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Biochemistry Flashcards

8399359397	pH	Is the amount hydrogen ions (H+) or hydronium ion (H3O+) In water. Acidic (H+), base (OH-)	0
8399428539	Equilibrium constant	K=[Products]/[Reactants]	1
8399453860	Water is amphoteric	Amphoteric means that is donates hydrogen ions in acids and accepts Hydrogen ions in bases.	2
8399496099	Conjugate Acid	it is a base with a hydrogen ion added to it, accepted hydrogen ion	3
8399541549	Conjugate base	it is an acid with a hydrogen ion removed from it, donated Hydrogen ion	4
8399612529	Weak acid Same base	Ka<1	5
8399639893	Strong acid Same base	Ka>1	6
8399654146	Strong acids	HCl (hydrochloric acid), HBr (Hydrobromic acid), HI ( hydroiodic acid), HClO3(chloric acid), H2SO4(sulfuric acid ),HNO3(Nitric acid)	7
8400035865	pKa	is a measure of acid strength pKa=-log Ka	8
8400102628	Buffer	is a solution made of acid and its Conjugate base to resist drastic change in pH or base and its conjugate acid	9
8400160613	Henderson-hasselbalch equation	pH=pKa+ log [CB/A] ... CB: Conjugate base, A:Acid Or this can be written as pH=pKa- log [A/CB]	10
8400353965	Ka	is a quantitative measure of the strength of an acid in solution. Higher Ka means stronger acid	11
8400552872	Why use buffers?	To mimic biological systems pH for experimental systems, such as blood pH at 7.4 or other organism/proteins that need specific pH to function at.	12
8401066359	Kw	Ionisation constant of water Kw= K[H2O] = [H+][OH-] = 10^-14	13
8412549149	Acid	Have a higher Hydrogen concentration therefore stronger acids would have higher Ka. It also have less OH- ions	14
8412612443	Base	Have a lower hydrogen concentration therefore stronger bases would have higher Kb. it also has more OH- ions.	15

