| 5947538727 | analects | records, words, acts of Confucius, spirits inhabit the features of nature | | 0 |
| 5947576522 | philosophies of Confucius | practical, moral, ethical, ren - kindness, li - behave appropriately, xiao - high significance of family | | 1 |
| 5947589735 | junzi | superior individuals, no personal influences | | 2 |
| 5947593287 | Mencius's philosophy | human nature is good, naive/too optimistic, focused on ren | | 3 |
| 5947605809 | Daoism | opposite of Confucians, reflection and introspection, nature | | 4 |
| 5947617813 | Daodejing | the basic exposition of Daoist beliefs | | 5 |
| 5947625335 | Wuwei | disengagement from the competitive exertions and active involvement in affairs in the world | | 6 |
| 5949663152 | Legalism | people should be used to fullest extent, very harsh, harsh punishments for small crimes so they wouldn't commit larger crimes | | 7 |
| 5949676927 | Qin Shihuangdi | centralized bureaucracy, the first king of the Qin, divided China into provinces and districts, drafted people to build defensive walls, link sections into massive defense system | | 8 |
| 5949702735 | Legalist Philosophy | order above all human concerns, very harsh | | 9 |
| 5949739472 | Liu Bang | centralized almost immediately, crude and somewhat oafish, persistent and methodical thinker, restored order throughout China, head of new Han dynasty | | 10 |
| 5949755031 | Han Wudi | established an imperial university to prepare young men for government service, took Cofucianism as base of philosophy, got many men ready for service and such | | 11 |
| 5949773808 | Xiongnu | nomadic people from the steppes of central Asia who spoke a Turkish language, superb horsemen, raided villages when being peaceful didn't work, they never completely settled | | 12 |
| 5949814539 | Lessons for Women | Ben Zhao, woman scholar, showed women's role | | 13 |
| 5949990492 | Wealth in Han Dynasty led to gaps between rich and poor | there was a distinct line between the two, rich - fine silk garments, leather shoes, jewelry, wine, pork, fish, poor - rough hemp clothing, grain, rice, vegetables, meat | | 14 |
| 5950034779 | Wang Mang | "socialist emperor" tried to limit possession of land, ended in death by people, regent of two year old boy | | 15 |
| 5950056134 | India political landscape during Aryan rule | series of small kingdoms, they fought for more land but no one ever won | | 16 |
| 5950077551 | Magadha | control of other states and trade in, central position of the Ganges plain | | 17 |
| 5950105162 | Chandragupta Maurya | founded Maurya empire, unified north and south India into one state | | 18 |
| 5950128136 | Arthashastra | the government manual to statecraft, economic policy, military strategy written in Sanskrit | | 19 |
| 5950140540 | Kalinga | only independent area that wasn't under Maurya rule, on 206 conquered in a very bloody and many dead way | | 20 |
| 5950153614 | Ashoka | grandson of Chandragupta, ruled through bureaucracy, capital at Pataliputra, Buddhist values, ruled almost entire subcontinent | | 21 |
| 5950179557 | India after the fall of Mauryan empire | Bactrian rule, formed a series of kingdoms that brought order, a lot of trade, | | 22 |
| 5950252653 | Chandra Gupta | founded the Gupta empire, brought stability and prosperity | | 23 |
| 5950283946 | Political structure of the Gupta Empire | largest political and military empires, ruled with benevolence, did not claim to be divine | | 24 |
| 5950362593 | Collapse of Gupta | repelled huns, continued in name only, very short imperial government, large regional kingdoms dominated political life in India | | 25 |
| 5950416947 | Indian Ocean Trade/Monsoon Winds | they would use the wind patterns to benefit them, large trade between Indian and Mediterranean, used land but turned to sea | | 26 |
| 5950454274 | Patriarchy in India | very strong patriarchy, women were known as weak willed and emotional, women married at 8 or 9 to 20 year olds | | 27 |
| 5950475497 | Guilds within the caste system | jati - regulated; indian guilds, guild - corporate body that watched prices and wages and provided wellfare for members and fam, guild members all lived by each other | | 28 |
