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AP Biology: Community Ecology Flashcards

7341867125	community	A group of various species that live in the same habitat and interact with each other	0
7341867126	commensalism	A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited	1
7341867127	habitat	type of environment in which a species typically lives	2
7341867128	symbiosis	A relationship in which two different organisms live in close association with each other	3
7341867129	mutualism	A relationship between two species in which both species benefit	4
7341867130	character displacement	evolution of anatomical differences that reduce competition between similar species	5
7341867131	competitive exclusion	process whereby two species compete for a limiting resource, and one drives the other to local extinction	6
7341867132	ecological niche	the resources and environmental conditions that a species requires	7
7341867133	interspecific competition	competition between members of different species	8
7341867134	resource partitioning	species adapt to access different portions of a limited resource; allows species with similar needs to coexist	9
7341867135	brood parasitism	one egg laying species benefits by having another raise its offspring	10
7341867136	parasitoid	an insect which has its larva develop inside of another insect and which kills that insect when it emerges	11
7341867137	parasitism	relationship in which one species withdraws nutrients from another species, without immediately killing it	12
7341867138	intermediate disturbance hypothesis	species richness is greatest in communities where disturbances are moderate in their intensity or frequency	13
7341867139	pioneer species	species that colonize a new habitat	14
7341867140	primary succession	An ecological succession that begins in an area where no biotic community previously existed	15
7341867141	secondary succession	Succession following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil	16
7341867142	exotic species	organisms that are not native to a particular area	17
7341867143	indicator species	species that serve as early warnings that an ecosystem is being damaged	18
7341867144	keystone species	A species that influences the survival of many other species in an ecosystem	19

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AP Biology: Cell Cycle Flashcards

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6551375181	G1 Phase	Primary growth phase of the cell	0
6551375182	S Phase	Phase where DNA is replicated	1
6551375183	G2 Phase	Growth stage in which the cell prepares for division; organelles replicate and spindle forms	2
6551375184	Interphase	Collective name for G1, S, and G2 Phases	3
6551375185	Mitosis (M)	Division of the nucleus	4
6551375186	Cytokinesis (C)	Cytoplasm divides; forms 2 daughter cells	5
6551375188	Chromosome	coiled DNA; visible	6
6551375191	Spindle	Consists of fibers made of proteins; location where chromosomes attach	7
6551375193	Prophase	Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, spindle begins to form, centromeres move away from each other	8
6551375195	Metaphase	Centrosomes at opposite poles of the cell; chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell	9
6551375197	Telophase	Two daughter nuclei form in the cell, nucleus reappears	10
6551375198	G1 Checkpoint	checks cell size, nutrients and growth factors; if a cell has everything it needs, it will copy DNA	11
6551375199	M Checkpoint	checks that all chromosomes are attached to spindle fibers	12
6551432723	Cancer	Uncontrolled dividing of cells	13
6551441848	Undifferentiated	Description of a stem cell	14
6551472014	Homologous	Describes a pair of chromosomes; one maternal and one paternal	15
6551448336	Chromatin	uncoiled DNA; found during interphase	16
6551456239	Diploid	A cell with two copies of each chromosome	17
6551458167	Haploid	A cell with half the number of chromosomes	18
6551460118	Meiosis	Process by which gametes are made	19
6551481550	Crossing Over	Occurs during meiosis; increases genetic variation	20
6551490912	Mutation	Any change in DNA	21
6583667114	Binary Fission	The way in which bacteria reproduce; copy and split	22
6583699402	G0 (G zero)	Resting state for cells not dividing	23
6583704240	Density-Dependent Inhibition (Contact Inhibition)	Cells stop dividing when it's too crowded in an area	24
6583712238	Cyclin	Protein that increases and decreases throughout the cell cycle and activates enzymes needed for division	25
6592938578	2 Divisions	A description of the events in meiosis	26
6592942236	1 Division	A description of the events in mitosis	27
6592944838	46	Represents the number of chromosomes in a human somatic cell.	28
6592947969	23	Represents the number of chromosomes in a human gamete.	29

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AP Biology Ecology Flashcards

