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Biochemistry Flashcards

7655157390	acid	A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.	0
7655160196	base	A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.	1
7655163358	covalent bond	A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule	2
7655165915	enzyme	A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing	3
7655167502	glycogen	Extremely branched polymer of glucose.	4
7655171617	isotope	Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons	5
7655173787	molecule	A group of atoms bonded together	6
7655176565	nucleus	Control center of the cell	7
7655178602	polymer	A covalent compound made up of many small, repeating units linked together in a chain.	8
7655180599	starch	storage form of glucose in plants	9
7655183911	active site	A pocket or groove on the surface of the enzyme.	10
7655185899	carbohydrate	A sugar in the form of a monosaccharide, disaccharide or polysaccharide. Broken down to simple sugars	11
7655195313	dehydration synthesis	Condensation reaction where molecules are connected by loss of a water molecule.	12
7655198818	enzyme-substrate complex	A temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule(s).	13
7655203631	hydrolysis	Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water	14
7655205467	lipid	A fatty substance that does not dissolve in water	15
7655209489	monosaccharide	A single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose, the simplest type of sugar.	16
7655213477	organic compound	Compounds that contain carbon	17
7655216509	polysaccharide	Long chains of linked monosaccharides.	18
7655218495	substrate	A specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme	19
7655221653	amino acid	Building blocks of protein	20
7655223937	cellulose	A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms	21
7655226193	disaccharide	A carbohydrate compound consisting of two sugar molecules joined together.	22
7655227898	fatty acids	Building Blocks of Lipids	23
7655232408	ion	A charged atom	24
7655234254	metabolism	All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism	25
7655237305	nucleic acid	a long chain of smaller molecules called nucleotides; DNA and RNA	26
7655240905	pH level	Measure of how acidic or basic a substance is	27
7655250739	protein	Nutrients the body uses to build and maintain its cells and tissues	28
7655253804	atom	the basic unit of a chemical element.	29
7655256689	compound	A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds	30
7655258579	element	A pure substance made of only one kind of atom	31
7655261206	glycerol	A three-carbon alcohol to which fatty acids are covalently bonded to make fats and oils.	32
7655265621	ionic bond	A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.	33
7655268449	mixture	A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined	34
7655271338	nucleotide	a molecule made of a nitrogen base, a sugar, and a phosphate group	35
7655277463	peptide bond	The covalent bond between two amino acid units, formed by a dehydration reaction.	36
7655279740	solution	A mixture that forms when one substance dissolves another.	37

