APES- Chapter 2 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 4834028495 | Mass | A measure of the amount of matter an object contains. |  | 0 |
| 4834029412 | Atom | The smallest particle that can contain the chemical properties of an element. |  | 1 |
| 4834030762 | Element | A substance composed of atoms that cannot be broken down into smaller, simpler components. |  | 2 |
| 4834032679 | Molecule | A particle that contains more than one atom. |  | 3 |
| 4834033314 | Compound | A molecule containing more than one element. |  | 4 |
| 4834033892 | Atomic number | The number of protons in the nucleus of a particular element. | | 5 |
| 4834034662 | Mass number | A measurement of the total number of protons and neutrons in an element. |  | 6 |
| 4834035752 | Isotopes | Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. |  | 7 |
| 4834036603 | Radioactive decay | The spontaneous release of material from the nucleus of radioactive isotopes. |  | 8 |
| 4834037704 | Half life | The time it takes for one-half of an original radioactive parent atom to decay. |  | 9 |
| 4834039102 | Covalent bond | The bond formed when elements share electrons. |  | 10 |
| 4834040937 | Ionic bond | A chemical bond between two ions of opposite charges. |  | 11 |
| 4834041942 | Hydrogen bond | A weak chemical bond that forms when hydrogen atoms that are covalently bonded to one atom are attracted to another atom on another molecule. |  | 12 |
| 4834045593 | Polar molecule | A molecule in which one side is more positive and the other side is more negative. |  | 13 |
| 4834047214 | Surface tension | A property of water that results from the cohesion of water molecules at the surface of a body of water and that creates a sort of skin on the water's surface. |  | 14 |
| 4834052278 | Capillary action | A property of water that occurs when adhesion of water molecules to a surface is stronger than cohesion between the molecules. |  | 15 |
| 4834053701 | Acid | A substance that contributes hydrogen ions to a solution. |  | 16 |
| 4836048497 | Base | A substance that contributes hydroxide ions to a solution. |  | 17 |
| 4836048858 | pH | The number that indicates the relative strength of acids and bases in a substance. |  | 18 |
| 4836050611 | Chemical reaction | A reaction that occurs when atoms separate from molecules or recombine with other molecules. |  | 19 |
| 4836054032 | Law of conservation of matter | A law of nature stating that matter cannot be created or destroyed; it can only change from. |  | 20 |
| 4836054894 | Inorganic compound | A compound that does not contain the element carbon or or contains carbon bound to elements other that hydrogen. |  | 21 |
| 4836056737 | Organic compound | A compound that contains carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds. | 22 | |
| 4836057276 | Carbohydrate | A compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. |  | 23 |
| 4836058583 | Protein | A critical component of living organism made up of a long chain of nitrogen-containing organic molecules known as amino acids. |  | 24 |
| 4836059677 | Nucleic acid | Organic compounds found in all living cells. |  | 25 |
| 4836060130 | DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid. Carries the genetic code. |  | 26 |
| 4836061096 | RNA | Ribonucleic acid. Translates the code stored in DNA which makes possible the synthesis of proteins. |  | 27 |
| 4836062069 | Lipid | Organic molecule that does not mix with water. |  | 28 |
| 4836062734 | Cell | A highly organized living entity that contains all the 4 types of macromolecules and other substances in a watery solution, surrounded by a membrane. |  | 29 |
| 4836067047 | Energy | The ability to do work or transfer heat. |  | 30 |
| 4836067650 | Joule | The amount of energy used when 1-watt electrical device is turned on for 1 second. |  | 31 |
| 4836070062 | Power | The rate at which work is done. |  | 32 |
| 4836070506 | Electromagnetic radiation | A form of energy emitted by the sun that includes, but is not limited to visible light, ultraviolet light, and infrared energy. |  | 33 |
| 4836071243 | Photon | A massless packet of energy that carries electromagnetic radiation at the speed of light. |  | 34 |
| 4836071796 | Potential energy | Stores energy that has not been released. |  | 35 |
| 4836072281 | Chemical energy | Potential energy stored in chemical bonds. |  | 36 |
| 4836072657 | Kinetic energy | The energy of motion. |  | 37 |
| 4836073003 | Temperature | The measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance. |  | 38 |
| 4836073691 | First Law of Thermodynamics | States that energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can change from one form to another. |  | 39 |
| 4836075066 | Second Law of Thermodynamics | States that when energy is transformed, the quantity of energy remains the same, but its ability to do work diminishes. |  | 40 |
| 4836076387 | Energy efficiency | The ratio of the amount of energy expended in the form you want to the total amount of energy that is introduced into the system. |  | 41 |
| 4836077930 | Energy quality | The ease with which an energy source can be used for work. |  | 42 |
