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AP Statistics Midterm Review Flashcards

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80475443025 number summaryThe minumum value, lower quartile, median, upper quartile, and maximum value for a data set. These five values give a summary of the shape of the distribution and are used to make box plots. The five numbers that help describe the center, spread and shape of data0
8047544303z scorea measure of how many standard deviations you are away from the norm (average or mean) -Number of standard deviations a score is above or below the mean (positive above, negative below1
8047544304standard deviationA statistical measure of how far away each value is, on average, from the mean. A measure of spread. Specifically, the typical distance the data points are from the mean.2
8047544305population(statistics) the entire aggregation of items from which samples can be drawn What the sample in an experiment or study usually reperesents3
8047544306categorical dataData that can be placed into categories . For example "gender" is a categorical data and the categories are "male" and "female". Labels or names used to identify categories of like items If you asked people in which month they were born or what their favorite class is, they would answer with names, which would be categorical data. However, if you asked them how many siblings they have, they would answer with numbers, not categories Labels or names used to identify categories of like items4
8047544307quantitative dataData associated with mathematical models and statistical techniques used to analyze spatial location and association. numerical information describing how much, how little, how big, how tall, how fast, etc. age is quantitative5
8047544308bar grapha type of graph in which the lengths of bars are used to represent and compare data in categories A graph that uses horizontal or vertical bars to represent data.6
8047544309sampleA relatively small proportion of people who are chosen in a survey so as to be representative of the whole. a small part of a population that represents the whole A survey in star city representing the entire state of arkansas7
8047544310randomAssigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups. Assigning subjects to expenrimental groups based on chance. pulling names or numbers out of a hat8
8047544311biasAny systematic failure of a sampling method to represent its population Any way that tampers with the accuracy of the sample9
8047544312UndercoverageA sampling scheme that biases the sample in a way that gives a part of the population less representation than it has in the population. When some groups in the population are left out of the process of choosing the sample10
8047544313nonresponsebias introduced to a sample when a large fraction of those sampled fails to respond When many people of a sample do not respond11
8047544314voluntary response biasBias introduced to a sample when individuals can choose on their own whether to participate in the sample.12
8047544315statisticApplication of mathematics to describing and analyzing data13
8047544316independent(statistics) a variable whose values are independent of changes in the values of other variables14
8047544317historgramgraphical representation of a frequency distribution using vertical bars but bars touch each other to indicate variables are related15
8047544318box plotA dsiplay that shows the distribution of values in a data set seperated into four equal-sized groups. A box plot is constructed from the five number summary of the data.16
8047544319scatterplotA graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (little scatter indicates high correlation).17
8047544320correlationA measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. The correlation coefficient is the mathematical expression of the relationship, ranging from -1 to +118
8047544321skewnessThe extent to which cases are clustered more at one or the other end of the distribution of a quantitative variable rather than in a symmetric pattern around its center19
8047544322variencecommons measure of spread about the mean as center, standard deviation squared20
8047544323statistical significanceA statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance/The condition that exists when the probability that the observed findings are due to chance is very low21
8047544324empirical ruleThe rules gives the approximate % of observations w/in 1 standard deviation (68%), 2 standard deviations (95%) and 3 standard deviations (99.7%) of the mean when the histogram is well approx. by a normal curve22
8047544325lurking variableA variable that has an important effect on the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied23
8047544326probabilityA number with a value from 0 to 1 that describes the likelihood that an event will occur. example, if a bag contains a red marble, a white marble and a blue marble then the probability of selecting a red marble is 1/3.24
8047544327descriptive statisticsMathematical procedures for organizing collections of data, such as determining the mean, the median, the range, the variance, and the correlation coefficient25
8047544328meanA measure of center in a set of numerical data, computed by adding the values in a list and then dividing by the number of values in the list.26
8047544329medianA measure of center in a set of numerical data. The median of a list of values is the value appearing at the center of a sorted version of the list - or the mean of the two central values if the list contains an even number of values.27
8047544330modeMeasure of central tendency that uses most frequently occurring score.28
8047544331rangeDistance between highest and lowest scores in a set of data.29
8047544332dataFacts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis30
8047544333Q1A location measure of the data such that has one fourth or 25% of the data is smaller than it. Found by dividing the ordered data set in half (excluding the middle observation if n is odd) and finding the median of the lower half of the data.31
8047544334Q3A location to measeure when counting data to such as the median where instead of counting 50% it is 75% from the beginning of the sorted data32
8047544335minimum(n.) the smallest possible amount; (adj.) the lowest permissible or possible33
8047544336outlierA value much greater or much less than the others in a data set34
8047544337statistical normalscoring the middle of the bell-curve; low, moderate, or high scoring35
8047544338simple random sampleA sample selected in such a way that every element in the population or sampling frame has an equal probability of being chosen. Equivalently, all samples of size n have an equal chance of being selected. A sample of size n selected from the population in such a way that each possible sample of size n has an equal chance of being selected.36
8047544339stratified random sampleA method of sampling that involves dividing your population into homogeneous subgroups and taking a simple random sample in each subgroup. a sampling design in which the population is divided into several groups, and random samples are then drawn from each stratum37
8047544340systematic sampleA sample drawn by selecting individuals systematically from a sampling frame A sample drawn by selecting individuals systematically from a sampling frame. When there is no relationship between the order of the sampling frame and the variables of interest, a systematic sample can be representative.38
8047544341cluster sampleIs obtained by selecting all individuals within a randomly selected collection or group of individuals.39
804754434210% rulea sample has to be less than 10% of the whole population40
8047544343InterpolationThe estimation of an unknown number between known numbers. Interpolation is a way of approximating price or yield using bond tables that do not give the net yield on every amount invested at every rate of interest and for every maturity.41
8047544344QualitativeData in the form of recorded descriptions rather than numerical measurements.42
8047544345theoretical probabilityA probability obtained by analyzing a situation. If all of the outcomes are equally likely, you can find the theoretical probability of an event by listing all of the possible outcomes and then finding the ratio of the number of outcomes producing the desired event to the total number of outcomes. For example, there are 36 possible equally likely outcomes (number pairs) when two fair number cubes are rolled. of these six have a sum of 7, so the probability of rolling a sum of 7 is 6/36 or 1/643
