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AP Human Geography: Development Flashcards

8508552034	Consumer goods	commodities bought and used by consumers, not manufacturers for producing other goods.	0
8508552035	Core-periphery model	Model of the distribution of wealth and development. MDC = core, LDC = periphery.	1
8508552036	Crude birth rate	number of live births per 1000 people per year per year. Crude = does not take into account age/sex of said 1000 people.	2
8508552038	Dependency Theory	Notion that resources flow from periphery to wealthy core, enriching latter at expense of the former. $ = power = int' influence = dependent places	3
8508552039	Developed country	wealthier core country	4
8508552040	Development	process of improvement in the material conditions of people thru diffusion of knowledge and technology. Involves full realization and application of resources. can be measured by literacy, education, women's rights, life expectancy, GNP per capita, caloric intake, infant mortality rate, economic status...	5
8508552041	Energy consumption	use of energy for light/heat/power/raw material input to manufacturing process. Can be measured. Ex: China consumes 1/2 of the worlds coal produced each year.	6
8508552042	Essential goods and services	items and services required to sustain health/life. Goods - food, water, fuel.. Services - hospital, electricity, police/firefighting/emergency responders services... They are not allowed to go on strike or anything because they are essential personnel to the public.	7
8508552043	Export Processing Zones	EPZ. Zones established in which favorable tax, regulatory, and trade arrangements are made to attract foreign trade and investment	8
8508552045	Foreign Direct Investment	investment by foreign companies in another country's economy	9
8508552046	Formal Economy	'legal' economy taxed and monitored by gov't, is included in GNP.	10
8508552047	Gender	A socially and culturally constructed set of distinctions between masculine and feminine sets of behaviors that is promoted and expected by society. Male vs Female. vary greatly over time and space.	11
8508552048	Gender Empowerment Measure	GEM. Compares ability of men/women to participate in economic/political decisions	12
8508552049	Gender Inequality Index	GII. measure of the extent of each country's gender inequality. UN created. Takes into account labor, empowerment, and reproductive health.	13
8508552050	Gender Related Development Index	GDI. Compares the level of development of women with that of both sexes.	14
8508552051	GIS	geographic information system. layers on computer to analyze data. acquired thru remote sensing.	15
8508552052	GDP	Gross Domestic Product. total value of all goods/services produced in a country in a year. Doesn't include moving/overseas $.	16
8508552053	GNP	Gross National Product, total value of all goods/services with some adjustments, include income received from abroad.	17
8508552054	HDI	Human Development Index. statistic to rank countries into high, middle, or low development based on economic factor (GDP per capita), social factors (literacy rate + amount of education), and demographic factor (life expectancy).	18
8508552055	Globalization	increasing uniformity of the world because of diffusion	19
8508552056	Infant mortality rate	number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age per 1000 live births. High # = LDC.	20
8508552057	Informal sector	untaxed, unregulated, unmonitored. not included in GNP or GDP.	21
8508552058	International Monetary Fund	188-country organization working to foster int'l money cooperation, financial stability, int'l trade, higher employment, lower poverty, sustainable growth	22
8508552060	Less developed country	periphery. "emerging."	23
8508552061	Literacy	ability to read and write by age 15	24
8508552062	measures of development	benchmark process to achieving optimal health and wellbeing. physicla, biological, social, educational, mental, emotional, economic, cultural components	25
8508552063	Microcredit program	program that provides small loans to the poor, especially women, to encourage small business development	26
8508552064	More developed country	seriously do i even have to make this one. wealthier core country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development	27
8508552065	Neocolonialism	Domination by a powerful usually Western nation of another nation that's politically independent but has a weak economy dependent on trade with the Western nation.	28
8508552066	NGO	Non governmental organization: int'l organization operating outside political arena but are still influential upon social/environmental/economic issues. Ex: Greenpeace, Red Cross	29
8508552070	Primary sector	direct extraction of resources - agriculture, mining, fishing, forestry	30
8508552073	Quaternary sector jobs	highly skilled, information based acitivities- management, lawyers, scientific companies	31
8508552074	Quinary sector jobs	leadership in quaternary sector jobs. think like ceo kinda.	32
8508552077	Rostow's development model	The five stage system that explains how nations move through development	33
8508552078	Stage one (rdw)	Traditional society- subsistant agriculture, acitivities not helping w/ development like military and religion	34
8508552079	stage two (rdw)	Investment: pre takeoff- limited investment in technology, infrastructure, water, irrigation	35
8508552080	stage 3 (rdw)	Take off/success- limited # of industries are successful to compete globally. Ex: textiles, agriculture. Remainder of economy is still traditional	36
8508552081	Stage 4 (rdw)	Maturity- tech. diffuses, rapid growth, skilled educated labor force	37
8508552082	stage 5 (rdw)	Mass production - shift form heavy industry like steel, energy to consumer goods	38
8508552083	Scale	graduated range of values for grading size. just a refresher, small scale maps show large land area w/ less detail, large scale maps show small land area w/ much detail	39
8508552084	secondary sector	portion of economy concerned with manufacturing, processing, assembling raw materials	40
8508552085	Structural adjustment program	program to reform economic structure, imposed by int' agencies on ldcs to encourage int'l trade by increasing taxes, lowering gov't spending, charging more, controlling inflation, more private corporations.	41
8508552086	structural adjustment loans	loans granted by international financial institutions such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund to countries in the periphery and the semi-periphery in exchange for certain economic and governmental reforms in that country (e.g. privatization of certain government entities and opening the country to foreign trade and investment)	42
8508552087	technology transfer	The diffusion to or acquisition by one culture or retention of the technology possessed by another, usually more developed, society.	43
8508552088	technology gap	contrast of tech available in core vs periphery	44
8508552089	tertiary sector	The portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment.	45
8508552090	third world	The developing countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. includees capitalist venezuela, communist n. korea, rich saudi arabia, poor mali, etc	46
8508552091	transition economies	planned economy moving to market-oriented system. Ex: post USSR Russia + satellite states	47
8508552092	trickle down/spread effect	diffusion of benefits of economic growth and prosperity from core to periphery. opposite is bottom up effect when periphery is made developed first	48
8508552093	value added	the gross value of the product minus the costs of raw materials and energy.	49
8508552094	world bank	A development assistance organization, composed of 185 member countries which are its joint owners, that extends long-term credit to developing country governments for the purpose of promoting economic development and structural changes. It consists of two organizations: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Development Association.	50
8508552095	world systems theory	Wallerstein's theory of the core, semi-periphery, periphery, and external areas. The core benefited the most from the development of a capitalist world economy. THe semi-perihpery was the buffer between the core and periphery. The periphery are states that lack strong central governments or are controlled by other states. External areas are states that maintained their own economic system and for the most part, remained outside of the capitalist world economy	51
8508552096	world trade organization	WTO. Administers the rules governing trade between its 144 members. Helps producers, importers, and exporters conduct their business and ensure that trade flows smoothly	52
8508581947	Brandt Line	The Brandt Line is a visual depiction of the North-South divide between their economies, based on GDP per capita, proposed by Willy Brandt in the 1980s	53
8508586062	BRICS	BRICS is the acronym for an association of five major emerging national economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa.	54
8508588491	Comparative Advantage	the ability of an individual or group to carry out a particular economic activity (such as making a specific product) more efficiently than another activity.	55
8508590218	economic indicators	measure economic performance	56
8508595982	economic development	The improvement of living standards by economic growth.	57
8508599192	Import Substitution	government policy of encouraging local manufacturers to produce goods that would replace imports	58
8508602013	International Division of Labor	the spatial shift of manufacturing industries from advanced capitalist countries to developing countries	59
8508605669	subsistance economy	a type of economy in which human groups live off the land with little or no surplus	60
8508606976	sustainable development	economic development that is conducted without depletion of natural resources	61
8508608718	uneven development	the unequal distribution of people, resources, and wealth that is a fundamental characteristic of human geography. Uneven development is evident at the global, regional, national, and urban scales.	62

