| 6129866520 | 1. Which statement best describes the world of Christianity in 1500 C.E | b. It was on the defensive against an expanding Islamic world.
Christianity was on the defensive in 1500, as the Ottoman Turks pushed into Eastern and Central Europe. | | 0 |
| 6129866521 | 2. The father of the Protestant Reformation was | a. Martin Luther.
The German priest Martin Luther began the Reformation in 1517 when he publicly invited a debate on abuses in the Church. | | 1 |
| 6129866522 | 3. Which of the following statements best describes Martin Luther's teachings? | d. Humans can be saved by faith in God alone, and the source of all religious authority is the Bible.
Luther understood humans as sinful and unworthy, saved only by the free gift of God, given in return for faith. He also rejected the teaching of the Church as source of religious authority, believing that Christians should rely on the Bible alone. | | 2 |
| 6129866523 | 4. Did the Protestant Reformation have a significant impact on the status of women? | b. Protestantism worsened women's position in society by closing convents, which had given women an important alternative to marriage.
Convents were closed wherever Protestantism triumphed, closing off European women's only acceptable alternative to marriage. | | 3 |
| 6129866524 | 5. Which of the following was an important reason for the spread of Protestantism? | c. The printing press
The printing press, invented c. 1450, transformed European religion by allowing for the rapid circulation of pamphlets and Bible translations | | 4 |
| 6129866525 | 6. What was a Huguenot? | a. A member of the Protestant minority in France
French Protestants, known as Huguenots, made great progress in France, only to suffer a major massacre in 1572 that provoked a full-scale religious war. | | 5 |
| 6129866526 | 7. The great European religious conflict of the early seventeenth century that eventually included much of Europe is known as the | d. Thirty Years' War.
The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) was a Catholic-Protestant struggle for power that included much of Europe. | | 6 |
| 6129866527 | 8. The forces of the Catholic Reformation clarified Catholic doctrine, corrected abuses, and took steps against dissidents at which of the following? | c. The Council of Trent
The Council of Trent (1545-1563) was Catholicism's great response to the Protestant movement, clarifying doctrine, correcting abuses, and taking steps against dissidents. | | 7 |
| 6129866528 | 9. Which of the following regions converted on a massive scale to Christianity in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? | d. Mexico
The former Aztec Empire in Mexico as well as the rest of Latin America converted rapidly and on a massive scale to Catholic Christianity, most of the process taking place peacefully. | | 8 |
| 6129866529 | 10. What was Taki Onqoy? | a. A religious revivalist movement in central Peru in the 1560s
Taki Onqoy means "dancing sickness," and participants in this Peruvian religious revivalist movement felt themselves possessed by the spirits of local gods and advocated return to traditional practices. | | 9 |
| 6129866530 | 11. Which of the following statements best describes Christianity as it developed in Spanish America? | b. It was a distinct variety of Catholic Christianity that incorporated many elements of pre-Columbian religious belief.
While adopting Catholic Christianity, the peoples of Spanish America kept many traditional religious practices, producing a unique hybrid religion. | | 10 |
| 6129866531 | 12. Who was Matteo Ricci? | c. A Jesuit missionary in China
Matteo Ricci (1582-1610) is the most famous of the early modern Jesuit missionaries to China, where he set the example of imitating a Confucian scholar, the better to convert the elite. | | 11 |
| 6129866532 | 13. Which of the following best describes the effort to convert China to Christianity in the sixteenth through eighteenth centuries? | d. It was not very successful, because China was powerful and prosperous.
Christianization was able to proceed so swiftly in Latin America because the native societies' confidence had been so badly shaken; China, by contrast, was convinced of its cultural superiority and people were thus much less likely to convert. | | 12 |
| 6129866533 | 14. What made Emperor Kangxi forbid the teaching of Christianity in China in 1715? | a. The pope claimed authority over Chinese Christians and forbade the Jesuit policy of accommodation.
Kangxi was outraged by the pope's slight to his authority and Chinese culture in 1715 and forbade Westerners from spreading their doctrines in China. | | 13 |
| 6129866534 | 15. Which of the following best describes religions like Vodou, Santeria, Candomble, and Macumba? | b. They are syncretic religions, combining elements of Christianity and native African religions.