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Biochemistry Flashcards

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7821852165	Covalent Bond	Covalent bond forms when two atoms share one or more pairs of outer shell electrons A covalent bond forms when atoms share electrons in order to satisfy the octet rule	0
7821948415	Ionic Bond	Ionic bonds are transferring electrons (one atom gives up its electrons to complete another atom's outer ring)	1
7821963944	Hydrogen Bond	Weakest bond, bond between two hydrogen molecules	2
7821993726	Polar Covalent Bonds	Polar molecules have unequal sharing of electrons among atoms	3
7821993727	Non-Polar Covalent Bonds	Non-polar covalent bonds have equal sharing of electrons	4
7822068950	Four Life Supporting Properties of Water	cohesion/adhesion, high heat of evaporation, ice floats, and the solvent versatility	5
7822107365	Bonding Properties of Carbon	Carbon shares electrons with other atoms to complete its outer shell and can make four branching covalent bonds, allowing it to bond continuously with almost any other atom	6
7822123010	Four Main Classes of Biological Molecules	carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids	7
7822130163	Macromolecules	large/long molecules	8
7823442021	Dehydration Reaction	A dehydration reaction is a chemical reaction that removes a molecule of water to bond molecules	9
7823480967	Hydrolysis	Hydrolysis is when polymers are broken down to monomers Hydrolysis means to break with water	10
7823489544	Monosaccharides	Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates, they cannot be broken down into smaller sugars (glucose and fructose)	11
7823492847	Disaccharides	Disaccharide is constructed from two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction Examples of disaccharides are lactose, maltose, and sucrose	12
7823502750	Polysaccharides	Polysaccharides (3+) are long chains of sugar units and are polymers of monosaccharides Linked together by dehydration reactions Starch, cellulose, and glycogen are polysaccharides that store sugar for later use (we cannot digest cellulose)	13
7823507649	Lipids	Lipids are a naturally occurring chemical compound that cannot dissolve in water (only comes from plants and animals	14
7823521797	Unsaturated Fats	If there is at least one carbon carbon double bond in a fatty acid it is unsaturated, Tend to be liquid at room temperature, healthy fats, lowers LDL's Nuts, Vegetable oil, fish	15
7823530594	Saturated Fats	If each carbon atom in a lipid's fatty acid chains is joined to another carbon atom by a single bond =saturated contain the maximum possible amount of hydrogen molecules Tend to be solid at room temperature Raise LDL's (could cause blood clots and arteriosclerosis)	16
7823543080	Steroids	Lipids with a fused ring structure Cholesterol and hormones such as testosterone and estrogen	17
7823546756	Anabolic Steroids	Anabolic steroids are synthetic variants of testosterone, pose health risks "Roid rage" Depression Liver damage High blood pressure Shrunken testicles, reduced sex drive, infertility In females, male characteristics	18
7823560571	Amino Acids	Monomers of protein (20 different amino acids that combine to make proteins)	19
7823578352	Dehydration Synthesis	Cells link amino acids together	20
7823581266	Peptide Bonds	The bonds between amino acid monomers	21
7826954801	DNA and RNA	The blueprints of the body	22
7826958777	Nucleic Acid Monomers	Nucleotides	23
7826962246	Nucleic Acids	Instructions for making proteins	24
7827049769	Denaturation	A protein uncoiling	25
7827052359	Renaturation	A protein recoiling	26
7827062699	High Quality Proteins	Milk, eggs, cheese	27
7827242295	Composition of a Nucleotide	phosphate group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar	28
7827808589	Hydrophobic	Separates from water, water fearing	29
7827815007	Hydrophilic	Water loving	30

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Biochemistry Flashcards

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8424542961	Polar molecule	A molecule with partial charges due to unequal sharing of electrons	0
8424542962	Hydrophilic	Water-loving.	1
8424542963	Hydrophobic	Water-fearing.	2
8424542964	Hydrogen bond	Hydrogen ion is attracted to a negatively charged atom on a neighboring molecule.	3
8424542965	Cohesion	The attraction of water molecules to each other.	4
8424542966	Surface tension	Cohesive forces are strong enough to make water act as though there is a thin "skin" on its surface.	5
8424542967	Adhesion	The attraction between particles of different substances.	6
8424542980	Covalent bond	sharing electrons between two atoms	7
8424542989	Monomer	smallest unit of a macromolecule; building blocks	8
8424542990	Polymer	many small units bonded together; large molecule	9
8424564067	Nonpolar molecule	A molecule that is electrically neutral throughout	10
8424598336	Ionic bond	Transfer of electrons from one atom to another	11
8424603483	Acid	A substance with pH less than 7	12
8424607333	Base	A substance with pH greater than 7	13
8424609426	Atomic number	The number of protons an atom of a particular element has	14
8424616828	Ion	An atom that has acquired a positive or negative charge	15
8424624624	Isotopes	Atom of the same element with a different number of neutrons	16
8424634541	Proton	A subatomic particle with a positive charge	17
8424634542	Electron	A subatomic particle with a negative charge	18
8424637083	Neutron	A subatomic particle with no electric charge	19
8424663420	Atom	The smallest particle that contains the properties of an element	20
8424663421	Molecule	A more complex particle formed from several atoms	21
8424663422	Atomic Mass	The number of protons and neutrons combined in the nucleus of an atom	22
8424666250	Isomers	Molecules with the same chemical formula but different structures	23
8424977762	Functional group	A specific molecular structure attached to an organic molecule	24
8424984117	Carboxyl	A functional group with the formula -COOH	25
8424989529	Amino	A functional group with the formula -NH2	26
8425004139	Seven	Neutral on the pH scale	27
8425004140	Four	The number of bonds made by a carbon atom	28
8425025227	Nucleus	The center of an atom which contains the protons and neutrons	29

