no longer turns	51

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AP Psychology History/Perspectives Flashcards

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7456077785	empiricism	the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation	0
7456077786	structuralism	an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind	1
7456077787	functionalism	a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function-how they enable us to adapt, survive and flourish	2
7456077788	experimental psychology	the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method	3
7456077789	behaviorism	the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)	4
7456077790	humanistic psychology	historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth	5
7456077791	psychology	the science of behavior and mental processes	6
7456077792	nature-nurture issue	the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture	7
7456077793	natural selection	the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival with most likely be passed on to succeeding generations	8
7456077794	level of analysis	the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon	9
7456077795	biopsychosocial approach	an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis	10
7456077796	biological psychology	a branch of psychology that studies the links between biological (including neuroscience and behavior genetics) and psychological processes	11
7456077797	evolutionary psychology	the study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural selection	12
7456077798	psychodynamic psychology	a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders	13
7456077799	behavioral psychology	the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning	14
7456077800	cognitive psychology	the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicatin	15
7456077801	social-cultural psychology	the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking	16
7456077802	psychometrics	the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits	17
7456077803	basic research	pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base	18
7456077804	developmental psychology	the scientific study of physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span	19
7456077805	educational psychology	the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning	20
7456077806	personality psychology	the study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting	21
7456077807	social psychology	the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another	22
7456077817	Charles Darwin	English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)	23
7456077820	Sigmund Freud	Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939); Said that human behavior is irrational; behavior is the outcome of conflict between the id (irrational unconscious driven by sexual, aggressive, and pleasure-seeking desires) and ego (rationalizing conscious, what one can do) and superego (ingrained moral values, what one should do).	24
7456077822	William James	founder of functionalism; studied how humans use perception to function in our environment	25
7456077823	John Locke	English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.	26
7456077824	Abraham Maslow	humanistic psychology; hierarchy of needs-needs at a lower level dominate an individual's motivation as long as they are unsatisfied; self-actualization, transcendence	27
7456077829	Carl Rogers	1902-1987; Field: humanistic; Contributions: founded person-centered therapy, theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth, unconditional positive regard, fully functioning person	28
7456077832	E. B. Tictchner	Introduced experimental psychology to the United States	29
7456077834	John B. Watson	behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study in which baby was taught to fear a white rat	30
7456077835	Wilhelm Wundt	german physiologist who founded psychology as a formal science; opened first psychology research laboratory in 1879	31
7456077836	Introspection	a method of self-observation in which participants report their thoughts and feelings	32
7456077837	Gestalt Psychology	a psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts	33

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AP Biology - Endocrine System Flashcards

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9320885987	Endocrine System	The internal system of communication involving hormones, the ductless glands that secrete hormones, and the molecular receptors on or in target cells that respond to hormones; functions in concert with the nervous system to effect internal regulation and maintain homeostasis.	0
9320885988	Endocrine Gland	A ductless gland that secretes hormones directly into the interstitial fluid, from which they diffuse into the bloodstream.	1
9320885989	Pheromones	A small molecule released into the environment that functions in communication between members of the same species.	2