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Biochemistry Flashcards

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7580604709	carbohydrate	"Compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the approximate ratio of C:2H:O (e.g., sugars, starches, and cellulose)"	0
7580604710	pH	a measure of how acidic/basic water is. The range goes from 0 - 14, with 7 being neutral. pHs of less than 7 indicate acidity, whereas a pH of greater than 7 indicates a base. pH is really a measure of the relative amount of free hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in the water.	1
7580604711	compound	A pure substance made of two or more elements CHEMICALLY combined.	2
7580604712	molecule	A neutral group of atoms joined together by covalent bonds; smallest unit of a compound joined together	3
7580604713	cell	Basic unit of life	4
7580604714	calorie	Amount of energy needed to raise temperature 1 gram of water 1 degree C'; A unit of heat used to measure the energy your body uses and the energy it receives from food	5
7580604715	energy	Ability to do work or cause change	6
7580604716	element	A pure substance made of only one kind of atom	7
7580604717	phosphate bond	a high-energy chemical bond that is especially important between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups in an ATP molecule	8
7580604718	starch	A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose.	9
7580604719	organic	Carbon-containing	10
7580604720	inorganic	Does not contain carbon; Not formed from living things or the remains of living things	11
7580604721	synthesis	Combining of small molecules or substances into larger, more complex ones; A+B=AB	12
7580604722	protein	A macromolecule that contains the principal components of organisms: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; performs a variety of structural and regulatory functions for cells.	13
7580604723	energy storage	carbohydrates and lipids	14
7580604724	structural support		15
7580604725	dehydration reaction	A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.	16
7580604726	biological molecule	chemical compounds that provide physical structure and bring about movement, energy use, and other cellular functions in a living organism	17
7580604727	active site	Region of an enzyme into which a particular substrate fits.	18
7580604728	activation energy	the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction	19
7580604729	saturated fat	A lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms; A fat that is solid at room temperature and found in animal fats, lards, and dairy products.	20
7580604730	unsaturated fat	A lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms; A fat that is liquid at room temperature and found in vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds.	21
7580604731	fatty acid	Building Blocks of Lipids; substances produced when fats are digested; simple forms of fat that supply energy fuel for most of the body's cells; unbranched carbon chains that make up most lipids	22
7580604732	steroids	A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various functional groups attached.	23
7580604733	exothermic reaction	A reaction that releases energy in the form of heat	24
7580604734	endothermic reaction	A reaction that ABSORBS energy in the form of heat	25
7580604735	fructase	-ase suffix Most enzymes end in "-ase" suffix, but not all enzymes. Some enzymes were named prior to the adoption of this process; "ose" turns to "ase" after decomposition reactions; structural -- what gives a macromolecule its shape [chitin]	26
7580604736	"ose"	used in biochemistry to form the names of sugars	27
7580604737	chemical structure	The way atoms in a compound are bonded it represents the structure of a compound.	28
7580604738	covalent bond	A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule	29
7580604739	ionic bond	Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another	30
7580604740	polar molecule	Molecule with an unequal distribution of charge, resulting in the molecule having a positive end and a negative end	31
7580604741	hydrogen bond	A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.	32
7580604742	biochemical	The changing of organic matter into other chemical forms such as fuels.	33
7580604743	macromolecule	A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules; a molecule containing a very large number of atoms, such as a protein, nucleic acid, or synthetic polymer.	34
7580604744	catalyst	(chemistry) a substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected	35
7580604745	enzyme	A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing	36
7580604746	substrate	A specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme; reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction	37
7580604747	polymer	A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.	38
7580604748	monomer	small chemical unit that makes up a polymer	39
7580604749	polysaccharide	A polymer of thousands of simple sugars formed by dehydration synthesis; Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides	40
7580604750	disaccharide	A double sugar molecule made of two monosaccharides bonded together through dehydration synthesis.	41
7580604751	monosacchride	single sugar molecule	42
7580604752	fructose	A monosaccharide found predominantly in fruit and honey	43
7580604753	cellulose	A large polysaccharide composed of many glucose monomers linked into cable-like fibrils that provide structural support in plant cell walls.	44
7580604754	lipid	Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.	45
7580604755	nucleotide	A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.	46
7580604756	amino acid	Building blocks of protein	47
7580604757	nucleic acid	(biochemistry) any of various macromolecules composed of nucleotid chains that are vital constituents of all living cells	48
7580604758	peptide	The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid	49
7580604759	triglyceride	Composed of three molecules of fatty acids joined to one molecule of glycerol	50
7580604760	dehydration synthesis	A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.	51
7580604761	glycerol	A three-carbon alcohol to which fatty acids are covalently bonded to make fats and oils.	52
7580604762	phospholipid	A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.	53
7580604763	maltose	a 12-carbon sugar that is formed by the union of two glucose units (a disaccharide)	54
7580604764	cyclic	occurring in cycles; regularly repeated	55
7580604765	chitin	a fibrous substance consisting of polysaccharides	56
7580604766	hydrolysis	A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; functions in disassembly of polymers to monomers.	57
7580604767	sucrose	A disaccharide made of glucose + fructose; Table sugar	58
7580604768	glycogen	A highly branched polymer of glucose containing thousands of subunits; functions as a compact store of glucose molecules in liver and muscle fibers	59
7580604769	hexoses	carbohydrates with six carbon atoms	60
7580604770	enzyme activity	the ability of an enzyme to do work and is mainly dependent on substrate concentration	61
7580604771	enzyme substrate complex	A temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule(s).	62
7580604772	polymerization	An organic reaction in which many small units are joined together to form a long chain	63

