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Biochemistry Flashcards

8256422812	Elements	composed of only one type of atom; can't be broken down	0
8256434989	Protons	positive charge, in the center of the atom, it's attrached to electrons	1
8256444851	Neutron	neutral charge in center of the atom, not attrached to nothing	2
8256466117	Electron	Negative charge, located on outer rings of the atom, attrached to protons	3
8256484790	Isotopes	atoms of the same elements that have difinite number of neutrons	4
8256506725	Why do isotopes decay?	changing number of neutrons can cause neucules to decay	5
8256520176	Why are radioactive isotopes useful?	can calculate the age by finding out how much carbon 14 left, also helpless in medical practices	6
8256540831	Octet Rule	Atoms gain or lose electrons so that they have a complete valence shell (8 electrons)	7
8256563962	Covalent Bonds	Electrons are shared between atoms	8
8256567877	Polar Bonds	Unequal sharing of electrons EX: Water	9
8256581009	Non Polar Bonds	equal sharing of electrons because they have an equal attraction EX: Oil	10
8256586129	Ionic Bonds	The electrons are transferred from one atom to another, formed between a cation	11
8256597830	Atoms have a charge because ....	they have extra or fewer electrons	12
8256617587	The more electrons you have ....	negative	13
8256621072	the fewer electrons you have ....	positive	14
8256629872	Hydrogen bonds	A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule. One bond	15
8256636082	Cohesion	Stitch together/ surface tension	16
8256641394	Adhesion	Attraction of molecules of a different substance	17
8256651338	Capillary Action	Both cohesion and adhesion (Pull water up the tube)	18
8256661435	Specfic Heat	How much energy you have to put into a molecule to raise its temp	19
8256697247	Solvent	substance that can dissolve another substance	20
8256705537	Solute	thing thst dissolved	21
8256715177	Solution	Uniform mixture of 2 or more substances	22
8256749647	Mixture	combination where they retain individual characteristics	23
8256767416	Hydrophilic Molecules	molecules with Polar or ionic bonds -- attrached to water	24
8256767417	Hydrophobic Molecules	molecules with non polar bonds -- repels water	25
8256794489	Acids	Compound that make H+ -- Ph 0 - 7	26
8256806346	Bases	Compounds that make OH - ions in solution 7- 14	27
8256829825	Buffers	Mixtures that react with acids or bases to help the PH within a certain range	28
8256850047	Organic Compounds	have carbon bonds	29
8256868407	Macromolecules	big molecules formed by joining smaller organic molecules toghether	30
8256876484	Monomers	building blocks of organic molecules, small chemical unit that makes up a polymer	31
8256906275	Carbohytrates	Common Elements - Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Monomer Unit - (CHO)2 Strcture - Rings	32
8263381267	Monosaccharides	Glucose, frutose Function is quick release of energy	33
8263393678	What do Lipids have in common?	Both Hydrophilic and hydrophobic	34
8263517887	triglyceride	Composed of three molecules of fatty acids joined to one molecule of glycerol	35
8263527588	lipid	Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.	36
8263533765	endothermic reaction	A reaction that ABSORBS energy in the form of heat	37
8263546644	amino acid	Building blocks of protein	38
8263558322	catalyst	(chemistry) a substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected	39
8263564815	Enzyme activity	the ability of an enzyme to do work and is mainly dependent on substrate concentration	40
8263579890	dehydration reaction	A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.	41
8263598438	Protien	A macromolecule that contains the principal components of organisms: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; performs a variety of structural and regulatory functions for cells.	42
8263608558	hydrolysis	A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; functions in disassembly of polymers to monomers.	43
8263613514	disaccharide	A double sugar molecule made of two monosaccharides bonded together through dehydration synthesis.	44
8263618953	polysaccharide	A polymer of thousands of simple sugars formed by dehydration synthesis; Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides	45
8263626250	"ose"	sugars	46
8263631817	saturated fat	A lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms; A fat that is solid at room temperature and found in animal fats, lards, and dairy products	47
8263639856	substrate	A specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme; reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction	48
8263645952	unsaturated fat	A lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms; A fat that is liquid at room temperature and found in vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds.	49
8263657016	exothermic reaction	A reaction that releases energy in the form of heat	50
8263662708	nucleic acid	a complex organic substance present in living cells, especially DNA or RNA, whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain.	51
8263668533	fatty acid	Building Blocks of Lipids; substances produced when fats are digested; simple forms of fat that supply energy fuel for most of the body's cells; unbranched carbon chains that make up most lipid	52
8264679760	Enzyme	A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing	53
8264693917	How are isotopes different from enzymes	the use of the isotope effects to determine the enzyme	54
8264759728	chitin	a fibrous substance consisting of polysaccharides	55
8264772683	Active site	Region of an enzyme into which a particular substrate fits.	56
8264784951	dehydration synthesis	A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule	57
8264803760	cellulose	A large polysaccharide composed of many glucose monomers linked into cable-like fibrils that provide structural support in plant cell walls	58
8264851071	Oxygen	has 2 bonds	59
8264857114	Nitrogen	has 3	60
8264857115	Carbon	has 4	61
8264909313	What are the types of bonds	Covalent bonds, polar bonds, non polar, ionic	62
8265025894	why is specific heat important	Helps regulate the tempature Stores energy	63
8265056493	Ph	measure of the hydorgen ion concentration of a solution	64
8265091016	Why does water's specific heat affect other organisms	can affect the way they live	65
8265110853	what are the types of macromolecules	carbohydrates. lipids. proteins. nucleic acids.	66
8265160533	protiens do what	provide structure and support for cells	67
8265171463	lipids do what	providing energy to producing hormones	68
8265182460	nuelic acids do what	Genetic Information	69
8265185228	carbohydrates do what	provide your body with energy.	70
8265221568	macromolecule structures	Macromolecules have giant covalent structures	71
8265284363	why is homeostasis important for the function of enzymes	Homeostasis keeps the body environment under control and keeps the conditions right for cells to live and function. Without the right body conditions, certain processes and proteins will not function properly.	72
8265297469	How enzymes are regulated	The binding molecules control whether an enzyme is activated or inhibited	73
8265336294	Denaturation	Denaturation is a process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose the quaternary structure, tertiary structure and secondary structure which is present in their native state when she flings it around in class	74
8265375244	denature enzymes	Change the pH and the enzyme stops working. Increasing the temperature to 60°C will cause a permanent change to the shape of the active site. This is why enzymes stop working when they are heated	75