8047544346block designThe subjects in an experiment are first divided into groups (called 'blocks') based on some common characteristic (such as gender) that is hypothesised to have an effect on the response. Randomization of treatments then happens within each block (each block is like its own mini-experiment)."44
8047544347blindingThe practice of concealing group assignment from study subjects, investigators, and/or those who assess subject outcomes, typically in the context of a randomized controlled trial. For ex, study subjects may receive capsules with identical appearance and taste; however, the treatment group receives the active drug, whereas the control group receives the placebo.45
8047544348double blindAn experiment in which neither the subjects nor the people who work with them know which treatment each subject is receiving Neither the subjects nor the people who have contact with them know which treatment a subject received46
8047544349placeboA fake treatment. A chemically inert substance that produces real medical benefits because the patient believes it will help her47
8047544350least squares regression linethe line with the smallest sum of squared residuals48
8047544351matched pairsan observational technique that involves matching each participant in the experimental group with a specific participant in the control group in order to eliminate the possibility that a third variable (and not the independent variable) caused changes in the dependent variable49
8047544352conditional prababilityprobability given that something else has already occurred50
8047544353sample spaceSet of all possible outcomes of an experiment51
8047544354confounded variableA variable whose effect on the response variable cannot be separated from the effect of the explanatory variable on the response variable. (Note: Usually confounded variables are lurking variables but only a few lurking variables are also confounded.)52
8047544355marginal frequencyA set of intervals, usually adjacent and of equal width, into which the range of a statistical distribution is divided, each associated with a frequency indicating the number of measurements in that interval.53
8047544356coefficient of determinationThe statistic or number determined by squaring the correlation coefficient. Represents the amount of variance accounted for by that correlation. Statistic that represents amount of variance accounted for by a correlation.54
8047544357unimodalhaving one mode; this is a useful term for describing the shape of a histogram when it's generally mound-shaped a data set with one mode such a normal distribution usually has only one mode55
8047544358bimodalA type of distribution, where there is two or more categories with an equal count or cases and with more cases than the other categories. A distribution with two modes56
8047544359experimentA kind of research in which the researcher controls all the conditions and directly manipulates the conditions, including the independent variable. Testing the hypothesis57
8047544360extrapolationcalculation of the value of a function outside the range of known values58
8047544361IQRA measure of variability, based on dividing a data set into quartiles Difference between upper and lower quartile of a boxplot59
8047544362Residualobserved value - predicted value60
8047544363Convenience sampleWhenever a sample is taken it gives an improper results because the sample was taken from a very convenient area instead of representing a population61
8047544364simulationA representation of a situation or problem with a similar but simpler model or a more easily manipulated model in order to determine experimental results.62
8047544365two way tableA table containing counts for two categorical variables. It has r rows and c columns. describes to categorical variables with row variable and column variable63
8047544366spreadThe visible variation in a sample distribution64
8047544367centerThe measure of the distance the mode is from the center of a distribution65
8047544368shape66
8047544369discrete random variablea random variable that can take one of a finite number of distinct outcomes67
8047544370standardized valueThe z-score obtained from standardizing an x-value.68
8047544371mutually exclusiveEvents that cannot occur at the same time.69
8047544372wording biasWhenever a bias is created in a sample by the way the survey is worded to favor one question70
8047544373causationA cause and effect relationship in which one variable controls the changes in another variable.71
8047544374frequency tableA grouping of qualitative data into mutually exclusive classes showing the number of observations in each class. A chart showing the number of times a specific event happens.72
8047544375stem and leaf displayA multiple column table depicting the individual digits of the scores. A score of 95 would have a stem of 9 and a leaf of 5, a score of 62 would have a stem of 6 and a leaf of 2. If a particular stem has more than one leaf, such as the scores 54, 58, and 51, the stem of 5 has three leaves, in this case 458. . It shows the range of values of the variable73
8047544376multimodalDescribes a graph of quantitative data with more than two clear peaks. A distribution with more than two modes74
8047544377uniformA histogram doesn't appear to have any mode and in which all the bars are approximately the same height Evenly spaced75
8047544378symmetricWhen in a normal distribution both sides are identical76
8047544379sestandard deviation of residuals77
8047544380r^2overall measure of how successful the regression is in linearlly relating to y and x78
8047544381influential pointan observation that when removed would markedly change the LSRL79
8047544382censusWhen a survey has no sample but instead tests or surveys the entire population80
8047544383multistage samplea sampling design where several sampling methods are combined81
8047544384convenience sampleChoosing a sample because it is convenient. failing to get a proper representation of the population because If you survey everyone on your soccer team who attends tonight's practice, you are surveying a convenience sample.82
8047544385response biasAnything in a survey design that influences responses falls under the heading of response bias. One typical response bias arises from the wording of questions, which may suggest a favored response. Voters, for example, are more likely to express support of "the president" than support of the particular person holding that office at the moment. Anything that changes the response in a survey A police officer asking teenagers about drug use83
8047544386observational studyA study based on data in which no manipulation of factors has been employed. A study that observes characteristics of an existing population. usually a survey84
8047544387control groupIn an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.85
8047544388blindingThe practice of concealing group assignment from study subjects, investigators, and/or those who assess subject outcomes, typically in the context of a randomized controlled trial. For ex, study subjects may receive capsules with identical appearance and taste; however, the treatment group receives the active drug, whereas the control group receives the placebo.86
8047544389placebo effectExperimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active agent.87
8047544390trialeach repetition or observation of an experiment88
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AP Psychology Unit 5 Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)

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8307698940consciousnessour awareness of ourselves and our environment.0
8307698941circadian rhythmthe biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle.1
8307698942REM (rapid eye movement) sleeprapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active.2
8307698943alpha wavesthe relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state.3
8307698944sleepperiodic, natural loss of consciousness—as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation. (Adapted from Dement, 1999.)4
8307698945hallucinationsfalse sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus.5
8307698946delta wavesthe large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep.6
8307698947NREM sleepnon-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep.7
8307698948insomniarecurring problems in falling or staying asleep.8
8307698949narcolepsya sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.9
8307698950sleep apneaa sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings.10