| 4836078932 | Entropy | Randomness in a system. |  | 43 |
| 4836079242 | Open system | A system in which exchanges of matter or energy occur across system boundaries. |  | 44 |
| 4836079781 | Closed system | A system in which matter and energy exchanges do not occur across boundaries. |  | 45 |
| 4836080431 | Input | An addition to a system. |  | 46 |
| 4836080636 | Output | A loss from a system. | | 47 |
| 4836080828 | Systems analysis | An analysis to determine inputs, outputs, and changes in a system under various conditions. |  | 48 |
| 4836081507 | Steady state | Inputs equal outputs so that the system is not changing over time. |  | 49 |
| 4836084326 | Negative feedback loop | When a system responds to a change by returning to its original state, or by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring. |  | 50 |
| 4836085688 | Positive feedback loop | When a change in a system is amplified. |  | 51 |
| 4836086247 | Adaptive management plan | A plan that provides flexibility so that managers can modify it as changes occur. |  | 52 |
Flashcards
[node:title] Flashcards
Language
Terms : Hide Images
| 8260335814 | Accent | A distinctive mode of pronunciation of a language, especially one associated with a particular nation, locality, or social class. | 0 | |
| 8260335815 | Dialect | A regional variation of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation, particular to a specific region or social group. |  | 1 |
| 8260335816 | Extinct Language | A language that no longer has any speakers, or that is no longer in current use. |  | 2 |
| 8260335817 | Ideogram | A written character symbolizing the idea of a thing without indicating the sounds used to say it. Used in Mandarin (Chinese) |  | 3 |
| 8260335818 | Isogloss | A geographic boundary line delimiting the area in which a given linguistic feature occurs. |  | 4 |
| 8260335819 | Isolated Language | A natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or "genetic") relationship with other languages or language families; that is, one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common with any other language. i.e A language family with only one language. (Basque) |  | 5 |
| 8260335820 | Language Branch | A Subsection of a Language Family. Differences are not as extensive or old as with language families. i.e The Romance "-------" of the Indo-European language family. |  | 6 |
| 8260335821 | Language | The method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way. |  | 7 |
| 8260335822 | Language Group | A Collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary. An individual language, including all dialects (I.e. Italian, German, English) |  | 8 |
| 8260335823 | Language Family | A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history. The trunk of the language tree, from which language branches come from. |  | 9 |
| 8260335824 | Indo European language family | Largest language family that includes English and most other languages in the Western Hemisphere. Also used in South and Southwest Asia. Includes the Germanic branch, Indo-Iranian branch, Balto-Slavic branch, and Romance branch. |  | 10 |
| 8260335825 | Sino-Tibetan Language Family | 2nd largest language family. Includes Madarin, Thai, Cantonese and Burmese |  | 11 |
| 8260335826 | Lingua Franca | A Language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages (currently English worldwide). |  | 12 |
| 8260335827 | Literary Tradition | A Language that is written as well as spoken. | 13 | |
| 8260335828 | Monolingual State | A country in which only one language is spoken (i.e. Japan, Korea) |  | 14 |
| 8260335829 | Bilingual | The ability to speak two languages. |  | 15 |
| 8260335830 | Multilingual State | A country in which more than one language is in use (India, Nigeria, Belgium, Switzerland) |  | 16 |
| 8260335831 | Official Language | The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents, a language that is given special legal status. |  | 17 |
| 8260335833 | Pidgin Language | A Form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages. |  | 18 |
| 8260335834 | Standard Language | The specific form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications. |  | 19 |
| 8260335835 | Toponym | The name of a place, often reflecting that place's history and culture. |  | 20 |
| 8260335837 | Creole | A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated. Developed out of an earlier pidgin stage. |  | 21 |
| 8260335840 | Ebonics | A dialect of English spoken by some African Americans. |  | 22 |
| 8260335841 | Spanglish | A hybrid language combining words and idioms from both Spanish and English, especially Spanish speech that uses many English words and expressions. |  | 23 |
| 8260335844 | Romance Branch | A language branch of the Indo-European Language Family. This branch includes languages that evolved from Latin (the language of the Romans). The 5 main languages include: Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, and Romanian. | 24 | |