9320885990	Epinephrine	a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla; mediates "fight or flight" responses to short-term stresses; also released by some neurons as a neurotransmitter; also known as adrenaline.	3
9320885991	Pancreas	A gland with the following dual functions: the non-endocrine portion functions in digestion, secreting enzymes into the small intestine via a duct; the ductless endocrine portion functions in homeostasis, secreting the hormones insulin and glucagon into the blood.	4
9320885992	Negative Feedback	A form of regulation in which accumulation of an end product of a process slows the process; in physiology, a primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a variable triggers a response that counteracts/inhibits the initial change.	5
9320885993	Insulin	A hormone secreted by pancreatic beta cells that lowers blood glucose levels. It promotes the uptake of glucose by most body cells and the synthesis and storage of glycogen in the liver and also stimulates protein and fat synthesis.	6
9320885994	Glucagon	A hormone secreted by pancreatic alpha cells that raises blood glucose levels. it promotes glycogen break-down and release of glucose by the liver.	7
9320885995	Islets of Langerhans	Clusters of endocrine cells within the pancreas that produce and secrete the hormones glucagon (from alpha cells) and insulin (from beta cells).	8
9320885996	Diabetes Mellitus	An endocrine disorder marked by inability to maintain glucose homeostasis. The type 1 form results form autoimmune destruction of insulin-secreting cells; treatment usually requires daily insulin injections. The type 2 form most commonly results from reduced responsiveness of target cells to insulin; obesity and lack of exercise are risk factors.	9
9320885997	Hypothalamus	The ventral part of the vertebrate forebrain; functions in maintaining homeostasis especially in coordinating the endocrine and nervous systems; secrets hormones of the posterior pituitary and releasing factors that regulate the anterior pituitary.	10
9320885998	Pituitary Gland	Master gland found at the base of the hypothalamus	11
9320885999	Posterior Pituitary	gland that secretes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) made in the hypothalamus; a temporary storage site for these hormones.	12
9320886000	Anterior Pituitary	gland that synthesizes and secretes several tropic and nontropic hormones	13
9320886001	Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)	A peptide hormone that promotes water retention by the kidneys. Produced in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary. Also has activities in the brain.	14
9320886002	Tropic Hormone	A hormone that has another endocrine gland as a target.	15
9320886003	GH (Growth Hormone)	A hormone that is produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary and that has both direct (nontropic) and tropic effects on a wide variety of tissues.	16
9320886004	Adrenal Gland	located adjacent to the kidneys in mammals. Endocrine cells in the outer portion (cortex) respond to this by secreting steroid hormones that help maintain homeostasis during long-term stress. Neurosecretory cells in the central portion (medulla) secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to nervous inputs triggered by short-term stress.	17
9320886005	Androgen	Any steroid hormone, such as testosterone, that stimulates the development and maintenance of the male reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics.	18
9320886006	Estrogen	Any steroid hormone, such as estradiol, that stimulates the development and maintenance of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics.	19
9320886007	Progesterone	A steroid hormone that prepares the uterus for pregnancy; the major progestin in mammals.	20
9320886008	G-protein	A cell surface receptor associated with an intracellular protein that binds and hydrolyzes GTP. When GTP is bound, the protein is active, and can regulate the activity of adenylyl cyclase; this modifies the intracellular levels of second messenger cAMP. When the GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP, the protein becomes inactive again.	21
9320886009	signal transduction pathway	a series of molecular changes that convert a signal on the target cell's surface to a specific response within the cell; crucial to many cellular functions	22
9320886010	protein kinase	a general term for enzymes that activate or inactivate other proteins by phosphorylating them	23
9320886011	autocrine	chemicals that exert their effects on the same cells that secrete them	24
9320886012	paracrine	cell signaling where target is nearby	25
9320886013	steroid hormone	Lipids that act as chemical messengers; synthesized from cholesterol	26
9320886014	peptide hormone	Polar hormones incapable of permeating the cell membrane that bind to surface receptors and act through secondary messengers.	27
9320886015	gene expression	Conversion of the information encoded in a gene first into messenger RNA and then to a protein; activation or deactivation of genes	28
