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AP Vocabulary Flashcards

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7375933593drama of the absurdA type of drama, allied to comedy, radically nonrealistic in both content and presentation, that emphasizes the absurdity, emptiness, or meaninglessness of life.0
7375940664apostropheA figure of speech in which someone absent or dead or something nonhuman is addressed as if it were alive and present and could reply.1
7375940665artistic unityThat condition of a successful literary work whereby all its elements work together for the achievement of its central purpose. In an artistically unified work nothing is included that is irrelevant to the central purpose, nothing is omitted that is essential to it, and the parts are arranged in the most effective order for the achievement of that purpose.2
7375942435asideA brief speech in which a character turns from the person being addressed to speak directly to the audience; a dramatic device for letting the audience know what a character is really thinking or feeling as opposed to what the character pretends to think or feel.3
7375945104caesuraA speech pause occurring within a line.4
7376060565amiableFriendly and agreeable in disposition; good-natured and likable.5
7376064795exuberantFull of unrestrained enthusiasm or joy.6
7376064796ecstaticMarked by or expressing ecstasy.7
7376064797elevatedFormal; lofty; Elated in feeling or mood.8
7376067578sprightlyFull of spirit and vitality; In a lively, animated manner.9
7460403440Flat characterA character whose distinguishing moral qualities or personal traits are summed up in one or two traits.10
7460413052Foil characterA minor character whose situation or actions parallel those of a major character, and thus by contrast sets off or illuminates the major character; most often the contrast is complimentary to the major character.11
7460427691Round characterA character whose distinguishing moral qualities or personal traits are complex and many-sided. .12
7460436745Static characterA character who is the same sort of person at the end of a work as at the beginning.13
7460441819Stock characterA stereotyped character: one whose nature is familiar to us from prototypes in previous literature.14
7509000417despairinglack of hope15
7509000418bleakbare, desolate, without hope or encouragement16
7509003675melancholya gloomy state of mind, especially when habitual or prolonged; depression; sober thoughtfulness; pensiveness17
7509003676regretfulsorrowful because of what is lost, gone, or done.18
7509009576forebodinga strong inner feeling or notion of a future misfortune, evil, etc.; presentiment.19
7649227784connotationwhat a word suggests beyond its basic dictionary definition; a word's overtones of meaning20
7649241722consonancethe repetition at close intervals of the final consonant sounds of accented syllables or important words21
7649250581denotationthe basic definition or dictionary meaning of a word22
7649255121English or Shakespearean sonnetA 14 line poem with the rhyme scheme: ababcdcdefefgg. Content parallels rhyme scheme with 3 quatrains and a concluding couplet. Sometimes follows octave and sestet with break coming at end of 8th line.23
7649271939epiphanya moment or event in which a character achieves a spiritual insight into life or into her or his own circumstances.24
7649278285accommodatingeasy to deal with; eager to help or please; obliging.25
7649283829tendersoft or delicate in substance; not hard or tough; weak or delicate in constitution; not strong or hardy.26
7649289370cordialcourteous and gracious; friendly; warm; invigorating the heart; stimulating27
7649312429solicitousanxious or concerned; careful or particular; eager28
7649320316confidingtrustful; credulous or unsuspicious29
7920157780metonymyFigure of speech in which some significant aspect or detail of an experience is used to represent the whole experience. Example: The White House in place of the president.30
7920160194satireA kind of literature that ridicules human folly or vice with the purpose of bringing about reform or of keeping others from falling into similar folly or vice.31
7920160195synecdocheFigure of speech in which a part is used for the whole. Example: Wheels as an expression for a car.32
7920162261synesthesiaPresentation of one sense experience in terms usually associated with another sensation.33
7920162262toneThe writer's or speaker's attitude toward the subject, the audience or herself/himself; the emotional coloring or meaning of a work.34
7920164565graveserious or solemn manner or appearance35
7920164566ominousgiving the impression that something bad or unpleasant is going to happen; threatening; inauspicious36
7920167632appallingcausing shock or dismay; horrific37
7920167633agitatedfeeling or appearing troubled or nervous38
7920171303tremulousshaking or quivering slightly; timid; nervous39
8606438128AbsurdismA philosophy based on the belief that the universe is irrational and meaningless and that the search for order brings the individual into conflict with the universe40