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Biochemistry Flashcards

CP Bio

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7695372890	Polar molecule	A molecule with possible charges on possible ends.	0
7695372891	Hydrophilic	Water-loving.	1
7695372892	Hydrophobic	Water-fearing.	2
7695372893	Hydrogen bond	Hydrogen ion is attracted to a negatively charged atom on a neighboring molecule.	3
7695372894	Cohesion	The attraction of water molecules to each other.	4
7695372895	Surface tension	Cohesive forces are strong enough to make water act as though there is a thin "skin" on its surface.	5
7695372896	Adhesion	The attraction between particles of different substances.	6
7695372897	Carbohydrates	Molecules that provide a source of quick energy or short-term stored energy.	7
7695372898	Lipids	Molecules that provide a source of long-term energy, insulation, and hormones.	8
7695372899	Saturated fatty acid	Long carbon-hydrogen chains with all single bonds between carbon atoms.	9
7695372900	Unsaturated fat	Long carbon-hydrogen chains with at least one double bond between carbon atoms.	10
7695372901	Glycerol and fatty acids	Make up lipids.	11
7695372902	Fats, oils, and waxes	Examples of lipids.	12
7695372903	Polysaccharide	Polymer of carbohydrates	13
7695372904	Monosaccharide	monomer of carbohydrates	14
7695372905	Lipid structure		15
7695372906	Monosaccharide structure		16
7695372907	Polysaccharide structure		17
7695372908	Phospholipid structure		18
7695372909	Covalent bond	sharing electrons between two atoms	19
7695372912	Examples of polysaccharides	cellulose, glycogen, starch	20
7695372913	Examples of monosaccharides	glucose, fructose, galactose	21
7695372914	Disaccharide	a carb made of two monosaccharides (ex: glucose + galactose = lactose)	22
7695372915	Disaccharide structure		23
7695372918	Monomer	smallest unit of a macromolecule; building blocks	24
7695372919	Polymer	many small units bonded together; large molecule	25

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AP World History Regions Flashcards

Locating the regions in APWH on a map by the green dot!

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6788417180	North America	0
6788417181	Caribbean	1
6788417182	Latin America	2
6788417183	Central Africa	3
6788417184	East Africa	4
6788417185	East Asia	5
6788417186	Eastern Europe	6
6788417187	Middle East (Southwest Asia)	7
6788417188	South Africa	8
6788417189	South Asia	9
6788417190	Southeast Asia	10
6788417191	West Africa	11
6788417192	Western Europe	12

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aaaaaaaa Flashcards

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6436160219	peremptory	final	0
6436160220	ebullient	extremely lively	1
6436196147	prosaic	dull	2
6436196148	ensconce	establish firmly in a position	3
6436196149	belie	to be in contradiction with	4
6436196150	insouciance	the cheerful feeling you have when nothing is troubling you	5
6436196151	vex	to annoy (someone)	6
6436196152	enmity	ill will	7
6436196153	echelon	level of rank in a society	8
6436196154	traipsed	to walk about	9

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Biochemistry Flashcards

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7458198683	Redux	oxidation Is the loss of electrons reduction is gain of electrons	0
7458223231	Lipids	Composed of C, H, and O . Is glycerol and fatty acids. Long term energy/ storage. Insulation. Cell membranes	1
7458226149	proteins	composed ofC, H, O, N, and S. Animo acid. Some are important structural components of living things- some serve as enzymes	2
7458226150	Nucleic acids	composed of C, H, O, N, and P. is a nucleotide. Stores genetic info	3
7458232766	carbohydrates	composed of C, H, and O. gives short term energy. Is a monosaccharide	4
7458358246	monomer	a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.	5
7458436336	Carbon	Central element of life because most biological molecules are built on a framework of this element	6
7458449390	functional group	Group of atoms that act as one molecule; have distinctive chemical properties	7
7458452330	Carboxyl	a COOH chemical group found in proteins	8
7458458388	hydroxyl	-OH (alcohol)	9
7458462948	Amino	H-N-H	10
7458466598	Phosphate	PO4 -3 DNA	11
7458481274	Polymer	A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.	12
7458492205	Polysaccharide	A complex molecule composed of three or more monosaccharides	13
7458555127	dehydration reactions	Monomers form larger molecules by condensation reactions; removal of a water molecule	14
7458558706	hydrolysis	reverse of dehydration	15