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Integumentary Flashcards

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5115316922	Epidermis	Most superficial layer, thin, devoid of blood vessels. Divided into 2 layers: outer layer of dead skin cells and an inner layer where melanin and keratin are formed.	0
5115316923	Dermis	Supplies the epidermis with nutrition. Rich blood supply. Contains sweat glands, sebaceous glands (covering everything else), connective tissue, and hair follicles.	1
5115316924	Sebaceous glands	Produce a fatty substance secreted onto the skin surface through the hair. Found everywhere except the palms and soles.	2
5115316925	Eccrine sweat gland	Widely distributed, open onto skin surface, help control body temp.	3
5115316926	Apocrine sweat glands	Found in the axillary and genital regions. Open into hair follicles, stimulated by emotional stress.	4
5115316927	Subcutaneous	Also known as adipose, or fat.	5
5115316928	Melanin	Gives skin a brownish pigment. Genetically determined and increases with sunlight.	6
5115316930	jaundice	Yellow color in the skin, due to deposition of bilirubin in the skin.	7
5115316933	Pallor	Pale; caused by decreased blood flow in vessels.	8
5115316935	Cyanosis	Blue skin; due to increased concentration of deoxyhemoglobin in cutaneous blood vessels.	9
5115316940	Nail plate	Body of the nail.	10
5115316941	Nail bed	Vascular, nail plate attached.	11
5115316942	Lunula	White, bottom part of nail.	12
5115316943	Free edge	End of the nail.	13
5115316948	Erythema	Redness	14
5115316964	Basal cell carcinoma	Arising in the lowest level of the skin, 80% of skin cancers, found on head and neck. Pearly white and translucent, grow slowly, rarely metastasize	15
5115316965	Metastasize	(of a cancer) spread to other sites in the body by metastasis.	16
5115316966	Squamous cell carcinoma	Upper layer of the epidermis, 16% of skin cancers. Crusted and scaly with inflamed or ulcerated appearance. Can metastasize.	17
5115316968	Risk factors for melanoma	1. History of previous melanoma 2. 50+ yo 3. Regular dermatologist absent 4. Mole changing 5. Male gender 6. 50 or more moles 7. 1-4 abnormal moles 8. Red/light hair 9. UV radiation from heavy sun exposure 10. Light eye or skin color- skin that freckles or burns easily. 11. Severe blistering sunburns in childhood 12. Immunosupression from HIV or chemo 13. Family history	18
5115316972	ABCDEFGH for Moles	Asymmetry Boarder irregularity Color change Diameter- > 6mm Evolving Family History Greater than 50 Healing not	19
5115317004	Keloid	Hypertrophic scarring that extends beyond the boarders of the initiating injury.	20
5115317021	Basal Cell Carcinoma	Malignant, grows slowly. Effects mostly fair skinned adults 40+ yo. Found on the face.	21
5115317022	Squamous Cell Carcinoma	Malignant, found on sun exposed areas of fair skinned adults 60+ yo. Can develop actinic keratosis. Firmer, and redder than BCC.	22
5115317033	Leukonychia (white spots)	Non-uniform white spots that grow slowly with the nail. Caused by trauma or over manicuring.	23