8307698951night terrorsa sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, these occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered.11
8307698952dreama sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. These are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the person 's delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it.12
8307698953manifest contentaccording to Freud, the story of the dream.13
8307698954latent contentaccording to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content).14
8307698955REM reboundthe tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep).15
8307698956hypnosisa social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.16
8307698957posthypnotic suggestiona suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors.17
8307698958dissociationa split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others.18
8307698959psychoactive druga chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods.19
8307698960tolerancethe diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect.20
8307698961withdrawalthe discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug.21
8307698962physical dependencea physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued.22
8307698963psychological dependencea psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions.23
8307698964addictioncompulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences.24
8307698965depressantsdrugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions.25
8307698966barbituratesdrugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment.26
8307698967opiatesopium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.27
8307698968stimulantsdrugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.28
8307698969amphetaminesdrugs that stimulate neural activity, causing sped-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes.29
8307698970methamphetaminesa powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with sped-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels.30
8307698971Ecstacy (MDMA)a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition.31
8307698972hallucinogenspsychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.32
8307698973LSDa powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide).33
8307698974near-death experiencesan altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations.34
8307698975THCthe major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.35
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AP Psychology Unit 4 Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)

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8685953066sensationthe process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment.0
8685953067perceptionthe process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.1
8685953068bottom-up processinganalysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information.2
8685953069top-down processinginformation processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations.3
8685953070selective attentionthe focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.4
8685953071inattentional blindnessfailing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.5
8685953072change blindnessfailing to notice changes in the environment.6
8685953073psychophysicsthe study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them.7
8685953074absolute thresholdthe minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time.8
8685953075signal detection theorya theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness.9
8685953076subliminalbelow one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness10
8685953077primingthe activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response.11
8685953078difference thresholdthe minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. Also called the just noticeable difference (jnd).12
8685953079Weber's lawthe principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant percentage (rather than a constant amount).13
8685953080sensory adaptationdiminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation.14
8685953081transductionconversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret.15
8685953082wavelengththe distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic versions of this vary from the short blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission.16
8685953083huethe dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth.17
8685953084intensitythe amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude.18
8685953085pupilthe adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters.19
8685953086irisa ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening.20
8685953087lensthe transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina.21
8685953088retinathe light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information.22
8685953089accomodationthe process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina.23
8685953090rodsretinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond.24
8685953091conesretinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. These detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.25
8685953092optic nervethe nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.26
8685953093blind spotthe point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye and no receptor cells are located there.27
8685953094foveathe central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster.28
8685953095feature detectorsnerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement.29
8685953096parallel processingthe processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.30
8685953097Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theorythe theory that the retina contains three different color receptors—one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue—which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color.31
8685953098opponent-process theorythe theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green.32
8685953099auditionthe sense or act of hearing.33
8685953100frequencythe number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time (for example, per second).34
8685953101pitcha tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency.35
8685953102middle earthe chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window.36
8685953103cochleaa coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses37
8685953104inner earthe innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs.38
8685953105place theoryin hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated.39
8685953106frequency theoryin hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch.40
8685953107conduction hearing losshearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea.41
8685953108sensorineural hearing losshearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; also called nerve deafness.42
8685953109cochlear implanta device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea.43
8685953110kinesthesisthe system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts.44
8685953111vestibular sensethe sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance.45
8685953112gate-control theorythe theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The "gate" is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain.46
8685953113sensory interactionthe principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste.47
8685953114gestaltan organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes48
8685953115figure-groundthe organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground).49
8685953116groupingthe perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups.50
8685953117depth perceptionthe ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance.51
8685953118visual cliffa laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals.52
8685953119binocular cuesdepth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes.53
8685953120retinal disparitya binocular cue for perceiving depth by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance—the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object.54
8685953121monocular cuesdepth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone.55
8685953122phi phenomenonan illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession.56
8685953123perceptual constancyperceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent shapes, size, lightness, and color) even as illumination and retinal images change.57
8685953124color constancyperceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object.58