8606441674ExistentialismA chiefly 20th century philosophical movement embracing diverse doctrines but centering on analysis of individual existence in an unfathomable universe and the plight of the individual who must assume ultimate responsibility for acts of free will without any certain knowledge of what is right or wrong or good or bad.41
8606446333NihilismA viewpoint that traditional values and beliefs are unfounded and that existence is senseless and useless; a doctrine that denies any objective ground of truth and especially of moral truths42
8606455797AbhorrentDisgusting; loathsome; repellent/feeling repugnance or loathing43
8606459399AcerbicHarsh or severe; caustic; vitriolic44
8606472876AdmonitoryCautionary; warning45
8606475523AudaciousFearlessly daring; bold; lacking restraint or circumspection; arrogantly insolent46
8606479957BaffledPuzzled; confounded; bewildered47
8606490333BanalRepeating a worn out conversation or type; unaffecting and drearily predictable; trite; ordinary; boring; commonplace; mundane; pedestrian.48
8606504603BucolicOf or characteristic of the countryside; peaceful or serene.49
8606508367RomanticismA style of art, literature, etc., during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that emphasized the imagination and emotions.50
8606513752RealismA manner of treating subject matter that presents a careful description of everyday life, usually of the lower and middle classes. A theory of writing in which the ordinary, familiar, or mundane aspects of life are represented in a straightforward or matter-of-fact manner that is presumed to reflect life as it actually is.51
8606526458RegionalismThe theory or practice of emphasizing the characteristics of locale or setting, as by stressing local speech. Often referred to as local color.52
8606531715ImpressionismA theory and practice in literature that emphasizes immediate aspects of objects or actions without attention to details. Tells but doesn't interpret.53
8606532356VerisimilitudeThe appearance or semblance of truth; likelihood; probability.54
8606556238EnnuiA feeling of utter weariness and discontent resulting from satiety or lack of interest; boredom.55
8606579056ClinicalPertaining to or connected with a clinic; pertaining to direct observation and treatment of patients; objective, detached.56
8606581705CondemningExpressing disproval of; censuring; criticizing; to pronounce judgement against; to sentence; to doom57
8606594275Condescendingto come down voluntarily to the level of inferiors with whom one is dealing; deign; to deal with people in a patronizing manner; patronizing; belittling58
8606600997ContentiousArgumentative; quarrelsome; belligerent; bellicose; fractious59
8606624427DerisiveMocking; scoffing60
8606638138DesultoryMoving or jumping from one thing to another; disconnected; rambling; occurring; haphazardly; random61
8606644795Didacticintended to instruct; expository; morally instructive62
8606649230DisparagingTo belittle; slight; to reduce in esteem or rank; condescending; patronizing63
8606653132DogmaticCharacterized by an authoritative, arrogant assertion of unproved or improvable principles.64
8606657661ElegiacExpressing sorrow; mournful; plaintive65
8606662883ElitistA sense of being part of a superior or privileged group; arrogant; pompous; haughty66
8606667981EloquentPersuasive, fluent and graceful in discourse; highly, vividly or movingly expressive of emotion.67
8606674655EmbitteredTo be filled with resentment; hostile68
8606682638EruditeDeeply learned; scholarly; intellectual69
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AP Final Flashcards

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8359649374LatitudeThe distance north and south of the equator0
8359654007the worldOf these the map using the smallest map scale would be1
8359673664HierarchicalThe use and speed of English in the 19th century India is an example of what type of diffusion.2
8359734737South AmericaNot considered one of the worlds most densely populated regions3
8359747192Thematic MapMap presenting a single class of statistics4
8359757238topographic mapwhat type?5
8359774194Thematic MapIf you wanted to find the global distribution of coal you would use what type of map.6
8359800342386 miles west of Madrid and 664 miles south of ParisWhich statement describes the relative location of Barcelona, Spain.7
8359810540Its part of landscape made by humanWhich best explains why the above image is considered part of the built environment8
8359842386a jet because it strengthens the connection between distant places.Which technology had the greatest effect on the application of the distance-decay function.9
8359877923cultureOne way possibilism differs from environmental determinism is that is emphasizes...10
83598845522800 NE Shoal Creek Parkway, Kansas City, MOWhich is absolute location11
8360011412possibilismthe idea that people and not their environment are the forces that create cultural development is called12
8360034518globalizationthe increasing of interconnectedness of different parts of the world through economic, political, and global interaction is called13
8360053302potatoes are not profitable when grown in cooler climateswhat is best represented by the potato map14
8360073216distance to the nearest citywhich of the following is not used by geographers to determine absolute location15