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AP Psychology - Research Methods Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)

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6501923488	Hindsight Bias	The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon.)	0
6501923489	Critical Thinking	Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.	1
6501923490	Theory	An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events.	2
6501923491	Hypothesis	A testable prediction, often implied by a theory.	3
6501923492	Operational Definition	A statement of the procedures used to define research variables, or how we make the variables measurable; i.e., extroversion could be operationally defined by a score on a personality test. Necessary for replication of the study.	4
6501923493	Replication	Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances.	5
6501923494	Case Study	An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.	6
6501923495	Survey	A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group.	7
6501923496	Population	All the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn.	8
6501923497	Random Sample	A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.	9
6501923498	Naturalistic Observation	Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.	10
6501923499	Correlation	A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.	11
6501923500	Correlation Coefficient	A statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1).	12
6501923501	Scatterplot	A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables.	13
6501923502	Illusory Correlation	The perception of a relationship where none exists.	14
6501923503	Experiment	A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, the investigator aims to control other relevant factors.	15
6501923504	Random Assignment	Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups.	16
6501923505	Double-Blind Procedure	An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies.	17
6501923506	Placebo Effect	Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent.	18
6501923507	Experimental Group	In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.	19
6501923508	Control Group	In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.	20
6501923509	Independent Variable	The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.	21
6501923510	Confounding Variable	A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment.	22
6501923511	Dependent Variable	The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.	23
6501923512	Mode	The most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution.	24
6501923513	Mean	The arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores.	25
6501923514	Median	The middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it.	26
6501923515	Range	The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.	27
6501923516	Standard Deviation	A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score.	28
6501923517	Normal Curve	A symmetrical, bell-shape that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (68 percent fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer and fewer near the extremes.	29
6501923518	Statistical Significance	A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance.	30
6501923519	Culture	The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.	31
6501923520	Informed Consent	An ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate.	32
6501923521	Debriefing	The post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants.	33

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AP Umwelt Flashcards

Wortschatz zum Thema "Umwelt."

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9456215333	die Welt	world	0
9456215334	die Erde	earth	1
9456215335	die Natur	nature	2
9456215336	das Klima	climate	3
9456215337	die Umwelt	environment	4
9456215364	die Pflanzen	plants	5
9456215365	die Tiere	animals	6
9456215369	der Strom	electricity	7
9456215370	die Heizung	central heating	8
9456215371	die Klimaanlage	air conditioning	9
9456215338	sauber	clean	10
9456215339	schmutzig	dirty	11
9456215340	das Ozonloch	hole in ozone	12
9456215372	der Klimawandel	climate change	13
9456215341	der Treibhauseffekt	green house effect	14
9456215342	die Erderwärmung	global warming	15
9456215373	der Waldbrand, (ä-e)	forest fire	16
9456215374	die Lawine, -n	avalanche	17
9456215343	der Abfall	waste	18
9456215344	der Müll	trash	19
9456215375	der Biomüll	organic waste	20
9456215376	der Restmüll	landfill waste	21
9456215377	der Sperrmüll	bulky trash	22
9456215378	der Glascontainer	glass recycling container	23
9456215345	die Verschmutzung	pollution	24
9456215346	das Abwasser	waste water	25
9456215347	das Abgas, -e	exhaust fumes, emission	26
9456215348	das Kraftwerk, -e	power plant	27
9456215349	das Atomkraftwerk	nuclear power plant	28
9456215350	verbrauchen	to consume	29
9456215351	die Entwaldung	deforestation	30
9456215352	die Verpackung	packaging	31
9456215353	die Einwegflasche	disposable bottle	32
9456215380	die Mehrwegflasche	recyclable bottle	33
9456215354	aussterben	to die out	34
9456215355	die Einkaufstasche	shopping bag	35
9456215356	recyceln	to recycle	36
9456215357	wiederverwertbar	recyclable	37
9456215358	die Pappe	cardboard	38
9456215359	das Altpapier	recycled paper	39
9456215360	schützen	to protect	40
9456215361	schonen	to go easy on something, be gentle	41
9456215362	der Kunststoff	plastic	42
9456215381	trennen	to separate	43
9456215382	umweltfreundlich	environmentally friendly	44
9456215383	vermeiden, vermieden	to avoid	45
9456215384	die Plastiktüte, -n	plastic bag	46
9456215385	die Fabrik, -en	factory	47
9456215386	erneuerbare Energie	renewable energy	48
9456215387	das Benzin	gas	49
9456215388	das Öl	oil	50
9456215389	erzeugen	to generate, produce	51
9456215390	der Solarkollektor, -en	solar panel	52
9456215391	ausschalten	to turn off (an appliance)	53
9456215392	abdrehen	to turn off (water)	54
9456215393	schmelzen, (schmilzt) geschmolzen	to melt	55
9456225797	der biologischer Anbau	organic farming	56
9456227722	die Pestizide	pesticides	57
9456229415	der Dünger	fertilizer	58

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AP Biology Enzyme Unit Flashcards