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Biochemistry Flashcards

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7887468648	cell theory	theory that states all organisms are made of cells, all cells are produced by other living cells, and the cell is the most basic unit of life	0
7887481164	organelle	membrane bound structure that is specialized to perform a distinct process within a cell	1
7887490812	prokaryotic cell	cell that does not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles	2
7887502811	eukaryotic cell	cell that has a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles	3
7887509615	passive transport	movement of molecules across the cell membrane without energy input from the cell	4
7887519479	active transport	energy requiring movement of molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration	5
7887539802	concentration gradient	difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another	6
7887547060	selective permeability	condition or quality of allowing some but not all materials to cross a barrier or membrane	7
7887555360	osmosis	diffusion of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration	8
7887569377	diffusion	movement of dissolved molecules in a fluid or gas from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration	9
7887586864	homeostasis	regulation and maintenance of constant internal conditions in an organism	10
7913571854	cytoplasm	jellylike substance that contains dissolved molecular building blocks and contains organelles	11
7913588637	nucleus	the storehouse for the genetic information(DNA) It protect the DNA and make sure it is available for use at the proper times	12
7913615355	smooth er	makes lipids and hormones and performs other specialized functions	13
7913630414	rough er	responsible for the assembly of many proteins	14
7913657439	ribosomes	tiny organelles that link amino acids to form proteins. They are the sight of protein synthesis and active participants	15
7913682943	golgi apparatus	process, sorts, packages, and delivers proteins. It contains enzymes that make changes to proteins	16
7913700771	vesicles	divide materials from the rest of the cytoplasm and transport these materials from place to place within the cell. also protects proteins to be transported to the golgi apparatus	17
7913734584	mitochondria	supplies energy to the cell. Has 2 membranes that converts molecuels from the food you eat into usuable energy	18
7913749382	vacoule	a fluid-filled sac used for the storage of materials needed by the cell. It strengthens the cell and helps to support the entire plant	19
7913798510	lysosomes	membrane bound organelles that contain enzymes and defend a cell from invading bacteria and viruses and break down damaged or worn out cell parts	20
7913815349	centriole	organelles that double and help to divide the cell and organize microtubules to form cilia and flagella	21
7913834039	cell wall	a rigid layer that gives protection,support,and shape to the cell only found in plants	22
7913856770	chloroplast	organelles that carry out photosynthesis that converts solar energy into energy rich molecules the cell can use	23
7939855807	cell membrane	forms a boundary between a cell and the outside environment and controls the passage of materials in and out of the cell	24
7939860551	phospholipid	a molecule composed of a charged phosphate group,glycerol,two fatty acid chains	25
7939878408	phospahte groups and glycerol	what 2 parts of the phospholipid makes up the head?	26
7939885001	head	what part of the phospholipid is polar?	27
7939887696	tails	what part of the phospholipid is nonpolar?	28
7939896472	fluid mosaic model	describes the arrangement of the molecules that make up the cell membrane	29
7939911309	its flexible and object on the surface can slide past each other	in what way is a membrane like a fluid?	30
7939915337	receptor	a protein that detects a signal molecule and performs an action in response	31
7939933387	isotonic	has the same concentration of dissolved particles as the cell. Water molecules move in and out of the cell at an equal rate so the cell size remains constant	32
7939935905	hypertonic	has a higher concentration of dissolved particles than a cell. This means water concentration is higher inside the cell than outside	33
7939956367	hypotonic	has a lower concentration of dissolved particles than a cell. Water molecules are more concentrated outside than inside of a cell	34
7939965837	facilitated diffusion	the diffusion of molecules across a membrane through transport proteins	35
7940001625	both uses transport proteins	how is active transport similar to facilitated diffusion	36
7940016713	energy(ATP)	what does a cell use during active transport	37
7940044304	vesicle	what does a substance get transported if the substance is too large to pass through the membrane	38
7940055641	endocytosis	the process of taking liquids or fairly large molecules into a cell by engulfing them in a membrane	39
7940063581	exocytosis	release of substances out of a cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the membrane	40
7940074874	lysosomal enzymes	what breaks down the vesicle membrane and its contents and are then released into the cell	41
7952746773	cytoskeleton	a network of proteins that is constantly changing to meet the needs of a cell	42
7952754203	microtubules	give cell its shape and help the movement of organelles	43
7964463255	plasma membrane	what is a cell membrane also known as	44
7964469317	tail,head,cholesterol,carbs	4 main parts of cell membrane	45
7964478705	diffusion and active transport	two ways material can get into the cell	46
7964484692	osmosis and diffusion	2 ways passive transport can happen	47
7964492730	protein pumps,endocytosis,exocytosis	3 ways active transport can happen	48