8360087611a natural boundarythe rio grande is an example of...16
8360112098absolute locationThe latitude and longitude coordinates of a place are an example of...17
8360141323cultural imperialismconcept where physical geographers factors such as soils, climate and resources shape and specific culture groups behavior and practices is..18
8360157820A location on earths surface with a distinctive characteristics"Place" in human geography can be defined as19
8360177186a responce or adaptation to peoples surrounding environmentHuman environment interaction can be best defined as20
8360239916easily definedregions share all of these characteristics except21
8360274082waterways and portsmajor population centers in Canada are mainly located near located near natural resource locations for minerals oils and22
8360297138decreases the relative distance between placesThe effect of internet effectivity on global communication and business is that23
8360321203the combined influences of physical geography of the regionThe theory that environmental determinism generalizes a regions culture as being shaped by24
8360417974high death rates for women and children in childbirthThe country represented by the population pyramid above is most likely characterized by25
8360433806Physiological population densityThe pressure that people place on the land to produce enough food is measured by26
8360504624stages 2 and 3Which stages of the DTM is a counties development most likely to increase27
8360515665volume of migration and the distance between source and destinationThe gravity model describes the inverse relationship between28
8360607660a rapidly aging populationThe Chinese governments population policies since 1979 have resulted in29
8360622411population growth in the future will be checked by famine, disease, and warWhat was predicted by Thomas Malthus in the late 18th century30
8360728036out migrationSierra Leone, Liberia, Sudan, and Rwanda are all areas that have experiences31
8360740480MigrationRavenstein's demographic studies focused mainly on32
8360765972circular migrationWhich from of migration are farmers most likely to practice during the year.33
8360779654Their families already live thereAll of the following are reasons major cities attract young people in Latin America EXEPT34
8360784416In continental marginsthe population tends to be concentrated35
8360784443Ugandawhich country is best represented by a population pyramid with a broad base that slopes quickly to a narrow top36
8360790582South Americawhich one of these regions is not considered a densely populated region37
8360817819Canadas third major migration stream came from Latin AmericaWhich statement regarding historical North America migration streams is NOT correct38
8361148309improved birth control methodswhich has little or no impact on mortality rates in developing countries39
8361168278gender numbers are nearly identical until older age cohort is reachedaccording to the population pyramid above which is correct40
8361190262health carewhich of the following is a major concern in countries with large and rapidly aging populations41
8361207202high birth rates with high but fluctuating death ratesstage one of the DTM shows42
8361218573africawhich continent has the highest fertility rates43
8361236552Ravensteinthe theory that most migration occurs over short distance and in steps is attributed to44
8361251654technology's ability to raise the earths carrying capacitythe key factor that Thomas Malthus failed to recognize in his population theory was45
8361318001Intervening opportunityIf something better comes along and gets in the way of you moving somewhere else46
8361350389high quality agricultural landthe nile river valley has the greatest concentration of population in Egypt because of its47
8361376595Overcrowding in countries in stages 2 and 3 of the DTM pushes migrants to stage 4 and 5 countries in search of economic opportunityWhich best represents Zelinsky's model of migration in the DTM48
8361427148Texas and Los AngelesAccording to the gravity model of migration, in which state and city of the US would Mexican migrants be most likely to live49
8361633238immigrationproblems arose on the Mexico- US boundary because of50
8361658685Romancewhich language family contains Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and Romanian51
8361665598Englishglobal lingua franca52
8361687372sanskrit recordshistorically the worlds major languages have spread by all of the following methods exept53
8361701522southern prairie provinces- African Americanswhich one of the following North American associations is not correct54
8361727940dove symbolexample of non-material culture55
8361750047isoglossesvariations in vocabulary, pronunciation, and rhythm in a spoken language are called56
8361769829hunting and gatheringthe way of life based on the following nomadic animals and using them as source of food, shelter, and clothing is called57
8361805447Mandarin Chinesethe languages with the most amount of speakers is58
8361815038a slash and burn agricultural societywhich is most likely to experience population pressure59