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8260067249	Population	a localized group of individuals of the same species that can interbreed, producing fertile offspring	0
8260067250	Community	all the organisms that inhabit a particular area; as assemblage of populations of different species living close enough together for potential interaction	1
8260067251	Ecosystem	all the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact	2
8260067252	Biotic	pertaining to the living organisms in the environment	3
8260067253	Abiotic	nonliving; referring to physical and chemical properties of an environment	4
8260067254	Biosphere	the entire portion of earth inhabited by life; the sum of all the planet's ecosystems	5
8260067255	Niche	the sum of a species' use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment	6
8260067256	Clumped Distribution	individual aggregated patches, some organisms group together where food is abundant	7
8260067257	Uniform Distribution	evenly spaced, some organisms maintain evenly distributed spacing to avoid aggressive interactions between neighbors	8
8260067258	Random Distribution	unpredictable spacing, some plants grow in random groups if their seeds were windblown across an area	9
8260067259	Population Ecology	the study of populations in relation to their environment, including environmental influences on populations, on population density and distribution, age structure, and variations in population size	10
8260067260	Birth Rate	rate of annual birth within a population	11
8260067261	Death Rate	rate of annual death within a population	12
8260067262	Sex Ratio	ratio of females to males within a population	13
8260067263	Age Structure	the relative number of individuals of each age in a population	14
8260067264	Immigration Rate	the rate of influx of new individuals INTO a population from other areas	15
8260067265	Emigration Rate	the rate of movement of individuals OUT of a population	16
8260067266	Carrying Capacity	the maximum population size that can be supported by the available resources, (symbolized by K)	17
8260067267	Density Dependent	any characteristic that varies according to an increase in population density	18
8260067268	Exponential Growth	growth of a population in an ideal, unlimited environment, (represented by a J-Shaped curve when population size is plotted over time)	19
8260067269	Logistical Growth	population growth that levels off as population size approaches carrying capacity	20
8260067270	K-Selected	stabilize around carrying capacity, have fewer offspring later in life, mature later, live longer and invest more parental care	21
8260067271	R-Selected	reside in unstable environment, have many offspring early in life, mature earlier, shorter life span, no parental care	22
8260067272	Survivorship Curve	the plot of the proportion or numbers in a cohort still alive at each age	23
8260067273	Type I Surivorship Curve	low death rates during early/middle life then increase among older age groups (humans)	24
8260067274	Type II Surviorship Curve	constant death rate over the organism's life span	25
8260067275	Type III Surviorship Curve	very high death rates for the young and then declines for those few individuals that survive the early period (insects)	26
8260067276	Symbiosis	an ecological relationship between organisms of two different species that live together in direct and intimate contact	27
8260067277	Commensalism	a symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits but the other is neither helped nor harmed	28
8260067278	Mutualism	a symbiotic relationship in which both participants benefit	29
8260067279	Parasitism	a symbiotic relationship in which one organism (the parasite) benefits at the expense of another (the host) by living either within or on its host	30
8260067280	Intraspecific Competition	interactions between the same species competing for resources	31
8260067281	Interspecific Competition	competition for resources between individuals of two or more species when resources are in short supply	32
8260067282	Predation	an interaction between species in which one species (the predator) eats the other (the prey)	33
8260067283	Aposematic Coloration	the bright coloration of animals with effective physical or chemical defenses that acts as a warning to predators	34
8260067284	Batesian Mimicry	a type of mimicry in which a harmless species look like a species that is poisonous or harmful to predators	35
8260067285	Cryptic Coloration	camouflage that makes a potential prey difficult to spot against its background	36
8260067286	Mullerian Mimicry	a mutual mimicry by two unpalatable species	37
8260067287	Pioneer Species	the first species to colonize previously disrupted or damaged ecosystems, beginning a chain of ecological succession that ultimately leads to a more biodiverse steady-state ecosystem	38
8260067288	Climax Community	in a community of organisms in a specific area there is one state of equilibrium controlled solely by climate	39
8260067289	Succession	the process by which the structure of a biological community evolves over time	40
8260067290	Primary Succession	a type of ecological succession that occurs in an area where there were originally no organisms present and where soil has not yet formed	41
8260067291	Secondary Succession	a type of succession that occurs where an existing community has been cleared by some disturbance that leaves the soil or substance intact	42
8260067292	Photoautotrophs	an organism that harnesses light energy to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from Carbon Dioxide (CO2)	43
8260067293	Chemoautotrophs	an organism that needs only CO2 as a carbon source but obtains energy by oxidizing inorganic substances	44
8260067294	Herbivore	an animal that eats mainly plants or algae	45
8260067295	Carnivore	an animal that mainly eats other animals	46
8260067296	Detritivore	a consumer that derives its energy and nutrients from nonliving organic material such as corpses, fallen plant material, and the wastes of living organism (a decomposer)	47
8260067297	Food Chain	the pathway along which food energy is transferred from trophic level to trophic level, beginning with producers	48
8260067298	Food Web	the interconnected feeding relationships in an ecosystem	49
8260067299	Trophic Levels	the positions organisms occupy in a food chain	50
8260067300	Secondary Consumer	a carnivore that eats herbivores	51
8260067301	Primary Consumer	a herbivore; an organism that eats plants or other autotrophs	52
8260067302	Biogeochemical Cycles	any of the various chemical cycles, which involve both biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems	53
8260067303	Carbon Cycle	forming the framework of organic molecules, photosynthesis & cellular respiration circulate this nutrient	54
8260067304	Phosphorus Cycle	cycling of this nutrient through geologic processes such as erosion and sedimentation	55
8260067305	Nitrogen Cycle	this nutrient is converted to compounds that can be assimilated by plants then returned in gas form to the atmosphere; all processes rely on bacteria	56
8260067306	Nitrogen Fixation	the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia	57
8260067307	Denitrification	process where bacteria use nitrates in their metabolism instead of oxygen releasing nitrogen gas then into the atmosphere	58
8260067308	Water Cycle	this nutrient cycle involves evaporation from the earth & transpiration from plants and falls then by precipitation back down to the earth to begin the cycle again	59
8260067309	Age Structure Diagrams	a visual representation of the relative number of individuals of each age in a population	60
8260067310	Competitive Exclusion Principle	the concept that when populations of two similar species compete for the same limited resources, one population will use the resources more efficiently and have a reproductive advantage that will eventually lead to the elimination of the other population	61
8260067311	Resource Partitioning	the division of environmental resources by coexisting species such that the niche of each species differs by one or more significant factors from the niches of all the coexisting species	62
8260067312	Zero Population Growth (ZPG)	a period of stability in population size, when the per capita birth rate and death rate are equal	63
8260067313	Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)	the total primary production of an ecosystem	64
8260067314	Net Primary Productivity (NPP)	the gross primary production of an ecosystem minus the energy used by the producers for respiration	65
8260067315	Keystone Species	a species that is not necessarily abundant in a community yet experts strong control on community structure by the nature of its ecological role or niche	66
8260067316	Bottom-up Model	a model of community organization in which mineral nutrients influence community organization by controlling plant or phytoplankton numbers, which in turn control herbivores, which in turn control predator numbers	67
8260067317	Top-down Model	a model of community organization in which predation influences community organization by controlling herbivore numbers, which in turn control plant or phytoplankton numbers, which in turn control nutrient levels; also called the trophic cascade model	68
8260067318	Biological Magnification	a process in which retained substances become more concentrated at each high trophic level in a food chain	69
8260067319	Decomposers	organisms that absorb nutrients from nonliving organic material such as corpses, fallen plant material, the wastes of living organisms and converts them into inorganic forms; a detritivore	70
8260067320	Eutrophication	a process by which nutrients, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, become highly concentrated in a body of water, leading to increased growth of organisms such as algae or cyanobacteria	71
8260067321	Fundamental Niche	the niche potentially occupied by that species	72
8260067322	Realized Niche	the portion of the fundamental niche that a species actually occupies in the environment	73
8260067323	Invasive Species	a species often introduced by humans, that takes hold outside its native range	74
8260067324	Altruism	behavior that increases fitness of another individual but decreases their own fitness	75
8260067325	Kin selection	enhancing the reproductive success of one's relatives	76
8260067326	Nitrification	ammonia is converted to nitrates and nitrites	77
8260067327	Ammonification	decomposers convert organic nitrogen to ammonia	78
8260067328	Classical conditioning	association between neutral stimulus and natural response (ex: dogs salivating to sound of bell ringing)	79
8260067329	Operant conditioning	trial and error learning; making associations between behavior and a reward or punishment	80
8260067330	Communication	tactile, visual, auditory and chemical means of relaying messages to other members of ones species	81
8260067331	Taxis	directed movement towards or away from a stimulus	82
8260067332	Kinesis	movement in response to a stimulus that is not directional	83
8260067333	Fixed Action Pattern	a sequence of unlearned actions that are unchangable and often carried to completion	84
8260067334	Density dependent factor	factor that affects population based on size (disease, predation etc)	85
8260067335	Density independent factor	factor that affect population regardless of size (weather, humans etc)	86
8260067336	Species diversity	variety of organisms in a community	87
8260067337	Species richness	the number of different species in a community	88
8260067338	Relative abundance	evenness of distribution of individuals among species in a community	89