7964511415	extracellular and intracellular	2 parts to a cell's enviornment	49
7982410670	nucleolus	produces ribosomes	50
7982415659	chromosomes	contains genes	51
7982427464	cytoplasm,cell membrane,DNA	what 3 things do all cells have in common	52
7982441145	integral proteins	what spans the membrane	53
7982445024	peripheral proteins	what proteins are on one side or the other of the membrane	54
7982450602	phagocytosis,pinocytosis,receptor mediated cytosis	what 3 ways can endocytosis occur?	55
7982459332	against concentration gradient	how do active transport proteins move	56
8041845234	amino acid	molecule that makes up proteins; composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulfur	57
8041870509	covalent bond	chemical bond formed when 2 atoms share one or more pairs of electrons	58
8041876777	monomer	molecular subunit of a polymer	59
8041881527	polymer	large,carbon-based molecule formed by monomers	60
8041887617	carbohydrate	molecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; includes sugars and starches	61
8041900417	lipid	nonpolar molecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; includes fats and oils	62
8041908655	fatty acid	hydrogen chain often bonded to glycerol in a lipid	63
8041916801	protein	polymer composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds; folds into a particular structure depending on bonds between amino acids	64
8041933766	molecule	two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds; not necessarily a compound	65
8041945407	nucleic acid	polymer of nucleotides; the genetic material of organisms	66
8058377729	give functionality to chemicals and molecules	What do functional groups do	67
8058385013	dehydration synthesis	what is the process of putting monomers together called	68
8058399888	dna and rna	two types of nucleic acid	69
8058402959	nucelotides	the monomer of nucelic acids	70
8058405144	base,sugar,phosphate	3 parts of a nucleotide	71
8058410047	eating food	how do we get our dna	72
8058412781	amino acids	the monomer of proteins	73
8058415463	20	how many amino acids are there	74
8058419090	side/r group	what part of the amino acid makes it different	75
8058432160	phospholipid,cholesterol,triglyceride,fatty acid	what are the four types of lipids	76
8058440734	hydrocarbon tails	what ties all types of lipids together	77
8058449604	coconut oil	difference between saturated and unsaturated	78
8058455701	monosaccharide,diaccharide,polysaccharide	what 3 units does carbs come in	79
8058470385	glucose	monomer of carbohydrates	80
8058474738	cellular respiration	what can broken down carbs be used for	81
8058482802	nucleic acid,proteins,carbs,lipids	4 categories of macro molecules	82
8058490290	carbon	what are all organic molecules based on	83
8058503788	shape/form	what determines how organic molecules look and behave	84
8058516817	carbon,hydrogen,oxygen	elements all carbs contain	85
8058523704	starch,glycogen,cellulose	3 classes of carbs	86
8058525991	starch	which class of carbs involves food storage in plants	87
8058530797	glycogen	which class of carbs involves food storage in animals	88
8058537181	support in plants	what is cellulose used for	89
8058547523	peptide bond	what is the name of the bond that joins amino acids	90
8058556220	sequence and shapes of r groups	what determines the shape and function of a protein	91
8082786809	chon	chemical elements of protein	92
8082789515	chonp	chemical elements of nucleic acids	93
8082798490	nucleic acids	protein synthesis and hereditary info is the purpose of this organic compound	94
8082815567	benedicts	what lab tested simple sugar	95
8082819944	iodine	what lab tested starch	96
8082859189	biuret	what lab tested protein	97
8082877939	dipeptide,polypeptide	complex units of proteins	98
8082898790	organic	which type of compound has carbon in it and is essential for all living things	99
8082902105	inorganic	which compounds dont have carbon and are found in naturally occuring products	100
8082910032	four	how many electrons are in carbon's outermost energy level	101
8082916710	polymerization	what is it called when you bond together monomers and polymers	102
8163282548	reactant	substance that is changed by a chemical reaction	103
8163286688	product	substance formed by a chemical reaction	104
8163291151	activation energy	energy input necessary to initiate a chemical reaction	105
8163298740	exothermic	chemical reaction that yields a net release of energy in the form of heat	106
8163332749	endothermic	chemical reaction that requires a net input of energy	107
8163338404	catalyst	substance that decreases activation energy and increases reaction rate in a chemical reaction	108
8163353062	enzyme	protein that catalyzes chemical reactions for organisms	109
8163359426	substrate	reactant in a chemical reaction upon which an enzyme acts	110
8163407777	amino acids	what are enzymes made of	111
8163414430	maltase	what breaks the bond and frees two glucose pieces and only accepts maltose molecules	112
8163427151	active site	what breaks the bond on an enzyme and two glucose molecules float away	113
8163439776	grow,reproduce,create energy	what do the cells use enzymes for	114
8163445409	amalyse	what substance breaks down starch chains into smaller sugar molecules	115
8163451967	lipase	what substance break down fats	116
8163460711	peptide	what is a short amino acid	117
8163463582	protease	any enzyme that can break a long protein into peptides	118
8163472143	energy enzyme	allows cell to turn to glucose and oxygen for ATP	119
8163477963	restriction enzymes	recognizes viral dna and cuts it	120
8163489898	dna manipulation enzyme	moves along dna strands and repairs them	121
8163497576	enzyme production enzyme	produces the cell's enzymes	122