8361845120posibilismthe idea that people, and not their environment, are the forces that create cultural development is called60
8362103510Spainin what country are most Basque speakers found61
8362111449a common European languageWhich is NOT a key milestone reached by the European Union62
8362128895Hindu and BuddhistWhich pair of religions below share a long-held traditional cremation their dead63
8362142542indo EuropeanWhich family do most European languages belong to64
8362159257cultural pluralisma society in which two or more population groups coexist while maintaining their unique culture demonstrates65
8362179071religious buildingwhich structures occupy the center of historic/ ancient cities66
8362213482the combined influences of the physical geography of the regionthe theory of environmental determinism generalizes a regions culture as being shaped by67
8362249633cultural globalizationthe effects of increasing worldwide use of the internet, popularity of Hollywood movies and consumption of other English language media would be examples of68
8362293269infectious disease introduced by European explorers and coloniststhe large scale mortality in population of Native Americans during the decades following European settlement from 1492 onward was vastly the result of69
8362312435poorly-define fuzzy boarders which overlap other cultural regionsthe boarders of South or Dixie as a cultural region are70
8362346369Ste.- Anne de Bellevue, St.- Jean-Baptiste, VincennesWhich of the following place-name lists are characteristics of a French cultural landscape71
8362372724Native Americans and EuropeansThe identity of mestizos in Latin America is a mixture of cultural heritage from72
8362432999linga francathe use of the English language by all commercial airline pilots worldwide for the purpose of air-traffic control safety would be an example of73
8362448566French and Canadian government funding for production of French -language movieswhich is an example of a government policy protecting against cultural globalization74
8362510962ArabicSpain, Morocco, and Pakistan share commonalities in cultural landscape all influenced by what culture75
8362534772Native American, African, and EuropeanThe creole culture found in and around and around the Caribbean and gulf of Mexico is a mix of the following influences76
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AP World Chapter 10 Flashcards

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7533898985Classical Greek LearningKnown in Western Europe, an infusion of Greek rationalism into Europe's universities in the 11th century shaped intellectual development for several centuries; featured the philosophies of Aristotle, Plato and Socrates0
7533927548Byzantine EmpireTerm used by modern historians to refer to the surviving eastern Roman Empire during the medieval centuries; named after the ancient Greek city Byzantium, on the site of which the Roman emperor Constantine founded a new capital, Constantinople, in 330 CE1
7533966542caesaropapismA political-religious system in which the secular ruler is also head of the religious establishment, as in the Byzantine Empire2
7533975622CharlemagneRuler of the Carolingian Empire (r. 768-814) who staged an imperial revival in Western Europe.3
7534059358Eastern Orthodox ChristianityBranch of Christianity that developed in the eastern part of the Roman Empire and gradually separated, mostly on matters of practice, from the branch of Christianity dominant in Western Europe; noted for the subordination of the Church to political authorities, a married clergy, the use of leavened bread in the Eucharist, and insistence on church councils as the ultimate authority in Christian belief and practice.4
7534085727Roman Catholic ChristianityWestern European branch of Christianity that gradually defined itself as separate from Eastern Orthodoxy, with a major break in 1054 CE, that has still not been healed; "Roman Catholic" was not commonly used until after the Protestant Reformation,Western Christendom defined itself in centralized terms, with the bishop of Rome (the pope) as the ultimate authority in matters of doctrine5
7534748444ConstantinopleNew capital for the eastern half of the Roman Empire, established by Emperor Constantine in 330 Ce on the site of the ancient Greek city of Byzantium; Constantinople's highly defensible and economically important site helped assure the city's cultural and strategic importance for many centuries6
7534765672CrusadesModern term meaning "ventures of the cross," used to describe the "holy wars" waged by Western Christendom from 1095 CE until the end of the Middle Ages and beyond; Crusades could only be declared by the pope and were marked by participants swearing a vow and receiving an indulgence in return.7
7534787269Cyril and Methodius9th century Byzantine missionaries to the Slavs whose development of Cyrillic script made it possible to write Slavic languages8
7534799044CyrillicAlphabet based on Greek letters that was developed by Byzantine missionaries, Cyril and Methodius, to write Slavic languages.9
7534810977European citiesWestern Europe saw a major process of urbanization beginning in the 11th century, with towns that created major trade networks and that were notable for the high degree of independence they often enjoyed10