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Biochemistry Flashcards

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8437984441	Polar molecule	A molecule with possible charges on possible ends.	0
8437984442	Hydrophilic	Water-loving.	1
8437984443	Hydrophobic	Water-fearing.	2
8437984444	Hydrogen bond	Hydrogen ion is attracted to a negatively charged atom on a neighboring molecule.	3
8437984445	Cohesion	The attraction of water molecules to each other.	4
8437984446	Surface tension	Cohesive forces are strong enough to make water act as though there is a thin "skin" on its surface.	5
8437984447	Adhesion	The attraction between particles of different substances.	6
8437984448	Carbohydrates	Molecules that provide a source of quick energy or short-term stored energy.	7
8437984449	Lipids	Molecules that provide a source of long-term energy, insulation, and hormones.	8
8437984450	Saturated fatty acid	Long carbon-hydrogen chains with all single bonds between carbon atoms.	9
8437984451	Unsaturated fat	Long carbon-hydrogen chains with at least one double bond between carbon atoms.	10
8437984452	Glycerol and fatty acids	Make up lipids.	11
8437984453	Fats, oils, and waxes	Examples of lipids.	12
8437984454	Polysaccharide	Polymer of carbohydrates	13
8437984455	Monosaccharide	monomer of carbohydrates	14
8437984456	Lipid structure		15
8437984457	Monosaccharide structure		16
8437984458	Polysaccharide structure		17
8437984459	Phospholipid structure		18
8437984460	Covalent bond	sharing electrons between two atoms	19
8437984461	Low density as a solid	solid H2O (ice) is able to float on liquid H2O (water)	20
8437984463	Polysaccharides	cellulose, glycogen, starch	21
8437984464	Monosaccharides	glucose, fructose, galactose	22
8437984465	Disaccharide	a carb made of two monosaccharides (ex: glucose + galactose = lactose)	23
8437984466	Disaccharide structure		24
8437984467	Dehydration synthesis	removing a water molecule to build polymers	25
8437984468	Hydrolysis	Break down of something	26
8437984469	Monomer	smallest unit of a macromolecule; building blocks	27
8437984470	Polymer	many small units bonded together; large molecule	28

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Biochemistry Flashcards

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8526670404	Carbohydrates (Building block structure)		0
8526685013	Carbohydrates (Compound structure)		1
8526685014	Carbohydrates (building blocks)	Monosaccharides (S.S)	2
8526686213	Carbohydrates (examples)	1. Starch 2. Cellulose 3. Glycogen 4. Chitin	3
8526687503	Carbohydrates (Functions)	1. Structure 2. Energy Source	4
8526726432	Lipids (Building block structure)		5
8526726433	Lipids (Compound Structure)		6
8526727095	Lipids (Building Blocks)	Glycerol & Fatty Acids	7
8526727096	Lipids (Examples)	1. Cell Membrane 2. Fats 3. Oils 4. Waxes	8
8526727755	Lipids (Function)	1. Structure 2. Energy Source	9
8526794374	Nucleic Acids (Building Block Structure)		10
8526794375	Nucleic Acids (Compound Structure)		11
8526794376	Nucleic Acids (Building Blocks)	Nucleotides	12
8526794377	Nucleic Acids (Examples)	1. DNA - Deoxyribonuc leic Acid 2. RNA - Ribonucleic Acid	13
8526797107	Nucleic Acids (Function)	1. Store genetic information	14
8526810550	Proteins (Building Block Structure)		15
8526811389	Proteins (Compound Structure)	(connected circles)	16
8526811390	Proteins (Building Blocks)	Amino Acids	17
8526840292	Proteins (Examples)	1. Hair 2. Fingernails 3. Nose and Ear cartilage 4. Hormones 5. Muscles 6. Enzymes 7. Antibody	18
8526842385	Proteins (Function)	1. Structure 2. Messages 3. Chemical reactions 4. defense	19