8685953125perceptual adaptationin vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field.59
8685953126perceptual seta mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another.60
8685953127extrasensory perception (ESP)the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition.61
8685953128parapsychologythe study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis.62
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AP Biology Chapter 8 Flashcards

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7352477075metabolic pathwayA series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds.0
7352477076catabolic pathwayA metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds.1
7352477077anabolic pathwayA metabolic pathway that consumes energy to synthesize a complex molecule from simpler compounds.2
7352477078bioenergeticThe study of energy flow or energy transformations into and within living systems.3
7352477079energyThe ability to cause change.4
7352477080kinetic energyThe energy an object has due to its motion.5
7352477081thermal energyKinetic energy associated with the random movement of molecules or atoms.6
7352477082potential energyThe energy that an object has because it's position, shape, structure, location, or condition.7
7352477083chemical energyA form of potential energy that is stored in chemical bonds between atoms.8
7352477084thermodynamicsThe study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter.9
7352477085first law of thermodynamicsEnergy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.10
7352477086entropyA measure of disorder or randomness.11
7352477087second law of thermodynamicsEvery energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.12
7352477088spontaneous processA process that can occur without an input of energy.13
7352477089free energyMeasures the portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system, as in a living cell.14
7352477090exergonic reactionReaction that proceeds with a net release of free energy.15
7352477091endergonic reactionReaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings.16
7352477092energy couplingThe use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one.17
7352477093ATPA molecule used to store energy temporarily in organisms. The molecule is broken down to release energy to drive metabolic processes. Contains the sugar ribose, with the nitrogenous base adenine and a chain of three phosphate groups bonded to it.18
7352477094enzymeA protein that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed by the reaction.19
7352477095catalystA substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected20
7352477096activation energyThe amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur.21
7352477097substrateThe reactant on which an enzyme works.22
7352477098enzyme-substrate complexA temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule(s).23
7352477099active siteThe part of an enzyme molecule where a substrate molecule attaches (by means of weak chemical bonds); typically, a pocket or groove on the enzyme's surface.24
7352477100induced fitThe change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate, induced by entry of the substrate.25
7352477101cofactorAny nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme. They can be permanently bound to the active site or may bind loosely with the substrate during catalysis.26
7352477102coenzymeIf the cofactor is an organic molecule.27
7352477103competitive inhibitorAn enzyme inhibitor that competes with substrate for binding at the active site of teh enzyme. When the it is bound, no product can be made.28
7352477104noncompetitive inhibitorA substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate.29
7352477105allosteric regulationThe binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site.30
7352477106feedback inhibitionA method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway.31
7352477107Exergonic reaction32
7352477108Endergonic reaction33
7352477109ATP34
7352477110Normal binding35
7352477111Competitive inhibition36
7352477112Noncompetative inhibition37
7352477113Feedback inhibition38
7352477114Allosteric regulation39
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AP Psychology Unit 2 Flashcards

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6693567904hindsight biasThe tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it- "I knew it all along"0
6693567905critical thinkingIs rationally deciding what to believe or what to do. When one rationally decides something, he or she evaluates information to see if it makes sense, whether it's coherent, and whether the argument is well founded on evidence.1
6693567906validitythe extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to do2
6693567907theoryA hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data3
6693567908hypothesisA testable prediction, often implied by a theory4
6693567909operational definitionA statement of the procedures used to define research variables5
6693567910replicationreplicate the original study6
6693567911case studyAn observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.7
6693567912surveyA study, generally in the form of an interview or questionnaire, that provides researchers with information about how people think and act.8
6693567913populationthe whole group that you want to study and describe9
6693567914random sampleA sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion10
6693567915sampling biasflawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample11
6693567916naturalistic observationObserving and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation12
6693567917correlationA measure of the relationship between two variables13
6693567918correlation coefficientA statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)14
6693567919scatterplotA graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables.15
6693567920illusory correlationThe perception of a relationship where none exists16
6693567921experimentA research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process17
6693567922random assignmentAssigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups18
6693567923double-blind studyAn experiment in which neither the participant nor the researcher knows whether the participant has received the treatment or the placebo19
6693567924placebo effectExperimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active agent.20
6693567925experimental groupA subject or group of subjects in an experiment that is exposed to the factor or condition being tested.21
6693567926control groupIn an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.22
6693567927independent variable(statistics) a variable whose values are independent of changes in the values of other variables23
6693567928confounding variableA factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment.24
6693567929dependent varibalethe outcome factor the cariable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variables --what you are measuring (ex. obesity rates)25
6693567930modeMeasure of central tendency that uses most frequently occurring score.26
6693567931meanAverage27
6693567932medianA measure of center in a set of numerical data. The median of a list of values is the value appearing at the center of a sorted version of the list - or the mean of the two central values if the list contains an even number of values.28
6693567933rangeDistance between highest and lowest scores in a set of data.29
6693567934standard deviationA computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score.30
6693567935normal curvethe symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes.31
6693567936statistical significanceA statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance32
6693567937cultureBeliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.33
6693567938informed consentA written agreement to participate in a study made by an adult who has been informed of all the risks that participation may entail.34
6693567939debriefingA verbal description of the true nature and purpose of a study35
6693567940sampleA part of the population you are studying.36
6693567941how does overconfidence relate to everyday thinking?we tend to be more confident than correct and believe we know more than we actually do37
6693567942how do hindsight bias and overconfidence relate to intuition?leads us to overestimate our intuition38
66935679433 main components of scientific attitudecuriosity skepticism humility39
6693567944how do operational definitions keep biases in check?make sure that everyone is going by the same standards and is not changing how they see the data being studied40