7534821144Greek fireform of liquid fire that could be sprayed at the enemy; invented by the Byzantines and very important in the efforts to halt the Arab advance into Byzantine territory11
7534832231guildAn association formed by people pursuing the same line of work that regulates their professions and also provides a social and religious network for members12
7534841968Holy Roman EmpireTerm invented in the 12th century CE to describe the Germany-based empire founded by Otto I in 962 CE13
7534851474hybrid civilizationThe distinctive path of Western Europe in the centuries following the fall of the western Roman Empire, leading to a society that included elements of ancient Rome, the practices of Germanic invaders who formed new states, Christianity, and elements of pre-Roman culture that still survived14
7534877094iconoclasmThe destruction of holy images; a term most often used to describe the Byzantine state policy of image destruction from 726 to 843 CE15
7534886165indulgenceA remission of the penalty (penance) for confessed sin that could be granted only by a pope, at first to Crusaders and later for a variety of reasons16
7534894670JustinianByzantine emperor (r. 5270565 CE) noted for his short-lived reconquest of much of the former western Roman Empire and for his codification of Roman law.17
7534906836Kievan RusState that emerged around the city of Kiev in the 9th century CE; a culturally diverse region that included Vikings as well as Finnic, and Baltic peoples. The conversion of Vladimir, the grand price of Kiev, to Orthodox Christianity in 988 CE had long-term implications for Russia18
7534926143natural philosophyThe scientific study of nature which developed, especially in Europe, in the later Middle Ages19
7534935250Otto IKing of Germany (r. 936-973 Ce) who built a consolidated German-northern Italian state and was crowned emperor in 962 CE, creating what became known in time as the "Holy Roman Empire"20
7534952757system of competing statesThe distinctive organization of Western European political life that developed after the fall of the western Roman Empire in the 5th century CE in which the existence of many small, independent states encouraged military and economic competition21
7534966389VikingsScandinavian raiders who had an impact on much of Western Europe in the late 8th to 11th centuries; their more peaceful cousins also founded colonies including Newfoundland, Greenland, and Iceland22
7534978119Prince VladimirGrand prince of Kiev (r. 978-1015 CE) whose conversion to Orthodox Christianity led to the incorporation of Russia into the sphere of Eastern Orthodoxy.23
7535026734Ottoman EmpireA Muslim empire based in Turkey that lasted from the 1300's CE to 1922.24
7535038543Germanic KingdomsThey began to replace Roman provinces in Western Europe in the years of upheaval between 400 and 600 CE. The borders of the kingdoms changed constantly with the fortunes of war25
7535051207NestorianismA form of Christianity that emerged in the 5th century Ce. It was based upon the teachings of Nestor who taught, essentially, that Jesus was two beings at the same time. Usually practiced outside Europe. Was briefly very influential in China26
7535070542AriusA man that was the cause for doctrinal dissensions of the church in the early 4th century Ce because he believed that Jesus, being created by his Father, was inferior to God, meaning he was only demi-devine. This was ruled as heresy at the Council of Nicaea in 325 CE27
7535088734Council of NicaeaA council called by Constantine in 325 CE in order to solidify further teachings of Christianity. In Nicaea in Anatolia (Turkey,) the Church leaders wrote the Nicene Creed, which defines the basic beliefs of many Christian churches28
7535112279NestoriusBishop of Constantinople who called for the council of Ephesus because he believed Jesus was 2 persons, started Nestorian branch of the Christian Church29
7535123040BezantA gold coin of the Byzantine Empire30
7535126885BulgarsAsiatic people, defeated the Eastern Roman forces, took possession of the lower Danube Valley, set up a strong Bulgarian kingdom31
7535134629FranksA Germanic people who settled in the Roman province of Gaul (France).32
7535142515RussificationA tsarist program that required non-Russians to speak only Russian and proved education only for those groups loyal to Russia33
7535159506WodenThe supreme god in the Anglo-Saxon pantheon. He had magical healing powers, a tricky nature, and strength in battle, Anglo-Saxon kings claimed to be his descendants. Namesake for "Wednesday".34
7535172374ThorImportant God in the Norse pantheon. Namesake for "Thursday".35
7535178978FeudalismA political, economic, and social system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land (serfs)36
7535194303VernacularThe common speech of the masses. They were the alternative to Latin, the language of the learned. The late Middle Ages saw the rise of this form of literature which began to flourish in the 14th century and is exemplified by the works of Petrarch (1304-1374), Boccaccio (1313-1375) and Chaucer (134201400). Though Latin remained the universal tongue of scholarship, politics, and the Church in Western Europe until after the Middle Ages and the Reformation37
