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AP Biology Chapter 1 Flashcards

Vocabulary: evolution, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), emergent properties, biosphere, ecosystems, community, population, organism, organs and organ systems, tissues, organelles, cell, molecule, eukaryotic cell, prokaryotic cell, gene, genome, negative feedback, positive feedback, adaptation, inductive reasoning, data, hypothesis, deductive reasoning, controlled experiment, dependent variable, independent variable, theory
Objectives:
After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Define biology.
2. List and explain the characteristics of life.
a. Define metabolism.
b. Define adaptation.
3. Distinguish between types of organisms by describing the differences between and
give examples of:
a. unicellular and multicellular organisms; and,
b. prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.
4. List and explain the levels of biological organization.
5. Relating to major concepts in biology, explain what is meant by:
a. "the cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living things";
b. "the continuity of life depends on the inheritance of biological information";
c. "form fits function";
d. "the unity and diversity of life"; and,
e. "life forms change".
6. Explain why DNA is considered the molecule of inheritance in all organisms.
7. Define evolution.
a. Define population and give examples of characteristics of populations.
b. Explain evolution through natural selection.
c. Explain how adaptations come about through natural selection.
d. Explain why evolution is a central theme in biology.
8. Define science and explain why biology is a science.
9. Distinguish between inductive and deductive reasoning and explain how these
processes of logic are used in science.
10. List in order and explain the logical relationship between the steps of the
scientific method.
11. Explain the difference between hypothesis, theory, and law.
12. Explain the "if . . .

Terms : Hide Images

7242464726	Evolution	Evolution is the process of change that has transformed life on Earth	0
7242464727	DNA	Deoxyribonucleic acid: a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix	1
7242464728	Biology	The scientific study of life	2
7242464729	Emergent properties	New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.	3
7242464730	Systems Biology	An approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of the interactions among the system's parts.	4
7242464731	Eukaryotic Cell	A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells (protists, plants, fungi, and animals) are called eukaryotes.	5
7242464732	Prokaryotic Cell	A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) are called prokaryotes.	6
7242464733	Gene	A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses).	7
7242464734	Gene expression	The process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNAs.	8
7242464735	Genome	The genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete complement of an organism's or virus's genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid sequences.	9
7242464736	Biosphere	The entire portion of Earth inhabited by life; the sum of all the planet's ecosystems.	10
7242464737	Ecosystems	All the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact; one or more communities and the physical environment around them	11
7242464738	Community	All the organisms that inhabit a particular area; an assemblage of populations of different species living close enough together for potential interaction.	12
7242464739	Population	A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring.	13
7242464740	Organism	a creature such as a plant, animal or a single-celled life form, or something that has interdependent parts and that is being compared to a living creature	14
7242464741	Organs	A specialized center of body function composed of several different types of tissues.	15
7242464742	Organ Systems	A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions.	16
7242464743	Tissues	An integrated group of cells with a common structure, function, or both.	17
7242464744	Organelles	Any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells.	18
7242464745	Cell	The part of a neuron that houses the nucleus and most other organelles.	19
7242464746	Molecule	Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.	20
7242464747	Negative Feedback	A form of regulation in which accumulation of an end product of a process slows the process; in physiology, a primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change.	21
7242464748	Positive Feedback	A form of regulation in which an end product of a process speeds up that process; in physiology, a control mechanism in which a change in a variable triggers a response that reinforces or amplifies the change.	22
7242464749	Adaptation	Inherited characteristic of an organism that enhances its survival and reproduction in a specific environment.	23
7242464750	Inductive Reasoning	Induction moves from a set of specific observations (humans require organic molecules, fish require organic molecules) to reach a general conclusion (all animals require organic molecules	24
7242464751	Data	Recorded observations.	25
7242464752	Hypothesis	A testable explanation for a set of observations based on the available data and guided by inductive reasoning. A hypothesis is narrower in scope than a theory.	26
7242464753	Deductive Reasoning	A type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise.	27
7242464754	Controlled Experiment	An experiment in which an experimental group is compared with a control group that varies only in the factor being tested.	28
7242464755	Dependent Variable	It is something that depends on other factors.	29
7242464756	Independent Variable	It is a variable that stands alone and isn't changed by the other variables you are trying to measure.	30
7242464757	Theory	An explanation that is broader in scope than a hypothesis, generates new hypotheses, and is supported by a large body of evidence.	31
7242464758	What are the 7 Characteristics of Life?	1. Order 2. Regulation 3. Energy Processing 4. Evolutionary Adaptation 5. Response to the Environment 6. Reproduction 7. Growth and Development	32
7242464759	Metabolism	The totality of an organism's chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways, which manage the material and energy resources of the organism.	33
7242464760	Why is Biology a Science?	Biology is a science since it takes care to interpret the nature, according to the scientific method, which establishes the resolution of hypotheses raised by the researcher, by means of using different techniques for the creation of representative models of nature.	34
7242464761	Distinguish between Inductive and Deductive Reasoning	Inductive reasoning derives generalizations from specific cases and deductive reasoning predicts specific outcomes from general premises.	35
7242464762	What are the 7 steps of the Scientific Method?	1. Observe 2. Research 3. Form a hypothesis 4. Test the hypothesis 5. Analyze results and draw conclusions 6. Report your findings 7. Conduct more research	36
7242464763	What is the difference between hypothesis, theory and law?	The Difference between a Hypothesis a Theory and a Law there are very distinct. A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested. A theory is a statement that has not been tested. A Law is a statement that is relevant and is true.	37
7242464764	What is the difference between observational and experimental investigations?	Observational investigations do not manipulate data	38
7242464765	What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data?	Quantitative data includes recorded measurements which can be organized into tables or graphs and qualitative data would include observations	39
7242464766	What is the relationship between the conclusion and the hypothesis?	The conclusion is a statement about the experiment's results. As a report of your data, it can't be considered wrong even if the results don't support your hypothesis. You have learned that your hypothesis does not answer your original research question.	40
7242464767	What are the three domains by which all living organisms are classified?	Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya	41
7242464768	What are the 4 kingdoms in the Domain Eukarya?	Plantae Animalia Fungi Protista	42
7242464769	What are Bacteria?	All unicellular prokaryotic (no nucleus) organisms with peptidoglycan in their cell walls	43
7242464770	What is the Theory of Natural Selection?	A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.	44
7242464771	How do we distinguish between results(data) and conclusions?	Results are measurable data and a conclusion is a report about what you learned based on w the results	45
7242464772	Concept 1.2: Why is evolution considered the core theme of biology?	Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life and it explains the most fundamental aspects of all life on earth. It accounts for the common features shared by all forms of life due to the descent from a common ancestor.	46
7242464773	Concept 1.3: How could natural selection have led to the evolution of adaptations such as the thick, water conserving leaves of the mother of pearl plant?	Ancestors of this plant may have exhibited variation in how well their leaves conserved water. Because not much soil is present in the crevices where these plants are found, the variant plans that could conserve water may hav survived better and been able to produce more offspring.	47
7242464774	Define Biology? What is the definition of Biology	Biology is the scientific study of life	48
7242464775	What is the molecule that can account for both the unity and the diversity of life?	DNA	49
7242464776	What is the appropriate term for an interacting group of individuals of a single type occupying a defined area?	A Population	50
7242464777	How would you define a Eukaryotic cell?	A eukaryotic cell has membrane-enclosed organelles, the largest of which is usually the nucleus	51
7242464778	How would you define a prokaryotic cell?	A prokaryotic cell is simpler and usually smaller, and does not contain a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles	52
7242464779	What is deductive reasoning?	Deductive reasoning uses general premises to make specific predictions	53
7242464780	What are the 7 Properties/Characteristics of Life	1. Order 2. Regulation 3. Energy Processing 4. Evolutionary Adaptation 5. Response to the Environment 6. Reproduction 7. Growth and Development	54
7242464781	What is reductionism?	The approach of reducing complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study.	55
7242464782	What are the 10 levels of Biological Organization?	1. Biosphere 2. Ecosystem 3. Communities 4. Populations 5. Organisms 6. Organs and Organ Systems 7. Tissues 8. Cells 9. Organelles 10. Molecules	56
7242464783	Cell	The lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life	57
7242464784	What is a theory?	A theory is a statement that has not been tested	58
7242464785	What is a law?	A Law is a statement that is relevant and is true.	59
7242464786	What is a hypothesis?	A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested	60
7242464787	What are data?	Data are recorded observations or items of information	61
7242464788	Of the three domains Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya, which one is prokayotic?	Archaea	62
7242464789	The energy used by most organisms for metabolism and growth ultimately comes from....	The sun	63
7242464790	Eukaryotic organisms that decompose dead organisms and absorb the nutrients are generally found in which kingdom?	Fungi	64
7242464791	All the organisms on a campus make up...	a community	65