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Biochemistry Flashcards

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8077245753	atom	the smallest unit of matter	0
8077245754	nucleus	the positively charged center core of an atom	1
8077245755	proton	a positively charged subatomic particle found in an atom's nucleus	2
8077245756	neutron	a subatomic particle with no charge found in an atom's nucleus	3
8077245757	electron	a negatively charged subatomic particle found "buzzing" outside the nucleus	4
8077245758	molecule	two or more atoms chemically bonded	5
8077245759	compound	two or more different elements chemically bonded	6
8077245760	molecular formula	a formula giving the number of atoms of each of the elements present in one molecule of a specific compound	7
8077245761	element	a substance that cannot be broken down more	8
8077245762	chemical reaction	a reaction that causes a substance's makeup to alter	9
8077245763	covalent bont	a bond formed by electron sharing	10
8077245764	reactants	"before" pieces of a chemical reaction	11
8077245765	pH	a measure of the acidity of a substance	12
8169555302	pH levels	0-14 7 is neutral below 7 is acidic above is basic	13
8077245766	acid	a molecule or other entity that is hydrogen positive (H+)	14
8077245767	base	a molecule or other entity that is missing hydrogens (H-)	15
8077245768	hydrogen bond	when in a covalent bond the polar molecule hydrogen bonds with other polar molecules	16
8077245769	polar	molecules with slight variance in their polarity are _____.	17
8077245770	non-polar	molecule in which the atoms are shared equally	18
8077245771	cohesion	the sticking together of particles of the same substance	19
8077245772	adhesion	the sticking together of particles of different substances	20
8077245773	ionic bond	a chemical bond in which electrons are donated and received	21
8077245774	ion	a charged atom/molecule	22
8169613586	macromolecules	large molecules made up of more molecules	23
8077245775	carbohydrate	a division of macro molecules consisting mainly of sugars, starches, and cellulose	24
8077245776	isomers	molecules with the same molecular formulae produced differently because of variances in structure	25
8077245777	monosacchrides	single sugars (ex: glucose, fructose, galactose)	26
8077245778	disacchrides	double sugars (ex: sucrose, lactose)	27
8077245779	polysacchrides	multiple sugars bonded together (ex: starch, glycogen, cellulose)	28
8077245780	glucose	a simple monosacchride sugar in humans and other animals	29
8077245781	lipid	a class of organic molecules consisting of waxes, oils and steroids not water soluble store energy cushion and insulate the internal organs	30
8077245782	glycerol	a vital part in creating a lipid; bonds with three fatty acids	31
8077245783	fatty acid	a vital part in creating a lipid; bonds with a glycerol	32
8077245784	condensation/dehydration reaction	the bonding of two or more molecules resulting in the loss of a water molecule	33
8077245785	hydrolysis	aids in digestion by inserting water (H2O) molecules back in between separate molecules	34
8077245786	nucleic acid	an organic compound found in DNA and RNA	35
8077245787	nucleotide	the monomers that build up nucleic acid	36
8077245788	protein	a complex organic compound that is made up of long woven strands of amino acids	37
8077245789	amino acid	the monomers (also referred to as monopeptides) that make up proteins	38
8077245790	enzymes	a substance that acts as a CATALYST to bring about a certain funtion	39
8077245791	catalyst	a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without undergoing change	40
8077245792	substrate	the substance that an enzyme acts on	41
8077245793	kinetic energy	energy that comes from being in motion	42
8077245794	potential chemical energy	stored and prepared energy	43
8077245795	ATP	an energy storing molecule that stores energy for almost anything humans do	44
8077245796	metabolism	the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life, including food digestion	45
8077245797	exergonic	a chemical process paired with energy release	46
8077245798	endergonic	a chemical process paired with energy gain	47
8169456093	elements	pure substance all the same type of atom	48
8169530910	solute	substance that is dissolved	49
8169535875	solvant	substance that does the dissolving	50
8169582661	buffers	are substances produced by cells that prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH.	51

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Chapter 28 AP World History Flashcards

