AP Biology Cells Set Flashcards
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| 6763926053 | Contractile Vacuole | A flexible, membrane-bound organelle present in many freshwater Protista that allows for regulation of internal water concentrations |  | 0 |
| 6763926054 | Gap Junction | A channel between adjacent animal cells in a tissue providing continuous cytoplasm and allowing communication and coordination between cells |  | 1 |
| 6763926055 | G-linked Protein Receptor | A plasma membrane signal receptor that is activated upon the binding of signal molecule and initiates a cellular response by activating first a G protein and eventually an enzyme; Used by hormones and neurotransmitters |  | 2 |
| 6763926056 | Golgi Apparatus | Part of the Endomembrane system consisting of flattened membranous sacs that modify, store, and release products from the endoplasmic reticulum |  | 3 |
| 6763926057 | Glycoprotein | A molecule consisting of a carbohydrate covalently bonded to a protein; Functions in cell-cell communication and recognition |  | 4 |
| 6763926058 | Hypertonic | A solution with a higher concentration of solutes than another solution; A cell with this type of internal environment will gain water in its cytoplasm from the external environment through osmosis |  | 5 |
| 6763926059 | Hypotonic | A solution with a lower concentration of solutes than another solution; A cell with this type of internal environment will lose water from its cytosol to the external environment through osmosis |  | 6 |
| 6763926060 | Integral protein | A transmembrane protein embedded in the phospholipid bilayer of a cell membrane; Useful as channels across which ions and large, polar molecules can move into or out of the cell |  | 7 |
| 6763926061 | Isotonic | Two solutions or sides of a membrane containing equal solute concentration; Movement will still occur after dynamic equilibrium is reached, but it will be balanced | 8 | |
| 6763926062 | Lysosomes | A small, membrane-bound sac containing hydrolytic(digestive) enzymes; Can fuse with vesicles and break down their content |  | 9 |
| 6763926063 | Passive transport | The movement of a substance down its concentration gradient from an area of higher concentration to an area of low concentration; Requires no ATP; Diffusion is the most general type of passive transport | 10 | |
| 6763926064 | Peroxisome | A small, membrane-bound organelle in plant cells containing metabolic enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms to oxygen |  | 11 |
| 6763926065 | Plasma membrane | The exterior boundary of a cell comprised of a selectively permeable phospholipid bilayer designed to regulate the internal chemical environment of a cell; The only membrane present in prokaryotic cells |  | 12 |
| 6763926066 | Plasmodesma | A pore in the cell walls of neighboring plant cells providing continuity between the cytoplasm and allowing for communication and coordination between cells |  | 13 |
| 6763926067 | Prokaryotic cell | Any relatively simple cell that lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles |  | 14 |
| 6763926068 | Protein Kinase | An enzyme that transfers a phosphate group from an ATP molecule to a protein; Involved in many signal-transduction pathways of plants, animals, and fungi | 15 | |
| 6763926069 | Active transport | Any transport of a substance across a cell's plasma membrane that requires ATP; Moves substances against the concentration gradient (from low to high); Examples include cell membrane pumps and bulk flow (endocytosis and exocytosis) | 16 | |
| 6763926070 | Nucleoid | The region in a prokaryotic cell where the DNA is concentrated |  | 17 |
| 6763926071 | Peripheral protein | A protein bound to one surface of a cell membrane but not embedded within the bilayer |  | 18 |
| 6763926072 | Nucleolus | The structure within the nucleus that produces rRNA, an integral component of the ribosome |  | 19 |
| 6763926073 | Nucleus | The area in a eukaryotic cell surrounded by a double membrane and containing all of the cell's genetic code | 20 | |
| 6763926074 | Organelle | Any structure within a cell that is designed to carry out a specific function; Most are membrane-bound and exclusively found in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum | 21 | |
| 6763926075 | Microtubule | Part of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells and an important component of cilia and flagella; Consists of tubular protein filaments arranged into hollow rods | 22 | |
| 6763926076 | Microfilament | Part of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells and an important component of the contractile unit in muscle tissue |  | 23 |
| 6763926077 | Mitochondrial matrix | The inner compartment of the mitochondrion where the citric acid cycle (Krebs Cycle) of cellular respiration occurs | 24 | |
| 6763926078 | Mitochondrion | The organelle responsible for aerobic cellular respiration in eukaryotes; Comprised of an outer membrane, an inner membrane within internal folds called cristae and an internal compartment called the matrix |  | 25 |
| 6763926079 | Nuclear envelope | A nuclear membrane that surrounds and and protects the DNA | 26 | |
| 6763926080 | Fluid mosaic model | The model used to describe the structure of the cell membrane; Individual protein molecules embedded in the bilayer of phospholipids can move laterally and fluidly within the bilayer | 27 | |
| 6763926081 | Flagellum | A long, thin, hairlike projection from a cell used for locomotion | 28 | |
| 6763926082 | Flaccid | A very limp, deflated cell that has experience a recent loss of water due to concentration gradient | 29 | |