Syncretic or blended religions like Vodou and Santeria combine West African traditions like ritual dancing and animal sacrifice with Christian beliefs. | | 14 |
| 6129866535 | 16. What was the Wahhabi movement of the early eighteenth century? | c. An Islamic reform movement in Arabia
Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab organized a major movement in Arabia in the early eighteenth century that advocated return to the purity of original Islam. | | 15 |
| 6129866536 | 17. This eighteenth-century Muslim religious leader emphasized women's rights to control their dowries and divorce, and to engage in commerce. | d. Al-Wahhab
Although Wahhabism is usually blamed for restrictions on women in modern Saudi Arabia, Muhammad ibn And al-Wahhab was concerned with restoring to women the rights decreed for them in the Quran, including the right to divorce and to engage in commerce. | | 16 |
| 6129866537 | 18. The system of Chinese thought that added the insights of Daoism and Buddhism to a Confucian framework was known as | c. Neo-Confucianism
Neo-Confucianism, which combined Confucianism with insights from Buddhism and Daoism, developed in the early modern period. | | 17 |
| 6129866538 | 19. What was kaozheng? | a. An elite Chinese movement that emphasized the importance of precision, accuracy, and rigorous analysis
Kaozheng means "research based on evidence," and scholars in this movement emphasized precision, verification, accuracy, and rigorous analysis. | | 18 |
| 6129866539 | 20. This famous Chinese novel explores the social life of an eighteenth-century elite family. | b. The Dream of the Red Chamber
Cao Xueqin's novel The Dream of the Red Chamber is the most famous eighteenth-century Chinese novel; it explores the social life of an elite family. | | 19 |
| 6129866540 | 21. What was bhakti? | a. A Hindu devotional movement
Devotional Hinduism, known as bhakti, flourished in the early modern period; its devotees sought union with a deity through songs, prayers, dances, poetry, and rituals. | | 20 |
| 6129866541 | 22. To which sector of Indian society did the bhakti movement especially appeal? | b. Women
The bhakti movement appealed especially to women. | | 21 |
| 6129866542 | 23. This great holy person of the bhakti movement transgressed caste barriers and left a body of poetry exploring her yearning for union with the god Krishna. | c. Mirabai
Mirabai (1498-1547) was a high-caste Indian woman who abandoned conventional Hindu practice under the influence of the bhakti movement; her poetry, in which she voices her longing for the god Krishna, is still appreciated today. | | 22 |
| 6129866543 | 24. Why is Nanak important to world history? | d. He founded the Sikh religion.
Guru Nanak (1469-1539) founded the Sikh religion, holding that "there is no Hindu; there is no Muslim; only God." | | 23 |
| 6129866544 | 25. Which of the following is the best description of the Sikh religion? | b. It was a new religion that blended elements of both Hinduism and Islam.
Guru Nanak, the founder of the Sikh faith, proclaimed a religion that combined elements of both Islam and Hinduism. | | 24 |
| 6129866545 | 26. Which of the following is a reason why the Scientific Revolution occurred in Europe? | d. Europe's universities had autonomy in which scholars could develop ideas reasonably free from both the Church and secular authorities.
The relative autonomy of European universities was an important reason for the development of the Scientific Revolution in Europe. | | 25 |
| 6129866546 | 27. How did educated Europeans understand the universe before the Scientific Revolution? | a. They believed that the earth was at the center of the universe, with the sun, moon, and stars revolving around it.
The view of a stationary earth at the center of the universe coincided well with premodern religious belief, since it emphasized the divine purpose that guided the earth. | | 26 |
| 6129866547 | 28. This great mathematician and astronomer first proposed the theory that the earth and other planets revolve around the sun in his book On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. | c. Nicolaus Copernicus
The Polish Copernicus (d. 1543) was the first astronomer to propose the heliocentric (sun-centered) theory. | | 27 |
| 6129866548 | 29. Church authorities forced this early astronomer to renounce publicly his thesis that the earth moves. | d. Galileo Galilei
Galileo Galilei is one of the few serious scholars of the Scientific Revolution to have suffered persecution from Church authorities. | | 28 |
| 6129866549 | 30. This Enlightenment author proclaimed in his Treatise on Toleration that the earth is only one of many worlds, and it is ridiculous to believe that God cares only for the little people on this one planet. | b. Voltaire
French author nicknamed Voltaire (1694-1778) was one of many who opposed what he saw as the corruption and superstition of established religion. | | 29 |
| 6129866550 | What was the one major advantage that allowed the small Portuguese fleet to dominate the Indian Ocean militarily?
a. They had large amounts of gold.
b. They could speak the languages of the cultures they encountered.
c. Their onboard cannon could defeat other ships and coastal forts.
d. They intermarried with local leaders' families. | c | | 30 |
| 6129866551 | Which of the following is NOT a reason for the Portuguese Empire's steep decline in the Indian Ocean by 1600?
a. It was overextended.
b. Certain powers, such the Mughals and Japanese, resisted Portuguese control.
c. They were heavily outnumbered in their outposts.
d. The Spanish ousted the Portuguese from Asian waters. | d | | 31 |
| 6129866552 | What strategic significance did the Philippines hold for Spain?
a. Christianity was already established on the islands.
b. They were close to China, but not ruled by China.
c. They could be used to launch attacks on Portuguese forts.
d. They were close to Australia. | b | | 32 |
| 6129866553 | What was one main difference between the Spanish colonization of the Philippines and the Portuguese strongholds the Indian Ocean Basin?