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Flashcards

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Biochemistry Flashcards

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4954327803	carbon; hydrogen	Organic compounds based on ______ and are secondly based on ___________.	0
4954327804	4	Carbon contains ____ valence electrons.	1
4954327805	monomer	most basic unit of any organic compound; consists of a simple molecule and serve as a unit in a polymer; link with covalent bonds	2
4954327806	macromolecule	one large polymer; proteins, carbs, nucleic acid, lipids	3
4954327807	condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis)	monomers join to form polymers and water is formed	4
4954327808	condensation and hydrolysis	2 chemical reactions of carbon compounds	5
4954327809	characteristics; consistently	Functional groups give molecules their unique ____________ and behave ___________.	6
4954327810	hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate	4 types of functional groups	7
4954327811	hydroxyl group (-OH)	functional group that is polar and attracts to water	8
4954327812	alcohols	compounds containing hydroxyl groups	9
4954327813	carboxyl group		10
4954327814	carboxylic acids; hydrogen ions	compounds containing carboxyl groups; considered acids because they release what in a solution?	11
4954327815	amino group	functional group that acts as a base because they reduce amount of hydrogen ions in solution; pH goes up; important in proteins	12
4954327816	amines	compounds containing amino groups	13
4954327817	phosphate group	functional group that is component of nucleic acid and ATP and is important in energy transfer	14
4954327818	carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acid	4 organic compounds of life	15
4954327819	carbohydrate	-composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen -main energy for life -provide structure for living things	16
4954327820	C6 H12 O6 (ratio= 1:2:1 as C:H:O)	general formula of a monosaccharide is	17
4954327821	monosaccharide	monomer of carbohydrate	18
4954327822	glucose, fructose, and galactose	3 most common monosaccharides	19
4954327823	glucose	monosaccharid/blood and plants; sugar in plants	20
4954327824	fructose	monosaccharide/sugar found in fruit	21
4954327825	galactose	monosaccharide/sugar found in milk	22
4954327826	isomers	glucose, fructose, and galactose are all-	23
4954327827	isomer	the structure for monosaccharides is an ________ : formula is same but structure is different	24
4954327828	disaccharides	polymers of carbs	25
4954327829	sucrose, lactose	2 polymers of carbs	26
4954327830	sucrose	disaccharide that is glucose and fructose; makes up sugar cane/table sugar	27
4954327831	lactose	disaccharide that is galactose and glucose; makes up milk sugar	28
4954327832	starch, cellulose, glycogen, chiten	4 macromolecules of carbs	29
4954327833	starch	macromolecule of carbs found in potatoes, pasta; made up of glucose	30
4954327834	storage form of glucose in a plant	function of starch:	31
4954327835	cellulose	macromolecule of carbs that can't be digested (fiber)	32
4954327836	structural carbohydrate; makes up plant cell walls	function of cellulose	33
4954327837	glycogen	macromolecule of carbs that is energy storage; how animals store glucose; temporary glucose storage	34
4954327838	chiten	macromolecule of carbs that is structural; makes up exoskeleton of terrestrial arthropods	35
4954327839	protein	composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms	36
4954327840	-provide structure, catalyze chemical reactions, help with transportation (ex: hemoglobin tranports oxygen), fight infection, regulate body functions, and help cells comunicate	function of proteins	37
4954327841	make up enzymes which serve as catalysts	how do proteins help catalyze chemical reactions?	38
4954327842	make up antibodies that help locate/fight disease in the bloodstream	how do proteins help fight diseases?	39
4954327843	receptor proteins	what kind of protein helps with cell comminication	40
4954327844	make up insulin which regulates body sugar levels	how do proteins help regulate bodily functions?	41
4954327845	protein function that gives structure in hair and nails	keratin	42
4954327846	protein function that gives structure by making up skin and muscle (used to treat wrinkles in plastic surgery)	collegen	43
4954327847	amino acid	monomer of a protein	44
4954327848	20	# of different amino acids due to different R/variable groups	45
4954327849	dipeptide	polymers of protein	46