9320886016	positive feedback	A form of regulation in which an end product of a process speeds up that process; in physiology, a control mechanism in which a change in a variable triggers a response that reinforces or amplifies the change.	29

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AP Euro Renaissance Flashcards

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6676432191	Brunelleschi, Filippo	(1377 - April 15, 1446) was one of the foremost architects and engineers of the Italian Renaissance. He is perhaps most famous for his studies of linear perspective and engineering the dome of the Florence Cathedral.	0
6676432192	Bruni, Leonardo	Florentine who first gave the name humanitas (humanity) to the learning of grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, politics, and moral philosophy based on the Greek and Latin classics. He advocated Civic Humanism, and wrote about the history of Florence	1
6676432194	Castiglione, Baldassare	In 1528, he published The Book of the Courtier, which many consider to be the most influential work on education of the Renaissance. The idea of the "Renaissance Man" was described by him to be virtuous, refined, and a student of the liberal arts - perfectly well suited to artistic, written and spiritual pursuits.	2
6676432196	the Courtier	(1528), by Castiglione, it described the ideal attendant at a court, as someone who had mastered the classics and several languages, and who could paint, sing, write poetry, advise and console his prince, as well as run, jump, swim, and wrestle.	3
6676432197	David	18 foot sculpture by Michelangelo that stood for many years in the great square of Florence, and it has been one of the most popular sculptures in the world.	4
6676432199	Durer, Albrecht	Leading northern artist, a German who blended the northern and southern styles. He made two trips to Venice, where he studied the southern styles, but his work clearly re	5
6676432200	Erasmus, Desiderius	Dutch scholar who was a Christian Humanist. Wrote in Praise of Folly. Was a Catholic but his works were placed on the Index of Forbidden Books. Also, wrote about how Christian princes should rule.	6
6676432201	Ferdinand and Isabella	A king and queen of Spain in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. They united their country and sponsored the exploration of the New World by Christopher Columbus. Reduced the power of the great nobles when they filled the political bureaucracy including the royal council-with hidalgos, lesser aristocrats who owed their positions to the throne.	7
6676432202	Gutenberg, Johann	German goldsmith and printer of Mainz, Germany. Developed movable type (although it had been invented in China and Korea) his printing press printed the bible.	8
6676432204	Humanism	A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements.Most new works by Petrarch and Boccaccio were written in the vernacular and expressed the accomplishments of the individual.	9
6676432205	Inquisition	tribunal originally set up to monitor the sincerity of former Muslims and Jews who had converted (often by force) to Christianity.	10
6676432206	Italian Renaissance	..., A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a 'rebirth' of Greco-Roman culture. From roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century followed by this movement spreading into the Northern Europe during 1400-1600	11
6676432208	Machiavelli, Niccolo	(1469-1527) Author of The Prince(16th century): emphasized realistic discussions of how to seize and maintain power; one of the most influential authors of the Italian Renaissance	12
6676432209	Medici, Cosimo de'	Head of Medici family-supported by a few patrician families who helped to banish prominent members of the most powerful rival clans. Very "magnificent."	13
6676432210	Medici Family	A wealthy merchant family that ruled over Florence as uncrowned rulers. Great patrons of the arts. Includes Cosimo and Lorenzo.	14
6676432211	Medici, Lorenzo de'	Politician and promoted the family's power with his extravagant patronage of the arts	15
6676432212	Mona Lisa	A painting by Leonardo da Vinci of a woman with a mysterious smile. It is now of the most readily recognized paintings in the world. Reflects the humanist interest in individual facial expressions and in painting realistic landscapes as backgrounds	16
6676432214	"new monarchs" or Renaissance monarchs	The term applied to Louis XI of France, Henry VII of England, and Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, who strengthened their monarchical authority often by Machiavellian means.Emphasized royal majesty and authority over their subjects, and they suppressed opposition and rebellion. Still continued some middle age practices.	17
6676432216	Papal States	ruled by the pope and formed another important power during Renaissance Italy	18