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8427580183	Osman	the founder of the Ottoman empire (1289-1923) him and his followers sought to be ghazi, and they waged many holy wars	0
8427580184	Mehmed the Conqueror	conquered Constantinople in 1453, which opened up the door to Ottoman expansion. He planned to expand the empire to Europe	1
8427580185	Suleyman the Magnificent	Ottoman imperialism climaxed in his reign (1520-1566). He promoted expansion and made Ottoman a major naval power	2
8427580186	Shah Ismail	Took revenge on enemies of his family by claiming the Persain title "Shah" (r. 1501-1524) willing to use whatever force to switch people's religions	3
8427580187	Shah Abbas	Revitalized the Safavid empire by encouraging trade (r. 1588-1629) He strengthened the military and led them to many victories. Brought northwestern Iran, Caucaus and Mesopotamia under Safavid rule	4
8427580188	Babur	A Turk who claimed decent from Chinggis Khan and Tamerlagne. He wanted to build a big empire, and he did, but it was loosely constructed and administered. It was called the Mughal empire	5
8427580189	Akbar	architect of Mughal empire (r. 1556-1605), built a centralized administrative structure, "laid down the law", in conquered lands, wanted reduced religious tensions and encouraged syncretic faiths	6
8427580190	Aurangzeb	reached Mughal height (r 1659-1707) pushed into South India, faced rebellion because he destroyed Hindu temples to put up mosques and taxed Hindus to encourage conversion to Islam	7
8427580191	Ottomans	a successful frontier state around the Mediterranean Sea, completely over Anatolia and parts of Egypt (1289-1923)	8
8427580192	Safavids	a dynasty located in Iran and part of Armenia (1501-1722)	9
8427580193	Mughals	a dynasty located in India, taking all but the southern tip (1526-1858)	10
8427580194	Ghazi	Muslim religious warriors "the ghazi is the instrument of the religion of Allah, a servant of God who purifies the earth from the filth of polytheism..."	11
8427580195	Janissaries	boys who learned Islam and became soldiers who had a reputation for loyalty to the sultan and readiness to use new military technology	12
8427580196	Twelver Shiism	the religion that shah Ismail imposed; there were 12 infallible iams (religious leaders) after Muhammad that went into hiding and would come spread their religion someday	13
8427580197	Qizilbash	followers of Twelver Shiism who wore red hats with 12 pleats	14
8427580198	Taj Mahal	a tomb for Shan Jhan's wife and represented the Islamic judgement day, very elaborate and expensive, signifies the wealth	15
8427588811	Sikhs	A significant syncretic religion that evolved in India, blending elements of Islam and Hinduism. Founded by Guru Nanak	16