4954327850	"R" groups	what determines the difference between amino acid groups?	47
4954327851	false- they are very rare!	true/false: dipetides are very common	48
4954327852	polypeptide	many amino acids linked together	49
4954327853	peptide bonds	covalent bonds that join amino acids into dipeptides and polypeptide	50
4954327854	3-D	structure of protein: large macromolecules that are twisted and folded into _____ molecules	51
4954327855	primary structure	protein structure that the sequence of amino acids determines structure and function of protein	52
4954327856	genes	___________ determines the function and shape of a protein	53
4954327857	primary structure	which structure of proteins (primary, secondary, or tertiary) is the most important	54
4954327858	secondary structure	protein structure where hydrogen bonding causes regular folding along polypeptide backbone; beginning of 3-D	55
4954327859	tertiary structure	protein structure where hydrogen, covalent, and ionic bonding occurs between "2" groups; twists and folds	56
4954327860	hydrophobic; hydrophilic	go away from water; attracted to water	57
4954327861	quaternary structure	2+ tertiary subunits that bond together	58
4954327862	enzyme	type of protein that act as catalysts in metabolism; speed up chem. reactions	59
4954327863	activation energy	Enzymes speed up chem. reactions by lowering the ...	60
4954327864	substrate	the reactant on which an enzyme works; bind to enzyme	61
4954327865	temperature, pH, availability of enzyme	factors that affect reactivity of an enzyme	62
4954327866	lipid	composed of carbon, hydrogen, and a little oxygen -long-term energy storage, protect, act as reactants in metabolism, compose cell MEMBRANE	63
4954327867	fatty acids	Most lipids contain _______ ______. ("monomer" of lipids)	64
4954327868	saturated and unsaturated; saturated	fatty acids can be _________ and _____________; ___________ has more hydrogen and is more non-polar	65
4954327869	triglycerides, wax, steroids, phospholipids	4 types of lipids	66
4954327870	triglyceride	type of lipid that can be oil (unsaturated fatty acids; liquid) and fat (saturated fatty acids; solid)	67
4954327871	wax	type of lipid that protects; waterproofs	68
4954327872	steroid	type of lipid that are reactants in metabolism (estrogen, testosterone); only lipid not made of fatty acids	69
4954327873	phospholipid	type of lipid that makes up cell membrane of every living thing; one end repels and one end attracts water	70
4954327874	nucleic acid	composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus; stores and transports genetic info	71
4954327875	nucleotide	monomer of nucleic acid	72
4954327876	RNA and DNA	polymers of nucleic acid	73
4954327877	DNA	polymer of nucleic acid that stores genetic info; double-stranded, sugar=deoxyribose, bases: thymine, guanine, cytosine, adenine	74
4954327878	RNA	polymer of nucleic acid that transports genetic info to make protein; single-stranded, sugar is ribose, bases: adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine	75
4954327879	carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, nitrogen	6 major elements of life	76
4954327880	denatured	an enzyme becomes __________ when conditions are changed	77
4954327881	carbon	all organic compounds have the elements __________ and in them for the exception of some minerals and atmospheric gases	78
4954327882	carbon and hydrogen	organic compounds consist of _______ and _______ covalently bonded together	79
4954327883	smallest organic compound	methane	80
4954327884	monomers, polymers, macromolecules	identify the three main types of structures of Carbon Compounds	81
4954327885	polymer	compounds made up of repeating linked monomers (linked covalently)	82
4954327886	4 groups of carbon macromolecules	lipids, nucleic acids, carbs, and proteins	83
4954327887	condensation reaction and hydrolysis reaction	2 chemical reactions of carbon compounds	84
4954327888	condensation reaction	monomers join to form polymers (covalently), water is formed (opposite of hydrolysis reaction)	85
4954327889	dehydration synthesis	another name for condensation reaction	86
4954327890	hydrolysis reaction	polymers are broken down into monomers (covalent bonds are broken) and water is lost (opposite of condensation reaction)	87
4954327891	functional groups	the regions of organic molecules most commonly involved in chemical reactions	88
4954327892	functional group	what gives organic molecules their unique characteristics	89
4954327893	true	true/false: functional groups remain behave consistently from organic molecule to the next	90