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AP Midterm Flashcards

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5702973054	Tone	A writer's attitude toward his or her subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language, and organization on the sentence and global levels.	0
5702975750	Cause and Effect	A relationship in which change in one variable causes change in another	1
5702978362	Compare and Contrast	When you compare two things, you say how they are similar, and when you contrast, you say how the two things are different.	2
5702988612	Problem and Solution	In composition, a method for analyzing and writing about a topic by identifying a problem and proposing one or more solutions.	3
5703003464	Sequential Order	in order of events or time; often needed in "how to" essays; a step by step approach	4
5703026815	Narrative	A spoken or written account of connected events A rhetorical strategy that recounts a sequence of events, usually in chronological order.	5
5703038565	Theme	Central idea of a work of literature	6
5703042872	Parallel Structure	repetition of the same pattern of words or phrases within a sentence or passage to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance.	7
5703054755	Central Claim	the main point of which you seek to convince the audience	8
5703069980	Diction	A writer's or speaker's choice of words	9
5703069981	Syntax	The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.	10
5703073564	symbolism	A person, place or object which has a meaning in itself but suggests other meanings as well	11
5703076042	litotes	A figure of speech consisting of an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite.	12
5703076043	hyperbole	A figure of speech that uses exaggeration to express strong emotion, make a point, or evoke humor	13
5703082959	simile	A comparison using "like" or "as"	14
5703082960	metaphor	A comparison that establishes a figurative identity between objects being compared.	15
5703087582	imagery	Description that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste)	16
5703092031	Repetition	Repeated use of sounds, words, or ideas for effect and emphasis	17
5703092032	unstated assumption	When the idea behind the product or service being advertised is repeatedly implied but never stated explicitly.	18
5703096011	main idea	what a piece of writing is mainly about	19
5703099404	assonance	Repetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity	20
5703099405	personification	A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes	21
5703111094	anaphora	A rhetorical figure of repetition in which the same word or phrase is repeated in (and usually at the beginning of) successive lines, clauses, or sentences.	22
5703115183	irony	A contrast between expectation and reality	23
5703118603	paradox	A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth.	24
5703123386	bandwagon	A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.	25
5703123399	quoting experts	testimony of authorities	26
5703126961	citing statistics	using data to establish logos	27
5703133256	frightening the reader	Scare tactics	28
5703135893	allusion	A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion.	29
5703140906	extended metaphor	A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work.	30
5703145595	figurative language	Language that cannot be taken literally since it was written to create a special effect or feeling.	31
5703151004	idiom	A common, often used expression that doesn't make sense if you take it literally.	32
5703159004	metonymy	A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated (such as "crown" for "royalty").	33
5703178082	onomatopoeia	A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words.	34
5703187057	synecdoche	a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa	35
5703192429	ethos	Credibility	36
5703195998	logos	Appeal to logic	37
5703199519	pathos	Appeal to emotion	38
5703203198	rhetorical triangle	A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (see Aristotelian triangle).	39

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Learning (AP Psychology) Flashcards