| 8260335845 | Germanic Branch | A language branch of the Indo-European Language Family. This branch is divided into North and West Germanic. North Germanic includes Scandinavian languages (Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic), which all came from Old Norse. West Germanic is further divided into High Germanic and Low Germanic subgroups. High German includes the standard German language. Low German includes English, Dutch, Flemish (Dialect of Dutch), Afrikaaans, and Frisian. | 25 | |
| 8260335849 | Uralic Language Family | Language Family in Europe that includes the languages of Estonian, Finnish, and Hungarian. Languages in this family originated from the Ural mountains in Russia, spreading through migration. | 26 | |
| 8260335851 | Afro-Asiatic Language Family | This language family is found in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Middle East), where Islam is the dominant religion. This family includes the languages of Arabic and Hebrew. Hebrew is spoken in Israel, a Jewish state, and Arabic is spoken throughout the region since it is the language of the Koran, the Islamic holy book. | 27 | |
| 8260335853 | Prehistoric Subgroup | A language that predates the current language family, before the written record. Ex: Proto-Indo-European | 28 | |
| 8260335858 | Language Divergence | When a lack of spatial interaction (isolation) among speakers of a language breaks the language into dialects and then new languages. | 29 | |
| 8260335859 | Language Convergence | When peoples with different languages have consistent spatial interaction and their languages collapse into one (i.e. pidgin and creole). | 30 | |
| 8260335863 | Hindi | Approximately one-third of Indians, mostly in the north, use this Indic language. This language can be spoken in many different ways, but there is only one official way to write the language, using a script called Devanagari. It serves as the lingua franca in India and is used by the government, growing into a national language in the nineteenth century when the British encouraged its use in government. It is part of the Indo-Iranian branch. | 31 | |
| 8260335864 | Swahili | The lingua franca in Africa, used by many to communicate as a second language, due to so many different native languages. This language was developed between African and Arab traders and is one for the few African languages with extensive literature. It is part of the Niger-Congo language family. | 32 | |
| 8260335867 | Mandarin | This language is the most spoken language in the world. It is spoken by approximately three-fourths of the Chinese people, and is used by the Chinese government. There is no single Chinese language. Instead of letters, Chinese languages use ideograms (characters) that mostly represent concepts rather than sounds. | 33 | |
| 8260335868 | Arabic | This language serves as a unifying force in the Middle East (Northern Africa and Southwest Asia), typically referred to as the Arab World. This language is the language of Islam (used in the Koran),, which is predominant throughout the region. This language belongs to the Afro-Asiatic language family and is the official language in two dozen countries of North Africa and southwestern Asia, from Morocco to the Arabian Peninsula. | 34 | |
| 8260335869 | Hebrew | This language was an extinct language that has been revived. It diminished in use in the fourth century B.C. and was thereafter retained only for Jewish religious services. When Israel was established in 1948, this language became one of the new country's two official languages, along with Arabic. This language was chosen to unify the Jews of Israel and give them a sense of nationalism, since Israel was created by Jewish refugees and migrants who spoke many different languages. Reviving this language required the creation of many new words for the modern world. | 35 | |
| 8260335874 | Globalization | The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence and operate on an international scale. Currently, America dominates the world with multinational corporations and media, which has made English the world's current lingua franca (international language of business). | 36 | |
| 8260335875 | Quebec | This province in Canada primarily speaks French, due to its history of colonization. As a result, Canada is officially bilingual, recognizing both English and French as official languages. | 37 | |
| 8260335876 | Vulgar Latin | This language was spoken by the Roman army at the time of occupation and is the basis of the Romance languages, which evolved out of this language overtime due to isolation. | 38 | |
| 8260335877 | Latin America | This region of the Americas primarily speaks Romance Languages, which derived from Latin. Brazil speaks Portuguese, Haiti and French Guiana speak French, while the majority of the other countries speak Spanish, all due to the patterns of colonization. | 39 |
Flashcards
Flashcards
AP World History Set 4 Note cards Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 7205059059 | Diaspora | is a scattered population whose origin lies within a smaller geographic locale. Can also refer to the movement of the population from its original homeland. | 0 | |