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5261217151	Enzyme	A protein that acts as a catalyst	0
5261258863	Exergonic	A chemical reaction where energy is released	1
5261261247	Endergonic	A chemical reaction where energy is absorbed	2
5261267238	Activation Energy	Amount of energy needed to cause the reactants to reach an unstable state	3
5261302653	Substrate	The reactant an enzyme acts on	4
5261315437	Enzyme-Substrate Complex		5
5261402332	Transition State	When the reactants are in an unstable condition due ot absorbed energy	6
5261405171	Active Site		7
5261424132	Denature	Destruction of a biological molecule	8
5261429954	Induced Fit	Formation of weak bonds to engulf the substrate at active site	9
5261436314	Competitive Inhibitors		10
5261439544	Noncompetitive Inhibitors		11
5261442101	Cofactor	A protein that allows a substrate to fit into an enzyme's active site. They can be inorganic (iron, copper, zinc).	12
5261444486	Coenzyme	an organic cofactor required for enzyme activity	13
5261471695	Protein	Caterogry of biological molecules enzymes can be found in	14
5261576033	Way to Lower E(A)	Stressing the substrate and stablizing the transition state	15
5261586326	Temperature	A factor that can change the shape of the active site	16
5261615031	Graph of Enzyme Function		17

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AP Biology Chapter 3 Flashcards