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8294925645	Learning	Relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience	0
8294925646	Associative Learning	Defined: learn by putting together two events Example: Expect to hear thunder after viewing lightening	1
8294925647	Habituation	Defined: An organisms decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it Example: Your parents yell at you a lot and eventually you tune out their yelling	2
8294925648	Pavlov, Ivan	Contribution: developed the theory of "classical conditioning" while working with dogs Significance: Father of Classical Conditioning	3
8294925649	Watson, John B	Contribution: applies Classical Conditioning to Humans through the "Little Albert" Experiment Significance: Creates "Behaviorism" Theory	4
8294925650	Bretlands	Contribution: demonstrated the significance of biological/instinctive processes in operant conditioning by studying a variety of animals Significance: Creates the "Instinctive Drift" theory	5
8294925651	Skinner, B.F.	Contributions: Invented the Operant chamber, aka his ________ box, to use in his research of animal learning. Significance: Father & Developer of Operant Conditioing	6
8294925652	Bandura, Albert	Contribution: Studied how children mimic others behaviors and repeat that same behavior Significance: Creates "Observational Learning" Theory	7
8294925653	Thorndike, Edward	Contribution: studied cats in puzzle boxes and recorded their behaviors Significance: Creates "Law of Effect" theory	8
8294925654	Garcia, John	Contribution: Demonstrated the significance of biological processes in classical conditioning Significance: Creates "Taste Aversions" theory	9
8294925655	Seligman, Martin	Contribution: Used dogs to demonstrates the significance of cognitive processes in classical conditioning Significance: Creates "Learned Helplessness" theory	10
8294925656	Tolman, Edward	Contribution: demonstrated the significance of cognitive processes in operant conditioning by studying rats in mazes Significance: Creates the "Latent Learning" theory	11
8294925657	Pavlov's Dogs	First experiment that created and demonstrate the theory of classical conditioning	12
8294925658	Little Albert	First experiment to demonstrate how emotions can be classically conditioned in humans Provides a foundation for the "Behaviorism Theory"	13
8294925659	Classical Conditioning	Learning that takes place when two or more stimuli are paired together UCS = UCR; NS + UCS = UCR; & CS = CR	14
8294925660	Behaviorism	Psychologist: John B. Watson Defined: a theory that made psychology an objective science by making it based on observable (and only observable) events, not the unconscious or conscious mind.	15
8294925661	Unconditioned Stimulus	Part of Classical Conditioning It is the stimulus that triggers a natural reflexive response. Pavlov's Dogs: "Meat" Little Albert: "Loud noise"	16
8294925662	Unconditioned Response	Part of Classical Conditioning It is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the stimulus Pavlov's Dogs: It was the "Salivating to the Meat" Little Albert: "Screaming at the Loud Noise"	17
8294925663	Conditioned Stimulus	Part of Classical Conditioning It initially has no effect but after conditioning, it triggers a natural reflexive response. Pavlov's Dogs: It was the "Bell" Little Albert: "White Mouse"	18
8294925664	Conditioned Response	Part of Classical Conditioning Occurs after conditioning when the conditioned stimulus (CS) triggers an innate response Pavlov's Dogs: It was the "Salivating to the Bell" Little Albert: "Screaming/Crying"	19
8294925665	Neutral Stimulus	does not caused an unconditioned response but eventually becomes the CS	20
8294925666	Acquisition of Classical Conditioning	Frequency: the more often the CS and the US are paired together Timing: the CS is presented a half a second before the US	21
8294925667	Extinction	Classical Conditioning: The disappearance of a behavior because CS no longer paired with the UCS Operant Conditioning: The disappearance of a behavior because it is no longer reinforced or punished	22
8294925668	Spontaneous Recovery	Classical Conditioning: When a previous CR returns after it has been extinguished Operant Conditioning: Occurs when a response begins again after extinction	23
8294925669	Stimulus Generalization	Classical Conditioning: When the NS and the CS are different. (Example: Little Albert being afraid of any thing that is white and furry) Operant Conditioning: When a reinforced/punished behavior occurs in a setting/situation where it was NOT learned (Example: Not cursing at home or at school)	24
8294925670	Stimulus Discrimination	Classical Conditioning: When the NS and the CS are the same (Example: Little Albert being afraid of a white mouse) Operant Conditioning: When a reinforced/punished behavior occurs in a setting/situation where it was learned (Example: Cursing only at home because it is acceptable but not at school)	25
8294925671	Higher Order Conditioning	When the first CS is paired with a second CS The second CS is presented briefly before the first CS	26
8294925672	Taste Aversions	Psychologist: Garcia Defined: If you ingest an unusual food or drink and then become nauseous, you will probably develop an aversion to the food or drink. Significance: Violates the acquisition principles of classical conditioning	27
8294925673	Learned Helplessness	Defined: Exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable aversive (bad) events produces passive behavior Study: Seligman delivering shocks to dogs Example: If a student consistently fails math, they may start to give up or a sports team that consistently loses may start to belive they can't win	28
8294925674	Biological Preparedness	Defined: humans and animals have predisposed fears that help us survive Examples; Phobia of heights keeps us away from danger	29
8294925675	Operant conditioning	Defined: Learning is based on the association of one's behavior and its consequences. Consequences are reinforced or punished Example: You choose to break curfew based on the consequences	30
8294925676	Law of Effect	Psychologist: Edward Thorndike Defined: if a behavior results in a satisfying consequence, it will likely be repeated whereas; if a behavior results in a unsatisfying consequence, it will NOT likely be repeated Example: If you complement your mother and she lets you stay out past curfew, you will complement her again	31
8294925677	Skinner Box	Also known as: Operant Chamber Description: A chamber containing a bar or key that an animal (rat or pigeon) can manipulate in order to obtain a reward	32
8294925678	Positive Reinforcement	Part of Operant Conditioning Adding something to increase the likelihood of a behavior occuring again Example: Receiving $5 for every "A" in high school	33
8294925679	Negative Reinforcement	Part of Operant Conditioning Increasing the likelihood of a behavior occurring again by removing a negative stimuli Example: Taking aspirin to relieve a headache	34
8294925680	Primary Reinforcers	Reinforcers that are rewarding such as food, water, rest, whose natural properties are reinforcing.	35
8294925681	Secondary Reinforcers	Defined: Reinforcers that are rewarding because we learned that are reinforcing. Example: praise, money, the chance to play video games.	36
8294925682	Immediate Reinforcer	Defined: when you are immediately rewarded for a behavior (it's all about the short run) Example: skipping school and enjoying time with friends	37
8294925683	Delayed Reinforcer	Defined: when you complete a behavior but not awarded immediately (it's all about the long run) Example: getting good grades in school and attending class in order to get a good job in the future	38
8294925684	Positive Punishment	Part of Operant Conditioning Adding something to decrease the likelihood of a behavior occurring again Example: Spanking and yelling	39
8294925685	Negative Punishment	Part of Operant Conditioning Removing something to decrease the likelihood of a behavior occurring again Example: Grounding	40
8294925686	Concerns regarding Punishment	It does not teach the learner appropriate behavior and can also increase violent behavior in the learner Example: If your psychology teacher taught you everything you didn't need to know for the AP Psych Exam	41
8294925687	Shaping	Part of Operant Conditioning Positively reinforcing closer and closer approximations of a desird behavior to teach a new behavior	42
8294925688	Discriminative Stimulus	Defined: the stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement Example: Calling your friend one name but not using that same name with your parents	43
8294925689	Superstitious Behavior	Defined: if a random reinforcement follows an event, the event will likely be repeated. Example: a lucky shirt, shoes, etc.	44
8294925690	Continuous Reinforcement Schedule	Defined: When every behavior is reinforced Example: a multiple choice test Significance: best for "establishing" a behavior	45
8294925691	Partial Reinforcement Schedule	Defined: When a random behavior is reinforced Example: Fixed Ratio, Variable Ratio, Fixed Interval, Variable Interval Significance: best for "maintaining" a behavior	46
8294925692	Fixed-Ratio Schedule	Defined: schedule of reinforcement after a set number of responses. Example: Being paid for every 10 pizzas made	47
8294925693	Variable-Ratio Schedule	Defined: schedule of reinforcement after a varying number of responses. Example: playing a slot machine	48
8294925694	Fixed-Interval Schedule	Defined: schedule of reinforcement after a fixed amount of time has passed Example: cramming for an exam	49
8294925695	Variable-Interval Schedule	Defined: schedule of reinforcement after varying amounts of time Example: pop (surprise) quizzes in class	50
8294925696	Latent Learning	Defined: Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it Example: Tolman's rats would only complete the maze if there was cheese for them at the end of the maze	51
8294925697	Cognitive Maps	Defined: having the ability or know how to accomplish a particular task Example: Tolman's rats knew how to complete the maze	52
8294925698	Instinctive Drift	Defined: when animals revert to instinctive behaviors rather than the operantly conditioned behaviors Examples: Rats will not walk backward, chickens won't hit a ball and run to first base, and pigs won't put wooden dollars into a piggy bank	53
8294925699	Insight Learning	Defined: suddenly knowing the solution to the problem Example: When taking a test and the previous answer comes to you without effort	54
8294925700	Intrinsic Motivation	Defined: the desire to perform a behavior effectively and for its own sake—rewards can carry hidden costs. Example: reading books because you find them rewarding	55
8294925701	Extrinsic Motivation	Defined: the desire to perform a behavior to receive external rewards or avoid threatened punishment. Example: reading a book because you need to get a good grade in your English class	56
8294925702	Observational Learning	Defined: learn by watching others Example: BoBo Doll Study	57
8294925703	BoBo Doll Study	Psychologist: Bandura Description: Children watched (through a one way glass)a confederate play with the BoBo doll and then played with the BoBo doll in the same way as the confederate Significance: used to develop "observational learning"	58
8294925704	Mirror Neurons	Defined: frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so Example: explains why yawning is contagious	59
8294925705	Densensitization	Defined: after viewing a similar act/behavior, you become less emotionally responsive (indifferent or unaware) to the stimulus Example: The first murder on TV is shocking but becomes less shocking as you watch violent television	60
8294925706	Pro-Social Modeling	Defined: People who show nonviolent, helpful behavior prompt similar behavior in others Significance: When parents help their grandparents, the children will likely do the same	61
8294925707	Anti-Social Modeling	Defined: People show violent, selfish behavior prompts similar behaviors in others Significance: Watching violent TV prompts similar behaviors in others (pro-wrestling, etc.)	62