a. The Spanish converted Filipinos to Christianity; the Portuguese often blended into the local populations.
b. The Spanish only established coastal outposts; the Portuguese conquered inland areas.
c. The Portuguese killed large amounts of natives; the Spanish did not use violence to enforce their rule.
d. The Portuguese were only interested in spreading Christianity; the Spanish were only interested in getting rich. | a | | 33 |
| 6129866554 | What was one main difference between the establishment of the British East India Company in Mughal India versus the establishment of the Dutch East India Company in Indonesia?
a. The British learned the local languages; the Dutch did not.
b. The British used treaties with local Mughal rulers; the Dutch violently conquered and killed many Indonesians.
c. The British encouraged intermarriage with elite local women; the Dutch took local women as sex slaves.
d. The British had to send 50 percent of their profits back to the government in London; the Dutch only had to send a small percentage of money back to their government. | b | | 34 |
| 6129866555 | What was the attitude of Japanese shoguns toward Christian Europeans in Japan in the early seventeenth century?
a. They welcomed Europeans for their technological knowledge.
b. They welcomed Europeans as teachers of Christianity, and converted.
c. They violently expelled all but a few Europeans.
d. They were opposed to Europeans, but knew they were powerless to keep Europeans out of Japan. | c | | 35 |
| 6129866556 | Which of the following statements best describes the relationship of the new European trading networks in the Indian Ocean to other Asian commercial networks?
a. Europeans became just one small group among a vast number of thriving Asian commercial networks.
b. Europeans destroyed and took over almost all other Asian commercial networks.
c. Europeans gained access to commercial markets only where the local population converted to Christianity.
d. Europeans ended up gaining little for their efforts, eventually leaving Asia empty-handed. | a | | 36 |
| 6129866557 | Which of the following was NOT a factor in the emergence of silver as the currency of global trade in the sixteenth century?
a. Skyrocketing Chinese demand for silver as a means for paying taxes.
b. The proximity of the Spanish Philippines to China.
c. The lack of any silver mines in Asia.
d. The discover of vast silver mines in Bolivia. | c | | 37 |
| 6129866558 | What impact did the discovery of the world's largest silver mine at Potosi have on the native (mostly) Incan population there?
a. They grew suddenly rich.
b. They were forced to work in deadly, hellish conditions.
c. They had been so decimated by disease that they barely noticed the new mine.
d. Realizing how valuable silver was to Europeans, they began digging for their own mines throughout the Andes. | b | | 38 |
| 6129866559 | How did the discovery of the vast silver mines in South America affect Spain's position in Europe?
a. It allowed Spain to pursue political and military goals far beyond what they could afford previously.
b. It vastly enriched all the citizens of Spain.
c. It did nothing for Spain because most of the silver went straight to China.
d. Most of the silver was stolen by pirates as it was shipped across the Caribbean and Atlantic. | a | | 39 |
| 6129866560 | How did the discovery of silver mines in Japan impact Japanese fortunes?
a. The ruling shogunate isolated Japan even more, fearing that greedy Europeans would conquer and enslave Japanese for their silver as in the Andes.
b. The ruling shogunate used the silver to buy a large military and luxury goods for the elites, but did nothing to help commoners.
c. The ruling shogunate wisely invested wealth from the mines to create a sustainable market-based economy and ecology.
d. The ruling shogunate disintegrated into civil war and anarchy as factions fought over control of the silver mines. | c | | 40 |
| 6129866561 | In what way did the Chinese response to the global silver economy differ from the Japanese response?
a. The Chinese economy became diversified; the Japanese did not.
b. Chinese merchants began exporting goods to other lands; Japan did not.
c. Inflation destroyed the Chinese economy; but aided the Japanese economy.
d. Economic changes resulted in ecological devastation in China, but not in Japan. | d | | 41 |
| 6129866562 | All the following powers got the vast majority of their furs from North America, EXCEPT
a. Britain.
b. France.
c. Russia.
d. Holland. | c | | 42 |
| 6129866563 | What was the main way through which Europeans acquired furs in North America?
a. Trade with Native Americans
b. Hunting by European fur traders
c. Trapping
d. Raising furry animals | a | | 43 |
| 6129866564 | In what way did the fur trade benefit Native Americans?
a. It helped their population grow.
b. It protected them against enslavement and genocide, initially.
c. It improved their diet.
d. It unified disparate tribes. | b | | 44 |
| 6129866565 | In what way did the fur trade harm Native Americans?
a. It reduced their meat supply.
b. It led to overpopulation.
c. Because of contact with Europeans, it eventually led to warfare, disease, and alcoholism.
d. It forced large populations of Native Americans to move far away. | c | | 45 |
| 6129866566 | How did African slavery in the New World differ fundamentally from past instances of slavery in world history?
a. Black Africans had never before been enslaved.
b. Slavery previously was only practiced in the Middle East.