6693567946a theory is useful if :- it effectively organizes a range of self-reports / observations and leads to a clear hypothesis that anyone can use to check a theory - it stimulates research to lead to a revised theory that better organizes and predicts what we know41
6693567947wording effect of a surveythe way a question or situation is presented affects how people feel about the matter (ex. better wording = more desired results)42
6693567948case studies, surveys, and naturalistic observations do not explain behavior, but rather ________ behaviordescribes43
6693567949positive correlationtwo variable rise and fall together, such as height and weight44
6693567950negative correlationvariables are related inversely, one goes up and the other goes down, such as inner speech and psychological distress45
66935679511 standard deviation68%46
66935679522 standard deviations95%47
66935679533 standard deviations99%48
6693567954z-score-3,-2,-1,1,2,3 standard deviaitons49
6693567957p-value0.0550
6693567958descriptive statisticsnumerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups, including measures of central tendency and variation51
6693567961measures of central tendencyrefers to how the data measures the center of a set of data52
6693567962skewed graphmode, median, and mean are different53
6693567963normal graphmode, median, and mean are same54
6693567964positive skewhigh outlier55
6693567965negative skewlow outlier56
6693567966measures of variabilitydepict diversity of the distribution (range, standard deviation)57
6693567967higher standard deviation =scores are less similar58
6693567968normal curve59
6693567969inferential statisticsnumerical data that allows one to generalize (T-tests, chi square, ANOVAS)60
6693567971descriptive stats vs. inferential statsd : allows us to summarize info about the sample studied i : determine whether or not findings can be applied to a larger population from which the sample was selected61
6693567972statistically significanthow likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance (p-value) averages are reliable differences between averages is relatively large implies importance of results62
6693567973culture (behavior)enduring behaviors ideas, attitudes, and how people perceive different situations, such as body shape, early sex, etc.63
6693567974collectivist culturegroup goals64
6693567975individualist culturesindividual goals65
6693567976ethics in researchinformed consent protection from harm/discomfort maintain confidentiality debriefing66
6693567977IRB (Institutional Review Board)any academic research needs to be proposed to their IRB, review for ethical violations and/or procedural errors67
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AP Biology Chapter 17 Flashcards

From Gene to Protein

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8258003291Gene Expressionprocess by which DNA directs synthesis of proteins0
8258003292Transcription-synthesis of RNA under direction of DNA -DNA serves as template for assembling complementary RNA molecule -resulting RNA molecule faithful transcript of gene's protein-building instructions -occurs in nucleus1
8258003293Messenger RNA (mRNA)RNA molecule that carries genetic message from DNA to protein synthesizing machinery of cell2
8258003294Translation-synthesis of polypeptide -occurs under direction of mRNA -change in language-cell must translate base sequence of mRnA molecule into amino acid sequence of polypeptide -occurs in cytoplasm3
8258003295Ribosomes-sites of translation -complex particles that facilitate orderly linking of amino acids into polypeptide chains4
8258003296Primary Transcriptinitial RNA transcript from any gene, including those coding for RNA that is not translated into protein5
8258003297Triplet Codegenetic instructions for polypeptide chain written in DNA as series of non-overlapping, 3 nucleotide words6
8258003298Template StrandDNA strand that provides pattern/template for sequence of nucleotides in RNA transcript7
8258003299CodonsmRNA base triplets written 5'-3' direction8
8258003300Reading Framegrapings w/ symbols w/ message that needs to be translated to written language9
8258003301RNA Polymerase-pries 2 strands of DNA apart -joins RNA nucleotides as they base pair along DNA template -assemble polynucleotides 5' -> 3' -can start chain from scratch-no primer needed10
8258003302PromoterDNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription11
8258003303Terminatorsequence that signals end of transcription in bacteria12
8258003304Transcription Unitstretch of DNA transcribed into RNA molecule13
8258003305Transcription Factorsproteins that mediate binding of RNA polymerase and initiation of transcription14
8258003306Transcription Initiation Complexcomplex of transcription factors and RNA polymerase II bound to promoter15
8258003307TATA Boxcrucial promoter DNA sequence16
8258003308RNA Processingenzymes in eukaryotic nucleus modify pre-mRNA in specific ways before genetic messages dispatched to cytoplasm17
82580033095' Capmodified form of guanine added onto 5' end after transcription 1. facilitates export of mature mRNA from nucleus 2. helps protect mRNA from degradation by hydrolytic enzymes 3. helps ribosomes attach to 5' end of mRNA once mRNA reaches cytoplasm18
8258003310poly-A Tail-50-250 more A nucleotides added to 3' end by enzyme 1. facilitates export of mature mRNA from nucleus 2. helps protect mRNA from degradation by hydrolytic enzymes 3. helps ribosomes attach to 5' end of mRNA once mRNA reaches cytoplasm19
8258003311RNA splicingremoval of large portions of RNA molecule initially synthesized20
8258003312Intronsnoncoding segments of nucleic acid that lie between coding regions21
8258003313Exonsnucleotide regions that are expressed, usually translated into amino acid sequences22
8258003314Spliceosomeinteracts w/ certain sites along introns, releasing intron and joining together 2 exons that flanked intron23
8258003315RibozymesRNA molecules that function as enzymes, can b/c: 1. RNA single stranded, region of RNA molecule may base-pair w/ complementary region elsewhere in same molecule-gives molecule particular 3D structure-essential to catalytic function of ribozymes, just like in enzymatic proteins 2. some RNA bases have functional groups that may participate in catalysis 3. ability of RNA to hydrogen bond w/ other nucleic acid molecules-adds specificity to catalytic activity24
8258003316Alternative RNA Splicingmany genes can give rise to 2+ polypeptides, depending on which segments are treated as exons during RNA processing -# different protein products > # genes25
8258003317Domainsfunctional regions part of protein architecture26
8258003318Transfer RNA (tRNA)transfer amino acids from cytoplasmic pool of AA to ribosome27
8258003319Anticodonnucleotide triplet that base pairs of complementary codon of mRNA28
8258003320Aminoacyl tRNA Synthetases-able to bind to different tRNAs that code for specific amino acid -catalyzes covalent attachment to tRNA -> aminoacyl tRNA released from enzyme -available to deliver AA to growing polypeptide chain of ribosome29
8258003321Wobbleflexible base pairing at codon position30
8258003322Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)made in nucleolus, make up ribosomal subunits31
8258003323P Site (peptidyl-tRNA site)holds tRNA carrying growing polypeptide chain32
8258003324A Site (aminoacyl-tRNA site)holds tRNA carrying next AA to be added in chain33
8258003325E Site (exit site)where discharged tRNAs leave ribosome34
8258003326Release Factorprotein that binds to stop codon @ A site35
8258003327Polyribosomes-strings of ribosomes trailing along mRNA -enables cells to make many copies of polypeptide quickly36
8258003328Signal Peptide-targets protein to ER -marks if polypeptide of proteins destined for endomembrane system or for secretion37
8258003329Signal Recognition Particle (SRP)brings ribosome to receptor protein into ER membrane38
8258003330Signal Mechanism for Targeting Proteins to ER1. polypeptide synthesis begins on free ribosome in cytosol 2. SRP binds to signal peptide, halting synthesis momentarily 3. SRP binds to receptor proteins in ER membrane (receptor is part of protein complex w/ membrane and signal cleaving enzyme) 4. SRP leaves, and polypeptide synthesis resumes w/ simultaneous translocation across membrane (signal peptide stays attached to translocation complex) 5. signal cleaving enzyme cuts off signal peptide 6. rest of complexed polypeptide leaves ribosome and folds into final conformation39
8258003331Mutations-change into genetic information of cell -responsible for huge diversity of genes found along organisms40