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AP Psychology - Development Psychology Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology

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7622479516	Developmental Psychology	a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.	0
7622479517	Zygote	the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo.	1
7622479518	Embryo	the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month.	2
7622479519	Fetus	the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.	3
7622479520	Teratogens	agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.	4
7622479521	Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)	physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions.	5
7622479522	Habituation	decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.	6
7622479523	Maturation	biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.	7
7622479524	Cognition	all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.	8
7622479525	Schema	a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.	9
7622479526	Assimilation	interpreting our new experience in terms of our existing schemas.	10
7622479527	Accommodation	Development - adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.	11
7622479528	Sensorimotor Stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.	12
7622479529	Object Permanence	the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.	13
7622479530	Preoperational Stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage (from 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.	14
7622479531	Conservation	the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.	15
7622479532	Egocentrism	in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view.	16
7622479533	Theory of Mind	people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.	17
7622479534	Concrete Operational Stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.	18
7622479535	Formal Operational Stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.	19
7622479536	Autism	a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind.	20
7622479537	Stranger Anxiety	the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age.	21
7622479538	Attachment	an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation.	22
7622479539	Critical Period	an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development.	23
7622479540	Imprinting	the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.	24
7622479541	Temperament	a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.	25
7622479542	Basic Trust	according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers.	26
7622479543	Self-Concept	all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"	27
7622479544	Gender	in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female.	28
7622479545	Aggression	physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone.	29
7622479546	X Chromosome	the sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two of these; males have one. One chromosome from each parent produces a female child.	30
7622479547	Y Chromosome	the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child.	31
7622479548	Testosterone	the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional levels in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.	32
7622479549	Role	a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.	33
7622479550	Gender Role	a set of expected behaviors for males or for females.	34
7622479551	Gender Identity	our sense of being male or female.	35
7622479552	Gender Typing	the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.	36
7622479553	Social Learning Theory	the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished.	37
7622479554	Adolescence	the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.	38
7622479555	Puberty	the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.	39
7622479556	Primary Sex Characteristics	the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible.	40
7622479557	Secondary Sex Characteristics	nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair.	41
7622479558	Menarche	the first menstrual period.	42
7622479559	Identity	our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.	43
7622479560	Social Identity	the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships.	44
7622479561	Intimacy	in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood.	45
7622479562	Emerging Adulthood	for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood.	46
7622479563	Menopause	the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines.	47
7622479564	Cross-Sectional Study	a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another.	48
7622479565	Longitudinal Study	research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period.	49
7622479566	Crystallized Intelligence	our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.	50
7622479567	Fluid Intelligence	our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood.	51
7622479568	Social Clock	the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.	52
7622479569	Moro reflex	Infant startle response to sudden, intense noise or movement. When startled the newborn arches its back, throws back its head, and flings out its arms and legs. Usually disappears after four months.	53
7622479570	Babinski reflex	Reflex in which a newborn fans out the toes when the sole of the foot is touched	54
7622479571	holographic speech	one word declarations by children at about age 1	55
7622479572	Vygotsky	Believed that cognitive development was largely the result of the child's interaction with members of his or her own culture rather than his or her interaction with concrete objects Zones of Proximal Devl: social interaction influences learning. Students learn best when teachers teach them something they don't know yet, and then provide students opportunities to practice and learn with other peers and adults supporting.	56
7622479573	latchkey children	child who returns from school to an empty home because their parent or parents are away at work, or a child who is often left at home with little parental supervision. are left unsupervised after school and are at a higher risk for accidents, isolated and alone	57
7622479574	Piaget	theorist that developed a series of stages in which an individual passes during cognitive development. Growth occurs in stages - sensory motor (0-2), pre-operational, experiential (2-7), concrete operational (7-11) formal operational (11+) formal and abstract operations	58
7622479575	Kohlberg	theorist who claimed individuals went through a series of stages in the process of moral development. Development; Concepts: stages of moral development; Study Basics: Studied boys responses to and processes of reasoning in making moral decisions. Most famous moral dilemma is "Heinz" who has an ill wife and cannot afford the medication. Should he steal the medication and why? Developing children progress through a predictable sequence of stages of moral reasoning (preconventional, conventional, postconventional).	59
7622479576	Erikson	Proposed that individuals go through 8 distinct, universal stages of development. Each stage consists of a developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis. Infant; 0-2 years: Trust Vs. mistrust 2. Toddler; 2-3 years: Autonomy Vs shame and doubt 3. Preschool; 3-5 years: Initiative Vs guilt 4. School age; 6-12 years: Industry Vs inferiority 5. Adolescent; 12-18 years: Identity Vs identity (or role) confusion 6. Young adult: 18-25 years: Intimacy Vs isolation 7. Middle adult: 25-45 years: Generativity Vs stagnation 8. Older adult: 45-death: Ego integrity Vs despair	60
7622479577	Bandura	Social Learning Theory Observational learning; Bobo dolls; social-cognitive theory Social Learning Theory - emphasizes modeling or observational learning as a powerful source of development and behavior modification	61
7622479578	presbyopia	Defect in vision in advancing age involving loss of accommodation or recession of near vision; due to loss of elasticity of crystalline lens	62
7622479579	presbycusis	age-related hearing loss	63
7622479580	empty-nest syndrome	the feelings of sadness or loneliness that accompany children's leaving home and entering adulthood	64
7622479581	death-deferral phenomenon	People tend to put off dying when there is an event to look forward to, such as holidays spirit affects life expectancy; depression causes poor health and early death; ex: more people die 2 days after Christmas than before	65
7622479582	dementia	Impairment of mental functioning and global cognitive abilities in otherwise alert individuals, causing memory loss and related symptoms and typically having a progressive nature	66
7622479583	Alzheimer's disease	chronic, progressive, degenerative cognitivedisorder that accounts for more than 60% of all dementias an irreversible, progressive brain disorder, characterized by the deterioration of memory, language, and eventually, physical functioning	67
7622479584	Kubler-Ross	Her theory proposes that the terminally ill pass through a squence of 5 stages: 1. denial, 2. anger/resentment, 3. bargaining with God, 4. depression, and 5. acceptance	68
7622479585	stages vs. continuity	Debate over development occurring in set time periods verses continual or individual changes and development	69