c. Slavery in the Americas was clearly associated with race and with plantation economies.
d. Slaves were usually not transported long distances. | c | | 46 |
| 6129866567 | Which of the following is NOT a reason that black Africans were ideal as slaves from the European point of view?
a. Their immune systems could handle both tropical and European diseases.
b. They came from a largely agricultural society.
c. West Africa was relatively close to Brazil and the Caribbean by sea.
d. Europeans could easily venture into the African interior to capture them. | d | | 47 |
| 6129866568 | What was the social status of those Africans who were captured by other Africans to be sold to Europeans?
a. They were society's elites.
b. They were the outcasts and foreigners, often prisoners of war, within local villages.
c. They were unruly local young men.
d. It varied; people were simply picked at random to be slaves. | b | | 48 |
| 6129866569 | What best describes the long-term impact of the slave trade on West Africa?
a. Increasing political unification
b. Technological breakthroughs
c. Economic stagnation and political disruption
d. Introduction of new crops from the Americas | c | | 49 |
| 6129866570 | Why was it Portugal, Spain, France, and Britain that first expanded into the new world?
a. These lands had a long tradition of distant exploration.
b. These lands were Muslim.
c. These lands were on the Atlantic coast.
d. These lands believed in ancient legends of a lost world across the ocean. | c | | 50 |
| 6129866571 | Which of the following was NOT a motivation for Europeans to expand into the Americas?
a. To cut out Muslim intermediaries from trade with Asia
b. To spread Christianity
c. To escape religious and ethnic persecution within Europe
d. To flee from repeated Asian and Muslim invasions. | d | | 51 |
| 6129866572 | Why did some Native Americans aid the Spanish in their invasion of the New World?
a. Payment in gold and jewels
b. A desire to learn about European culture
c. To gain an advantage against their own enemies
d. No Native Americans helped the Spanish | c | | 52 |
| 6129866573 | What import from Europeans wiped out as many as nine-tenths of the Native American population?
a. Disease
b. Cannons
c. Colonists
d. Horses | a | | 53 |
| 6129866574 | The silver mines in Mexico and Peru allowed the Spanish conquerors to buy massive amounts of what highly valuable commodities?
a. Chinese silk, tea, and porcelain
b. British fishing vessels
c. Incan and Aztec soldiers
d. Cotton from North America | a | | 54 |
| 6129866575 | Mercantilism, the guiding principle of most early colonial empires, meant
a. encouraging more people to become merchants for the king or queen.
b. recording the air temperatures of various parts of the empire.
c. accumulating precious metals through exports from the colonies.
d. keeping interest rates low in colonial banks so colonists could afford land. | c | | 55 |
| 6129866576 | Why was there such a large mestizo (mixed Spanish and Native American) population in South and Central America?
a. Lack of available birth control in Native American society
b. Bonuses given by the Spanish government to Spanish colonists who sired children
c. Policy of mass rape on behalf of Spanish authorities against Native American women
d. Enormous gender imbalance among early Spanish settlers | d | | 56 |
| 6129866577 | What happened to Native Americans' religious beliefs when confronted with Catholicism?
a. They rejected Catholicism completely.
b. They blended their old customs easily into Catholic practices.
c. They only pretended to be Catholic when Europeans were around.
d. They completely abandoned their old religions, and embraced Catholicism entirely. | b | | 57 |
| 6129866578 | Where did the majority of enslaved Africans end up once brought across the Atlantic?
a. Brazil and the Caribbean
b. Mexico
c. Peru
d. North America. | a | | 58 |
| 6129866579 | All of the following differences existed between the British colonies and the Portuguese/Spanish colonies, EXCEPT:
a. More racial interbreeding occurred in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies.
b. British colonists were far more numerous than Spanish colonists.
c. The British colonists sought to escape European traditions, while Spanish/Portuguese sought to recreate it in the Americas.
d. The British colonization began a full 100 years before the Spanish/Portuguese colonization. | d | | 59 |
| 6129866580 | What is one major reason for the higher literacy rates in British colonies than in Spanish/Portuguese colonies?
a. Paper was harder to maintain in the warm, humid Spanish/Portuguese colonies.
b. The British government invested massive funds into building libraries throughout North America.
c. Protestantism, which encouraged the reading of the Bible, was the dominant form of Christianity in the British colonies.
d. Spanish/Portuguese colonizers did not attempt to teach Native Americans to speak or read Spanish/Portuguese. | c | | 60 |
| 6129866581 | In North America, what percentage of African ancestry qualified a person as "black"?
a. 50 percent
b. 75 percent
c. Any at all
d. Any poor person, white or black, was considered "black" | c | | 61 |
| 6129866582 | Which of the following was the main source of wealth that the Russian empire gained from conquering Siberia?