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AP Literature Quiz #1 Brinn Flashcards

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6238239893	Allegory	A story in which each aspect of the story has a symbolic meaning outside the tale itself.	0
6238239894	Alliteration	Repetition of consonant sounds (Blue Baseball Bat)	1
6238240816	Allusion	A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion.	2
6238240817	Anachronism	Something out of place in time (Let me send Katie a quick text via my carrier pigeon)	3
6238240818	Analogy	A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. Analogies can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging.	4
6238241613	Anecdote	A brief narrative that focuses on a particular incident or event. (We wrote these in our college essays)	5
6238241614	Antecedent	something that came before (The great tradition of Western culture had its antecedent in the culture of Ancient Greece.)	6
6238244751	Anticlimax	letdown in thought or emotion; something unexciting, ordinary, or disappointing coming after something important or exciting (La La Land not winning Best Picture after all)	7
6238244752	Antihero	A protagonist (main character) who is markedly unheroic: morally weak, cowardly, dishonest, or any number of other unsavory qualities.	8
6238245468	Aphorism	A brief, cleverly worded statement that makes a wise observation about life. (a proverb)	9
6238245469	Apostrophe	A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love.	10
6238246065	Archaism	The use of deliberately old-fashioned language. (Ye olde Shoppe)	11
6238246066	Aside	A device in which a character in a drama makes a short speech which is heard by the audience but not by other characters in the play (Iago in Othello)	12
6238246659	Assonance	Repetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity (So, Do, Mo, Joe)	13
6238246660	Atmosphere	The emotional nod created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described. Even such elements as a description of the weather can contribute to the atmosphere. Frequently atmosphere foreshadows events. Perhaps it can create a mood.	14
6238246661	Ballad	A narrative poem written in four-line stanzas, characterized by swift action and narrated in a direct style.	15
6238248517	Bathos	insincere or overly sentimental quality of writing/speech intended to evoke pity (similar to Pathos, but specifically to pity)	16
6238248518	Black Humor	the use of disturbing themes in comedy; morbid humor used to express the absurdity, insensitivity, paradox, and cruelty of the modern world, ordinary characters or situations exaggerated beyond normal limits of satire or irony (this test doesn't matter because we will all eventually die, am I right)	17
6238249316	Bombast	POMPOUS; USING INFLATED LANGUAGE (I INFLATED THE WORDS SO YOU'D REMEMBER)	18
6238249317	Burlesque	A work of literature meant to ridicule a subject; a grotesque imitation. (How J.D. Salinger felt about the movie based on his book)	19
6238250164	Cacophony	A harsh, discordant mixture of sounds. (Monkey, whisper, continent, label, armchair, phosphorous, that was a bad example)	20
6238250165	Cadence	Rhythmic rise and fall (Dum, dum, dum, dah dah, dum, dum, dum, dah dah da da da dah dah dum)	21
6238250166	Canto	division of a long poem (Dante's inferno)	22
6238250978	Caricature	A portrait (verbal or otherwise) that exaggerates a facet of personality.	23
6238253162	Catharsis	Purification that brings emotional relief or renewal	24
6238253163	Chorus	A group of characters in Greek tragedy (and in later forms of drama), who comment on the action of a play without participation in it.	25
6238253164	Classic	typical, (that was a classic Jawort move)	26
6238254066	Colloquialism	A word or phrase (including slang) used in everyday conversation and informal writing but that is often inappropriate in formal writing (y'all, ain't)	27
6238255037	Conceit, Controlling Image	A startling or unusual metaphor, when the metaphor dominates the entire piece its a controlling image	28
6238267687	Connotation, Denotation	Denotation is a literal meaning, connotation is everything else (Zootopia: a movie about a bunny cop vs. an animated portrayal of racism amongst other problems in modern society)	29
6238267688	Consonance	Repetition of a consonant sound within two or more words in close proximity. (A Flock of Sick and Bleak Ducks)	30
6238267689	Couplet	A pair of rhymed lines that may or may not constitute a separate stanza in a poem.	31
6238269137	Decorum	appropriateness of behavior or conduct; propriety (Park could probably teach a course on this)	32
6238269138	Diction, Syntax	Word choice, sentence structure	33
6238269920	Dirge	a funeral hymn or mournful speech	34
6238269921	Dissonance	a harsh and disagreeable combination, especially of sounds	35
6238270783	Doggerel	comic, sometimes crude, informal verse	36
6238270784	Dramatic Irony	Irony that occurs when the meaning of the situation is understood by the audience but not by the characters in the play.	37
6238271779	Dramatic Monologue	A type of poem in which a speaker addresses a silent listener. As readers, we overhear the speaker in a dramatic monologue.	38
6238271780	Elegy	a sorrowful poem or speech	39
6238274590	Enjambment	A run-on line of poetry in which logical and grammatical sense carries over from one line into the next.	40
6238274591	Epic	A long narrative poem, written in heightened language, which recounts the deeds of a heroic character who embodies the values of a particular society (The Ramayana, although I wouldn't call it epic)	41
6238274592	Epitaph	A brief statement written on a tomb or gravestone (here lies Ben, who jumped in front of a car for a practical joke)	42
6238275301	Euphemism	An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant	43
6238275302	Euphony	pleasant, harmonious sound (La la Land)	44
6238275303	Farce	A comedy that contains an extravagant and nonsensical disregard of seriousness, although it may have a serious, scornful purpose.	45
6238276391	First Person Narrator	A character, often the protagonist, narrates the story in the first person	46
6238276392	Foil	A character who is in most ways opposite to the main character (protagonist) or one who is nearly the same as the protagonist. The purpose of the foil character is to emphasize the traits of the main character by contrast only	47
6238276393	Foot	A metrical unit composed of stressed and unstressed syllables.	48
6238277440	Foreshadowing	A narrative device that hints at coming events; often builds suspense or anxiety in the reader. (The sequel in the Jimmy Jenkenheimer series)	49
6238279721	Free Verse	Poetry that does not have a regular meter or rhyme scheme (Nelson thinks this isn't real poetry)	50