| 5950496686 | Charvakas | ancient school of Indian materialism, knowledge, skepticism and rejects Vedas | | 29 |
| 5950517537 | Beliefs of Jainism | no social hierarchy, nonviolence to other living things and their souls, very thorough to make sure they didn't hurt anything | | 30 |
| 5950537543 | Buddhist belief in salvation | you could escape reincarnation and achieve Nirvana <-- spiritual independence | | 31 |
| 5950565874 | Four Noble Truths | the four central beliefs, all life involves suffering 1) all life is full of suffering 2) the cause of suffering is nonvirtue, or negative deeds and mindsets such as hatred and desire 3) the only cure for suffering is to overcome nonvirtue 4) the way to overcome nonvirtue is to follow the eightfold path | | 32 |
| 5950578262 | Illiad/Odyssey | portrays Greeks as fearless seamen, greek poem, long series of woes and trevails, "dark age" heroes of greece, written in 8th century BCE | | 33 |
| 5950602705 | Greek Political Structure | each city state had its own government rather than one system, so divided by mountains that it would've been difficult to unite | | 34 |
| 5952802292 | Minoans | ancient civilization on island of Crete, built one of the earliest civilizations, created linear A | | 35 |
| 5952835697 | polis | citadel or fortified site that offered refuge for local communities during times of war and other emergencies, they became city-states/centers of Greek society | | 36 |
| 5952852005 | helot | servants of the spartan state, the weren't free, they would supply food and they outnumbered the regular people which always had a possible of a rebellion | | 37 |
| 5952866103 | spartan/athenian culture and politics | spartan - equal in status, simple/frugal lifestyle, boys sent to military at 8 or 9, girls married 18-20
athens - same issues as sparta, relieved tensions with democratic principles, only free adult males played a role in politics | | 38 |
| 5952903695 | Solon | compromised between the rich and poor in Athens, let wealthy keep land, removed poors debt, let council spots be open to more people, soon commoners filled the council | | 39 |
| 5952917086 | Tyrant | a cruel and mean ruler, not pleasing or friendly, dictator | | 40 |
| 5952933396 | Pericle's Rule | most popular Athenian leader, helped make more jobs, expansion led to Peloponnesian War | | 41 |
| 5952951533 | Greek Colonization | poleis --> centers of political organization, population strained resources, neapolis "new polis" no central government, would look at present issues and not past to make future decisions, communication, interaction and exchange came from Greek colonization | | 42 |
| 5952973136 | Persian War | Darius sent an Army to attack Athens, Xerxes decided to avenge Persian loss, Persians got Athens, greeks shattered Persian army, greeks and Persians had tensions but never fought, Persians didn't want to just conquer small lands, greeks didn't want to waste time on Persians | | 43 |
| 5953002850 | Peloponnesian War | war between Athens and Sparta, Sparta won, let Greece weak and Athenians were mean, Athens lost respect, weakened the Greek poleis | | 44 |
| 5953027185 | Delian League | alliance created by the poleis to discourage further Persian attacks in Greece, Athens became leader in alliance, allies resented the contributions they made that seemed to only help Athens | | 45 |
| 5953055551 | Alexandria | ptolemaic capital, founded by Alexander at mouth of Nile river, had an enormous harbor that was the most important port in the Mediterranean, early Megalopolis | | 46 |
| 5953079877 | Seleucids | members of Seleucid empire, Greek influence reached greatest extent here, small settlements, | | 47 |
| 5953098102 | Ptolemaic | wealthiest of three empires, good organization with agriculture, industry and tax collection, maintained irrigation, monitored cultivation, and the payment of taxes | | 48 |
| 5953110698 | Socrates | posed questions to reflect on human issues, condemned to death for crazy teachings, humans CAN live honest lives, honor > wealth, fame, other superficial stuff, personal integrity | | 49 |
| 5953124384 | Plato | one who wrote Socrates's ideas/teachings, theory of Forms or Ideas, created own ideas off of Socrates, virtue meant many different things | | 50 |