8258003332Point Mutations-chemical changes in a single base pair of a gene -if occurs in a gamete, can be transmitted to offspring and future generations41
8258003333Base Pair Substitutionsreplacement of one nucleotide and its partner w/ another pair of nucleotides42
8258003334Missense Mutations-change one amino acid to another -new amino acid may have properties similar to replaced amino acid, or may be in region where exact sequence of amino acids not essential to proteins functions43
8258003335Nonsense Mutation-change codon for amino acid into stop codon -causes translation to be terminated prematurely -resulting polypeptide shorter than polypeptide encoded by normal gene44
8258003336Insertionsadditions of nucleotide pairs in gene45
8258003337Deletionlosses of nucleotide pairs in gene46
8258003338Frameshift Mutations-# nucleotides inserted/deleted NOT multiple of 3 -may alter reading frame of genetic message47
8258003339Mutagenphysical and chemical agents that interact w/ DNA that cause mutations48
8258003340rRNAmakes up 60% of the ribosome; site of protein synthesis49
8258003341geneequals one RNA molecule50
8258003342snRNAsmall nuclear RNA51
8258003343srpRNAsignal recognition particle that binds to signal peptides52
8258003344RNAiInterference RNA53
8258003345ribozymeRNA molecule that functions as an enzyme54
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Unit 3 AP Psychology Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)

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7622237976biological psychologiststhe scientific study of the links between biological and psychological processes.0
7622237977neurona nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system.1
7622237978dendritesthe bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body.2
7622237979axonthe neuron extension that passes and electrical messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands.3
7622237980myelin sheatha layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next.4
7622237981action potentiala neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon.5
7622237982refractory perioda period of inactivity after a neuron has fired.6
7622237983thresholdthe level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.7
7622237984all-or-nothing responsea neuron's reaction of either firing or not firing.8
7622237985synapsethe junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or synaptic cleft.9
7622237986neurotransmitterschemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, they travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse.10
7622237987reuptakea neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron.11
7622237988endorphins"morphine within"—natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure.12
7622237989AgonistA chemical that mimics the action of a neurotransmitter.13
7622237990AntagonistsChemical substances that block or reduce a cell's response to the action of other chemicals or neurotransmitters.14
7622237991nervous systemthe body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems.15
7622237992Central nervous system (CNS)the brain and the spinal cord16
7622237993Peripheral nervous system (PNS)the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body17
7622237994nervesbundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs.18
7622237995sensory (afferent) neuronsneurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord.19
7622237996motor (efferant) neuronsneurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands.20
7622237997interneuronsneurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs.21
7622237998Somatic nervous systemthe division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles (skeletal nervous system)22
7622237999Autonomic nervous systemthe part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs. It's sympathetic system arouses and parasympathetic calms.23
7622238000Sympathetic nervous systemthe division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations. (If you get scared)24
7622238001Parasympathetic nervous systemthe division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy (Your PARents come home and calm you down)25
7622238002Reflexessimple, automatic responses to sensory stimuli, such as the knee-jerk response26
7622238003Endocrine systemthe body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream27
7622238004Hormoneschemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues28
7622238005Adrenal glandsa pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress29
7622238006Pituitary gland"THE MASTER GLAND" the endocrine system's most influential gland under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands30
7622238007Lesiontissue destruction. It can occur naturally or experimentally by the caused distruction/remove of brain tissues31
7622238008Electroencephalogram (EEG)An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.32
7622238009CT (computed tomography) scana series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representaion of a slice through the body. Aslo called a CAT scan33
7622238010(PET) Positron emission tomography scanA visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task.34
7622238011MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)a TECHNIQUE THAT USES MAGNETIC FIELDS AND RADIO WAVES TO PRODUCE COMPUTER generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissues.35
7622238012fMRI (functional MRI)A technique for revealing bloodflow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scans show brain function.36
7622238013Brainstemthe oldest part and central core of brain. AKA reticular formation, or reticular activating system. In charge of automatic survival functions37
7622238014MeduallaThe base of the brainstem. Controls heartbeat and breathing.38
7622238015Ponssleep and arousal39
7622238016Thalamusthe brains 'sensory switch board' Located at top of brainstem; directs messages to the sensory areas and transmits them to cerebellum and medulla.40
7622238017Reticular FormationPlays an important role in controlling arousal.41
7622238018Cerebellum"little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions including processing sensory input, coordinating movement output and balance, and enabling nonverbal learning and memory.42
7622238019Limbic systemA system of neural structures at the border of brainstem. Associated with emotions like fear, agression, and drives such as those for food and sex. Includes the Hippocampus, Amygdala and hypothalamus.43
7622238020Amygdala2Lima bean sized neural clusters in the limbic system, linked to emotion. Includes rage and fear.44
7622238021HippocampusLimbic system. Learning and memory matcher.45
7622238022hypothalamousA neural structure lying below the thalamus, it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature) helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.46
7622238023Cerebral cortexFabric of interconnected neuron cells. Higher order thinking. Takes meaning and puts it to focus. The body's ultimate control and information-processing center.47
7622238024Glial CellsCells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons.48
7622238025Frontal Lobesthe portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgements.49
7622238026Parietal lobesThe portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; includes the sensory cortex. Receives sensory input for touch and body position.50
7622238027Occipital lobesthe portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes the visual areas, which receive visual info from the opposite visual feild.51
7622238028Temporal lobesThe portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughyl above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each of which revieves aditory info primarily from the opposite end.52
7622238029motor cortexan area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements.53
7622238030somatosensory cortexthe area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations.54
7622238031association areasareas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking55
7622238032PlasticityThe brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience.56
7622238033NeurogenesisFormation of new neurons57
7622238034Corpus CallosumLarge band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them.58
7622238035Split BrainA conditioning resulting from surgery that isolates the brain's two hemispheres by cutting the fibers connecting them.59
7622238036Consciousnessour awareness of ourselves and our environment.60
