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AP World History Chapter 9 Flashcards

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7357390229Code of Manua collection of social codes based on early Indian customs from about 1000BCE; reflection of the Hindu idea that meaning in life can be found in fulfillment of one's caste duties0
7357390230Vedashymns and prayers to Gods, or lessons on the basis of universe1
7357390231Brahmathe supreme, indefinable principle of life; ultimate reality in the universe2
7357392562Dharmathe moral duties of a specific caste3
7357392563Karmathe accumulation of good and bad deeds during life4
7357394094Mokshathe liberation from the reincarnation cycle and unity with Brahma5
7357394095Dowriesproperty or money brought by a bride to her husband on their marriage.6
7357395951ShivaHindu God, the cosmic dancer wjp creates and destroys7
7357395952Vishnuthe preserver of creation, in reaching the ideal state of Brahma, or god-force8
7357396515Jainism1. the religion which believes in asceticism and that the only way for any soul to achieve the eternal oneness with Brahma was to rid itself of matter and rise to the top of universe as a soul 2. hierarchy, vegetarian and nonviolence9
7369182522Mahavirathe most influential thinker of Jainism who broached the idea that the whole universe is composed of souls and matter10
7369186055Gautamaalso known as Buddha11
7369186056Buddhameaning "Enlightened One", the person who concluded the "Four Noble Truths"12
73691876428 Fold Truthat the heart of which is self-knowledge, a willingness to be free of suffering and desire, and a decision to adopt "right conduct" and "right speech"; symbolized by a chariot wheel w/ 8 spokes13
7369187643Nirvanaa state of grace that can be reached after following the Eightfold Truth and releasing all desires14
7369190160Four Noble Truths1. Life is Suffering 2. Suffering is caused by desire. 3. one can be released from desire by following the Eighth Path, after which 4. a state of grace when desire is extinguished (Nirvana), releasing one from Karma15
7369194132Theravadaone sect of Buddhism-lower vehicle16
7369194133Mahayanaone sect of Buddhism-larger vehicle; many ways to salvation17
7369196709BodhisattvaMahayana Buddhism believes that Buddha in his previous lives have been a Bodhisattva - a wise being, who gives up Nirvana to help others18
7369196710Changraduptathe ruler of a small state of village who defeats the Greek general and builds an empire19
7369199408Kautilyathe adviser to Changradupta, Emperor of Mauryan20
7369199409Arthashastrawritten by Kautilya; advises emperors about how to amass power and use it by whatever means as long as the ruler pleases his subjects21
7369204052Battle of Kalingathe battle between Ashoka (Changradupta's grandson) and his brothers for the throne in the eastern Indian state of Kalinga22
7369204053Stupasdomelike structures that contain the remains of saintly monks; built by Ashoka, who altered converted to Buddhism23
7369205737Chandra Gupta Ithe ruler who came to power and established the Gupta Empire in the Ganges region24
7371206357Gupta (Empire)the empire emerged in 320CE, founded by Chandra Gupta I25
7371208412Fa-hsienthe Chinese Buddhist monk who came to India in search of Buddhist texts26
7371210411Kalidasaan Indian dramatist who wrote stories of romance and tranquility rather than the Greek-style tragedies27
7371214703Nalandawhere an austere Buddhist monastery/university housing 5000 students is built28
7371216100Arabic NumeralsIndian number system in 300BCE, consists of zeros and decimals29
7371225773Carakaa great Indian doctor like Hippocrates who teaches ethics for doctors30
7423332821Frescoespictures painted on the stucco31
7423336106Satiwidow's self-emulation at her husband's funeral32
7423340919White Hunsthe group of huns that ended the Gupta Empire in 500CE33
7423351826Rajaslocal princes, an Aryan legacy34
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AP World History Chapter 27 Flashcards

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6552000679Holy AllianceAlliance among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in defense of religion and the established order, formed at the Congress of Vienna by the most conservative monarchies of Europe0
6552000680Decembrist uprisingPolitical revolt in Russia in 1825, led by middle-level army officers who advocated reforms, put down by Tsar Nickolas I1
6552000681Crimean WarFought between 1854 and 1856, began as Russian attempt to attack the Ottoman Empire, Russia opposed by France and Britain as well, resulted in Russian defeat in the face of Western industrial technology, led to Russian reforms under Tsar Alexander II2
6552000682emancipation of serfsTsar Alexander II ended rigorous serfdom in Russia in 1861, serfs obtained no political rights, required to stay in villages until they could repay aristocracy for land3
6552000683zenstvoesLocal political councils created as a part of reforms of Tsar Alexander II (1860s), gave some Russians, particularly middle-class professionals, some experience in government, councils had no impact on national policy4
6552000684trans-Siberian railroadConstructed in the 1870s to connect European Russia with the Pacific, completed by the end of the 1880s, brought Russia into a more active Asian role5
6552000685Sergei WitteRussian minister of finance from 1892 to 1903, economic modernized responsible for high tariffs, improved banking system, encouraged Western investors to build factories in Russia6
6552000686intelligentsiaRussia term denoting articulate intellectuals as a class, 19th-century group bent on radical changes in the Russian political and social system, of teen wished to maintain a Russian culture distinct from that of the West7
6552000687anarchistsPolitical groups seeking abolition of formal government, formed in many parts of Europe and the Americas in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly prevalent in Russia, opposing tsarist autocracy and becoming a terrorist movement responsible for the assassination of Alexander II in 18818
6552000688Vladimir Ilyich UlyanovBetter known as Lenin, most active Russian Marxist leader, insisted on importance of disciplined revolutionary cells, leader of the Bolshevik Revolution of 19179