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Myers' AP Psychology for AP*: Unit 12 (Abnormal) Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

4694852508	psychopathology	patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that are maladaptive, disruptive, or uncomfortable for those who are affected or for those with whom they come in contact	0
4694852509	impaired functioning	difficulty in fulfilling appropriate and expected family, social, and work-related roles	1
4694852510	biopsychosocial model	a view of mental disorders as caused by a combination of interacting biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors	2
4694852511	neurobiological model	a modern name for the medical model, in which psychological disorders are seen as reflecting disturbances in the anatomy and chemistry of the brain and in other biological processes	3
4694852512	psychological model	a view in which mental disorder is seen as arising from psychological processes	4
4694852513	sociocultural model	a way of looking at mental disorders in relation to gender, age, ethnicity, and other social and cultural factors	5
4694852514	anxiety disorder	a condition in which intense feelings of apprehension are long-standing and disruptive	6
4694852515	phobia	an anxiety disorder involving strong, irrational fear of an object or situation that does not objectively justify such a reaction	7
4694852516	specific phobia	an anxiety disorder involving fear and avoidance of heights, animals, and other specific stimuli and situations	8
4694852517	post-traumatic stress disorder	a pattern of adverse reactions following a traumatic and threatening event	9
4694852518	social phobia	an anxiety disorder involving strong, irrational fears relating to social situations	10
4694852519	agoraphobia	an anxiety disorder involving strong fear of being alone or away from the security of home	11
4694852520	generalized anxiety disorder	a condition that involves relatively mild but long-lasting anxiety that is focused on any particular object or situation; also called free-floating anxiety	12
4694852521	panic disorder	an anxiety disorder involving sudden panic attacks	13
4694852522	panic attacks	attacks marked by intense heart palpitations, pressure or pain in the chest, dizziness or unsteadiness, sweating, and a feeling of faintness	14
4694852523	obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)	an anxiety disorder involving repetitive thoughts and urges to perform certain rituals	15
4694852524	obsessions	persistent, upsetting, and unwanted thoughts	16
4694852525	compulsions	ritualistic, repetitive behaviors	17
4694852526	somatoform disorders	psychological problems in which there are symptoms of a physical disorder without a physical cause	18
4694852527	conversion disorder	a somatoform disorder in which a person displays blindness, deafness, or other symptoms of sensory or motor failure without a physical cause	19
4694852528	hypochondriasis	a somatoform disorder involving strong, unjustified fear of physical illness	20
4694852529	somatization disorder	somatoform disorders in which there are numerous physical complaints without verifiable physical illness	21
4694852530	pain disorder	a somatoform disorder marked by complaints of sever pain with no physical cause	22
4694852531	dissociative disorders	rare conditions that involve sudden and usually temporary disruptions in a person's memory, consciousness, or identity	23
4694852532	dissociative fugue	a dissociative disorder involving sudden loss of memory and the assumption of a new identity in a new locale	24
4694852533	dissociative amnesia	a dissociative disorder marked by a sudden loss of memory	25
4694852534	dissociative identity disorder (DID)	a dissociative disorder in which a person reports having more than one identity; also called multiple personality disorder	26
4694852535	mood disorder	conditions in which a person experiences extreme moods, such as depression or mania; also called affective disorder	27
4694852536	major depressive disorder	a mood disorder in which a person feels sad and hopeless for weeks or months	28
4694852537	delusions	false beliefs, such as those experienced by people suffering from schizophrenia or extreme depression	29
4694852538	dysthymic disorder	a mood disorder involving a pattern of comparatively mild depression that lasts for at least two years	30
4694852539	mania	an elated, very active emotional state	31
4694852540	bipolar I disorder	a mood disorder in which a person alternates between deep depression and mania; also called manic depression	32
4694852541	bipolar II disorder	a mood disorder in which a person alternates between major depressive episodes and hypomania episodes	33
4694852542	hypomania	less severe manic phases	34
4694852543	cyclothymic disorder	a less severe form of bipolar I disorder	35
4694852544	seasonal affective disorder (SAD)	during months of shorter daylight, patients experience severe depression, accompanied by irritability and excessive sleeping	36
4694852545	schizophrenia	a severe and disabling pattern of disturbed thinking emotion, perception, and behavior	37
4694852546	neologisms	"new words" that have meaning only to the person speaking them	38
4694852547	loose associations	the tendency for one thought to be logically unconnected, or slightly related, to the next	39
4694852548	clang associations	associations based on double meanings or on the way words sound	40
4694852549	hallucinations	a symptom of disorder in which people perceive voices or other stimuli when there are no stimuli present	41
4694852550	positive symptoms	schizophrenic symptoms such as disorganized thoughts, hallucinations, and delusions	42
4694852551	negative symptoms	schizophrenic symptoms such as absence of pleasure, lack of speech, and flat effect	43