7622238037Cognitive NeuroscienceThe interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition. (including perception, thinking, memory and language.)61
7622238038Dual Processinga phenomenon can occur in two different ways, or as a result of two different processes, The principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks62
7622238039behavior geneticsthe study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior63
7622238040environmentevery nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us, Every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us.64
7622238041chromosomesthreadlike structure made of DNA molecules that contain the genes65
7622238042DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) .(deoxyribonucleic acid) a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes66
7622238043genesthe biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; segments of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein67
7622238044genomethe complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes68
7622238045identical twins (monozygotic)twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms69
7622238046fraternal twins (dizygotic)twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs; no genetically closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment70
7622238047molecular geneticistssubfield of biology that study the molecular structure and function of genes71
7622238048heritabilitythe proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes; this may vary depending on population range and the environment being studied72
7622238049interactionthe interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity)73
7622238050epigeneticsThe study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change.74
7622238051evolutionary psychologistsThe study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection.75
7622238052natural selectionthe principle that, among range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations76
7622238053mutationsA random error in gene replication that leads to a change77
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AP - Poetry Terms Flashcards

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7802617735Abecedarian"poems most commonly used as mnemonic devices and word games for children, such as those written by Dr. Seuss and Edward Gorey.."0
7802617736AnaphoraA rhetorical figure of repetition in which the same word or phrase is repeated in (and usually at the beginning of) successive lines, clauses, or sentences. "As one of the world's oldest poetic techniques, it is used in much of the world's religious and devotional poetry, including numerous Biblical Psalms."1
7802617737Ballada poem or song narrating a story in short stanzas. Traditional ballads are typically of unknown authorship, having been passed on orally from one generation to the next as part of the folk culture. "Their subject matter dealt with religious themes, love, tragedy, domestic crimes, propaganda.?2
7802617738Ballade"One of the principal form of music and poetry in fourteenth and fifteenth-century France."3
7802617739Blues Poem"Typically takes on themes such as struggle, despair, and sex."4
7802617740The Bob"Not unlike the Shakespearean sonnet in trajectory, it is a form of poetic argument consisting of three stanzas."5
7802617741Cento"From the Latin word for 'patchwork,' it is a poetic form made up of lines from poems by other poets."6
7802617742Chance Operations"Can be almost anything from throwing darts and rolling dice, to the ancient Chinese deviation method, I-Ching, and even sophisticated computer programs." Structure of a piece created by chance. A piece that progresses through movement, a variable that will change, rolling of dice to create a sequence of pre-choreographed movements. This type of poem establishes a vocabulary and then, using a randomizing tool (like dice), creates a structured piece that uses chance to create said structure.7
7802617743CinquainA five line stanza "Examples can be found in many European languages and the origins of the form dates back to medieval French poetry."8
7802617744Dramatic Monologuea poem in the form of a speech or narrative by an imagined person, in which the speaker inadvertently reveals aspects of their character while describing a particular situation or series of events. "The poet speaks through an assumed voice - a character, a fictional identity, or a persona."9
7802617745EkphrasisDescription is "a composition bringing the subject clearly before the eyes." Like the encomium, the subjects may be persons, actions, times, places, animals, and growing things. "These modern poems have generally shrugged of antiquity's obsession with elaborate descriptions, and instead have tried to interpret, in, inhabit, confront, and speak to their subjects."10
7802617746ElegyA poem of mourning, usually about someone who has died. "The traditional poem mirrors three states of loss. First, there is a lament, then praise for the idealized dead, and finally consolation and solace."11
7802617747EpicA long narrative poem, written in heightened language, which recounts the deeds of a heroic character who embodies the values of a particular society. "Elements that typically distinguish this type of poem include superhuman deeds, fabulous adventures, highly stylized language, and a blending of lyrical and dramatic traditions."12
7802617748EpigramA brief witty poem, often satirical.13
7802617749EpistleA letter or literary composition in letter form. "poems - means 'letter' - are, quite literally, poems that read as letters."14
7802617750Found Poemcreated by taking words, phrases, and sometimes whole passages from other sources and reframing them as poetry by making changes in spacing and lines, or by adding or deleting text, thus imparting new meaning. "The literary equivalent of a collage, is often made from newspaper articles, street signs, graffiti, speeches, letters, or even other poems."15
7802617751Ghazal(n) (in Middle Eastern and Indian literature and music) a lyric poem with a fixed number of verses and a repeated rhyme, typically on the theme of love, and normally set to music. "Traditionally invoking melancholy, love, longing, and metaphysical questions, these poems are often sung by Iranian, Indian, and Pakistani musicians."16
7802617752HaibunJapanese form, pioneered by the poet Basho, and comprising a section of prose followed by haiku. They are frequently travelogues - as in Basho's The Records of a Travel-Worn Satchel (1688). In the best examples, the prose and haiku should work together to create an organic whole. "A journey composed of a prose poem and ending with a meaningful murmur of sorts: a haiku."17
7802617753Haiku3 unrhymed lines (5, 7, 5) usually focusing on nature. "Often focusing on images from nature, emphasized simplicity, intensity, and directness of expression."18
7802617754Limericka kind of humorous verse of five lines, in which the first, second, and fifth lines rhyme with each other, and the third and fourth lines, which are shorter, form a rhymed couplet. "A popular from in children's verse, this type of poem is often comical, nonsensical, and sometimes even lewd."19
7802617755Odea lyric poem in the form of an address to a particular subject, often elevated in style or manner and written in varied or irregular meter "Originally accompanied by music and dance, and later reserved by the Romantic poets to convey their strongest sentiments."20
7802617756Oulipo"Although poetry and mathematics often seem to be incompatible areas of study, this type of poem seeks to connect them."21
7802617757Pantoum"This type of poem originated in Malaysia in the fifteenth-century as a short folk poem folk poem, typically made up of two rhyming couplets that were recited or sung."22
7802617758Prose Poema passage that makes such extensive use of poetic language that the line between spoken language and poetry becomes blurred. "Just as black humor straddles the fine line between comedy and tragedy, so this type of poem plants one foot in spoken language, the other in poetry, both heals resting precariously on banana peels."23
7802617759PastoralOf relating to or being a literary or other artistic work that portrays or evokes rural life usually in an idealized way. "This tradition refers to a lineage of creative works that idealize rural life and landscapes."24
7802617760Renga"Began over 700 years ago in Japan to encourage the collaborative composition of poems."25
7802617761RondeauA form of medieval French poetry set to music, usually with a refrain and a verse. "This type of poetry began as lyric form in thirteenth-century France, popular among medieval court poets and musicians."26