a. Animal furs
b. Oil
c. Ivory
d. Diamonds | a | | 62 |
| 6129866583 | Russia was a "society organized for continuous war" because
a. Russians are by nature extremely violent people.
b. it followed a particularly militaristic form of Christianity.
c. it bordered all the great powers of Asia.
d. Russians greatly admired the legacy of Genghis Khan. | c | | 63 |
| 6129866584 | The expansion of the Chinese and Russian empires into the steppe lands of central Asia led to what result for the nomadic peoples native to this vast area?
a. The political independence and economic prosperity of nomadic peoples came to an end.
b. The local religious customs and languages were completely erased.
c. A brief economic boom ensued, which encouraged many nomads to move to cities and buy houses.
d. They felt little impact; as long as they paid tribute, the nomadic peoples were mostly left alone. | a | | 64 |
| 6129866585 | Akbar's policy toward the Hindus of India is best described as
a. extermination.
b. religious tolerance and incorporation of Hindu elites.
c. massive efforts to convert Hindus to Islam.
d. holy war against Hindus. | b | | 65 |
| 6129866586 | The Mughal Empire eventually failed to unite Hindus and Muslims because
a. Muslims and Hindus speak different languages.
b. Emperor Aurangzeb attempted to enforce Islam throughout India.
c. the Mughal rulers had a civil war between two competing emperors.
d. Christian missionaries exploited the differences between the two religions. | b | | 66 |
| 6129866587 | What was the "Terror of the Turk"?
a. Europeans' fear of an Islamic takeover of all Europe
b. A cruel torture method used by Ottoman soldiers
c. The Savafid Persian Empire, the great enemy of the Ottomans
d. A water-borne disease similar to dysentery | a | | 67 |
| 6129866588 | What aspects of the Ottoman society did many Europeans admire?
a. Their spirit of scientific innovation
b. Their spirit of religious tolerance
c. Their educational system
d. Their frequent and often rowdy culture of celebration and festivals | b | | 68 |
| 6129866589 | What was the religious outcome of Ottoman rule in Christian Southeastern (Balkan) Europe?
a. The elimination of Christianity and massive conversion to Islam
b. No impact at all as tolerant Ottoman policies encouraged Christianity
c. Conversion to Islam of about 20 percent of the population
Persistent religious warfare between Muslims and Christians | c | | 69 |
| 6129866590 | Who were the biggest encouragers of European Maritime voyage? | The elite | | 70 |
| 6129866591 | Reasons for European sea voyages | -Opportunities for land to be expanded so that there could be more food
-Needed a larger land-based to support the expansion of its economy to produce in demand goods
-more trade opportunities for merchants | | 71 |
| 6129866592 | Europe's advantages in sea voyages | -States in trading companies enabled effective mobilization of human and material resources
-seafaring technology allowed easy movement on sea
-ironworking technology, gunpowder weapons
-horses | | 72 |
| 6129866593 | What provided allies for determined European invaders? | Divisions between and within local societies such as people in Aztec empire | | 73 |
| 6129866594 | Most significant of European advantages | -Their diseases
- Native Americans had no immunities so disease wiped out many societies | | 74 |
| 6129866595 | Why did so many Native Americans die from the European diseases? | Because many lived in Andean zones and long isolation from Afro Eurasian world and lack of most domesticated animals meant there was no acquired immunity | | 75 |
| 6129866596 | What did the "Great dying" create? | -acute labor shortage
-made room for immigrant newcomers (colonizing Europeans and African slaves) | | 76 |
| 6129866597 | What did domesticated animals such as horses and sheep make possible in North and South America? | Cowboy cultures and ranching economies | | 77 |
| 6129866598 | What happened to women's role in Native American societies one horses were introduced? | Lost much of their role as food producers | | 78 |
| 6129866599 | What did the Columbian exchange lead to? | In interacting Atlantic world connecting 4 continents | | 79 |
| 6129866600 | Columbian exchange | Enormous network of communication migration, trade, disease, and transfer of plants and animals by European colonies in the Americas | | 80 |
| 6129866601 | What increased Europe's population from 60-390 million in 1900? | Calories derived from corn and potatoes | | 81 |
| 6129866602 | What created a lasting link between Africa, Europe, and the Americas? | Slave trade | | 82 |
| 6129866603 | What American stimulants were used around the world? | Tobacco and chocolate | | 83 |
| 6129866604 | Where in the world did tobacco become popular? | China. There were how to manuals and work considered Gentlemans companions | | 84 |
| 6129866605 | Mercantilism | -Benefitting and profiting off of trade | | 85 |
| 6129866606 | What did mercantilism create? | Fueled European wars and colonial rivalries around the world in the early modern era | | 86 |
| 6129866607 | What allowed Spanish colonist to exchange goods with Spanish rivals? | Smuggling and piracy | | 87 |
| 6129866608 | Women in Native American societies and African slaves | Conquest with often accompanied by the transfer of women to the new colonial rulers
-many Spanish men married elite native women
-Women were still subject to abuse | | 88 |