| 7205061643 | Caste System | is a form of social stratification characterized by endogamy, hereditary transmission of a lifestyle which often includes an occupation, status in a hierarchy, and customary social interaction and exclusion. A Hindu social class system that controlled every aspect of daily life | 1 | |
| 7309290447 | Reincarnation | The rebirth of a soul in a new body or is the philosophical or religious concept that an aspect of a living being starts a new life in a different physical body or form after each biological death. | 2 | |
| 7309287893 | Asceticism | is a lifestyle characterized by abstinence from worldly pleasures, often for the purpose of pursuing spiritual goals. Can also be defined as Severe self discipline and avoidance of all forms of indulgence | 3 | |
| 7309286541 | Bodhisattva | is the Sanskrit term for anyone who, motivated by great compassion, has generated, which is a spontaneous wish and a compassionate mind to attain Buddhahood for the benefit of all sentient beings | 4 | |
| 7309283405 | Dao/Tao | is a Chinese word signifying 'way', 'path', 'route', 'road', 'choose', 'key'. |  | 5 |
| 7309278734 | Animism | is the religious belief that objects, places, and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence. | 6 | |
| 7309278735 | Scriptures | sacred or religious writings that are regarded as authoritative. | 7 | |
| 7309276409 | Missionaries | is a member of a religious group sent into an area to proselytize and/or perform ministries of service, such as education, literacy, social justice, health care, and economic development. | 8 | |
| 7309274529 | Confucianism | is described as tradition, a philosophy, a religion, a humanistic or rationalistic religion, a way of governing, or simply a way of life. Can also be defined as a system of beliefs based on the teachings of Confucius. | 9 | |
| 7309283406 | Filial Piety | is a virtue of respect for one's parents, elders, and ancestors. | 10 | |
| 7309272951 | Ancestor Veneration | Honoring deceased ancestors For example Mexico's Day of the dead. is based on love and respect for the deceased. | 11 | |
| 7309281913 | Monastic | is a religious way of life in which one renounces worldly pursuits to devote oneself fully to spiritual work. | 12 | |
| 7309280532 | Shamanism | is a practice that involves a practitioner reaching altered states of consciousness in order to perceive and interact with a spirit world and channel these transcendental energies into this world. | 13 | |
| 7309270494 | Laypeople | anyone that is not in the religious life or can be defined as all members who are not members of the clergy, usually including any non-ordained members of religious institutes. | 14 | |
| 7309270495 | Lanteen Sail | utilized to steer ships (from dar-al-islam) Can also be defined as a triangular sail (wikipedia) | 15 |
Flashcards
AP World History #32 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 8103914472 | When was Byzantium that strongest? | when the large class of free peasants flourished | 0 | |
| 8103972062 | What supported manufacturing in Byzantium's cities? | agricultural surpluses | 1 | |
| 8103997165 | Who was Precopius? | a Byzantine historian | 2 | |
| 8104016374 | What did the Byzantine economy benefit from? | trade | 3 | |
| 8104030675 | What did Byzantine become the principle supplier for? | silk | 4 | |
| 8104033471 | What was Byzantium's standard currency? | bezant | 5 | |
| 8104085963 | What was one innovation involving agriculture of Byzantium? | heavy plows | 6 | |
| 8104513806 | What foods were cultivated and enriched diets of people in western Christendom? | beans and other legumes | 7 | |
| 8104531323 | What seas did maritime trade particularly flourish? | North Sea and Baltic Sea | 8 | |
| 8104544325 | What places did Norse Mariners link? | western Europe with the Islamic world | 9 | |
| 8104559626 | What were 3 popular cosmopolitan cities of the Byzantine empire? | Alexandria, Antioch, and Damascus | 10 | |
| 8104567055 | What did subjects of the Byzantine empire refer to Constantinople as? | the city | 11 | |
| 8104582263 | What is feudalism? | the feudal system which involved a hierarchy of lords who took charge of political and military affairs on the basis of personal relationships | 12 | |
| 8104610348 | What types of services did women peasants perform? | churned butter, made cheese, brewed beer, spun thread, wove cloth, sewed clothes | 13 | |
| 8104824630 | Who is most responsible for charting and independent course for the Roman church? | Pope Gregory I | 14 | |
| 8104824631 | What is Pope Gregory also known as? | Gregory the great | 15 | |
| 8104824632 | What does iconoclasm mean? | Breaking of icons | 16 | |
| 8104824633 | Who instated iconoclasm? | Emperor Leo III | 17 | |
| 8104824634 | Who were the two most important reformers during the time when monasteries became more influential? | St. Basil and St. Benedict | 18 | |
| 8104824635 | Who was St. Scholastica? | The sister of St. Benedict | 19 | |
| 8104824636 | Where did Pope Gregory send missionaries? | England to target Germanic kings | 20 | |