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AP Language Term Review 2017 Flashcards

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6772797316	syllogism	A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.	0
6772799420	didactic	Intended to instruct (could describe style or tone)	1
6772801368	archaic	ancient; old-fashioned (could describe diction)	2
6772802787	allusion	A brief and indirect reference to a person, place, thing or idea of historical, cultural, literary or political significance.	3
6772805077	paradox	A seemingly contradictory statement that nonetheless expresses a truth	4
6772807062	catalog	to make an itemized list of	5
6772809543	apology	defense of an idea (could describe author's purpose)	6
6772809544	allegory	A literary work in which characters, objects, or actions represent abstract ideas	7
6772816984	metonymy	A figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it (Ex: the White House, Uncle Sam)	8
6772816985	aphorism	A brief, cleverly worded statement that makes a wise observation about life (Ex: "A penny saved is a penny earned.")	9
6772819977	equivocate	to use expressions of double meaning in order to mislead	10
6772825721	ambiguous	Open to more than one interpretation	11
6772830906	superfluous	Exceeding what is sufficient or required, excess (Ex: Mrs. Bjork do too much. Having us annotate the passage and take notes is superfluous.)	12
6772833187	dogmatic	Stubbornly opinionated	13
6772836688	loaded language	wording that attempts to persuade the reader by using appeal to emotion or stereotypes	14
6772845683	anaphora	A rhetorical figure of repetition in which the same word or phrase is repeated in-and usually at the beginning of-successive lines, clauses, or sentences. (Ex: It was the best of times. It was the worst of times. It was the age of..."). This is just a more specific way to describe repetition/parallel structure. It's a type of repetition.	15
6772848378	chiasmus	A statement consisting of two parallel parts in which the second part is structurally reversed (Ex: Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country.)	16
6772851989	polysyndeton	Deliberate use of many conjunctions in close succession, especially where some might be omitted. Hemingway and the Bible both use extensively. Ex. "he ran and jumped and laughed for joy"	17
6772854073	asyndeton	A series of words separated by commas (with no conjunction), e.g. "I came, I saw, I conquered." The parts of the sentence are emphasized equally; in addition, the use of commas with no intervening conjunction speeds up the flow of the sentence.	18
6772860232	synecdoche	A figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole (as hand for sailor), the whole for a part (as the law for police officer), the specific for the general (as cutthroat for assassin), the general for the specific (as thief for pickpocket), or the material for the thing made from it (as steel for sword).	19
6772864366	euphemism	An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant	20
6772872534	parallelism	The repetition of similar grammatical or syntactical patterns.	21
6772872535	syntax	The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.	22
6772875492	diction	A writer's or speaker's choice of words	23
6772888669	colloquial	Characteristic of ordinary conversation rather than formal speech or writing (could describe diction)	24
6772892430	euphonious	pleasing to the ear	25
6772896901	loose sentence	sentence is clear in the beginning, begins with main clause, followed by subordinates and modifiers (Ex: I arrived at the airport after a bumpy flight and multiple delays.)	26
6772898562	periodic sentence	The opposite of loose sentence, a sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. This independent clause is preceded by a phrase or clause that cannot stand alone. The effect of a periodic sentence is to add emphasis and structural variety. It is also a much stronger sentence than the loose sentence. (Example: After a long, bumpy flight and multiple delays, I arrived at the San Diego airport.)	27
6773016136	acerbic	(adj.) biting, bitter in tone or taste (Jill became extremely acerbic and began to cruelly make fun of all her friends.)	28
6773020521	analogy	A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them; can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar; can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging. This is a broad term. Some example of this include personification, metaphors, similes.	29
6773028000	antecedent	The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.	30
6773033349	antithesis	A statement in which two opposing ideas are balanced	31
6773038679	apostrophe	A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love.	32
6773042125	assiduous	Persistent, attentive, diligent	33
6780389208	telegraphic sentence	A sentence shorter than five words in length.	34
6780390795	declarative sentence	a sentence that makes a statement or declaration	35
6780394575	imperative sentence	A sentence that requests or commands.	36
6780396709	exclamatory sentence	a sentence that conveys excitement or force	37
6780399979	clause	(grammar) an expression including a subject and predicate but not constituting a complete sentence	38
6780407240	circuitous	Indirect	39
6780411872	contiguous	side by side, touching; near; adjacent in time	40
6780417084	dichotomy	a division into two parts	41
6780418561	diffident	Lacking self-confidence; shy	42
6780422151	homily	This term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.	43
6780423672	invective	abusive language	44
6780427073	mellifluous	having a rich, smoothly flowing sound	45
6780430124	laudatory	expressing praise (could describe tone)	46
6780435998	satire	A literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies.	47
6780438599	ubiquitous	Existing everywhere at the same time	48
6780439898	semantics	The analysis of the meaning of language, especially of individual words.	49
6780448334	appeal to authority	using trusted or expert figures to sell a product or to create ethos; this could also be a fallacy	50
6780460531	ad hominem	An argument based on the failings of an adversary rather than on the merits of the case; a logical fallacy that involves a personal attack.	51
6780463268	circular reasoning	a fallacy in which the writer repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence	52
6780467329	deductive reasoning	A form of cognition that starts with general information and narrows down that information to create a conclusion.	53
6780469352	inductive reasoning	A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations.	54
6780472625	fallacy	a false notion or belief; an error in thinking or reasoning	55
6780482569	jargon	Special words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand	56
6780483862	qualify	To modify, limit, or restrict, as by giving exceptions	57
6780506627	hasty generalization	a fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence	58
6780514019	benevolent	kindly, charitable	59

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Set One: Barron's AP Literature Vocabulary Flashcards

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6080064688	abstract	An abbreviated synopsis of a longer work of scholarship or research.	0
6080064689	adage	A saying or proverb containing a truth based on experience and often couched in metaphorical language.	1
6080064690	allegory	A story in which the narrative or characters carry an underlying symbolic, metaphorical, or possibly an ethical meaning. The story and characters represent values beyond themselves.	2
6080064691	alliteration	The repetition of one or more initial consonants in a group of words or lines of poetry or prose. Used for ornament or for emphasis. Also used in epithets, phrases, and slogans. Enhances the aesthetic quality of a prose passage or poem.	3
6080064692	allusion	A reference to a person, place, or event meant to create an effect or enhance the meaning of an idea.	4
6080064693	ambiguity	A vagueness of meaning; a conscious lack of clarity meant to evoke multiple meanings and interpretation.	5
6080064694	anachronism	A person, scene, event, or other element in literature that fails to correspond with the time or era in which the work is set.	6
6080064695	analogy	A comparison that points out similarities between two dissimilar things.	7
6080064696	annotation	A brief explanation, summary, or evaluation of a text or work of literature.	8
6080064697	antagonist	A character or force in a work of literature that, by opposing the protagonist, produces tension or conflict.	9
6080064698	antithesis	A rhetorical opposition or contrast of ideas by means of a grammatical arrangement of words, clauses, or sentences.	10
6080064699	aphorism	A short, pithy statement of a generally accepted truth or sentiment.	11
6080064700	Apollonian	In contrast to Dionysian, it refers to the most noble, godlike qualities of human nature and behavior.	12
6080064701	apostrophe	A rhetorical device in which a speaker addresses a person or personified thing not present.	13
6080064702	archetype	An abstract or ideal conception of a type; a perfectly typical example; an original model or form.	14
6080064703	assonance	The repetition of two or more vowel sounds in a group of words or lines in poetry and prose.	15
6080064704	ballad	A simple narrative verse that tells a story that is sung or recited.	16
6080064705	bard	A poet; in olden times, a performer who told heroic stories to a musical accompaniment.	17

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AP Literature Vocab for 10/12 Flashcards