| 6129866609 | What gave Spain access to the most wealthy or the ninth and densely populated regions of the Western Hemisphere? | The Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Inca empires in the early 16th century | | 89 |
| 6129866610 | What was the economic foundation for the colonial society in the Western Hemisphere conquered by Spain? | -commercial agriculture
-large rural estates
-Silver and gold mining | | 90 |
| 6129866611 | Who provided most of the labor in this case? | Native peoples instead of slaves or European workers | | 91 |
| 6129866612 | Encomienda | -Spanish legal system
-The Spanish crown was granted to particular Spanish settlers from whom they could require labor gold or agricultural produce and DeVaughn they owed "protection" and instruction in the Christian faith | | 92 |
| 6129866613 | Repartimiento | System that replaced encomienda and had slightly more controlled by the crown and Spanish officials | | 93 |
| 6129866614 | Hacienda System | The owners of large estates directly employed native workers | | 94 |
| 6129866615 | How was the plantation complex system not helpful to the workers? | The people who worked on the Estates had low wages, high taxes, large debt to the landowners, and little control over their lives. | | 95 |
| 6129866616 | Spanish hierarchal system | At the top were male Spanish settlers (politically and economically dominant and seeking to become a landed aristocracy) | | 96 |
| 6129866617 | Spanish minority | -20% of the population
-in itself a divided community
-descendants of the original conquistadors sought to protect their privileges against immigrant newcomers | | 97 |
| 6129866618 | Creoles | Spaniards born in the Americas
-resented the pretensions to superiority of those born in Spain | | 98 |
| 6129866619 | Peninsulares | Spaniards born in Spain | | 99 |
| 6129866620 | What or who were landowning Spaniards threatened by? | The grilling wealth of commercial and mercantile groups practicing less prestigious occupations | | 100 |
| 6129866621 | Spanish women | -subordinate to men
-unable to hold public office and viewed as a weak and in need of male protection
-regarded as "bearers of civilization" because of their ability to have children | | 101 |
| 6129866622 | Mestizo | Mixed race population initially the product of unions between Spanish men and Indian women
-Was the desire of many surviving Indian women to secure a life in a Spanish household where they and their children would not be subject to be harsh demands and abuse made on native people | | 102 |
| 6129866623 | Reputation of the mestizos | Largely Hispanic in culture but Spaniards looked down on them during much of the colonial area regarding them as illegitimate for many were not born of "proper" marriages | | 103 |
| 6129866624 | What did women of mixed racial background work as? | Domestic servants
-in their husbands' shops, manufactured candles and cigars, in addition to performing domestic duties | | 104 |
| 6129866625 | Mencia Perez | An illiterate miestiza that successively married reasonably well-off Spanish men and upon their deaths took over their businesses, becoming in her own right a very rich woman | | 105 |
| 6129866626 | What people were at the bottom of Mexican and Peruvian colonial societies? | Indigenous peoples known to the Europeans and "Indians" | | 106 |
| 6129866627 | How were the indigenous people known to the Europeans as Indians treated? | -They were subject to growth abuse and exploitation as the primary labor force for the minds and estates of the Spanish Empire and are required to render tribute payments to their Spanish overlords.
-their religions were attacked by Spanish missionaries and they were forcibly relocated into larger settlements | | 107 |
| 6129866628 | What did the Indians do in their new Spanish colonies? | Many learn Spanish, converted to Christianity, move to city to work for wages, eat the meat of cows chicken and pig, youth plows and draft animals rather than traditional baking sticks, and took their many grievances to Spanish court | | 108 |
| 6129866629 | Indian women were... | -Spanish legal codes generally defined them as minor as rather than responsible adults
-increasingly excluded from the courts are represented by their men folk | | 109 |
| 6129866630 | How did Native South Americans benefit from education and some European culture? | They could "pass" as a mestizo | | 110 |
| 6129866631 | What did Europeans, Spanish, British, French, and Dutch colony profit from in the Caribbean? | Sugar | | 111 |
| 6129866632 | How is Sugar used in Europe? | As a medicine, spice, sweetener (of tea), a preservative, and in sculpture forms of a decoration that indicated high status | | 112 |
| 6129866633 | What group of people did large-scale sugar production be pioneered by? | Arabs | | 113 |
| 6129866634 | Qualities of sugar production | -labor-intensive
-can profitably occur in a large scale setting
-first modern industry in that it produce for an international and mass-market | | 114 |
| 6129866635 | What was the most characteristic feature of sugar plantations? | Massive use of slave labor which have to be used because there was an absence of Native American population | | 115 |
| 6129866636 | Conditions for slaves working on sugar- producing estates | Extreme heat from a fire us to turn raw sugarcane into crystallized sugar
-disease