4694852552	paranoid schizophrenia	a form of schizophrenia characterized by delusions (of persecution or grandeur or jealousy); symptoms may include anger and anxiety and aloofness and doubts about gender identity; unlike other types of schizophrenia the patients are usually presentable and (if delusions are not acted on) may function in an apparently normal manner	44
4694852553	disorganized schizophrenia	a form of schizophrenia characterized by severe disintegration of personality including erratic speech and childish mannerisms and bizarre behavior; usually becomes evident during puberty; the most common diagnostic category in mental institutions	45
4694852554	catatonic schizophrenia	a form of schizophrenia characterized by a tendency to remain in a fixed stuporous state for long periods; the catatonia may give way to short periods of extreme excitement	46
4694852555	undifferentiated schizophrenia	a form of schizophrenia characterized by having positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia but do not meet the specific criteria for the paranoid, disorganized, or catatonic subtypes	47
4694852556	residual schizophrenia	a form of schizophrenia manifested by individuals with symptoms of schizophrenia who, after a psychotic schizophrenic episode, are no longer psychotic	48
4694852557	personality disorders	long-standing, inflexible ways of behaving that create a variety of problems	49
4694852558	paranoid personality disorder	a personality disorder characterized by suspiciousness and distrust of others, all of whom are assumed to be hostile	50
4694852559	schizoid personality disorder	a personality disorder characterized by detachment from social relationships; restricted range of emotion	51
4694852560	schizotypal personality disorder	a personality disorder characterized by detachment from, and great discomfort in, social relationships; odd perceptions, thoughts, beliefs, and behaviors	52
4694852561	dependent personality disorder	a personality disorder characterized by helplessness; excessive need to be taken care of; submissive and clinging behavior; difficulty in making decisions	53
4694852562	obsessive-compulsive personality disorder	a personality disorder characterized by preoccupation with orderliness, perfection, and control	54
4694852563	avoidant personality disorder	a personality disorder characterized by inhibition in social situations; feelings of inadequacy; oversensitivity to criticism	55
4694852564	histrionic personality disorder	a personality disorder characterized by excessive emotionality and preoccupation with being the center of attention; emotional shallowness; overly dramatic behavior	56
4694852565	narcissistic personality disorder	a personality disorder characterized by exaggerated ideas of self-importance and achievements; preoccupation with fantasies of success; arrogance	57
4694852566	borderline personality disorder	a personality disorder characterized by lack of stability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotion; impulsivity; angry outbursts; intense fear of abandonment; recurring suicidal gestures	58
4694852567	antisocial personality disorder	a personality disorder characterized by shameless disregard for, and violation of, other people's rights	59
4694852568	odd-eccentric cluster	often referred to as cluster A, which includes paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders	60
4694852569	dramatic-erratic cluster	often referred to as cluster B, which includes histrionic, narcissistic, borderline, and antisocial personality disorders	61
4694852570	anxious-fearful cluster	often referred to as cluster C, which includes dependent, obsessive-compulsive, and avoidant personality disorders	62
4694852571	attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)	patients diagnosed with this disorder are impulsive and unable to concentrate on an activity as well as other children their age can	63
4694852572	substance-related disorders	the use of psychoactive drugs for months or years in ways that harm the user or others	64
4694852573	addiction	development of a physical need for a psychoactive drug; also called physiological dependence	65
4694852574	alcoholism	a pattern of drinking that may lead to addiction and almost always causes severe social, physical, and other problems	66
4694852575	DSM-IV	Diagnostic and Statistical Manual; resource for diagnosing disorders, uses a 5 axis system	67
4694852576	Philippe Pinel	In 1795 Pinel assumed the responsibility for the mental patients at l'Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, where he continued his policy of nonrestraint and brought about many significant and far-reaching reforms in the care and treatment of mental patients. Humane treatment under the watchful eye of trained and compassionate personnel in the institution made possible the recovery of many otherwise doomed patients. Pinel also introduced the practice of keeping case histories, which proved a valuable source of information in later efforts to understand insanity.	68
4694852577	David Rosenhan	Rosenhan believed that there are seven main features of abnormality: Suffering; maladaptiveness; vividness and unconventionality; unpredictability and loss of control; irrationality and incomprehensibility; observer discomfort; and violation of moral and ideal standards.	69
4694852578	Martin Seligman	an American psychologist and author of self-help books. His theory of "learned helplessness" is widely respected among scientific psychologists.[1] He is the director of the Positive Psychology Center at the University of Pennsylvania	70
4694852579	Diathesis-stress approach	Disorders are a result of predisposed, bioloogical factors triggered by the environment.	71