6676432219	Petrarch	(1304- 1374) He was the first great humanist thinker and a scholar of Latin. He used writing to consider the ebb and flow of his life and the human condition itself. He is known as the "Father of Humanism". Instrumental in standardizing the Florentine vernacular. Admired Cicero and valued St. Augustine. Also famous for his Italian verse, short sonnets.	19
6676432221	The Prince	A short political treatise about political power how the ruler should gain, maintain, and increase it. Machiavelli explores the problems of human nature and concludes that human beings are selfish and out to advance their own interests. He believed it was better to be feared than loved.	20
6676432223	Raphael	(1483-1520) Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens. famous for his madonnas. Died young	21
6676432224	Reconquista	Beginning in the eleventh century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims. In 1492 the last Muslim ruler was defeated, and Spain and Portugal emerged as united kingdoms.	22
6676432226	Renaissance	1. the time period which Europe flourished and the rebirth the love of the classics 2. The great period of rebirth in art, literature, and learning in the 14th-16th centuries, which marked the transition into the modern periods of European history began in Italy	23
6676432227	"Renaissance Man"	multi-talented, skilled in many areas: Arts, Math/Science, Music, Architecture. Example: Leonardo Da Vinci	24
6676432228	republics	in Italy during the Renaissance Italian states were divided into two categories. these were base on the old medieval communes. or associations with free men who sought complete political and economic independence from local nobles	25
6676432229	rhetoric	From the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing and speaking effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.	26
6676432230	The School of Athens	Raphael - Italian Renaissance fresco wall painting of Greek philosophers drawn to scale in accordance with the vantage point of the viewer. The placement, in the center of the archway, of Plato and Aristotle emphasizes the importance of these two central figures. Raphael shows his style of basic one-point perspective converging in a single vanishing point just behind Plato and Aristotle. The exception is the cube in the foreground which gives a two-point perspective. It easy to see, that with the removal of the figures, the building is symmetrically balanced.	27
6676432231	scholasticism and neoplatonism	attempt to reconcile the beliefs and values of Christianity with the logical reasoning of Greek philosophy.	28
6676432232	secularism	An indifference to religion and a belief that religion should be excluded from civic affairs and public education	29
6676432233	Treaty of Lodi	a treaty between Milan, Naples, and Florence against Venice and the Papal States. It fell apart when Milan and Naples began to feud	30
6676432234	Tudors	The House of Lancaster and the House of York feuded over the throne for more than twenty years, until finally a compromis was reached when a new royal house-------emerged in 1485 by intermarriage between two warring families. Henry VII, the first of this dynasty. This dynasty would dominate England throughout the 16th century	31
6676432236	Van Eyck, Jan	An important painter of the Northern Renaissance. He is credited with the first use of the oil glazing technique of painting. He is also known for the great detail in his work. His most famous work was the Arnolfini Wedding.	32
6676432238	Vernacular	Everyday language of ordinary people.	33
6676432239	Vinci, Leonardo da	"Renaissance Man"- great artist, engineer, scientist, and inventor. He created the Mona Lisa.	34
6676432240	War of the Roses	1455-1485; A war between the York family and Lancaster family of England for the crown. This struggle was ended when Henry Tudor, who was on the Lancaster side, won. He became Henry VII, the first Tudor king.	35
7274827251	Lorenzo Valla	Proved the Donation of Constantine to be a fake by using his expert Latin knowledge.	36
7274858977	Civic Humanism	Renaissance movement/idea that emphasized that the duty of an intellectual was to live an active life for one's state.	37
7274860836	Neoplatonism	started my Marsilio Ficino, an attempt to synthesize Christianity and Plato's philosophy	38
7274863626	Pico della Mirandolo	wrote of man's unlimited potential	39
7274871401	Pietro Vergerio	advocated the liberal studies in school	40
7274873777	Liberal Studies	an education that emphasized classics, philosopy, physical fitness and a well-rounded character.	41
7274878836	Savonarola	Dominican friar (Catholic monk) who for a time ruled Florence under theocratic rule.	42
7274893118	Botticelli	He painted this	43
10548280691	Lorenzo Valla	Celebrated classical Latin and proved the Donation of Constantine a fraud.	44
10548284553	Court of Star Chamber	Henry VII's way to intimidate the nobility.	45
10548290499	Hapsburg's	Family that ruled the Holy Roman Empire. Charles V was from this family.	46