-hi death rate and they were just replaced by more slaves | | 116 |
| 6129866637 | Who made up about half of the field getting that did the heavy work of planting and harvesting sugarcane? | Women | | 117 |
| 6129866638 | Women's conditions in sugar producing Estates | -same brutal punishment and rations as the man
-not really allowed to undertake the more skilled labor inside sugar mills
-Women in urban areas usually works for white female owner and it domestic chores in the home, shops, etc. | | 118 |
| 6129866639 | Why was the majority of the population partially or mostly of African descent? | Because many were slaves | | 119 |
| 6129866640 | Mulattoes | The product of Portuguese - African Unions | | 120 |
| 6129866641 | Why was there last racial mixing in North America? | Because European women had joined the colonial migration at an early date | | 121 |
| 6129866642 | Women in England | -male dominance encouraged
-inheritance of daughters was substantially less than of sons
-not many girls went to school
- many women are part of the church but we're not allowed to be ministers | | 122 |
| 6129866643 | Quality of British settler colonies | -protestant England with less interested in spreading the religion among native people unlike Spain
-local self-government
-many males were literate | | 123 |
| 6129866644 | The government of British colonies in the Americas | Elected colonial assemblies, seeing themselves of little parliaments defending the rights of men contested the prerogative of royal governors sent to administer their affairs | | 124 |
| 6129866645 | What happened in Russia when Columbus crossed the Atlantic? | A small Russian state centered on Moscow was emerging from two centuries of Mongol rule | | 125 |
| 6129866646 | Where was the new Russian state located? | On a cold and heavily forest did eastern fringe of Christiandom | | 126 |
| 6129866647 | What was one large problem in the emerging Russian state? | Security because pastoral people frequently rated their agricultural Russian neighbors and sold many into slavery | | 127 |
| 6129866648 | What drew Russians to Siberia? | Fur trade | | 128 |
| 6129866649 | What offers protection to frontier towns, trading centers and Russian farmers? | Lines of wooden forts | | 129 |
| 6129866650 | What did the Russians demand from the people they conquered? | - oath of allegiance by which native peoples swore eternal submission to the grand tsar
-demanded tribute paid in cash, in Siberia it meant for such as the extremely valuable sable | | 130 |
| 6129866651 | What did Russians bring with them on their conquests? | Diseases that the native people of especially Siberia had little immunity to
-christianity | | 131 |
| 6129866652 | What provided incentive for conversion to Christianity by Russians? | Tax breaks, exemptions from paying tribute, and the promise of land or cash
-The destruction of many mosques added pressure | | 132 |
| 6129866653 | Which empress established religious tolerance for Muslims in the late 18th century? | Catherine the great | | 133 |
| 6129866654 | What was the most profoundly transforming feature of the Russian Empire? | Influx of Russian settlers his numbers by the end of 18th-century had overwhelmed the native peoples | | 134 |
| 6129866655 | What rendered local people to be dependent on Russian market for grain, sugar, tea, tobacco, and alcohol? | The loss of hunting grounds and pastureland to Russian agricultural settlers | | 135 |
| 6129866656 | What were pressures to encourage pastoralists to abandon their nomadic ways? | Included the requirement to pay fees and obtain permission to cross agricultural lands | | 136 |
| 6129866657 | What happened to the native Siberians and steppes when the Russians took over? | -very few people of mixed race
-native peoples were not driven into reservations are eradicated like they were in the Americas | | 137 |
| 6129866658 | How did the natives become Russified? | Adopted Russian language and converted to Christianity | | 138 |
| 6129866659 | Wealth in Russia | -rich agricultural lands, valuable for us, and mineral deposits
-made a major role in making rush-hour one of the great powers of Europe by the 18th century | | 139 |
| 6129866660 | Russia's the westward movement | Occurred in a series of military rivalries with major powers of the region such as the Ottoman Empire, Sweden, Prussia, Austria, etc. | | 140 |
| 6129866661 | Under which emperor did Russia have an extensive program of westernization? | Peter the Great | | 141 |
| 6129866662 | Peter the Great | -enforced vast administrative changes, the enlargement and modernization of Russian military forces, a new educational system for the sons of noble men, and dozens of manufacturing Enterprises
-New capital at St. Petersburg was named after him | | 142 |
| 6129866663 | Russian nobles at the time of Peter the Great | Instructed to dress and European styles and shave their sacred beards | | 143 |
| 6129866664 | How was the Russian Empire similar to those of Western Europe? | Similar to those of Western Europe in terms of conquest, settlement, exploitation, religious conversion, and feeling of superiority | | 144 |
| 6129866665 | How is the Russian Empire different from those of Western Europe? | Absorbed territory near them and they did so at the same time that a modern Russian state with taking shape instead of conquering in colonizing the New World like Spain and England did | | 145 |