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AP Psychology - Research Methods Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)

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7534473284	Hindsight Bias	The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon.)	0
7534473285	Hypothesis	A TESTABLE prediction, often implied by a theory.	1
7534473286	Operational Definition	A statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. HOW will you measure that variable? Also what techniques will be employed to produce them.	2
7534473287	Replication	Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances.	3
7534473288	Population	All the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn.	4
7534473289	representative sampling	a sample from a larger population that is statistically typical of that population.	5
7534473290	Random Sample	A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.	6
7534473291	Correlation Coefficient	A statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1). 0= no correlation	7
7534473292	Scatterplot	A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables.	8
7534473293	Illusory Correlation	The perception of a relationship where none exists. Often responsible for superstitions.	9
7534473294	Experiment	A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, the investigator aims to control other relevant factors. The only way to show a cause-effect relationship.	10
7534473295	Random Assignment	Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups. This makes it easier to tell if the I.V. truly affected the D.V.	11
7534473296	Double-Blind Procedure	An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies.	12
7534473297	Placebo Effect	Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent.	13
7534473298	Experimental Group	In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.	14
7534473299	Control Group	In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.	15
7534473300	Independent Variable	The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.	16
7534473301	Confounding Variable	A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment.	17
7534473302	Dependent Variable	The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.	18
7534473303	Mode	The most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution.	19
7534473304	Mean	The arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores.	20
7534473305	Median	The middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it.	21
7534473306	Range	The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.	22
7534473307	Standard Deviation	A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score.	23
7534473308	Normal Curve	A symmetrical, bell-shape that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (68 percent fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer and fewer near the extremes.	24
7534473309	Statistical Significance	A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance. Usually 5% difference is significant	25
7534473310	Hawthorne Effect	tendency of some people to work harder and perform better when they are participants in an experiment. Individuals may change their behavior due to the attention they are receiving from researchers rather than because of any manipulation of independent variables.	26
7559161538	Empirical Investigation	Based on careful measurements and direct experience.	27
7559192206	Correlation	A study that determines the relationship between two variables.	28
7559205786	Survey	researdh method in which questions are asked to subjects	29
7559211726	Longitudinal Study	Research method in which a group is studied over a long period of time.	30
7559216611	Cross-sectional Study	Study in which a cross section of the population is tested or surveyed.	31
7559222784	Cohort-sequential Study	research method in which a section or group is studied over a period of time	32
7559235939	Case Study	Research method in which one person is studied in depth and may be a rare or exceptional case	33

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AP Biology Cell Communication Flashcards