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AP Human Geography Population Flashcards

These are the vocabulary words from Rubenstein's AP Human Geography textbook.
Chapter-1: Thinking Geographically
Chapter-2: Population
Chapter-3: Migration
Chapter-4: Folk and popular culture
Chapter-5: Language
Chapter-6: Religion
Chapter-7: Ethnicity
Chapter-8: Political Geography
Chapter-9: Development
Chapter-10: Agriculture
Chapter-11: Industry
Chapter-12: Services
Chapter-13: Urban Patterns
Chapter-14: Resource Issues

Terms : Hide Images

8347869847	arithmetic density	The total number of people divided by the total land area	0
8347869848	Census	A complete enumeration of a population	1
8347869849	Crude Birth Rate (CBR)	The number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in a society	2
8347869850	Crude Death Rate (CDR)	The number of deaths in a year per 1,000 people alive in a society	3
8347869851	Demographic Transition	the process of change in a society's population as a combination of medical advances and economic development, affecting a population's desire and ability to control its own birth and death rates	4
8347869853	Demography	the scientific study of population characteristics	5
8347869854	Infant Mortality Rate	The total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year old per 1000 live births in a society	6
8347869855	Natural Increase Rate (NIR)	The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate (NIR=CBR-CDR)	7
8347869856	Physiological Population Density	The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture	8
8347869858	Population Density	A measurement of the number of people per given unit of land	9
8347869859	Population Distribution	Description of locations on Earth's surface where populations live	10
8347869860	Population Pyramid	A bar graph that represents the distribution of population by age and sex	11
8347869861	Total Fertility Rate (TFR)	The average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years.	12
8347869862	Zero population growth (ZPG)	A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.	13
8347869863	Industrial Revolution	a series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods and drastically altered society	14
8347869864	Thomas Malthus	(1766-1834) An English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in food production, which would lead to widespread famine and disease.	15
8347869866	Sustainability	the level of development that can be maintained without depleting resources	16
8347869867	Cartography	The science or practice of drawing maps.	17
8347869868	Hearth	The area where an idea or cultural trait originates	18
8347869869	Spatial Distribution	The physical location of geographic phenomena across space	19
8347869870	Fieldwork	The study of phenomena by visiting places and observing how people interact with and thereby change those places	20
8347869871	Sequent Occupation	The idea that successive societies leave their cultural imprint on a place and each contributing to the cummulative cultural landscape	21
8347869872	Scale	A representation of a real-world phenomenon at a certail level of reduction or generalization. i.e on maps the ratio of ground distance to map distance	22
8347869873	Political Map	focuses solely on the state and national boundaries of a place. They also include the locations of cities - both large and small, depending on the detail of the map.	23
8347869874	Physical Map	shows the physical landscape features of a place. They generally show things like mountains, rivers and lakes and water is always shown with blue. Usually shown with different colors and shades to show topography.	24
8347869875	Topographic Map	Shows different physical landscape features. They use contour lines instead of colors to show changes in the landscape	25
8347869876	Climate Map	Shows information about the climate of an area; like the specific climatic zones based on the temperature, the amount of snow an area receives or average number of cloudy days. These maps normally use colors to show different climatic areas.	26
8347869877	Economic or Resource Map	shows the specific type of economic activity or natural resources present in an area through the use of different symbols or colors	27
8347869878	Road Map	A map that depicts roads, routes, highways, major and minor cities, as well as airports and points of interest	28
8347869879	Thematic Map	focuses on a particular theme or special topic and they are different from the six aforementioned general reference maps because they do not just show natural features like rivers, cities, political subdivisions, elevation and highways. If these items are on a thematic map, they are background information and are used as reference points to enhance the map's theme. i.e. WWII Maps, a Map of the Industrial Revolution, etc	29
8347869880	Stable Population Level	a population which has constant mortality and fertility rates, and no migration, therefore a fixed age distribution and constant growth rate.	30
8347869881	Carrying Capacity	The number of living beings (people) that a specific area can support. i.e. SDS can only hold/accomodate so many people, it has a carrying capacity. Once reached changes must be made to space, resources, and accessibility	31
8347869882	MDC	More Developed Countries. Average 10 years of schooling; a 98% Literacy Rate; sicker populations; and a Life Expectancy in the 70s. Regions: • North-America • Western Europe • Eastern Europe • Japan • South Pacific	32
8347869883	LDC	Less Developed Countries. Average a couple years of schooling; a 60% Literacy Rate; healthier populations; and a Life Expectancy in the 60s Regions: • Latin America • East Asia • Middle East • Southeast Asia • South Asia • Sub-Saharan Africa	33
8347869884	Hierarchical diffusion	Occurs when the diffusion innovation or concept spreads from a place or person of power or high susceptibility to another in a leveled pattern. Fashion, fads, trends, etc. Many people cutting their hair the way Taylor Swift did.	34
8347869885	Stimulus Diffusion	Occurs when the innovative idea diffuses from its hearth outward, but the original idea is changed by the new adopters. Christianity and its many sects (Protestant, Baptist, Catholic etc) Different Menu items from McDonalds around the world.	35
8347869886	Contagious Diffusion	Occurs when numerous places or people near the point of origin become adopters (or infected, in the case of a disease) Hinduism spreading throughout the Indian subcontinent	36
8347869887	Relocation Diffusion	Involves the actual movement of the original adopters from their point of origin, or hearth, to a new place i.e. Spread of Christianity, when people moved and brought it with them	37
8347869888	Formal Regions	Have one or more common characteristics that distinguish them from the surrounding area. i.e. states, countries, cities, areas of specific towns/cities/countries (wealthy vs. poor, industrial vs. residential) MEASURABLE DATA	38
8347869889	Perceptual Regions	Defined by how the areas are perceived. Reflect people's feelings and emotions towards an area	39
8347869890	Functional Regions	Defined by a system of interactions. Organized around a specific function (transportation, import/export)	40