| 6129866666 | What was unique about the Russian Empire in terms of time? | Its longevity | | 146 |
| 6129866667 | What other Asian empires performed and left Europeans and Russians were building their own? | Chinese went into the central Eurasia
-turko - Mongol invaders from Central Asia created the Mughal empire
-The Ottoman Empire brought Muslim rule to a largely Christian population in South Eastern Europe and Turkish rule to largely era populations in north Africa and the Middle East | | 147 |
| 6129866668 | What were some differences that these less heard of imperial projects had between the European settlement of American colonies? | -not as much global reach or worldwide impact
-did not have devastating in transforming impact on the conquered peoples because those peoples were not being exposed to new diseases
-nothing like the decline of the Native American population | | 148 |
| 6129866669 | What cause the central division within Mughal India? | Religion | | 149 |
| 6129866670 | What religion with the ruling dynasty in India? | Muslim | | 150 |
| 6129866671 | What was the name of Mughal India's most famous emperor? | Akbar | | 151 |
| 6129866672 | What did Akbar do to help the Hindu population? | -married several of their princesses but did not require them to convert to Islam
-inc. a large number of Hindus into the political - military elite of the Empire
-supported the building of religious buildings such as mosques and Hindu temples | | 152 |
| 6129866673 | What did Akbar do to help the Hindu women? | Soften the restrictions on them such as encouraging the remarriage of windows, discouraging child marriages and sati, and persuading merchants to set aside a special market day for women to moderate their seclusion in the home | | 153 |
| 6129866674 | What did Akbar do in terms of direct religious matters? | -policy of religious tolerance
-restraining the more militantly Islamic religious scholars, called ulamas
-removing tax against non-Muslims | | 154 |
| 6129866675 | What did Akbar construct in terms of religion? | A special house of worship where he had intellectual discussions with representatives of many religions such as Muslims, Hindus, Christians, and Buddhists | | 155 |
| 6129866676 | Shayk Ahmad Sirhindi | Muslim philosopher who was against Akbar's religious rule | | 156 |
| 6129866677 | What did Aurangzeb do that Was opposite to Akbar? | Changed rule to Islam supremacy | | 157 |
| 6129866678 | Aurangzeb's rule | Forbade Hindu practice of sati
-music and dance were banned at court, and tolerated devices such as gambling, drinking, prostitution, and narcotics were actively suppressed
-dancing girls were ordered to get married or leave the Empire all together | | 158 |
| 6129866679 | How did Aurangzeb make the Hindus feel unwelcome? | -some temples were destroyed
-tax was reimposed | | 159 |
| 6129866680 | Why was Aurangzeb disliked? | -religious policies
-intolerable demands for taxes to support his many wards of expansion
-antagonizing Hindus | | 160 |
| 6129866681 | Who was the Ottoman Empire created by? | Turkic warrior groups, whose aggressive rating of agricultural civilization was now legitimized in Islamic terms | | 161 |
| 6129866682 | Where did the Ottoman Empire begin? | Northwestern Anatolia | | 162 |
| 6129866683 | What was the Ottoman Empire transformed into? | From a small frontier principality to a prosperous, powerful, cosmopolitan empire | | 163 |
| 6129866684 | Ottoman sultan | Combined roles of a Turkic warrior prince, a Muslim caliph, and a conquering emperor | | 164 |
| 6129866685 | Social changes within Ottoman women | -independence of pastoral women, open association with men, and their political influence in society decreased when adopted Islam
-elite women were secluded and veiled
More slave women | | 165 |
| 6129866686 | Turkish women | Women of the royal court had a lot of political influence
-Islamic law permitted women important property rights, which made them wealthy
-protected rights in marriage, divorce, inheritance, either representing themselves or other women | | 166 |
| 6129866687 | What was prominent among the Ottoman elite? | Persian culture, especially poetry and painting | | 167 |
| 6129866688 | What two major religions were in the Ottoman Empire? | Christians (many converted to islam) and Muslims | | 168 |
| 6129866689 | 1453 | Fall of Constantinople to Ottomans
Splendid Christian city and became capital of empire | | 169 |
| 6129866690 | What was Constantinople renamed? | Istanbul | | 170 |
| 6129866691 | Why were there fewer conversions in the Balkans? | Scarcity of Turkish settlers and and willingness of Ottomans to support churches | | 171 |
| 6129866692 | Why did many Christians welcome the Ottomans? | Taxes were lighter and oppression was less pronounced than under their former Christian rulers | | 172 |
| 6129866693 | How did the Ottomans bring in so many people from different areas? | -Many became elite without converting to Islam
-Women could appeal to court because they had more rights
-Prominence in trade and banking circles | | 173 |
| 6129866694 | Devshirme | Balkan Christian communities were required to hand over a quota of young boys who were removed from their families, converted, learned Turkish, and trained for either civil administration or military service | | 174 |
| 6129866695 | Where were the young boys of the devshirme trained? | In elite Janissary units | | 175 |