| 6763926083 | Facilitated Diffusion | A type of passive transport that allows substances to move down the concentration gradient through an integral protein because the substance is too large or too charge to cross the phospholipid bilayer | 30 | |
| 6763926084 | Extra Cellular Matrix (ECM) | An assemblage of proteins and polysaccharides into which cells in an animal tissue are embedded | 31 | |
| 6763926085 | Exocytosis | The active transport process of moving large molecules out of a cell as a vesicles fuses with the plasma membrane | 32 | |
| 6763926086 | Eukaryotic cell | Any complex cell that possesses a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles | 33 | |
| 6763926087 | Endoplasmic Reticulum | Part of the endomembrane system usually locate just outside the nucleus and consisting of a series of membranous channels; Responsible for protein synthesis with ribosomes (Rough ER); otherwise functions in the synthesis of lipids and breakdown of toxins (Smooth ER) | 34 | |
| 6763926088 | Endocytosis | The active transport process of moving large molecules or small cells into a cell as the plasma membrane pinches in and forms a vesicles around the substance; Called phagocytosis when the engulfed substance is a solid; Called pinocytosis when the engulfed substance is a liquid | 35 | |
| 6763926089 | Electrochemical gradient | A type of potential energy established by the diffusion gradient of an ion; Relates to the concentration gradient of that ion across a membrane and the tendency of that to cross the membrane | 36 | |
| 6763926090 | Diffusion | The passive transport of a substance down its concentration gradient requiring no ATP; A movement from high concentration to low | 37 | |
| 6763926091 | Cilium | Short, thin, hairlike projection covering the outer surface of some eukaryotic cells used locomotion | 38 | |
| 6763926092 | Chloroplasts | The pigment-containing organelle responsible for photosynthesis in plants and algae; Comprised of an outer membrane, and inner membrane with internal folds called thylakoids, and an internal compartment called the stroma | 39 | |
| 6763926093 | Cytoskeleton | The framework of microtubules,microfilaments and other intermediate filaments present in the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells; Responsible for maintaining the structure of the cell and involved in various transport processes | 40 | |
| 6763926094 | Cytoplasm | The portion of a cell from the interior of the cell membrane to the nucleus (if present), including all the suspended organelles; The aqueous portion is called the cytosol | 41 | |
| 6763926095 | Cyclic AMP (cAMP) | A specific, ring-shaped second messenger in many eukaryotic cells constructed with ATP | 42 | |
| 6763926096 | Crista | A fold of the inner mitochondrial membrane | 43 | |
| 6763926097 | Centrioles | A structure found in animal cells comprised of microtubule triplets arranged into a cylinder in a 9+0 formation; A pair is involved in mitosis | 44 | |
| 6763926098 | Central Vacuole | A large membrane-bound container found in plant cells used for storage and metabolism of various substances | 45 | |
| 6763926099 | Cell wall | The rigid surface exterior to the plasma membrane of some cells that functions as protection; Composed of cellulose in plant cells, chitin in fungal cells and peptidoglycan in many bacterial cells | 46 | |
| 6763926100 | Cell membrane pump | A transmembrane protein that moves substances across the membrane against their concentration gradient; An example is the sodium-potassium pump, which moves three Na+ ions into the cell followed by two K+ ions out of the cell and establishes an electrochemical gradient across the nerves cells | 47 | |
| 6763926101 | Aquaporin | Channel protein embedded in many cell membranes that allows water molecules to diffuse freely across the membrane without having to interact with the hydrophobic interior of the phospholipid bilayer | 48 | |
| 6763926102 | Amphipathic molecule | A molecule that has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic characters on separate ends of the molecule; Characteristic of a phospholipid, which contains a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail | 49 | |
| 6763926103 | Vesicles | A small, temporary, membrane-bound sac thats created when part of the endomembrane system pinches off and carries contents elsewhere | 50 | |
| 6763926104 | Turgid | A very firm, plump cell that has experienced a recent influx of water due to a concentration gradient | 51 | |
| 6763926105 | Transport protein | An integral protein useful in moving substances across the cell membrane that cannot directly pass through the phospholipid bilayer | 52 | |
| 6763926106 | Tight junction | Areas along adjacent cells where proteins are used to very closely bind the cells together in a tissue | 53 | |
| 6763926107 | Thylakoids | A disc-shaped fold if the inner membrane of the chloroplast arranged into stacks called grana | 54 | |
| 6763926108 | Osmoregulation | The ability of cells to regulate the levels of water and dissolved substances in its cytoplasm | 55 | |
| 6763926109 | Stroma | The inner compartment of a chloroplast where the Calvin cycle (light-independent reaction) of photosynthesis occurs | 56 | |
| 6763926110 | Selective permeability | The characteristic of biologically membranes that allows them to regulate the passage of molecules across the membrane based on the size and chemical composition of the molecules | 57 | |
| 6763926111 | Second Messenger | A small, nonprotein polar molecule or ion that's to relay information received from the external environment via a signal receptor protein to other structures within the cell's interior | 58 | |
| 6763926112 | Ribosome | The small, granular organelle responsible for protein synthesis; Comprised of rRNA and proteins and organized into large and s subunits | 59 |