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AP Psychology Unit 5 Flashcards

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6074293553	consciousness	our awareness of ourselves and our environment	0
6074293554	circadian rhythm	the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of the temperature and wakefulness) that occurs on 24- hour cycle	1
6074293555	REM sleep	rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dream commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except of minor twitches) but other body systems are active.	2
6074293556	alpha waves	the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state	3
6074293557	sleep	periodic, natural loss of consciousness---as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia or hibernation. (Adapted from dement, 1999.)	4
6074293558	hallucinations	false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus	5
6074293559	delta waves	the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep	6
6074293560	NREM sleep	non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep	7
6074293561	narcolepsy	a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.	8
6074293562	sleep apnea	a sleep disorder characterizing by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings	9
6074293563	night terrors	a sleep disorder characterizing by high arousal and appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered.	10
6074293564	dream	a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer's delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it.	11
6074293565	manifest content	according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content).	12
6074293566	latent content	according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content).	13
6074293567	REM rebound	the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation ( created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep).	14
6074293568	hypnosis	a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.	15
6074293569	posthypnotic suggestions	a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors.	16
6074293570	dissociation	a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors occur simultaneously with others.	17
6074293571	psychoactive drug	a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods.	18
6074293572	tolerance	the diminishing effect with regular use of the same does of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effects	19
6074293573	withdrawal	the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug	20
6074293574	physical dependence	a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued	21
6074293575	psychological dependence	a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions	22
6074293576	addiction	compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences	23
6074293577	depressants	drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions	24
6074293578	barbiturates	drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment	25
6074293579	opiates	opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety	26
6074293580	stimulants	drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body function	27
6074293581	amphetamines	drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes.	28
6074293582	methamphetamine	a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels	29
6074293583	ecstasy (MDMA)	A synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition.	30
6074293584	hallucinogens	psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.	31
6074293585	LSD	a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide)	32
6074293586	near-death experience	an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug induced hallucinations	33
6074293587	THC	The major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations	34
6074297136	Cocaine	A stimulant that works by blocking the reuptake of the neurotransmitter dopamine	35

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AP Macroeconomics Unit 1 Flashcards

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6183013567	scarcity	the basic economic problem; it is a lack of needed or wanted resources relative to the demand for the resources.	0
6183013568	TINSTAAFL	acronym for THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS A FREE LUNCH; means that there is always a cost for a product, even if it is not evident.	1
6183013569	rational self-interest	individuals pursue actions that will enable them to achieve their greatest satisfaction	2
6183013570	opportunity cost	what you give up when you make a choice	3
6183013571	marginal analysis	comparisons of costs and benefits of creating one additional unit- or doing something one more time	4
6183013572	ceteris paribus	other-things equal assumption; assumes that all other variables except those under immediate consideration are held constant	5
6183013573	microeconomics	looks at specific economic units such as businesses and consumer behavior	6
6183013574	macroeconomics	study of the economy as a whole, such as total output, total employment, total income, etc.	7
6183013575	positive economics	states economics by facts,avoiding value judgements	8
6183013576	normative economics	incorporates value judgements	9
6183013577	utility	the pleasure, happiness, or satisfaction obtained from consuming a good or service.	10
6183013578	factors of production	resources; includes land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship.	11
6183013579	command economy (socialism, communism)	system that relies on public ownership of resources and the use of central planning; government makes most economic decisions	12
6183013580	market economy	private ownership of resources; markets and prices coordinate economic activity; government plays a role in the economy by providing rules, enforcing contracts, providing public goods	13
6183013581	market economy	most economies today fall into this category	14
6183013582	specialization	a process in which an individual or business completes one task repetitively and develops expertise in that task; increases productive efficiency	15
6183013583	consumer goods	goods made for direct consumption	16
6183013584	trade-offs	all possible options	17
6183013585	PPC shifters	change in resource availability, change in technology or productivity,	18
6183013586	production possibilities curve	a model showing the trade-offs between two economic choices; illustrates the concept of opportunity cost	19
6183013587	Mixed Economy	Market-based economic system with limited government involvement	20
6183013588	Liquidity	A measure of how quickly an asset can be converted to into another asset (or used to buy hamburgers)	21
6183013589	Interest rate	The % that a saver is paid OR the cost of borrowing	22
6183013590	Cash	Most Liquid asset possible	23
6183013591	CD	Financial asset, typically earning a higher interest rate than saving or checking account in exchange for being less liquid (pay a penalty for early withdrawal)	24
6183013592	Bond	Certificate issued by a government or company promising to pay back a borrowed sum with interest- Represents an asset to the party that owns it, a liability to the group that issued it	25

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AP Macroeconomics Unit 5 Flashcards