| 8104824637 | What did St. Cyril do? | St. Cyril created the Cyrillic Alphabet to help teach the people of Russia Christianity | 21 | |
| 8104824638 | Who were the most famous of the missionaries sent to the Slavic lands? | St. Cyril and St. Methodius | 22 | |
| 8104824639 | Which two places followed the same Christian doctrine but experienced religious rivalry after the 6th century? | Constantinople and Rome | 23 |
AP World History Unit 2 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 6778494373 | Artifacts | Objects made by humans and studied by Archaeologists to draw conclusions about the past | 0 | |
| 6778500255 | Culture | The unique way of life of a group of people | 1 | |
| 6778501577 | Hominid | Humans and other creatures that walk upright, such as australopithecines | 2 | |
| 6778502152 | Paleolithic Age | Term used for the earliest period of human history, from approximately 2,500,000 B.C. to 8,000 B.C. | 3 | |
| 6778504621 | Technology | Ways of applying knowledge, tools, and inventions to meet human needs | 4 | |
| 6778506036 | Neanderthals | Species of Homo sapiens which existed between 100,000 B.C. and 30,000 B.C. | 5 | |
| 6778508129 | Homo sapiens sapiens | "Wise, wise humans". First appeared in Africa approximately 200,000 B.C | 6 | |
| 6778510887 | "Out-of-Africa" Theory | Belief of Anthropologists that all human life originated in Africa and spread to other parts of the world beginning approximately 100,000 years ago. | 7 | |
| 6778512205 | Neolithic Age | Period of human history from 8,000 B.C. to 3,000 B.C., also known as the New Stone Age | 8 | |
| 6778514332 | Nomad / Hunter Gatherer | A person who constantly moves from one site to another following wild animals and gathering wild fruits and vegetables for food | 9 | |
| 6778518718 | Neolithic Revolution | About 8,000 B.C. humans may have scattered seeds near regular campsites and returned the next season to discover new crops growing | 10 | |
| 6778519306 | Slash-and-Burn Farming | Method practiced by some Neolithic farmers in which they cut trees or grasses and burned them to clear a field. The ashes that remained fertilized the soil, and the farmers planted crops for a year or two, then moved to another area and started the process anew | 11 | |
| 6778523273 | Domestication | The process of adapting animals for human use | 12 | |
| 6778524050 | Civilizations | A complex culture in which large numbers of human beings share a number of common elements | 13 | |
| 6778525898 | Artisians | Skilled workers that began to specialize in their craft because of the steady food supply that came with systematic agriculture and domestication in the Neolithic Age | 14 | |
| 6778536023 | Institutions | A long-lasting pattern of organization in a community, such as government, religion, and the economy | 15 | |
| 6778539170 | Scribes | Professional record keepers. | 16 | |
| 6778540279 | Cuneiform | Name for the system of writing invented and used by the Sumerians | 17 | |
| 6778542730 | Barter | Trading goods and services without money | 18 | |
| 6778563463 | Ziggurat | Pyramid-shaped monument built in many Sumerian cities | 19 | |
| 6778569745 | Fertile Crescent | Fertile land between the Mediterranean Sea and the Persian Gulf in Southwest Asia | 20 | |
| 6778571698 | Mesopotamia | The first known human civilizations were established in this fertile land between the Tigris and Euphrates River in the region of present-day Iraq on the southeastern tip of the Fertile Crescent | 21 | |
| 6778573433 | City-States | A governmental system in which large cities gain political and economic control over the surrounding countryside | 22 | |
| 6778577632 | Dynasty | A family of rulers whose right to rule is passed on within the family | 23 | |
| 6778657604 | Cultural Diffusion | The process in which a new idea or a product spreads from one culture to another | 24 | |
| 6778658520 | Polytheism | A religion that practices belief in many Gods | 25 | |
| 6778661838 | Babylon | A city-state in southeastern Mesopotamia that came to control the Fertile Crescent area in 1792 B.C. under the leadership of Hammurabi | 26 | |
| 6778662459 | Empire | A large political unit or state, usually under a single leader, that controls many peoples or territories | 27 | |
| 6778673556 | Hammurabi | The King of Babylon during the 17th century BC, lead Babylon to become the most powerful state in Mesopotamia | 28 | |
| 6778683531 | Nile River Valley | Fertile area in Northeastern Africa where the Egyptian civilization emerged as early as 5000 B.C.E. | 29 | |
| 6778684510 | Delta | A broad, marshy triangular area of land formed by deposits of silt at the mouth of a river | 30 | |
| 6778685302 | Narmer | Believed to be the first Pharaoh in Egyptian History. United Upper and Lower Egypt. | 31 | |
| 6778690866 | Pharaoh | Title given to ruling Egyptian Kings and Queens | 32 | |
| 6778691941 | Pyramid | Immense Egyptian structures built to serve as a final resting place for the Pharaohs and their families | 33 | |
| 6778693428 | Mummification | A process of slowly drying a dead body to prevent it from rotting | 34 |
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