7535229472High Middle AgesAge of Faith (1000-1300 CE) People all over western Europe began to look to the Church and to the people to provide moral and spiritual leadership. spurred on by the success of the Gregorian reform movement, this was a time of vast increase in the power and reputation of the Church and papacy38
7535248895Italian City-StatesVenice, Milan, Florence, Naples39
7535251534Baltic TradeFish, salt, wood, beeswax, furs, rye, wheat, cloth, and wine. Items traded on the sea around the north of Europe40
7535273803Hildegard of BingenAbbess of a religious house in Western Germany; one of the first important female composers and contributors to Gregorian chant; had visions and was mystic and prophet to kings, popes, emperors and priests (1098--1179 CE)41
7535296726BeguinesIndependent communities of laywomen that first emerged in Europe in the High Middle Ages/ They had no rule or permanent religious vows, but they shared a form of common life and engaged in contemplative prayer or ministries of caring for the sick and poor42
7535350585Julian of NorwichFemale hermit and anchoress (lived in a room attached to a church) who spoke about Jesus in feminine terms.43
7535359776Three-field systemA system of farming developed in medieval Europe, in which farm land was divided into three field of equal size and each of these was successively planted with a winter crop, planted with a spring crop, and left un-planted44
7535371886Scratch PlowPlow used before the heavy plow ( c. 500 CE) and was pulled by man and less successful in mixing soil45
7535382047Heavy PlowDevice of the 6th century CE permitting the turning of heavy northern soils of Europe, rotating crops, and increased agricultural production.46
7535392186WindmillAn engine powered by the wind designed to produce energy from an inexhaustible source. Adopted in Europe c. 12th and 13th centuries.47
7535407655Water-driven millAn engine powered by rivers adopted in Europe by the ninth century CE48
7535410784GunpowderAn invention originating in China but adopted in Europe by the 14th century49
7535416886Roger BaconEnglish scientist and Franciscan monk who stressed the importance of experimentation and helped lay important foundations for science (c. 1260 CE)50
7535425079TertullianFather of Latin theology (c. 150-225 CE) He disliked the influence of Greek Rationalism on Christianity and is famously quoted as saying "What has Athens to do with Jerusalem?"51
7535448533Anselm(1033-1109) Archbishop of Canterbury best known for is Ontological Argument for the existence of God (God is the being that has all perfections, existence is a perfection, therefor God must exist).52
7535464227Bernard of Clairvaux(1090-1153) Christian thinker who emphasized the role of faith in preference to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God; successfully challenged Abelard and had him driven from the universities53
7535476126Peter Abelard(1079-1142) A brilliant orator and very influential Christian thinker who was very controversial; first for his affair with his teenage charge, and then for his unorthodox views. One of the pioneers of Scholasticism54
7535495259Adelard of Bath(1080-1142) This man traveled to Spain, translated Ptolemy and Euclid's Elements and gave Europe astronomy and geometry. He himself also observed light travels faster than sound and believed God was and explanation reserved only for when others failed.55
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AP Biology Chapter 11 Flashcards

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6983812005signal transduction pathwayThe process by which a signal on a cell's surface is converted into a specific cellular response.0
6983812006hormonesCirculating chemical signals that are formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluids, and act on specific target cells.1
6983812007ligandA molecule that specifically binds to another molecule, often a larger one.2
6983812008protein kinaseThe enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to protein.3
6983812009second messengersSmall, non-protein water soluble molecules or ions that send messages throughout the cells by diffusion.4
6983812010receptionThe target cell's detection of a signal molecule coming from outside the cell.5
6983812011transductionThe binding of the signal molecule changes the receptor protein in some way.6
6983812012responseThe transduced signal finally triggers a specific cellular response.7
6983812013G-protein-linked receptorA plasma membrane receptor that works with the help of a G-protein.8
6983812014receptor tyrosine kinaseA receptor with enzymatic activity that can trigger more than one signal transduction pathway at once, helping the cell regulate and coordinate many aspects of cell growth and reproduction.9
6983812015ligand-gated ion channelType of membrane receptor that has a region that can act as a "gate" when the receptor changes shape.10
6983812016paracrineLocal Signaling. A secreting cell acts on nearby target cells by discharging molecules of a local regulator into the extracellular fluid. Ex: Growth Factors.11