7802617762SapphicRelating to a poetic verse pattern associated with Sappho. "The type of poem dates back to ancient Greece and is named for the poet, who left behind many poem fragments written in an unmistakable meter."27
7802617763SestinaA poem composed of six six-line stanzas and a three-line conclusion called an envoi. Each line ends with one of six key words. The alternation of these six words in different positions - but always at the ends of lines - the poems six stanzas creates a rhythmic verbal pattern that unifies the poem. "The thirty-nine-line form is attributed to Arnaut Daniel, the Provencal troubadour of the twelfth century."28
7802617764SonnetA lyric poem of fourteen lines, usually in iambic pentameter, with rhymes arranged according to certain definite patterns. It usually expresses a single, complete idea or thought with a reversal, twist, or change of direction in the concluding lines. "Means a 'little sound or song,' the sonnet is a popular classical form that has compelled poets for centuries."29
7802617765TankaA Japanese poem of five lines, the first and third composed of five syllables and the rest of seven. "One of the oldest Japanese forms, tanka originated in the seventh century, and quickly became the preferred verse form in the Japanese Imperial Court."30
7802617766Terza RimaAn arrangement of triplets, especially in iambs, that rhyme aba bcb cdc, etc., as in Dante's Divine Comedy. "Invented by the Italian poet Dante Allighiere in the late thirteenth century to structure his three-part epic poem, "The Divine Comedy"."31
7802617767TrioletA short poem of fixed form, having a rhyme scheme of ab, aa, abab, and having the first line repeated as the fourth and seventh lines, and the second line repeated as the eighth. The earliest poems were devotionals written by Patrick Carey, a seventeenth-century Benedictine monk."32
7802617768VillanelleA 19 line form using only two rhymes and repeating two of the lines according to a set pattern. "Strange as it may seem for a poem with such a rigid rhyme scheme, this type of poem did not start off as a fixed form.33
7802617769DenotationThe dictionary definition of a word34
7802617770ConnotationAn implied meaning of a word. Opposite of denotation. The implied of suggested meaning connected with a word.35
7802617771Literal MeaningLimited to the simplest, ordinary, most obvious meaning36
7802617772Figurative MeaningAssociative or connotative meaning; representational. When writing is meant to be understood at a deeper level. Figures of speech such as simile, metaphor, personification, and other techniques are used to create more vivid, interesting images.37
7802617773MeterA regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry. Measured pattern of rhythmic accents in a line of verse.38
7802617774RhymeCorrespondence of sound between words or the endings of words, especially when these are used at the ends of lines of poetry.39
7802617775ApostropheA figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. A direct address of an inanimate object, abstract qualities, or a person not living or present. Example: "Beware, of Asparagus, you've stalked my last meal."40
7802617776HyberboleDeliberate exaggeration for effect (the opposite of understatement). Example: "I'm so hungry I could eat a horse."41
7802617777MetaphorA comparison that establishes a figurative identity between objects being compared. A comparison between essentially unlike things without using words or application of a name or description to something to which it is not literary applicable. Example: "[Love] is an ever fixed mark, /that looks on tempests and is never shaken."42
7802617778MetonymyA closely related term substituted for an object or idea. Example: "We have always remained loyal to the crown."43
7802617779OxymoronA combination of two words that appear to contradict each other. Example: "Bittersweet"44
7802617780ParadoxA situation or phrase that appears to be contradictory but which contains a truth worth considering. Example: "In order to preserve peace, we must prepare for war."45
7802617781PersonificationThe endowment of inanimate objects or abstract concepts with animate or living qualities. Example: "Time let me play / and be golden in the mercy of his means."46
7802617782PunPlay on words or a humorous use of a single word or sound with two or more implied meanings; quibble. Example: "They're call lessons...because they lessen from day to day."47
7802617783SimileComparison between two essentially unlike things using words such as "like," "as," or "as though." Example: "My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun"48
7802617784SynecdocheA part substituted for the whole. Example: "Friends, Romans, countrymen: lend me your ears"49
7802617785IronyA contradiction of expectation between what is said and what is meant (verbal) or what is expected in a particular circumstance or behavior (situational), or when a character speaks in ignorance of a situation known to the audience or other characters (situational) Example: "Time held me green and dying / Though I sang in my chains like the sea"50
7802617786ImageryWord or sequence of words representing a sensory experience (visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile, and gustatory) Example: "Bells knelling classes to a close (auditory)51
7802617787SynsthesiaAn attempt to fuse different senses by describing one in terms of another. Example: "The sound of her voice was sweet"52
7802617788SymbolAn object or action that stands for something beyond itself Example: White = innocence, purity, hope.53
7802617789AlliterationThe repetition of consonant sounds, particularly at the beginning of words. Example: "like a wanderer white" or "Peter Piper picked a pail of pickles."54
7802617790AssonanceThe repetition of similar vowel sounds. Example: "I rose and told him of my woe"55
7802617791ElisionThe omission of an unstressed vowel or syllable to preserve the meter of a line of poetry. Example: "Th' expense of spirit in a waste of shame."56
7802617792OnomatopoeiaThe use of words to imitate the sounds they describe. Example: "crack" or "whir"57
7802617793AllusionA reference to the person, event, or work outside the poem or literary piece. Example: "Shining, it was Adam and maiden"58
7802617794Open PoetryPoetic form free from regularity and consistency in elements such as rhyme, line, length, and metrical form.59
7802617795Closed PoetryPoetry that follows a particular shape, stanza count, meter, or rhyme scheme. Poetic form subject to a fixed structure and pattern.60
7802617796StanzaUnit of a poem often repeated in the same form throughout a poem; a unit of poetic lines ("verse paragraph")61
7802617797CoupletA pair of lines, usually rhymed62
7802617798Heroic CoupletA pair of rhymed lines in iambic pentameter (tradition of the heroic epic form)63
7802617799Quatrainfour-line stanza or grouping of four lines of verse.64
7802617800SonnetFourteen line poem in iambic pentameter with a prescribed rhyme scheme; its subject is traditionally that of love.65
7802617801English (Shakespearean) SonnetA sonnet probably made popular by William Shakespeare with the following rhyme scheme: abab cdcd efef gg66
7802617802Sestet6 line stanza67
7802617803Italian (Petrarchan) SonnetA form of sonnet made popular by Petrarch with the following rhyme scheme: abbaabba cdecde or cdcdcd Its first octave generally presents a thought, picture, or emotion, while its final sestet presents and explanation, comment or summary.68
7802617804StressGreater amount of force used to pronounce one syllable over another.69
7802617805Pause(Caesura) A pause for a beat in the rhythm of the verse (often indicated by a line break or a mark of punctuation)70
7802617806Rising MeterMeter containing metrical feet that move from unstressed to stressed syllables.71
7802617807Iambic (Iamb)A metrical foot containing two syllable-- the first is unstressed, while the second is stressed.72
7802617808Anapestic (anapest)A metrical foot containing three syllables--the first two are unstressed, while the last is stressed73
7802617809Falling MeterMeter containing metrical feet that move from stressed to unstressed syllables.74
7802617810Trochaic (Trochee)A metrical foot containing two syllables--the first is stressed, while the second is unstressed.75
7802617811Dactylic (dactyl)A metrical foot containing three syllables--the first is stressed while the last two are unstressed76
7802617812SpondeeAn untraditional metrical foot in which two consecutive syllables are stressed.77
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