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5079958177	LOOSE SENTENCE	Def: the sentence reveals the key information right away and unfolds loosely after that. Ex: Due to snowy conditions, the principal announced an early release, and students were jubilant, high-fiving, shouting about sleds and video games, wishing the clock would go faster.	0
5079958178	sanguine	adjective 1. optimistic or positive, especially in an apparently bad or difficult situation. "he is sanguine about prospects for the global economy" synonyms: optimistic, bullish, hopeful, buoyant, positive, confident, cheerful, cheery; informal, upbeat "he is sanguine about the advance of technology" 2. HERALDRY blood-red. noun 1. a blood-red color.	1
5079958179	phlegmatic	adjective (of a person) having an unemotional and stolidly calm disposition. synonyms: calm, cool, composed, 'calm, cool, and collected', controlled, serene, tranquil, placid, impassive, imperturbable, unruffled, dispassionate, philosophical; More antonyms: excitable	2
5079960445	melancholic	adjective relating to or suffering from melancholy or melancholia (deep sadness or gloom) synonyms: sad, sorrowful, unhappy, desolate, mournful, lugubrious, gloomy, forlorn, despondent, dejected, depressed, downhearted, downcast, disconsolate, glum, miserable, wretched, dismal, morose, woeful, woebegone, doleful, joyless, heavy-hearted noun (Psychiatry) a person who suffers from melancholia	3
5079960446	choleric	adjective bad-tempered or irritable. synonyms:bad-tempered, irascible, irritable, angry, grumpy, grouchy, crotchety, testy, cranky, crusty, cantankerous, curmudgeonly, ill-tempered, peevish, cross, fractious, crabbed, crabby, waspish, prickly, peppery, touchy, short-tempered antonyms: good-natured, affable historical influenced by or predominating in the humor called choler. "a choleric disposition"	4
5080033511	IDEA OF THE 4 HUMOURS	The idea of the four temperaments traces back to the Ancient Greek medical theory of the four humours, which held that there were four fundamental bodily humours (blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm) and that illness was caused by an imbalance in these. The terms sanguine, choleric, melancholic and phlegmatic were coined by the Greek physician Aelius Galenus to describe the effect of the humours on personality. The four temperaments have not been a part of medicine or psychology for a hundred years, but remain popular in the writings of several prominent self-help and spirituality authors and the idea remains relatively well known. Four temperaments is a proto-psychological theory that suggests that there are four fundamental personality types, sanguine (optimistic and social), choleric (short-tempered or irritable), melancholic (analytical and quiet), and phlegmatic (relaxed and peaceful). Most formulations include the possibility of mixtures of the types. Melancholic - Black Bile - Earth - Avoiding; serious, introverted, cautious or even suspicious. They can become preoccupied with the tragedy and cruelty in the world and are susceptible to depression and moodiness. They may be focused and conscientious Phlegmatic - Phlegm - Water - Getting; inward and private, thoughtful, reasonable, calm, patient, caring, and tolerant. They tend to have a rich inner life, seek a quiet, peaceful atmosphere, and be content with themselves. They tend to be steadfast, consistent in their habits, and thus steady and faithful friends Sanguine - Blood - Air - Socially useful; lively, sociable, carefree, talkative, and pleasure-seeking Choleric - Yellow Bile - Fire - Ruling; egocentric and extroverted. They may be excitable, impulsive, and restless, with reserves of aggression, energy, and/or passion, and try to instill that in others	5
5079962976	encumber	verb 1. restrict or burden (someone or something) in such a way that free action or movement is difficult. "she was encumbered by her heavy skirts" synonyms: hamper, hinder, obstruct, impede, cramp, inhibit, restrict, limit, constrain, restrain, bog down, retard, slow (down) 2. saddle (a person or estate) with a debt or mortgage. "an estate heavily encumbered with debt" 3. fill or block up (a place). "we tripped over sticks and stones, which encumber most of the trail"	6
5079962977	feckless	adjective having or resulting from a weak character or nature lacking initiative or strength of character; irresponsible. "a feckless mama's boy" synonyms: useless, worthless, incompetent, inept, good-for-nothing, ne'er-do-well;	7
5079962978	impasse	noun a situation in which no progress is possible, especially because of disagreement; a deadlock. "the current political impasse" synonyms: deadlock, dead end, stalemate, standoff	8
5079965974	indolent	adjective 1. wanting to avoid activity or exertion; lazy. synonyms: lazy, idle, slothful, loafing, do-nothing, sluggardly, shiftless, lackadaisical, languid, inactive, underactive, inert, sluggish, lethargic, torpid; More antonyms: industrious, energetic 2. MEDICINE (of a disease condition) causing little or no pain. (especially of an ulcer) slow to develop, progress, or heal; persistent.	9
5079965975	lugubrious	adjective looking or sounding sad and dismal. synonyms: mournful, gloomy, sad, unhappy, doleful, glum, melancholy, woeful, miserable, woebegone, forlorn, somber, solemn, serious, sorrowful, morose, dour, cheerless, joyless, dismal antonyms: cheerful	10
5079968262	progeny	noun a descendant or the descendants of a person, animal, or plant; offspring. "the progeny of mixed marriages" synonyms: offspring, young, babies, children, sons and daughters, family, brood	11

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AP English Language Vocabulary - 8/10 Flashcards