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5444325880	Contractionary monetary policy	REDUCES the money supply. The Fed may decide to take a contractionary approach by INCREASING the interest rates. Indicates a shift in AD to the left to full employment, and reduce inflationary pressures	0
5444325881	Cost Push Inflation	increases in the price level (inflation)resulting from an increase in resource costs (for example, raw material prices) and hence in per unit production costs; inflation caused by reductions in aggregate supply	1
5444325882	Crowding out effect	the offset in aggregate demand that results when expansionary fiscal policy raises the interest rate and thereby reduces investment spending	2
5444325883	Debt Deflation	the reduction in aggregate demand arising from the increase in the real burden of outstanding debt caused by deflation	3
5444325884	Debt GDP Ratio	is the ratio between a country's government debt and its gross domestic product (GDP)	4
5444325885	Demand pull inflation	is asserted to arise when aggregate demand in an economy outpaces aggregate supply. ex) Economists will often say that demand-pull inflation is a result of too many dollars chasing too few goods.	5
5444325886	Discretionary Monetary Policy	deliberate changed in any of the Fed tools to create counter cyclical pressures to encourage expansion or dampen inflation ex) the use of changes in the interest rate or the money supply to stabilize the economy	6
5444325887	Disinflation vs. Deflation	Disinflation is an inflation rate that is decreasing but still >0. Deflation is a negative inflation rate ex) A slowing in the rate of price inflation	7
5444325888	Equation of Exchange	MV = PQ, where M is the money supply, V is the velocity of money, P is the price level, and Q is the quantity of output of goods and services produced in an economy. ex) the equation says that nominal GDP (P * Q) is equal to the quantity of money (M) multiplied by the number of times each dollar is spent in a year (V)	8
5444325889	Expansionary Monetary Policy	A shift in monetary policy designed to stimulate aggregate demand. Bond purchases by the Fed, the creation of additional bank reserves, and an increase in the growth rate of the money supply generally indicate a shift to a more expansionary monetary policy.	9
5444325890	Fiscal Policy Lags	is the time between the beginning of recession or inflation and the certain awareness that is actually happening.	10
5444325891	Inflation Targeting	When a monetary authority chooses its interest rate values with the aim of keeping the inflation rate within some specified band over some specified horizon. ex) occurs when the central bank sets an explicit target for the inflation rate and sets monetary policy in order to hit that target	11
5444325892	Inflation Tax	printing money causes inflation, which is like a tax on everyone who holds money	12
5444325893	Liquidity Trap	a situation in which the nominal interest rate has hit its lower bond of zero as a result, expansionary monetary policy can no longer be used	13
5444325894	Long Run Phillips Curve	The long-run Phillips curve is a vertical line at the natural rate of unemployment, so inflation and unemployment are unrelated in the long run.	14
5444325895	Monetarism	An economic philosophy that assumes inflation occurs when there is too much money chasing too few goods. Suggests that the proper thing for government to do is to have a steady, predictable increase in the money supply at a rate about equal to the growth in the economy's productivity. ex) A theory that government should control the money supply to encourage economic growth and restrain inflation.	15
5444325896	Monetary Rule	The rule suggested by monetarism. As a traditionally formulated, the rule says that the money supply should be expanded each year at the same annual rate as the potential rate of growth of real gross domestic product; the supply of money should be increased steadily between 3 and 5 percent per year ex) belief that the FED should not change monetary policy	16
5444325897	Money Neutrality	the idea that changes in the money supply do not have real effects (doesn't change GDP) on the economy in the long run, it only affects the price level	17
5444325898	Natural Rate Hypothesis	the natural rate of unemployment is largely independent of the stimulus provided by monetary or fiscal policy	18
5444325899	New Classical Macroeconomics	the macroeconomic theories of Robert Lucas and others, particularly the idea that workers and firms have rational expectations	19
5444325900	New Keynesian Economics	A body of macroeconomic thought that stresses the stickiness of prices and the need for activist stabilization policies through the manipulation of aggregate demand to keep the economy operating close to its potential output. It incorporates monetarist ideas about the importance of monetary policy and new classical ideas about the importance of aggregate supply, both in the long run and in the short run. ex) says that market imperfections can lead to price stickiness for the economy as a whole	20
5444325901	Nonaccelerating Inflation Rate of Employment	the full employment rate of unemployment; when employment falls below this rate, inflation accelerates ex) the vertical line in a LRPC	21
5444325902	Non discretionary Fiscal Policy	that set of policies that are built into the system to stabilize the economy; "built-in stabilizers" ex) progressive income tax and the welfare system	22
5444325903	Phillips curve	A graph showing the relationship between inflation and unemployment . The theory states that unemployment can be reduced in the short run by increasing price level (inflation) at a faster rate. Conversely, inflation can be lowered at the cost of possibly increased unemployment and slower economic growth	23
5444325904	Public Debt	all of the money borrowed by the government and not yet repaid, plus the accrued interest on that money; also called the national debt or federal debt	24
5444325905	Quantity Theory of money	a theory asserting that the quantity of money available determines the price level and that the growth rate in the quantity of money available determines the inflation rate	25
5444325906	Rational Expectations Theory	the theory that people optimally use all the information they have, including information about government policies, when forecasting the future ex) Expectations formed by using all available information about an economic variable.	26
5444325907	Real Business Cycle Theory	regards random fluctuations in productivity as the main source of economic fluctuations ex) claims that fluctuations in the rate of growth of total factor productivity cause the business cycle.	27
5444325908	Short Run Phillips Curve	is the negative short run relationship between the unemployment rate and the inflation rate	28
5444325909	Stagflation	A period of falling output and rising prices	29
5444325910	Supply shocks	unexpected events that affect aggregate supply, sometimes only temporarily	30
5444325911	Supply side fiscal policy	Tax cuts will stimulate the economy and less government regulation (preferred by conservative republicans) ex) a plan designed to provide incentives to producers to increase aggregate supply	31
5444325912	Taylor Rule	A rule developed by John Taylor that links the Fed's target for the federal funds rate to economic variables	32
5444325913	Velocity of money	the rate at which money changes hands	33
5444325914	Zero Bound	the lower bound of zero on the nominal interest rate.	34

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AP Psychology Unit 6 Flashcards