10548292212	Giotto	Bridged medieval art with that of the Renaissance.	47

9219643035	el acontecimiento	the event	0
9219643036	el alargamiento	the lengthening	1
9219643038	el/la artista	the artist	2
9219643040	el autorretrato	the self portrait	3
9219643041	el bombardeo	the bombing	4
9219643042	un caballero	a gentleman/ a knight	5
9219643043	el caballete	the easel	6
9219643045	la corte	the court	7
9219643046	el cuadro	the painting	8
9219643047	el desdén	the disdain	9
9219643048	el/la dibujante	the drawer	10
9219643049	la dimensión	the dimension	11
9219643050	el diseño	the design	12
9219643052	el/la enano/a	the dwarf/little person	13
9219643053	la etapa	the stage	14
9219643054	el entierro	the burial	15
9219643055	el/la escultor/a	the sculptor	16
9219643056	la escultura	the sculpture	17
9219643057	el espacio	the space	18
9219643058	el espanto	the terror, fright	19
9219643059	la estatua	the statue	20
9219643060	el estilo	the style	21
9219643062	la familia real	the royal family	22
9219643063	la figura	the figure	23
9219643064	la firma	the signature	24
9219643065	el fondo	the background	25
9219643067	la fotografía	the photography	26
9219643068	la fuente de inspiración	the source of inspiration	27
9219643072	la ira	the fury, anger	28
9219643073	la línea	the line	29
9219643074	la luz	the light	30
9219643076	las majas	the pretty girls	31
9219643077	las meninas	the girls in waiting	32
9219643080	el mural	the mural	33
9219643081	la naturaleza muerta	the still life	34
9219643082	la obra de arte	the work of art	35
9219643083	el paisaje	the landscape	36
9219643086	la perspectiva	the perspective	37
9219643087	el/la pintor/a	the painter	38
9219643088	la pintura	the painting	39
9219643089	el primer plano	the foreground	40
9219643090	el punto de vista	the point of view	41
9219643091	la rendición	the surrendering	42
9219643092	el retrato	the potrait	43
9219643094	el siglo	the century	44
9219643095	la sombra	the shadow	45
9219643096	el taller	the workshop	46
9219643097	el tema	the topic	47
9219704933	la cerámica	the ceramic	48
9219643101	la herramienta	the tool	49
9219643103	el lienzo	the canvas	50
9219643104	el marco	the frame	51
9219643105	el oro	the gold	52
9219643106	el óleo	the oil	53
9219643107	la paleta	the palette	54
9219643109	la piedra	the rock	55
9219643110	el pincel	the paintbrush	56
9219643111	la pintura	the paint	57
9219643112	el plástico	the plastic	58
9219643113	la plata	the silver	59
9219643114	las tijeras	the scissors	60
9219741169	asimétrico/a - simétrico/a	asymmetric - symmetric	61
9219749816	abstracto/a	abstract	62
9219643115	aficionado	fond of	63
9219643116	apagado/a	muted	64
9219643117	brillante	bright	65
9219643118	claro	clear	66
9219753695	complicado/a	complicated	67
9219755958	confuso	confused	68
9219763159	desconocido/a - conocido/a	unknown - known	69
9219643120	desnudo/a	naked	70
9219766612	exagerado/a	exagerated	71
9219768951	fascinante	fascinating	72
9219643121	un genio	a genius	73
9219643122	inolvidable	unforgettable	74
9219779465	moderno/a	modern	75
9219781700	muerto/a	dead	76
9219643124	ondulado/a	wavy	77
9219643125	oscuro/a	dark	78
9219643126	parado/a	standing	79
9219643127	poderoso/a	powerful	80
9219643128	prolífico/a	prolific [produces a lot of work]	81
9219643129	recto	straight	82
9219643130	renombrado	renowned	83
9219643131	sencillo/a	simple	84
9219643132	sentado/a	seated	85
9219643133	siniestro/a	sinister	86
9219799693	surrealista - realista	surrealism - realism	87
9219643134	torcido/a	twisted	88
9219805875	vivo/a	alive	89
9219643135	admirar	to admire	90
9219643136	alargar	to lengthen	91
9219643137	apreciar	to appreciate	92
9219643138	colocar	to place	93
9219643139	colgar	to hang up	94
9219643140	criticar	to criticize	95
9219643141	mostrar	to show	96
9219643142	demostrar	to demonstrate	97
9219643143	denunciar	to denounce	98
9219643144	despreciar	to despise	99
9219643145	destacar	to highlight	100
9219643146	dibujar	to draw	101
9219643147	evocar	to evoke	102
9219643148	exhibir	to exhibit	103
9219643149	expresar(se)	to express	104
9219643150	firmar	to sign	105
9219643151	fusilar	to shoot	106
9219643152	glorificar	to glorify	107
9219643153	hacerlo a propósito	to do it on purpose	108
9219643154	identificarse con	to identify with	109
9219643155	influir	to influence	110
9219643156	inspirar(se) [en]	to be inspire [by]	111
9219643157	interpretar	to interpret	112
9219643158	llamar la atención	to call attention	113
9219643159	narrar	to narrate	114
9219643160	percibir	to perceive	115
9219643161	pintar	to paint	116
9219643162	representar	to represent	117
9219643163	revelar	to reveal	118
9219643164	rodear	to surround	119
9219643165	significar	to signify	120
9219643166	simbolizar	to symbolize	121
9219643167	sobresalir	to stand out	122
9219643168	tachar	to cross out	123
9219643169	tratarse de	to be about	124
9219643170	tratar de	to try	125
9219643171	volver	to return	126
9219643172	utilizar	to use	127

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