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4896287116	isomers	compounds- same molecular formula, different structural formulas	0
4896287117	structural isomers	differ in arrangement of atoms and often in location of double bonds	1
4896287118	geometric isomers	same covalent bonds, differ in arrangement around double bond	2
4896287119	enantiomers	left and right handed (mirror images) of each other	3
4896287120	macromolecule	large molecule made by joining smaller molecules together	4
4896287121	polymer	chainlike molecule formed by linking together man similar small molecule (monomers)	5
4896287122	dehydration synthesis	reaction joining monomers to form polymers or other macromolecules	6
4896287123	hydrolysis	breaking of bonds between monomers through the addition of water	7
4896287124	Carbohydrates	-sugars and their polymers -sugars serve as fuel and carbon sources -have general formula of (CH2O)n monosaccharides	8
4896287125	glucose	CARBOHYDRATES -C6H12O6 -broken down to yield energy in cellular respiration	9
4896287126	disaccharide	CARBOHYDRATES -two monosaccharides bonded together by a glycosidic linkage (a covalent bond formed a dehydration reaction between two monosaccharides	10
4896287127	glucose+fructose=	CARBOHYDRATES sucrose (table sugar)	11
4896287128	glucose+glucose=	CARBOHYDRATES maltose	12
4896287129	polysaccharides	CARBOHYDRATES -polymers of sugars -have storage and structural roles	13
4896287130	starch	CARBOHYDRATES -energy storage molecule -polymer made of glucose molecules joined b 1-4 linkages (helical shape) -polymer of a-glucose	14
4896287131	glycogen	-storage molecule in plants -highly branched polymer of glucose -polymer of a-glucose	15
4896287132	cellulose	CARBOHYDRATES -major structural component of plant cells (most abundant organic compound on earth) β linkages of cellulose cannot be broken down by the enzymes that digest starch-> very few organisms (some bacteria, microorganisms and fungi) are able to digest cellulose	16
4896287133	chitin	CARBOHYDRATES -polysaccharides that from glucose monomers with nitrogen-containing group -found in exoskeleton of arthropods and cell walls of many fungi -polymer of b-glucose	17
4896287134	lipids	-fats, phospholipids, steroids -do not form polymers	18
4896287135	fats (Triglycerides)	LIPIDS composed of 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol	19
4896287136	fatty acid	LIPIDS long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at end	20
4896287137	glycerol	LIPIDS 3-carbon alcohol	21
4896287138	ester linkages	LIPIDS bond between hydroxyl and carboxyl group (links fatty acid to glycerol	22
4896287139	unsaturated fatty acids	LIPIDS -has c=c bond -kinked/liquid -fats of plants and fishes -more unsaturated, the better -2+ covalent bonds	23
4896287140	saturated fatty acids	LIPIDS - no c=c bonds -solid -animal fats -cardio diseases -single covalent bond	24
4896287141	phospholipids	LIPIDS -glycerol linked to two acids and a negatively charged phosphate group -phosphate is hydrophilic, water soluble -fatty acid is hydrophobic - in cell membrane, head face out, tail face in	25
4896287142	Proteins	-consists of one or more polypeptide chains folded into 3-D, shapes determines functions	26
4896287143	polypeptide	PROTEINS polymer of amino acids	27
4896287144	R group	PROTEINS -variable side chain that gives each amino acid its unique physical and chemical properties -hydrophobic interactions, van der Waals interactions, hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds	28
4896287145	peptide bond	PROTEINS links amino group of one amino acid with the carboxyl group of another formed b dehydration synthesis rxn	29
4896287146	Four Levels of Protein Structure	PROTEINS -biologists use x-ray crystallography and computer modeling to establish the 3D shapes of protein Primary Structure: sequence of amino acids Secondary structure: coiling or folding of amino acid chain (polypeptide), stabilized by hydrogen bonds between oxygen of one amino acid and hydrogen of another, can be coiled (a helix) or pleated (B pleated helix) Tertiary structure: interactions between R groups produce unique shape for each protein, maintained b disulfide bonds Quaternary structure: proteins are composed of two or more polypeptide chains in precise arrangement.	30