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5009706008	learning	a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience	0
5009706009	habituation	an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it	1
5009706010	associative learning	learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning)	2
5009706011	classical conditioning	a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events	3
5009706012	behaviorism	the view that psychology: (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)	4
5009706013	unconditioned response (UR)	in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth	5
5009706014	unconditioned stimulus (US)	in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response	6
5009706015	conditioned response (CR)	in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)	7
5009706016	conditioned stimulus (CS)	in classical conditioned, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response	8
5009706017	acquisition	in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response	9
5009706018	higher-order conditioning	a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. (For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone.) (Also called Second-Order Conditioning)	10
5009706019	extinction	the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when a unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant condition when a response is no longer reinforced	11
5009706020	spontaneous recovery	the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response	12
5009706021	generalization	the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit responses	13
5009706022	discrimination	in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus	14
5009706023	learned helplessness	the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events	15
5009706024	respondent behavior	behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus	16
5009706025	operant conditioning	a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforce or diminished followed by a punisher	17
5009706026	operant behavior	behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences	18
5009706027	law of effect	Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, or where behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely	19
5009706028	operant chamber	in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food or water reinforce; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking	20
5009706029	shaping	an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior	21
5009706030	discriminative stimulus	in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)	22
5009706031	reinforce	in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows	23
5009706032	positive reinforcement	increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforce in any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response	24
5009706033	negative reinforcement	increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforce is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response (negative reinforcement is not punishment)	25
5009706034	primary reinforce	an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need	26
5009706035	conditioned reinforcer	a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforce; also known as a secondary reinforce	27
5009706036	continuous reinforcement	reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs	28
5009706037	partial (intermittent) reinforcement	reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement	29
5009706038	fixed-ratio schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses	30
5009706039	variable-ratio schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses	31
5009706040	fixed-interval schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed	32
5009706041	variable-interval schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals	33
5009706042	punishment	an event that decreases the behavior that it follows	34
5009706043	cognitive map	a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. (For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it)	35
5009706044	latent learning	learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it	36
5009706045	insight	a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem	37
5009706046	intrinsic motivation	a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake	38
5009706047	extrinsic motivation	a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment	39
5009706048	observational learning	learning by observing others (also social learning)	40
5009706049	modeling	the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior	41
5009706050	mirror neurons	frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's actions may enable imitation and empath	42
5009706051	prosocial behavior	positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior	43
5009706052	little albert	subject in John Watson's experiment, proved classical conditioning principles, especially the generalization of fear	44
5009706053	Albert Bandura	researcher famous for work in observational or social learning including the famous Bobo doll experiment	45
5009706054	John Garcia	Researched taste aversion. Showed that when rats ate a novel substance before being nauseated by a drug or radiation, they developed a conditioned taste aversion for the substance.	46
5009706055	Ivan Pavlov	Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs (1849-1936)	47
5009706056	Rosalie Rayner	graduate student of Watson and co-researcher for the famous Little Albert demonstration of classically conditioned emotion	48
5009706057	Martin Seligman	researcher known for work on learned helplessness and learned optimism as well as positive psychology	49
5009706058	B.F. Skinner	pioneer of operant conditioning who believed that everything we do is determined by our past history of rewards and punishments. he is famous for use of his operant conditioning aparatus which he used to study schedules of reinforcement on pidgeons and rats.	50
5009706059	Edward Thorndike	Pioneer in operant conditioning who discovered concepts in intstrumental learning such as the law of effect. Known for his work with cats in puzzle boxes.	51
5009706060	John Watson	behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study in which a baby was taught to fear a white rat	52
5009706061	biofedback	a technique that trains people to improve their health by controlling certain bodily processes that normally happen involuntarily, such as heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, and skin temperature.	53
5009706062	observational learning	learning by observing others	54
5009706063	aversion theory	Aversion therapy is a form of behavior therapy in which an aversive (causing a strong feeling of dislike or disgust) stimulus is paired with an undesirable behavior in order to reduce or eliminate that behavior.	55

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The people/AP Psychology Flashcards