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Biochemistry Flashcards

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8155242180	atom	smallest particle of an element/ basic unit of matter	0
8155246066	compound	A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds	1
8155252384	van der waals forces	the attraction of intermolecular forces between molecules. There are two kinds of Van der Waals forces: weak London Dispersion Forces and stronger dipole-dipole forces.	2
8155252385	mixture	A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined	3
8155254873	pH scale	measures how acidic or basic a substance is	4
8155254874	inorganic	does not contain carbon and not formed from living things or the remains of living things	5
8155259057	monosaccharide	A single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose, the simplest type of sugar.	6
8155259058	starch	polysaccharide in plant cells that consists entirely of glucose monomers	7
8155262919	unsaturated fat	A lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms	8
8155265824	enzyme	A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing	9
8155265825	chemical reaction	the process by which one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances	10
8155272404	substrate	A specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme	11
8155272495	nucleus	A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction	12
8155277251	ionic bond	Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another	13
8155277252	ion	A charged atom, an atom that has a positive or negative charge	14
8155283453	solution	a liquid mixture in which the minor component (the solute) is uniformly distributed within the major component (the solvent)	15
8155283454	acid	compound that forms hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; a solution with a pH of less than 7	16
8155285965	monomer	A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers	17
8155285966	disaccharide	A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.	18
8155292815	glycogen	The form in which the liver and muscles store glucose/ Extremely branched polymer of glucose.	19
8155297062	saturated fat	A lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms	20
8155297063	amino acids	the building blocks of proteins	21
8155301079	reactant	A chemical substance that is present at the start of a chemical reaction	22
8155301080	electron	negatively charged particle	23
8155304700	hydrogen bond	weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom	24
8155304701	solute	A substance that is dissolved in a solution.	25
8155304702	base	A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.	26
8155307129	polymer	A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.	27
8155310002	polysaccharide	Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides	28
8155310003	fructose	fruit sugar/ monosaccharide	29
8155313519	fatty acid	an organic acid that is contained in lipids, such as fats or oils/ Building Blocks of Lipids	30
8155313520	active sites	the site on an enzyme that attaches to a substrate	31
8155316515	product	A substance produced in a chemical reaction	32
8155316516	element	any substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances	33
8155320055	covalent bond	A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule	34
8155320056	cohesion	Water molecules sticking to each other/ the force that holds molecules of a single material together	35
8155322984	solvent	A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances	36
8155322985	buffer	A solution that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution.	37
8155323140	carbohydrate	compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body	38
8155326641	glucose	A simple sugar that is an important source of energy.	39
8155326642	sucrose	glucose + fructose	40
8155334118	triglycerides	organic compound, a true fat, that is made of one glycerol and three fatty acids	41
8155334119	denaturation	loss of normal shape of a protein due to heat or other factor	42
8155339410	activation energy	the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction	43

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Biochemistry Flashcards