4896287147	denaturation	PROTEINS -interactions that give proteins their shape can be disrupted by changes in pH, slat concentration, or temperature -causes proteins to lose their shape and function	31
4896287148	disulfide bridges	PROTEINS covalent bonds between sulfhydryl side groups of cysteine monomers	32
4896287149	nucleic acids	macromolecules that carry and transmit the genetic code	33
4896287150	DNA	NUCLEIC ACIDS -deoxyribonucleic acid: the genetic material that is inherited from one generation to the next, deoxyribose sugar	34
4896287151	RNA	NUCLEIC ACIDS -ribonucleic acid, transcribes genetic information from the DA and directs the synthesis of proteins, ribose sugar	35
4896287152	nucleotide	NUCLEIC ACIDS -building blocks of nucleic acids- consists of a 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group and a nitrogen base -pyrimidine: nitrogenous bases consisting of single ring, cytosine (C) both DNA RNA, thymine (T) DNA and uracil (U) RNA -purine: nitrogenous base consisting of two rings, adenine (A) and guanine (G)	36
4896287153	monomers or components	sugars: monosaccharides lipids: fatty acids proteins: amino acids nucleic acids: nucleotides	37
4896287154	polymer or large molecule	sugars: polysaccharides lipids: triacylglycerols proteins: polypeptides nucleic acids: polynucleotides	38
4896287155	type of linkage	sugar: glycosidic linkages lipids: ester linkages proteins: peptide bonds nucleic acids: phosphodiester linkages	39
4896287156	Which type of molecule includes an example with a long-chain carbon backbone?	lipid	40
4896287157	What is the dominant element attached to the carbon backbone?	hydrogen	41
4896287158	Which molecule have a central carbon atom with 4 different components around it?	amino acids	42
4896287159	Which molecule have a sugar, nitrogenous base and phosphate group?	nucleic acid	43
4896287160	What three structural groups shown do all amino acids have in common?	amine, carboxyl and R group with hydrogen	44
4896287161	Functions of 4 biological macromolecules	carbohydrates: energy storage, receptors, structure of plant cell wall, cellulose, glucose, deoxyribose, methionine proteins: enzymes, structure, receptors, transport lipids: membrane structure, energy storage, insulation, enzymes, chemical signaling(hormones) nucleic acids: information storage and transfer	45
4896287162	Chemical properties of hydrocarbons	-composed of only carbon and hydrogen, -contains a large amount of stored energy, -may have linear, branched or ring structures, insoluble in water	46
4896287163	the number of covalent bonds formed by an atom of carbon is determined by	the number of electrons in its outermost electron shell	47
4896287164	Proteins are able to perform man diverse biological functions because	the are polymers formed from chemically diverse subunits which can fold into many different shapes	48
4896287165	The sugar subunits in the DNA backbone are joined by what type of bonds?	phosphodiester bonds	49
4896287166	salt and vinegar preserve our food by	high heat, low pH, and high salt concentrations	50
4896287167	DNA is a good for storage of energy because...	Ladder structure holds same info, so if some get damaged, it can be recovered	51
4896287168	Advantage of fat	-dense, doesn't take up a lot of room -reserved for future use -doesn't weight as much	52
4896287169	Carboxylic acid group		53
4896287170	amine group		54
4896287171	phosphate group		55
4896287172	sugar group		56
4896287173	nitrogen base		57
4896287174	starch in a chloroplast		58
4896287175	starch		59
4896287176	monosaccharide		60
4896287177	nucleotide		61
4896287178	intermediate filament		62
4896287179	polypeptide		63
4896287180	amino acid		64
4896287181	adipose cell with fat droplets		65
4896287182	triglyceride		66
4896287183	fatty acid		67
4896287184	dehydration reaction		68
4896287185	hydrolysis reaction		69
4896287186	glucose		70
4896287187	sucrose		71
4896287188	maltose		72
4896287189	phosphodiester bonds		73
4896287190	dipeptide		74
4896287191	how do one make a polypeptide?	with two amino acid group	75
4896287192	glucose+fructose=	lactose (sugar in milk)	76
4896287193	fatty acid	-hydrocarbons with carbonyl group at the end of the chain	77
4896287194	monounsaturated fatty acid fat	-one double covalent bond	78
4896287195	phospholipids		79
4896287196	steroids	backbone of four linked carbon rings	80
4896287197	steroids		81
4896287198	nitrogen bases	adenine-thymine cytosine-guanine	82