6983812017synapticLocal Signaling. Occurs in animal nervous system, nerve releases neurotransmitter molecules into synapse, stimulating target cell.12
6983812018endocrineLong distance signaling. Signals sent into blood stream, message may reach all body cells.13
6983812019cyclic AMPcAMP (a second messenger) activates another protein, usually protein kinase A, leading to cellular response.14
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Ap Government Unit 1 Flashcards

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8731126557Elite-Class TheoryA belief that certain groups hold disproportionate power in a political system0
8731126558Pluralist TheoryA theory of government and politics emphasizing that politics is mainly a competition among groups, each one pressing for its own preferred policies. Because many groups compete, there is not an elite group that dominates. Compromise is common.1
8731126559Articles of Confederation1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade) Each state retained sovereignty, the ability to act independently of the Confederation. Each state had equal representation in a unicameral (single house) legislature.2
8731126560Shays' rebellionRebellion led by farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.3
8731126561Checks and BalancesA system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power4
8731126562Separation of powersA way of dividing the power of government among the legislative, executive, and judicial branch to prevent tyranny.5
8731126563Popular sovereigntyA government in which the people rule by their own consent.6
8731126564BicameralA legislature consisting of two parts, or houses with separate rules7
8731126565FederalistsThose who favored a stronger national government and weaker state governments. Supported the ratification of the Constitution.8
8731126566Anti-FederalistThose who favored strong state governments and a weaker national government. Advocated for a bill of rights to formally address individual and state rights. Concerned about the concentration of power in a central government under the Constitution.9
8731126567FederalismA system of government in which power and responsibilty is divided between the federal and state governments10
8731126568Supremacy clauseArticle VI of the Constitution, which makes the Constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits. (ex. McCulloch v. Maryland)11
8731126569Virginia PlanInitial proposal at the Constitutional Convention made by the Virginia delegation for a strong central government with a bicameral legislature dominated by the big states.12
8731126570New Jersey PlanProposal at the Constitutional Convention made by William Paterson of New Jersey for a central government with a single-house legislature in which each state would be represented equally.13
8731126571Connecticut or Great CompromiseCompromise agreement by states at the Constitutional Convention for a bicameral legislature with a lower house in which representation would be based on population and an upper house in which each state would have two senators.14
8731126572Republican DemocracyFormat chosen by Founding Fathers. People vote for representatives who then make laws. People do not vote directly on legislation.15
8731126573Three fifths clauseslave counted as 3/5 of a person for population counts to determine how many representatives.16
8731126574Federalist PapersA collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail.17
8731126575Bill of RightsA formal statement of the fundamental rights of the people of the United States, incorporated in the Constitution as Amendments 1-10. Satisfied Anti-federalist concerns.18
8731126576Elastic clauseAKA the "Necessary and Proper Clause" Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which allows Congress to make all laws that are "necessary and proper" to carry out the powers of the Constitution. Has allowed the federal government to expand its power over time.19
8731126577Commerce clauseThe clause in the Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 1) that gives Congress the power to regulate all business activities that cross state lines or affect more than one state or other nations. Has helped the Federal government expand its power over time- including the regulation of the environment and civil rights.20
8731126578Concurrent powersPowers held jointly by the national and state governments. For example, the powers to tax, pass laws and borrow funds21
8731126579cooperative federalismA system of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government. Often referred to as "marble cake"22
8731126580Dual FederalismA system of government in which both the states and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies.23
8731126581Expressed Powers/Enumerated powersPowers the Constitution specifically granted to one of the branches of the national government. Listed explicitly in the Constitution. Ex: right to coin money, declare war, regulate foreign and interstate trade, tax, etc.24