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8118675332	Carbon compounds	contain carbon, make up living things Can form 4 bonds Bonds can be with other elements or carbon Can be lots of shapes and sizes	0
8118675333	Functional groups	Special groups of atoms that usually participate in reactions Give different compounds different properties All functional groups important to life are polar	1
8118675334	Hydrophilic	Water loving	2
8118675335	Hydrophobic	Water hating	3
8118675336	Macromolecules	Gigantic molecules, thousands of atoms	4
8118675337	4 Types of Macromolecules	Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids	5
8118675338	Monomers	Individual building blocks of polymers	6
8118675339	Polymers	Chains of identical or similar molecules	7
8118675340	Carbohydrates	Main source of energy for cellular work	8
8118675341	Organic	Mostly carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H)	9
8118675342	Inorganic	Other elements, little or no C	10
8118675343	Dehydration Synthesis	Added monomers lose H or OH Release water Bond at oxygen - forms a bridge Polymer formed Building polymers/monomers together	11
8118675344	Hydrolysis Reaction	Water added to break bonds in polymers Reverse of dehydration synthesis Breaking polymers apart	12
8118675345	4 Characteristics of Carbohydrates	Made up of rings (or ring looking structure) Made up of ration CH2O End in "ose" OH (hydroxyl group)	13
8118675346	Monosaccharide	monomer Simple sugar	14
8118675347	Disaccharide	2 monosaccharides bonded Double sugar	15
8118675348	Polysaccharide	3 or more monosaccharides bonded Complex carb	16
8118675349	Function of Carbs	Short term energy Storage: polysaccharides	17
8118675350	Glycogen	How animals store excess sugar Mostly stored in liver and muscle cells When your glucose levels are low, broken down	18
8118675351	Starch	How plants store extra sugar Humans and other animals can break down Examples: potatoes, plantains, rice	19
8118675352	Cellulose	Structural Make plants rigid Cell walls Can't be broken down by humans and animals Examples: corn, legumes, lettuce	20
8118675353	Lipids	Made mostly of C and H, some O and P Mostly nonpolar Hydrophobic Common lipids: fat, oils, waxes	21
8118675354	Main Function of Lipids	Energy storage (long term)	22
8118675355	Additional functions of lipids	Cushioning and insulation	23
8118675356	Monomers that make up lipids	Glycerol and fatty acids	24
8118675357	Saturated Fat	No double bonds in the fatty acid Solid at room temperature SATURATED with hydrogens	25
8118675358	Unsaturated Fat	Double bonds in the fatty acid Liquid at room temperature	26
8118675359	Trans Fat	Really bad for you - causing cancer, diabetes, obesity, other health concerns	27
8118675360	Phospholipids	Glycerol with only two fatty acids Major component of CELL MEMBRANES Form a double layer in water	28
8118675361	Waxes	Protective coat for fruits and animals	29
8118675362	Hormones	Steroids	30
8118675363	Proteins (Function)	Structure, storage, defense, transport, and speeding up reactions Found in hair, muscles, feathers Common foods: meat, eggs, nuts	31
8118675364	Proteins (Structure)	Monomers: amino acids Amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen and R group Only 20 different R genes Polymers: polypeptides STRUCTURE = FUNCTION	32
8118675365	Protein Synthesis	Link between the C and the N: peptide bond 2 amino acids joined = dipeptide bond	33
8118675366	Primary Protein Structure	Chain of amino acids	34
8118675367	Denaturation	Unravel/altar structure of a protein DESTROY	35
8118675368	Secondary Protein Structure	Folding/coiling pattern	36
8118675369	Tertiary Structure	Overall 3D shape	37
8118675370	Quaternary Structure	Multiple polypeptide chains twisted together	38
8118675371	Nucleic Acids Function	Store and transmit genetic information Heredity/genetics	39
8118675372	Nucleic Acid monomers	Nucleotides	40
8118675373	Two types of nucleic acids	DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid RNA - Ribonucleic Acid	41
8118675374	Nucleic Acid Structure	Made of C, H, O, N and P 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base	42