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AP Biology Chapter 9 Flashcards

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

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6285616151	Fermentation	-catabolic process that partially degrades sugars w/o oxygen -expansion of glycolysis that allows continuous generation of ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation of glucose -regenerates NAD+ by transferring electron from NADH to pyruvate -produce ATP by harvesting chemical energy of food -use glycolysis to oxidize glucose and other organic fuels to pyruvate-net production of 2 ATP w/ substrate level phosphorylation -NAD+ is oxidizing agent that accepts electrons from food in glycolysis -final electron acceptor is organic molecule	0
6285616152	Aerobic Respiration	-oxygen consumed as reactant along w/ organic fuel -prokaryotes and eukaryotes -produce ATP by harvesting chemical energy of food -use glycolysis to oxidize glucose and other organic fuels to pyruvate-net production of 2 ATP w/ substrate level phosphorylation -NAD+ is oxidizing agent that accepts electrons from food in glycolysis -final electron acceptor is NADH is oxygen-regenerates NAD+ for glycolysis, pays ATP bonus when electron transport from NADH -> O2 drives oxidative phosphorylation -citric acid cycle-oxidation of pyruvate bigger ATP pay off -19x more energy/sugar molecule	1
6285616153	Anaerobic Respiration	-process of using substances other than oxygen as reactants to harvest chemical energy w/o oxygen -use electron transport chain but don't use oxygen as final electron acceptor	2
6285616154	Cellular Repsiration	-process for animal to breathe oxygen; aerobic + anaerobic -C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP + heat)	3
6285616155	Redox Reactions	reactions w/ electron transfer	4
6285616156	Oxidation	loss of electrons from one substance	5
6285616157	Reduction	addition of electrons to another substance	6
6285616158	Reducing Agent	electron donor	7
6285616159	Oxidizing Agent	electron acceptor	8
6285616160	NAD+	-coenzyme electron acceptor -oxidizing agent in respiration	9
6285616161	Glycolysis	-begins degradation process by breaking glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules +2 ATP w/ substrate-level phosphorylation	10
6285616162	Citric Acid Cycle	-completes breakdown of glucose by oxidizing pyruvate to CO2 -CO2 produced represents fragments of oxidized organic molecules -takes place in mitochondrial matrix (eukaryotic) /cytosol (prokaryotic) +2 w/ substrate-level phosphorylation	11
6285616163	Acetyl CoA	junction between glycolysis and citric acid cycle 1. pyruvate's carboxyl group (-COO-) removed and given of as molecule of CO2 2. remaining 2-carbon fragment oxidized -> acetate. enzyme transfers extracted electrons to NAD+, storing energy in form of NADH 3. coenzyme A attached to acetate by unstable bond that makes acetyl group very reactive -> acetyl CoA has high potential energy-reaction to yield lower energy products is highly exergonic	12
6285616164	Oxidative Phosphorylation	-mode of ATP synthesis powered by redox reactions in electron transport chain-energy released at each step of chain stored in form for mitochondria -90% of ATP generated +32-34 ATP by oxidative phosphorylation	13
6285616165	Electron Transport Chain	breaks fall of electrons to oxygen in energy releasing steps -consists of molecules (proteins) in inner membrane (eukaryote)/plasma membrane (prokaryote)	14
6285616166	Cytochromes	most of remaining electron carriers	15
6285616167	ATP Synthase	-enzyme in inner membrane of mitochondrion that makes ATP from ADP and inorganic protein -ion pump running in reverse -uses energy of existing ion gradient to power ATP synthesis	16
6285616168	Chemiosmosis	-process in which energy stored as H+ gradient across membrane used to drive cellular work like ATP synthesis -protons move one by one to binding sites of ATP synthase -> spins in way to catalyze production of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphatwe	17
6285616169	Substrate-Level Phosphorylation	mode of ATP synthesis when enzyme transfers phosphate group from substrate molecule to ADP, rather than adding inorganic phosphate to ADP	18
6285616170	Proton-motive Force	H+ gradient and its capacity to do work	19
6285616171	Alcohol Fermentation	-pyruvate converted to ethanol 1. CO2 released from pyruvate-converted to 2-carbon acetaldehyde 2. acetaldehyde reduced by NADH to ethanol-regenerates supply of NAD+ for glycolysis	20
6285616172	Lactic Acid Fermentation	-pyruvate reduced directly by NADH -> form lactate w/ no release of CO2 -sugar catabolism for ATP production outpaces muscle's supply of oxygen -> cells switch from aerobic respiration to fermentation	21
6285616173	Obligate Anaerobes	organisms that only carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration-cannot survive in presence of oxygen	22
6285616174	Facultative Anaerobes	-make enough ATP to survive using fermentation or respiration -pyruvate -> 2 alternative catabolic rates -aerobic conditions: pyruvate -> acetyl CoA-oxidation continues in Krebs Cycle -anaerobic conditions: pyruvate diverted from Krebs Cycle-serves as electron acceptor to recycle NAD+ - has to consume sugar at faster rate	23