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Biochemistry Flashcards

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5641630151	Atom	the basic unit of matter which cannot be broken down into smaller parts by chemical means	0
5641630152	Element	a pure substance made of only one kind of atom	1
5641630153	Proton	a subatomic particle that is located in the nucleus of an atom. Has a positive charge	2
5641630154	Electron	a subatomic particle that orbits the nucleus of an atom. Has a negative charge	3
5641630155	Neutron	a subatomic particle located in the nucleus of an atom that has no charge.	4
5641630156	Molecule	a group of atoms held together by covalent bonds. Can be an element or a compound.	5
5641630157	Compound	a substance made of joined atoms of 2 different elements. Ex: CO2, H2O, CO	6
5641630158	Covalent bond	a bond between atoms in a molecule where atoms share electrons equally. A very strong bond.	7
5641630159	Ion	a charged atom which is created when atoms exchange electrons	8
5641630160	Ionic Bond	a bond between atoms in a molecule where a positive ion and a negative ion are attracted to one another.	9
5641630161	Acid	compounds that create hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. A substance with a pH of 1-6	10
5641630162	Base	compounds that reduce the amount of hydrogen atoms when dissolved in water. A substance with a pH of 8-14	11
5641630163	pH	a measure of how acidic or basic a substance is. The scale ranges from 1-14	12
5641630164	Polar molecule	a neutral molecule where part of the molecule is partially positively charged and another part is partially negatively charged	13
5641630165	Hydrogen bonds	weak bonds that occur between positive charges on one molecule and negative charges on another molecule	14
5641630166	Cohesion	a property of water where water molecules stick to other water molecules	15
5641630167	Adhesion	a property of water where water molecules stick to other molecules (non-water molecules)	16
5641630168	Surface Tension	a property of water describing how water's surface requires a significant force to penetrate	17
5641630169	High Heat Capacity	a property of water describing how it takes a lot of energy for water to heat up	18
5641630170	Crystalline Ice Structure	a property of water describing how the space between water molecules allows air to be trapped in ice. Allows ice to be less dense than water, and water expands when frozen into ice	19
5641630171	Universal Solvent	a property of water describing how water can dissolve lots of materials	20
5641630172	Hydrophilic	describes a molecule as being "water liking." These molecules are polar or charged and they dissolve in water	21
5641630173	Hydrophobic	describes a molecule as being "water fearing." These molecules are nonpolar and they do not dissolve in water	22
5641630174	Monomer	single subunit (building block) of macromolecules	23
5641630175	macromolecule	a large polymer molecule	24
5641630176	dimer	2 monomers bonded together	25
5641630177	Polymer	multiple monomers bonded together	26
5641630178	Dehydration Synthesis	the process by which subunits are bonded together to make larger molecules by removing water	27
5641630179	Hydrolysis	the process by which larger molecules are broken apart into smaller subunits by adding water	28
5641630180	Carbohydrate	one of the major biological molecules that are sugars, starches, etc. Usually form rings	29
5641630181	Monosaccharide	the monomer of carbohydrates	30
5641630182	Disaccharide	the dimer of carbohydrates	31
5641630183	Polysaccharide	the polymer of carbohydrates	32
5641630184	Lipid	one of the major biological molecules that are nonpolar (hydrophobic) and have noticeable long chains of carbon and hydrogen	33
5641630185	Saturated Fatty Acid	type of lipid that forms "straight" lines. Can be packed into tight spaces and are solid at room temperature. Ex: butter	34
5641630186	Unsaturated Fatty Acid	type of lipid that forms "kinked" or "bent" lines. Cannot be packed in to tight spaces and are liquid at room temperature. Ex: oil	35
5641630187	Nucleic Acid	type of biological molecule that is involved in making and carrying out our genetic code	36
5641630188	nucleotide	monomer of nucleic acids. contains a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.	37
5641630189	DNA and RNA	polymers of nucleic acids	38
5641630190	Protein	type of biological molecule used in muscles and expressing our genes.	39
5641630191	Amino Acids	monomer of proteins. Contains an R group	40
5641630192	R group	variable in amino acids that changes and determines the type of amino acid that a molecule is	41
5641630193	Polypeptide (protein)	polymer of proteins	42
5641630194	Peptide Bond	bond between two amino acids that attaches them to make a polypeptide	43
5641630195	Denaturation	when a protein looses its shape due to environmental changes (salt concentration, temperature, pH)	44
5641630196	Enzyme	type of protein considered a biological catalyst. Workers in our cells that help chemical reactions happen.	45
5641630197	Activation energy	the amount of energy needed to get a reaction started (lowered by an enzyme)	46
5641630198	Active Site	area of an enzyme where the reaction occurs (where the substrate fits in with the enzyme).	47
5641630199	Substrate	the substance that the enzyme works on. The reactant(s) in an enzymatic reaction	48
5641630200	Product	the substance that is created at the end of the reaction	49
5641630201	Lock and Key hypothesis	describes how an enzyme and substrate fit together perfectly and an enzyme only works on one substrate	50