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7999375692	signal transduction pathway	The process by which a signal on a cell's surface is converted into a specific cellular response	0
7999375693	local regulators	signal molecules that travel a short distance, an example of this is growth factors.	1
7999375694	paracrine signaling	A secreting cell acts on nearby target cells by discharging molecules of a local regulator into the extracellular fluid.	2
7999375695	synaptic signaling	a nerve cell releases neurotransmitter molecules into a synapse, stimulating the target cell	3
7999375696	Local signaling	signaling between adjacent cells (paracrine, autocrine, and synaptic)	4
7999375697	hormones	ligands/chemicals used for long distance signaling	5
7999375698	Long distance signaling	endocrine signalling	6
7999375699	hormonal signaling	specialized endocrine cells secrete hormones into body fluids often the blood. Hormones reach virtually all body cells	7
7999375700	reception	the target cell's detection of a signal molecule coming from outside the cell. The chemical signal is detected when it binds to a receptor protein.	8
7999375701	transduction	The binding of a signal protein changes the receptor protein in some way, intiating this process. This stage converts the signal into a form that can bring about a specific cellular response.	9
7999375702	response	the result of transduction is a specific response for example the shutting on or off of a gene.	10
7999375703	ligand	a molecule that specifically binds to another often larger molecule. the binding of this often causes a receptor portion to under go change in conformation i.e. shape.	11
7999375704	G-protein-coupled receptor	a plasma membrane receptor that works with the help of a protein called a g-protein	12
7999375705	receptor tyrosine kinase	can trigger more than one signal transduction pathway at once, helping regulate and coordinate many aspects of cell growth and cell reproduction. This receptor is a major class of plasma membrane receptors charcterized by having enzymatic activity.	13
7999375706	Phosphorylation cascade	a series of different molecules in a pathway are phosphorylated in turn , each molecule adding a phosphate group to the next one in a line .	14
7999375707	second messengers	act to amplify the signal received from an intercellular membrane protein.	15
7999375708	cyclic AMP or cAMP	Acts as second messenger. An enzyme embedded in the plasma membrane, is made from ATP by adenylyl cyclase inactivated by phosphodiesterase an enzyme that converts it to AMP.	16
7999375709	inositol triphosphate( IP3)	A second messenger that functions as an intermediate between certain nonsteroid hormones and a third messenger, a rise in cytoplasmic Ca 2+ concentration.	17
7999375711	Intracellular Receptors	cytoplasmic or nuclear proteins. Signal molecules that are small or hydrophobic and can readily cross the plasma membrane use these receptors	18
7999375712	endocrine gland	a ductless gland that secretes hormones directly into the interstitial fluid, from which they diffuse into the bloodstream	19
7999375713	endocrine signaling	involves hormones being secreted into the blood, to target only the specific target cells that recognize them	20
7999375714	mechanisms of hormonal signaling	(a) a water-soluable hormone binds to a receptor protien on the surface of a target cell. this interaction triggers a signal transduction pathway that leads to a change in a cytoplasmic function or a change in gene transcription in the nucleus. (b) a lipid-soluable hormone penetrates the target cell's plasma membrane and binds to an intracellular receptor either in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus. The signal-receptor complex acts as a transcription factor, typically activating gene expression	21
7999375718	ligand-gated ion channels	protien pore in a cell's plasma membrane that opens or closes in response to a chemical signal allowing or blocking the flow of specific ions	22

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AP World Vocabulary Flashcards