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6560984270	Wilhelm Wundt	Father of psychology; structuralist (parts of mind); introspection (report on inner/current experience)	0
6560984271	William James	First American psychologist; functionalist (purpose of whole mind); believed physiological reactions precede emotions (_______-Lange theory of emotion)	1
6560984272	Sigmund Freud	Father of psychoanalysis (study of unconscious mind); techniques include free-association, projective tests, and revealing defense mechanisms	2
6560984273	Ivan Pavlov	While studying digestion of dogs, discovered that REFLEXES or EMOTIONS can be conditioned (Classical Conditioning); dog learns to salivate at bell (CS) when paired with food (UCS)	3
6560984274	Alfred Binet	Created Simon-_______ test to assess the mental age of children; offered special education to intellectually disabled in France (1905)	4
6560984275	John Watson	Father of behaviorism; Wrote in 1924: "Give me a dozen healthy infants, ... I'll ... train him to become [a] doctor, lawyer, artist, ...thief, regardless of his talents, ... abilities, ...and race..." Classically conditioned a baby "Little Albert" to fear a white rat (CS) using loud noise (UCS)	5
6560984276	BF Skinner	Behaviorist who invented the OPERANT CHAMBER and experimented with schedules of reinforcement; VARIABLE-RATIO most addictive and LEAST resistant to extinction	6
6560984277	Jean Piaget	Developmental psychologist who studied cognitive abilities of children. His discontinuous stages include: SENSORIMOTOR (object permanence/separation anxiety); PRE-OPERATIONAL (egocentrism/animism/ centration/theory of mind); CONCRETE OPERATIONAL (logic/conservation); and FORMAL OPERATIONAL (abstract reasoning/hypothetical thinking/deductive reasoning)	7
6560984278	Erik Erikson	Developmental psychologist who studied social interactions over the life stages. He believed that adolescents go through "identity vs. role confusion" and YOUNG ADULTS go through "intimacy vs. isolation."	8
6560984279	Lawrence Kohlberg	Developmental psychologist who studied morality through the life stages. His discontinuous stages include: PRECONVENTIONAL (rewards/punishments); CONVENTIONAL (the opinions of others/rules&law); POSTCONVENTIONAL (rights of others/civil disobedience)	9
6560984280	Carol Gilligan	Criticized Lawrence Kohlberg (was his research assistant at Harvard). First, she believed he only studied privileged, white men and boys. Secondly, in his stage theory of moral development, the male view of individual rights and rules was considered a higher stage than women's point of view of development in terms of its caring effect on human relationships.	10
6560984281	Harry Harlow	Experimented with rhesus monkeys and created "surrogate" mothers of wire or cloth. The monkeys preferred the "contact comfort" or "tactile" experience of the cloth mother over the wire mother. Monkeys spent more hours with the cloth mother than the wire one who provided nourishment (bottle).	11
6560984282	Mary Ainsworth	Put babies in a room with strangers: Those with SECURE attachment played in front of the stranger and cried at first when mother left. But SECURE babies calmed down when mother returned. AMBIVALENT babies had TANTRUMS when mothers left and did not calm down when they returned. AVOIDANT babies did not interact or cry.	12
6560984283	Carl Rogers	Founder of humanism; former Christian minister; believed clients deserved UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD (blanket of acceptance) and he used a CLIENT-CENTERED APPROACH which validated the client's emotions (EMPATHY)	13
6560984284	Abraham Maslow	Humanist who created a "hierarchy of needs" that begin with physiological needs; safety needs; love and belongingness needs; self-esteem needs; self-actualization (full potential) and transcendence	14
6560984285	Aaron Beck	Cognitive psychologist who made a well-known depression inventory; noted negative thinking in depression and continues to use cognitive therapy to heal people with depression, schizophrenia	15
6560984286	Albert Ellis	Cognitive psychologist who created Rational-Emotive-Behavior-Therapy (REBT). This suggests that THOUGHTS come before emotions and if people can change their irrational thoughts, they will act and feel healthy.	16
6560984287	Albert Bandura	Social-cognitive psychologist who experimented with MODELED aggression by having children watch an adult beat up a BOBO doll. This social-learning/observational theorist also coined the term "self-efficacy" (the belief in abilities to complete a task) & "triadic reciprocality" or reciprocal determinism (thoughts<->behaviors<->environment)	17
6560984288	Elizabeth Loftus	Her experiments with "false memories" reveal that people can be misled by false-presuppositions (false assumptions) and misinformation. Subjects who were asked "how fast cars were going when they 'smashed' into each other" gave higher speeds on average (versus words like 'contacted')	18
6560984289	Noam Chomsky	Linguist who argued that language is innate; we are born with the principals of language, but there is a CRITICAL PERIOD to apply them. Universally, children use one-word speech with mostly nouns and then in TELEGRAPHIC speech (2-word), the syntax (word order) is often correct. There is surface structure [e.g. phonemes or small units of sounds] and deep structure in language [semantics/meaning]. Children often OVERGENERALIZE or OVERREGULARIZE when they abuse the rules of grammer (e.g. I goed to the store).	19
6560984290	Stanley Schachter	This psychologist came up with the two-factor theory of emotion. He argued that cognitive labels AND physiological arousal were essential to experiencing emotion	20
6560984291	Stanley Milgram	Experimented with AUTHORITY figures and whether or not they increase OBEDIENCE/COMPLIANCE. 65% of subjects/teachers shocked (with fake volts) a confederate or learner.	21
6560984292	Solomon Asch	Experimented with GROUP PRESSURE to see if people would be more likely to CONFORM. 75% of subjects followed a group of confederates at least once regarding the length of lines.	22
6560984293	Benjamin Whorf	A linguist who suggested "linguistic determinism" - that is, that our language impacts our thoughts. Each culture's language is relative: In some countries numbers are important whereas the Piraha tribe in Brazil does not count past 3.	23
6560984296	Lewis Terman	A eugenicist and psychologist who created the Stanford-Binet Intelligence test (1916). Formula: mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100. His thesis at Clark University was titled "seven 'bright' and seven 'stupid' boys."	24
6560984297	Diana Baumrind	Observed parenting styles: 1) authoritarian (strict, enforce rules); 2) authoriTATive (warm, enforce rules); and 3) permissive (indulgent or neglectful, no rules)	25
6560984298	James Flynn	Documents a rise in IQ scores from generation to generation: partially due to environmental reasons like more education, nutrition, etc	26
6560984299	Charles Spearman	Used "factor analysis" to CLUSTER similar skills that make up "g" or general intelligence. This is one intelligence that includes math, verbal, spatial skills, and speed of thought	27

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Spanish AP Vocab Flashcards

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4774765190	acceder	to gain access to/to agree to	0
4774765191	actualizar	to update	1
4774765192	analfabeto	illiterate	2
4774765193	aprendizaje	learning/training period	3
4774765194	aprobar	to pass a subject in school/to approve	4
4774765195	aprovechar	to make the most of	5
4774765196	asignatura	assignment/subject/subject matter	6
4774765197	calificación	grade	7
4774765198	comportamiento	behavior/conduct/performance	8
4774765199	destrezas	skill	9
4774765200	dicotomía	dichotomy	10
4774765201	docente	teaching	11
4774765202	entrarse de	to inform oneself	12
4774765203	entrenar	to trian	13
4774765204	ensrancamiento	stagnation	14
4774765205	excluir	to exclude	15
4774765206	formación	education/training	16
4774765207	formento	promotion/forment	17
4774765208	formulas	formula	18
4774765209	guadería	nursery school	19
4774765210	ingenuo	nieve/ingeneous	20
4774765211	ingreso	entrance/income	21
4774765212	licenciatura	undergraduate degree	22
4774765213	materias	subject/subject matter	23
4774765214	matrícula	registration/enrollment	24
4774765215	mochila	backpack	25
4774765216	optativo	optional	26
4774765217	otorgar	to authorize/grant/allow	27
4774765218	pedegogía	pedagogy/teaching	28
4774765219	perspicaz	shrewd prespective	29
4774765220	polémica	controversy	30
4774765221	potencia	power	31
4774765222	prueba	quiz	32
4774765223	razónes	reasons	33
4774765224	reposo	rest/repose	34
4774765225	taller	workshop/shop	35
4774765226	testarudo	stubborn	36
4774765227	título	a degree as in type of diploma	37