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Biochemistry Flashcards

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4871241854	Amino Acids	Basic building blocks of protein molecules	0
4871241855	Proteins	Large molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids and are an essential part of all living organisms, especially as structural components of body tissues such as muscle, hair, collagen, etc., and as enzymes and antibodies.	1
4871242641	Enzymes	Type of protein found in all living things that changes the rate of chemical reactions	2
4871242642	Peptide Bonds	type of bond formed between amino acids to create a protein	3
4871243628	Carbohydrates	Simple sugars or complex molecules containing multiple sugars	4
4871243629	Lipids	Organic compounds used by cells as long-term energy stores or building blocks as well as protection and insulation. Composed of carbon and hydrogen with a small amount of oxygen	5
4871245441	Deoxyribonucleic Acid	DNA, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.	6
4871245442	Ribonucleic Acid	RNA, a nucleic acid present in all living cells. Its principal role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins, although in some viruses RNA rather than DNA carries the genetic information.	7
4871246880	Polymers	Large molecule formed when many smaller molecules bond together	8
4871246881	Monomers	A simple molecule that repeatedly combines to form a polymer	9
4871248117	Biomolecules	A molecule (chemical compound) that is important for life. Most contain C, H, and O, and are polymers of smaller subunits	10
4871272010	Nucleic Acids	Complex biomolecules, such as RNA and DNA, that store cellular information in cells in the form of a code.	11
6043921680	Nucleotides	Basic units of DNA and RNA molecules, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of 5 nitrogenous bases	12
7396379461	Reactants	A starting material in a chemical reaction	13
7396379462	Products	The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction.	14
7396383274	Substrate	A specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme	15
7396383275	Denature	To change the shape of a protein and render it ineffective.	16
7396387095	Active Site	The region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction	17
7396396494	Buffers	Substances that minimize changes in pH	18
7396470228	pH	A measure of how acidic or basic a solution is	19
7396536699	Organic	Consisting of or deriving from living matter; relating to or denoting compounds that are carbon based	20
7396536700	Inorganic	Not consisting of or deriving from living matter; relating to or denoting compounds that are not carbon based	21
7396536701	Element	A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances	22
7396540294	Activation Energy	The minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction	23

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AP World History Vocab Flashcards

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4732376651	Paleolithic Era	Earliest known use of stone tools by human to the ens of the Pleistocene	0
4732377019	Homo sapiens	Homo is the human genus, sapiens is the only surviving species of the genus Homo	1
4732377020	Neolithic Era	The new stone age from 10,200 BC and ending between 4,500 and 2,000 BC	2
4732377688	Neolithic Revolution	A shift in the way people live, from hunting and gathering to agriculture led to longer lasting civilizations	3
4732377689	Bronze Age	A time period characterized by the use of bronze and early features of urban civilizations	4
4732377918	Civilization	Civilizations are a gathering of people that can sustain themselves and considered to be advanced	5
4732378261	Nomads	A person who travels from place to place to find fresh land for their livestock	6
4732378262	Mesopotamia	An ancient region in Southwest Asia between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates	7
4732378546	Citystate	a sovereign state that consists of a city and its dependent territories	8
4732378547	Indus river Valley	an aincent civilization that flourished in the Indus river Valley	9
4732663174	Shang	A chinese dynasty from 1766-1122 BC	10
4732663175	Ideograph	another term for ideogram	11
4733594048	Phoenicians	An ainect civilization that lived along the Mediterranian sea	12
4733594049	Babylonian Empire	An war driver Civilization which conqured many other civilitaions during it rule	13
4733594246	Catal Huyuk	A very large Neolithic and Chalcolithic proto-city in southern Anatolia	14
4733594247	Monotheisim	Monotheism is the belief of only one true God	15
4733594401	Cuneiform	A system of writing first developed by the ancient Sumerians of Mesopotamia	16
4733594402	Sumertian	A ancient language, non-Semitic element it contributed to the Babylonian Empire	17
4733594481	Harappa	An ancient civilization the was in present day Pakistan	18
4733594482	Mohenjo Daro	One of the largest cities of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization ,also known as the Harappan Civilizatiion	19
4733594609	Yellow River	A river flowing through Western China into he Gulf of Bohai	20

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