| 5953147317 | Aristotle | didn't like the theory of Forms or Ideas, believed philosophers could rely on senses to provide accurate information, him and plato provided a powerful framework that shaped the worlds human affairs for two millenium | | 51 |
| 5953162299 | Greek Deities | no single all powerful god, different gods for different things i.e. sun, wind, rain etc. struggles between deities brought heavenly battles, they had various responsibilities | | 52 |
| 5953183295 | Epicureans | "pleasure is greatest good" addressed individual needs by searching for personal tranquility and serenity, disciples of Epicurus | | 53 |
| 5953200549 | Stoics | most respectful and influential, all human beings are members of a universal family, helped others to lead virtuous lives, sought to bring others to inner peace and tranquiluty | | 54 |
| 5953325548 | Romulus and Remus | twins, Romulus founded Rome and established self as first king, humble beginnings | | 55 |
| 5953342707 | Etruscans | dynamic people, dominated much of Italy, helped convey Greek concepts to expanding Romans | | 56 |
| 5953351033 | Consuls | two annually elected chief magistrates who jointly ruled the republic, wieled power, elected by assembly of elite meber decided at brith | | 57 |
| 5953364498 | Plebeians | a normal, average person in ancient Rome, were granted the right to elect people to represent them | | 58 |
| 5953374655 | Patricians | member of a higher ranked family, people who had the power in early Roman republic, granted Plebeians people to represent them even though they still dominated mostly | | 59 |
| 5953385792 | Dictator | when faced with civil or military crises, the Roman Senate appointed an official, who wielded absolute power for a term of six months. | | 60 |
| 5953400215 | Roman policy toward conquered people | most were treated justly and were allowed to keep their customs | | 61 |
| 5953412380 | Carthage | dominant political power in north Africa, traded actively and built strong empire | | 62 |
| 5953446452 | Punic Wars | rome clashed with Carthage, Romans won, ended over long siege (no supplies delivered) | | 63 |
| 5953468490 | Roman expansion in the Mediterranean | Rome began to play major role in affairs, the tree hellenistic empires continued to rule east medit. with thriving commerce and powerful states/army | | 64 |
| 5953495038 | latifundia | enormous plantation, slave labor, it cost less to operate with the slave labor | | 65 |
| 5953504915 | Julius Caesar policies and politics | liberal policies and social reform, named self dictator for life, played active role in politics, spent lots of money, led the Roman empire, he became very popular, centralized military, he created many things to help | | 66 |
| 5953531412 | Augustus Caesar | nephew of Caesar, brought civil conflict to an end, 45 years with unopposed rule with imperial government | | 67 |
| 5953544439 | Effects of Roman conquest | conquered distant lands, Mediterranean --> Western Europe --> Nile --> Kush, dramatic effects stimulated development, access to resources and cultivation | | 68 |
| 5953770412 | Pax Romana | "roman peace" <-- era, brought about by Augustus, political stability, cultural brilliance, and economic prosperity | | 69 |
| 5953778415 | Twelve Tables | basic law code for citizens of early republic, framework for social organization, foundation for long tradition of roman law making | | 70 |
| 5953799264 | foundations of Roman Law | elaborate system of laws, jurists to construct law, innocent until proven guilty, helped integrate diverse lands of empire | | 71 |
| 5953817930 | Paterfamilias | "father of the family" male has all the power to make choices for everyone, women had some input, rarely used their power tyranically | | 72 |
| 5953831848 | Slavery in Rome | 1/3 of population, rural life wasn't good, it was much better in the city, in urban areas you turned free at 30 | | 73 |
| 5953852985 | stoicism | classical hellenistic schools of thought, accordance with nature and reason, most prominent | | 74 |
| 5953858307 | Mithraism | popular religion of salvation, cult dedicated to Mithras the Persian deity, sun and light, moral behavior and divine sanction | | 75 |