8731126582Implied powersPowers not specifically mentioned in the constitution; Powers inferred from the express powers that allow Congress to carry out its functions. Has Constitutional basis in Necessary and Proper/Elastic Clause25
8731126583Inherent powerspowers that exist for the national government because the government is sovereign. Ex: The Louisiana Purchase26
8731126584Reserved Powersbelong to the states and the people; Powers not specifically granted to the federal government or denied to the states. Granted by the 10th Amendment. For example, regulating voting and administering elections at the state level.27
8731126585Unitary SystemA government that gives all key powers to the national or central government28
8731126586Block grantsFederal money given to the states with limited spending guidelines. Allows the states power to decide how to spend funds within relatively loose guidelines. Ex: funds for transportation and state chooses how to allocate.29
8731126587Categorical GrantsFederal money given to the states with specific spending guidelines. Gives the federal government the power to decide how funds are spent within the state. Ex: funds for highway repairs, cannot be used for other purposes.30
8731126588Devolution RevolutionThe transfer of power from a high level political office to a lower level; central government to regional, state, or local governments. Example-Welfare Reform Act of 199631
8731126589The 10th AmendmentReserves powers to the states. Has been used successfully by the states to get the federal courts to strike down federal laws that violate this principle.32
8731126590federal mandateAn order given by the federal government that states must follow and pay for33
8731126591formula grantType of categorical grant that is usually based on a state's population34
8731126592Intrastate commerceCommerce WITHIN A STATE commercial activity regulated at the state level35
8731126593Interstate commerceCommerce between different states, can be regulated by Congress.36
8731126594Full Faith and Credit Clauserequires state courts to enforce that civil judgments of the courts of other states and accept their public records and acts as valid.37
8731126595Tyranny of the majorityMadison was most concerned with this aspect of the new government38
8731126596writ of habeas corpusbeing unlawfully detained39
8731126597bill of attainderan act of a legislature declaring a person or group of persons guilty of some crime and punishing them, often without a trial40
8731126598ex post facto lawa law that makes illegal an act that was legal when committed, increases the penalties for an infraction after it has been committed, or changes the rules of evidence to make conviction easier.41
8731126599fiscal federalismproject grants, formula grants, block grants are all examples of42
8731126600informal amendmentchanges in judicial interpretation, growing international and domestic issues requiring more government intervention, increased role of political parties in policy making, easier access to elected officials, increased technology shaping public opinion are all examples of43
8731126601formal amendment processproposal by two-thirds vote of national convention called by Congress at the request of two-thirds of state legislatures followed by passage by three-quarters of special state conventions.44
8731126602extraditionprocess of returning a fugitive from justice to the state in which the crime occured45
8731126603eminent domainprivate land may be taken for public use46
8731126604exclusive powersPowers that only the national government have47
8731126605privileges and immunities clauseprevents a state from treating citizens of other states in a discriminatory manner.48
8731126606hyperpluralismA state in which many groups or factions are so strong that a government is unable to function49
8731126607project granttype of categorical grant which requires a competitive application process50
8731126608Federalist Paper #10Written by James Madison to convince people to support the ratification of the Constitution. Argued that factions were inevitable but were best controlled by a large republic that employed a Federalist structure. Argued that competition among factions would limit their negative impacts.51
8731126609McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)The court ruled that the states did not have the power to tax the national bank. Used the backing of the Supremacy Clause to argue that states could not interfere with legitimate federal laws52
8731126610Gibbons v. OgdenCommerce clause case (1824). Decision greatly enlarged Congress' interstate commerce clause power by broadly defining the meaning of "commerce" to include virtually all types of economic activity.53
8731126611Conditions of AidFederal rules attached to the grants that states receive. States must agree to abide by these rules in order to receive the grants.54
8731126612Marbury v MadisonCourt case that established the Supreme Court's power to strike down federal laws that violated the constitution. This has allowed for continuous interpretation of the Constitution by the Supreme Court (informal amendment)55
8731126613Precedentthe importance of Supreme Court rulings for similar situations in the future56
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