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7105204043	Abate	to reduce in amount, degree, or severity	0
7105204044	Absolutism	The practice of a political system in which a monarch or dictator has unrestricted power.	1
7105204045	Adjacent	Next to.	2
7105204046	Agrarian	Someone working with the cultivation of land or relating to cultivating land.	3
7105204047	Agriculture	Farming. Cultivating land, producing crops, and raising livestock.	4
7105204048	Anthropomorphic	Having human characteristics. attributing human characteristics or qualities to objects, animals, or gods	5
7105204049	Aristocracy	A government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility	6
7105204050	Avarice	Extreme greed for wealth or material gain.	7
7105204051	Bias	A particular preference or point of view that is personal, rather than scientific.	8
7105204052	Buddhism	A religion based on the teachings of the Buddha. A religion of eastern and central Asia growing out of the teaching of Gautama Buddha that suffering is inherent in life and that one can be liberated from it by mental and moral self-purification.	9
7105204053	Bureaucracy	A system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives.	10
7105204054	Capital	the most important city or town of a country or region, usually its seat of government and administrative center.	11
7105204055	Capitalism	A system under which the ownership of land and wealth is for the most part in the hands of private individuals.	12
7105204056	Capitulate	To stop fighting an enemy or opponent : to admit that an enemy or opponent has won.	13
7105204057	Centralized	Things that are in different places, are brought together to a single, specific point or place.	14
7105204058	Charlatan	a person falsely claiming to have a special knowledge or skill; a fraud.	15
7105204059	Chattel	something (such as a slave, piece of furniture, tool, etc.) that a person owns other than land or buildings	16
7105204060	Chiefdom	Form of political organization with rule by a hereditary leader who held power over a collection of villages and towns. Less powerful than kingdoms and empires, chiefdoms were based on gift giving and commercial links The territory or people over which a chief rules.	17
7105204061	Christianity	A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior.	18
7105204062	City-State	a) A city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state. b) An independent state consisting of a city and its surrounding territory	19
7105204063	Civilization	A society with cities, a central government, job specialization, and social classes	20
7105204064	Clergy	Church officials	21
7105204065	Coerce	To compel, force	22
7105204066	Colonialism	Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.	23
7105204067	Colony	A group of people in one place who are ruled by a parent country elsewhere.	24
7105204068	Communism	A political and economic system where factors of production are collectively owned and directed by the state.	25
7105204069	Confucianism	Chinese belief system from 500s BCE that emphasized family loyalty, respecting elders, education, obedience, and ancestors.	26
7105204070	Copious	Abundant; plentiful	27
7105204071	Culture	Beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.	28
7105204072	Daoism	Chinese philosophy based on the teachings of Laozi; taught that people should turn to nature and give up their worldly concerns; a Chinese philosophy that emphasizes living in harmony with nature.	29
7105204073	Deforestation	The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves.	30
7105204074	Demography	Scientific study of human populations.	31
7105204075	Derive	To take or receive from a source	32
7105204076	Diaspora	A dispersion of people from their homeland	33
7105204077	Divine	(adj.) godly, exceedingly wonderful.	34
7105204078	Dynasty	A series of rulers from the same family	35
7105204079	Economic	Pertaining to the production, distribution and use of income, wealth and commodities.	36
7105204080	Edict	An authorized proclamation or command.	37
7105204081	Egalitarian	The belief in the equality of all people, especially in political, economic or social life.	38
7105204082	Empire	An extensive group of states or countries ruled over by a single monarch	39
7105204083	Encroach	To intrude on a person, territory, rights, personal life etc.	40
7105204084	Epidemic	A wide spread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time.	41
7105204085	Equitable	Fair, just, impartial. Dealing fairly and equally with all concerned.	42
7105204086	Ethnocentrism	The belief that ones own belief is more superior	43
7105204087	Feudalism	A social system that existed in Europe during the Middle Ages in which people worked and fought for nobles who gave them protection and the use of land in return	44
7105204088	Forage	To search widely for food or provisions.	45
7105204089	Fundamental	serving as, or being an essential part of, a foundation or basis; basic; underlying.	46
7105204090	Genocide	the deliberate and systematic extermination of a national, racial, political, or cultural group.	47
7105204091	Globalization	The act of globalizing or extending to other or all parts of the world. the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.	48
7105204092	Hegemony	the domination of one state or group over its allies	49
7105204093	Hierarchy	A group organized by rank	50
7105204094	Hinduism	A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms	51
7105204095	Ideology	A consistent set of beliefs by groups/individuals	52
7105204096	Imperialism	A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically.	53
7105204097	Incursion	sudden or breif invasion	54
7105204098	Indentured Servant	Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years	55
7105204099	Indignant	Feeling anger or annoyance at what is perceived as unfair treatment	56
7105204100	Industrial	of or relating to factories, the people who work in factories, or the things made in factories	57
7105204101	Inflation	A general and progressive increase in prices	58
7105204102	Institution	an organization founded and united for a specific purpose	59
7105204103	Intermediary	acting as a mediator in order to try to bring about an agreement or reconciliation	60
7105204104	Judaism	A religion with a belief in one god. It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people. Yahweh was responsible for the world and everything within it. They preserved their early history in the Old Testament.	61
7105204105	Lambast	criticize severely or angrily	62
7105204106	Legitimate	lawful, rightful; reasonable, justifiable	63
7105204107	Malfeasance	an illegal act, especially by a public official	64
7105204108	Manufacture	to make, create, or produce	65
7105204109	Maritime	of or relating to sailing on the sea or doing business (such as trading) by sea	66
7105204110	Matriarchy	a family, group, or government controlled by a woman or a group of women	67
7105204111	Medieval	referring to the Middle Ages	68
7105204112	Merchant	A person who makes money by selling goods	69
7105204113	Monarchy	A government ruled by a king or queen	70
7105204114	Monotheism	The belief in only one God.	71
7105204115	Munificence	generosity in giving	72
7105204116	Myriad	A very large number	73
7105204117	Nation	a large area of land that is controlled by its own government	74
7105204118	Negligible	so unimportant that it can be disregarded	75
7105204119	Neolithic	of, relating to, or denoting the later part of the Stone Age, when ground or polished stone weapons and implements prevailed.	76
7105204120	Nobility	the quality or state of being noble in character, quality, or rank	77
7105204121	Nomad (ic)	a member of a group of people who move from place to place instead of living in one place all the time	78
7105204122	Pagan	A follower of a polytheistic religion	79
7105204123	Pandemic	An epidemic that is geographically widespread and affects a large proportion of the population	80
7105204124	Papacy	the office or position of the pope	81
7105204125	Parity	equality, as in amount, status, or value	82
7105204126	Pastoral	of or relating to the countryside or to the lives of people who live in the country. of, relating to, or composed of shepherds or herdsmen devoted to or based on livestock raising	83
7105204127	Patriarchy	a family, group, or government controlled by a man or a group of men	84
7105204128	Periodization	division (as of history) into periods	85
7105204129	Placate	to cause (someone) to feel less angry about something	86
7105204130	Plethora	A large or excessive amount of something.	87
7105204131	Polytheism	The belief in multiple Gods.	88
7105204132	Prehistoric	of, relating to, or existing in the time before people could write	89
7105204133	Prevalent	widespread in a particular area or at a particular time.	90
7105204134	Primary Source	a first-hand account of an event, person, or place (official document, diary, letter, historical photograph, oral testimony).	91
7105204135	Prolific	producing a large amount of something	92
7105204136	Protestant	A person in a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.	93
7105204137	Prowess	great ability or skill	94
7105204138	Rational	based on facts or reason and not on emotions or feelings	95
7105204139	Reform	the improvement or amendment of what is wrong, corrupt, unsatisfactory, etc.	96
7105204140	Regime	A government in power	97
7105204141	Revolution	the usually violent attempt by many people to end the rule of one government and start a new one	98
7105204142	Rural	of or relating to the country and the people who live there instead of the city	99
7105204143	Scribe	a person who copies out documents, especially one employed to do this before printing was invented.	100
7105204144	Secondary Source	any source about an event, period, or issue in history that was produced after that event, period or issue has passed	101
7105204145	Secular	not connected with religious or spiritual matters.	102
7105204146	Serf	an agricultural labourer bound by the feudal system who was tied to working on his lord's estate.	103
7105204147	Shaman	someone who is believed in some cultures to be able to use magic to cure people who are sick, to control future events, etc.	104
7105204148	Slave	someone who is legally owned by another person and is forced to work for that person without pay	105
7105204149	State	a: A politically organized territory that is administered by a sovereign government is recognized by the international community. b: the overall physical condition of something	106
7105204150	Stratified	Something that is divided or arranged into classes, castes, or social strata	107
7105204151	Subjective	Based on or influenced by personal feelings, tastes, or opinions.	108
7105204152	Subjugate	to defeat and gain control of (someone or something) by the use of force	109
7105204153	Surplus	an amount that is more than the amount that is needed	110
7105204154	Syncretic	A combination of different forms of belief or practice	111
7105204155	Textile	a fabric that is woven or knit	112
7105204156	Theocracy	The type of government in which a country is ruled by religious leaders	113
7105204157	Tumultuous	noisy and disorderly	114
7105204158	Ubiquitous	Being everywhere at the same time	115
7105204159	Urban	of or relating to cities and the people who live in them	116
7105204160	Veneration	respect or awe inspired by the dignity, wisdom, dedication, or talent of a person	117
7105204161	Xenophobic	Fear of foreigners	118