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AP Literary Terms 1 Flashcards

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8142890532	Allusion	A reference to a well-known person, place, event, literary work, or work of art	0
8142890533	Apostrophe	A figure of speech wherein the speaker speaks directly to something nonhuman	1
8142890534	Aside	a line spoken by an actor to the audience but not intended for others on the stage	2
8142890535	Consonance	the repetition of consonants (or consonant patterns) especially at the ends of words	3
8142890536	Enjambment	the continuation of a sentence without a pause beyond the end of a line, couplet, or stanza.	4
8142890537	Euphony	a succession of harmonious sounds used in poetry or prose; the opposite of cacophony	5
8142890538	Internal rhyme	Rhyme that occurs within a single line of poetry	6
8142890539	Juxtaposition	Placement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts	7
8142890540	Meter	A regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry	8
8142890541	Monologue	a long speech by one actor in a play or movie, or as part of a theatrical or broadcast program.	9
8142890542	Parallelism	Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses	10
8142890543	Puns	Imagery - Play on words, double meaning.	11
8142890544	Soliloquy	A long speech expressing the thoughts of a character alone on stage	12
8142890545	Sonnet	a verse form consisting of 14 lines with a fixed rhyme scheme	13
8142890546	Tragic hero	A protagonist with a fatal flaw which eventually leads to his demise	14
8142890547	Verbal Irony	The contrast between what is said and what is actually meant.	15
8142890548	Verse	Metrical language; the opposite of prose	16
8142938867	Prose	written or spoken language in its ordinary form, without metrical structure. Any material that is not written in a regular meter like poetry	17
8344336700	archetype	an original model on which something is patterned	18
8344362459	Realism	19th century artistic movement whose aim was to represent the world as it is	19
8344390284	hero's journey	Archetype that shows a heroes growth into greatness a set of steps taken by the protagonist leads him to the fullfillment of a quest	20
8344402304	monomyth	the hero's journey archetype that appears in all cultures	21
8344423005	reversal	the point in a story when the protagonist's fortunes turn in an unexpected direction	22
8344458353	theme	Central idea of a work of literature	23
8344469990	motif	a unifying idea that is a recurrent element in a literary or artistic work	24