| 5953865484 | Christianity | first emerged as a sect of Judaism accepted by only a small number of individuals who regarded Jesus of Nazareth as a savior for the Jewish community. | | 76 |
| 5953873950 | Jesus of Nazareth | preached judaism, salvation redeemed humanity, had disciples and many people to spread his word | | 77 |
| 5953902776 | Zhang Qian | on expedition; sent by Wudi in 139 BC; general and explorer; 13 years later his troops went back nearly wiped out by barbarian attacks and were in captivity for 10 years "father" of the silk road | | 78 |
| 5954142285 | Ports on the Red Sea | Berenice most important port on the Red Seas constructed by the Ptolemies | | 79 |
| 5954177725 | Indian Ocean trade | the use of monsoon winds, summer SW, winer NE | | 80 |
| 5954177726 | African port cities | port of Rhapta --> principal commercial center on the African coast, iron goods, grain, pepper, spices, economic organization | | 81 |
| 5954203318 | Silk roads | Chang'an, Antioch and Tyre, fightung the diseases that were spread along the silk road, making sure things would get from place to place, Called silk roads since silk from China was one main commodities | | 82 |
| 5954238918 | Buddhism and Spread | northern India, merchants expanded to others along silk roads, oasis towns, cosmopolitan centers, | | 83 |
| 5954249044 | Rajas | "kings" used sanskrit, a war leader who was responsible for protecting the people. The people were bonded under the rule of the rajas. Rajas got pay in food or money for doing their job. | | 84 |
| 5954264188 | gregory the wonderworker | attracted converts, expelled demons, moved boulders, diverted river in a flood, persuaded people, helped christianity flourish | | 85 |
| 5954280216 | nestorians | christian sect found in Asia, preference to Byzantine rule, influenced the Asian world, Jesus is just a human basically | | 86 |
| 5954294428 | Manichaens | prophet for all humanity, took Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, and Christianity and made one religion, strong appeal because it was rational, ascetic lifesyle | | 87 |
| 5954314935 | epidemic disease | disease everywhere, caused sharp population decline, very up and down with diseases, outbreak in Han and Roman empires | | 88 |
| 5954323125 | fall of Han | generals took political authority, emperor became puppet, allied with wealthy land owners, abolished dynasty and became 3 empires, migrated into northern China | | 89 |
| 5954351377 | Yellow Turban Rebellion | peasant rebellion, wore yellow turbans, fought for five years, economic pressure | | 90 |
| 5954367148 | Sinicization | integrated with the Chinese people, adapted to their way of life and cultures, after many generations of reproduction you could hardly tell the difference between people | | 91 |
| 5954376544 | tetrarchs | a coemperor ruled each district with the aid of a powerful lieutenant, and the four officials, | | 92 |
| 5954384573 | Constantine | claimed as sole emperor, created new capital site Constantinople, adopted Christian faith, faced same problems as Diocletian, population declined and economy contracted making it difficult to marshall everywhere | | 93 |
| 5954392348 | Effects of the Huns | began aggresive westward migration, spoke Turkish language, warrior king Atilla organized them into unstoppable military, attacked everywhere | | 94 |
| 5954405835 | Visigoths | A member of the western Goths that invaded the Roman Empire in the fourth century A.D. and settled in France and Spain, establishing a monarchy that lasted until the early eighth century. There were visigoths who were scandinavian and Russian who settled and adapted the life of the Roman. They were told to settle in the outskirts and not in main town | | 95 |
| 5954420727 | Byzantine Empire | the eastern roman empire, lasted unlike western part | | 96 |
| 5954432686 | Saint Augustine | scholar that later converted to Christianity, helped explain history and science from a Christian POV, helped appeal Christianity to the higher classes, he wrote and his writings made christianity a valid religion | | 97 |
| 5954445329 | Patriarchs and Bishop | took up the difficult issue of jesus' nature. they concluded that Jesus was both fully human and fully divine at the same time | | 98 |