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Biochemistry Flashcards

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8206244219	Polar molecule	A molecule with possible charges on possible ends.	0
8206244220	Hydrophilic	Water-loving.	1
8206244221	Hydrophobic	Water-fearing.	2
8206244222	Hydrogen bond	Hydrogen ion is attracted to a negatively charged atom on a neighboring molecule.	3
8206244223	Cohesion	The attraction of water molecules to each other.	4
8206244224	Surface tension	Cohesive forces are strong enough to make water act as though there is a thin "skin" on its surface.	5
8206244225	Adhesion	The attraction between particles of different substances.	6
8206244226	Carbohydrates	Molecules that provide a source of quick energy or short-term stored energy.	7
8206244227	Lipids	Molecules that provide a source of long-term energy, insulation, and hormones.	8
8206244228	Saturated fatty acid	Long carbon-hydrogen chains with all single bonds between carbon atoms.	9
8206244229	Unsaturated fat	Long carbon-hydrogen chains with at least one double bond between carbon atoms.	10
8206244230	Glycerol and fatty acids	Make up lipids.	11
8206244231	Fats, oils, and waxes	Examples of lipids.	12
8206244232	Polysaccharide	Polymer of carbohydrates	13
8206244233	Monosaccharide	monomer of carbohydrates	14
8206244234	Lipid structure		15
8206244235	Monosaccharide structure		16
8206244236	Polysaccharide structure		17
8206244237	Phospholipid structure		18
8206244238	Covalent bond	sharing electrons between two atoms	19
8206244239	Low density as a solid	solid H2O (ice) is able to float on liquid H2O (water)	20
8206244240	High heat capacity/specific heat	water requires a lot of energy gain/loss in order to change temperature	21
8206244241	Examples of polysaccharides	cellulose, glycogen, starch	22
8206244242	Examples of monosaccharides	glucose, fructose, galactose	23
8206244243	Disaccharide	a carb made of two monosaccharides (ex: glucose + galactose = lactose)	24
8206244244	Disaccharide structure		25
8206244245	Dehydration synthesis	removing a water molecule to build polymers	26
8206244246	Hydrolysis	adding a water molecule to break down polymers	27
8206244247	Monomer	smallest unit of a macromolecule; building blocks	28
8206244248	Polymer	many small units bonded together; large molecule	29

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