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Waves for AP Flashcards

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6530383231	wave	transmits energy but not matter	0
6530398916	mechanical wave needs a medium to travel through; electromagnetic wave does not	Difference in mechanical wave and electromagnetic wave.	1
6530404088	transverse wave	particles in the medium travel perpindicular to the direction of energy in what type of wave	2
6530414828	longitudinal (compressional) wave	particles in the medium travel parallel to the direction of energy; the medium moves "back AND forth" while the energy only moves forth	3
6530433815	amplitude of a wave	Maximum displacement of a medium from the rest position; for transverse wave the "crest or trough"; for a compressional wave "how dense the compressions are"; refers to energy	4
6530453047	frequency of waves	how many waves per second; high frequency = high pitch, low frequency = low pitch-- evident in the doppler effect	5
6530461175	doppler effect	an increase (or decrease) in the frequency of sound, light, or other waves as the source and observer move toward (or away from) each other. The effect causes the sudden change in pitch noticeable in a passing siren, as well as the redshift seen by astronomers.	6
6530489135	increase in frequency causes	decrease in wavelength and vice versa; note that velocity is not affected	7
6530502771	period of a wave	seconds per wave (inverse of frequency)	8
6530518541	wavelength	The distance between two corresponding parts of a wave, for example crest to crest	9
6530535235	compression	the dense region of a longitudinal wave	10
6530538396	rarefaction	the less dense region of a longitudinal wave	11
6530655861	reflection is opposite, inverted, if boundary is more dense, it reflects back the same, erect, if boundary is less dense	erect wave hits a boundary, describe the reflection in terms of direction	12
6530672790	the more dense the boundary, the greater percentage you will have that is reflected	erect wave hits a boundary, describe the reflection in terms of amount reflected	13
6530688310	standing wave	a wave that appears to stand in one place, even though it is really two waves interfering as they pass through each other	14
6530697048	1st harmonic	Fundamental frequency; has one antinode	15
6530705682	2nd harmonic	2nd allowed frequency of a standing wave, 2x fundamental frequency, half wavelength of fundamental; AKA 1st overtone for closed-closed and open-open	16
6530721295	3rd harmonic	occurs at 3x fundamental frequency; AKA 2nd overtone for closed-closed and open-open	17
6530749090	medium (is it hot, cold, dense, high tension, etc?)	speed of wave depends on ____?	18
6530768031	source of vibration	frequency depends on ____?	19
6531092655	wavelenth and period decrease (velocity can only be changed by a change in the medium...like light waves from air to water)	As frequency increases ____ & ____ decrease.	20
6531105173	node	A point on a standing wave that has no displacement from the rest position	21
6531109240	antinode	A point of maximum amplitude on a standing wave	22
6531198617	v=wavelength x frequency, v=distance/time	speed of wave equationS	23
6531208002	1/T	T= 1/f so f=____	24
6531439905	wave interference (superposition)	the phenomenon that occurs when two waves meet while traveling along the same medium	25
6531447640	principle of superposition	When 2 or more waves of the same type meet, the total displacement at a point on a wave is the displacements of the individual waves added at that point.	26
6531469012	constructive builds (increases amplitude), destructive destroys (decreases amplitude)	compare constructive to destructive interference	27
6531594879	law of reflection	The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.	28
6531602068	F Crest G amplitude H trough J wavelength	transverse wave characteristics	29
6531639909	A compression B rarefaction	compressional wave characteristics	30
6532966043	0 m/s because sound is a mechanical wave which requires a medium	speed of sound in a vacuum	31
6533026826	refraction	The bending of a wave as it passes at an angle from one medium to another	32
6533044618	diffraction	Occurs when an object causes a wave to change direction and bend around it	33
6533049332	resonance	Occurs when the frequency of forced vibrations on an object matches the object's natural frequency, and a dramatic increase in amplitude results. A phenomenon that occurs when two objects naturally vibrate at the same frequency	34
6533087425	The closer the wavelength is to the gap size, the more diffraction (bending of waves)	explain diffraction vs gap size	35
6533420287	pif	explain why waves are fun	36
6533427633	examples of longitudinal (compressional)waves	sound waves and deep water waves are	37
6533503657	examples of transverse waves	waves on a rope are	38
6533509794	combination of both transverse and compressional waves	surface waves and seismic waves are	39
6569358016	beat frequency	The difference between the frequencies of the two combining sound waves that make a beat.	40
13252668478	wavelength in open-open and closed-closed harmonics	2L/n	41
13252681104	wavelength in open-closed harmonics	4L/n	42
13252698708	frequency at which the nth harmonic occurs	n(f1)	43

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Flashcards

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AP STATISTICS statistics and parameters Flashcards

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8349529284	population mean		0
8349529285	sample mean		1
8349529286	population size	N	2
8349529287	sample size	n	3
8349529288	population proportion of success		4
8349529289	population proportion of failure	q = 1 - p	5
8349529290	sample proportion of success		6
8349529291	sample proportion of failure		7
8349529292	population standard deviation		8
8349529293	sample standard deviation	s	9
8349529294	correlation coefficient	r	10
8349529295	coefficient of determination		11
8349529296	population variance		12
8349529297	sample variance		13
8349529298	predicted y-value		14
8349529299	sum of all of these		15
8349529300	critical value using normal sampling distribution	z*	16