Vocabulary for AP English Language

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4855861263	Ad Hominem Argument	Attacks the opposing speaker or another person rather than addressing the issues at hand	0
4855861264	Allegory	Fictional work in which the characters represent ideas or concepts	1
4855861265	Alliteration	The repetition of consonant sounds, usually at the beginning of words	2
4855861266	Allusion	A reference, usually oblique or faint, to another thing, idea, or person	3
4855861267	Ambiguity	Uncertain or indefinite; subject to more than one interpretation	4
4855861268	Analogy	The correspondence or resemblance between two things that are essentially different	5
4855861269	Anecdote	A short story used to illustrate a point the author is making	6
4855861270	Antecedent	Every pronoun refers back to a previous noun or pronoun	7
4855861271	Antithesis	An opposition or contrast of ideas that is often expressed in balanced phrases or clauses	8
4855861272	Apostrophe	A figure of speech in which an absent person or personified object is addressed by a speaker	9
4855861273	Appositive	A word or phrase that follow a noun or pronoun for emphasis or clarity	10
4855861274	Assonance	A type of internal rhyming in which vowel souds are repeated	11
4855861275	Asyndeton	When the conjunctions (such as "and" or "but") that would normally connect a string of words, phrases, or clauses are omitted from a sentence	12
4855861276	Atmosphere	The emotional feeling -or mood- of a place, scene, or event	13
4855861277	Attitude	The feelings of a particular speaker or piece of writing toward a subject, person, or idea	14
4855861278	Contrast	Oppositions	15
4855861279	Colloquial Language	Slang or common language that is informal	16
4855861280	Connotative	The interpretive level of a word based on associated images rather than the literal meaning	17
4855861281	Deductive Argument	The process of moving from a general rule to a specific example	18
4855861282	Diction	An author's choice of words	19
4855861283	Didactic	Writing which has the purpose of teaching or instructing	20
4855861284	Elegy	A work that expresses sorrow	21
4855861285	Ellipses	Indicated by a series of three periods; shows that words have been omitted	22
4855861286	Ethos	Refers to generally ethics, or values	23
4855861287	Euphemism	A mild or pleasant sounding expression that substitutes for a harsh, indelicate, or simply less pleasant idea	24
4855861288	Exposition	Writing or speech that is organized to explain	25
4855861289	Figurative Language	All uses of language that imply an imaginative comparison	26
4855861290	Foreshadowing	A purposeful hint placed in a work of literature to suggest what may occur later in the narrative	27
4855861291	Hyperbole	A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used to achieve emphasis	28
4855861292	Imagery	A mental picture that is conjured by specific words and associations	29
4855861293	Inductive Argument	Creating a case by providing specific examples and drawing a conclusion based on the evidence they provide	30
4855861294	Irony	When a situation produces and outcome that is the opposite of what is expected	31
4855861295	Juxtaposition	When two contrasting things are placed next to each other for comparison	32
4855861296	Logos	The use of reason as a controlling principle in an argument	33
4855861297	Metaphor	A figure of speech in which two unlike things are compared directly	34
4855861298	Metonymy	A figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it	35
4855861299	Mood	The prevailing or dominant feeling of a work, scene, or event	36
4855861300	Onomatopoeia	An effect created by words that have sounds that reinforce their meaning	37
4855861301	Oxymoron	Two contradictory words in one expression	38
4855861302	Paradox	A seeming contradiction that in fact reveals some truth	39
4855861303	Parallelism	A literary technique that relies on the use of the same syntactical structures	40
4855861304	Parody	An effort to ridicule or make fun of a literary work or an author by writing a comic imitation of the work	41
4855861305	Pathos	A sympathetic feeling of pity or compassion evoked by an artistic work	42
4855861306	Periodic Sentence	Presents the main clause at the end of the sentence, for emphasis	43
4855861307	Persona	The character created by the voice and narration of the speaker of a text	44
4855861308	Personification	A figure of speech in which ideas or objects are described as having human qualities or personalities	45
4855861309	Point of View	The particular perspective from which a story is told	46
4855861310	Pun	A play on words	47
4855861311	Repetition	The reiteration of a word or phrase for emphasis	48
4855861312	Rhetoric	The art and logic of a written or spoken argument to persuade, to analyze, or to expose	49
4855861313	Rhetorical Strategy	The way an author organizes words, sentences, and overall argument in order to achieve a particular purpose	50
4855861314	Rhetorical Devices	The specific language tools that an author uses to carry out a rhetorical strategy (diction, imagery, or syntax)	51
4855861315	Rhetorical Question	A question that is asked for the sake of argument	52
4855861316	Satire	To ridicule or mock ideas, persons, events, or doctrines	53
4855861317	Selection of Detail	The specific words, incidents, images, or events the author uses to create a scene or narrative	54
4855861318	Simile	A commonly used figure of speech that compares one thing with another using the words "like" or "as"	55
4855861319	Speaker	The narrator of a story, poem, or drama	56
4855861320	Syllogism	A form of deductive reasoning in which pieces of evidence are used to create a new conclusion	57
4855861321	Symbol	Something that stands for something else	58
4855861322	Synonym	A word that has the same, or nearly the same, meaning as another word	59
4855861323	Syntax	The way words are arranged in a sentence	60
4855861324	Tension	A feeling excitement and expectation the reader or audience feels because of the conflict, mood, or atmosphere of the work	61
4855861325	Theme	The central idea	62
4855861326	Tone	Attitude	63
4855861327	Understatement	When an author assigns less significance to an event or thing than it deserves	64
4855861328	Zeugma	When a word is used with two adjacent words in the same construction, but only makes literal sense with one of them	65

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Set One: Barron's AP Literature Vocabulary Flashcards

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AP English Language Vocabulary - 8/10 Flashcards

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