6552000689BolsheviksLiterally- the majority party, the most radical branch of the Russian Marxist movement, led by V.I. Lenin and dedicated to his concept of social revolution, actually a minority in the Russian Marxist political scheme until its triumph in the 1917 revolution10
6552000690Russo-Japanese WarWar between Japan and Russia (1904-1905) over territory in Manchuria, Japan defeated the Russians largely because of its naval power, Japan annexed Korea in 1910 as a result of military dominance11
6552000691dumaNational parliament created in Russia in the aftermath of the Revolution if 1905, progressively stripped of power during the reign of Tsar Nicholas II, failed to forestall further revolution12
6552000692Stolypin reformsReforms introduced by the Russian interior minster Piotyr Stolypin intended to placate the peasantry in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1905, included reduction in redemption payments, attempt to create market-oriented peasantry13
6552000693kulaksAgricultural entrepreneurs who utilized the Stolypin and later NEP reforms to increase agricultural production and buy additional land14
6552000694terakoyaCommoner schools founded during the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan to teach reading, writing, and the rudiments of Confucianism, resulted in high literacy rate, approaching 40 percent of Japanese males15
6552000695Dutch StudiesGroup of Japanese scholars in implication of Western science and technology beginning in the 17th century, urged freer exchange with the West, based studies on few Dutch texts available in Japan16
6552000696Matthew PerryAmerican commodore who visited Edo Bag with American felt in 1853, insisted on opening ports to American trade on threat of naval bombardment, won rights for American trade with Japan in 185417
6552000697DietJapanese parliament established as part of the new constitution of 1889, part of Meiji reforms, could pass laws and approve budgets, able to advise government, but not to control it18
6552000698zaibatsuHuge industrial combines created in Japan in the 1890s as part of the process of industrialization19
6552000699Sino-Japanese WarWar fought between Japan Qing China between 1894 and 1895, resulted in Japanese victory, frustrated Japanese imperial aims because of Western insistence that Japan withdraw from the Liaodong peninsula20
6552000700yellow perilWestern term for perceived threat of Japanese imperialism around 1900, met by increased Western imperialism in region21
6552000701B.G. TilakBelieved that nationalism in India should be based on appeals to Hindu religiousity, worked to promote restoration and revival of ancient Hindu traditions, offended Muslims and other religious groups, first populist leader in Indian nationalist movement22
6552000702Morley-Minto reformsProvided educated Indians with considerably expanded opportunities to elect and serve on local and all-India legislative councils23
6552000703Montagu-Chelmsford reformsIncreased the powers of Indian legislators at the all-India level and placed much of the provincial administration of India under local ministries controlled by legislative bodies with substantial numbers of elected Indians, passed in 191924
6552000704Rowlatt ActPlaced severe restrictions on key Indian civil rights such as freedom of the press, acted to offset the concession granted under the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms of 191925
6552000705Mohandas GandhiLed sustained all-India for independence from the British Empire after World War I, stressed nonviolent but aggressive mass protest26
6552000706satyagrahaLiterally- "truth force," strategy of nonviolent protest developed by Mohandas Gandhu and his followers in India, later deployed throughout the colonized world and in the United States27
6552000707Lord CromerBritish proconsul in khedival Egypt from 1883 to 1907, pushed for economic reforms that reduced but failed to eliminate the debts of the khedival regime28
6552000708effendiClass of prosperous business and professional urban families in khedival Egypt, as a class generally favored Egyptian independence29
6552000709Dinshawai incidentClash between British soldiers and Egyptian villagers in 1005, arose over hunting accident along the Nile River where a wife of a prayer leader of a mosque was accidentally shot by army officers hunting pigeons, led to the Egyptian protest movemenr30
6552000710AtaturkAlso known as Mustafa Kemal, leader of the Turkish Republic formed in 1923, reformed Turkish nation using Western models31
6552000711HusseinSherif of Mecca from 1908 to 1917, used British promise of independence to convince Arabs to support Britain against the Turks in World War I, angered by Britain's failure to keep promise, died in 193132
6552000712mandatesGovernments entrusted to Europeans nations in the Middle East in the aftermath of World War I, Britain occupied mandates in Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Palestine after 192233
6552000713ZionistsMembers of a movement origination in eastern Europe during the 1860s and 1870s that argued that Jews must return to a Middle Eastern holy land, eventually identified with the settlement of Palestine34
6552000714Balfour DeclarationBritish minister Lord Balfour's promise of support for the establishment of Jewish settlement in Palestine issued in 191735
6552000715Leon PinksterEuropean Zionist who believed that Jewish assimilation into Christian European nations was impossible, argued for return to Middle Eastern Holy Land36
6552000716Thomas HerzlAustrian journalist and Zionist, formed World Zionist Organization in 1897, promoted Jewish migration to Palestine and formation of a Jewish state37
6552000717Alfred DreyfusFranch Jew falsely accused of passing military secrets to the Germans, his mistreatment and exile to Devils Island provided flash-point for years of bitter debate between the left and right in France38
6552000718World Zionist OrganizationFounded by Therod Herzl to promote Jewish migration to and settlement in Palestine to form a Zionist state39
6552000719Marcus GarveyAfrican American political leader, had a major impact on merging African nationalist leaders in the 1920s and 1930s40
6552000720W.E.B. DuBoisAfrican American political leader, had a major impact on merging African nationalist leaders in the 1920s and 1930s41
6552000721pan-AfricanOrganization that brought together intellectuals and political leaders from areas of Africa and African diaspora before and after World War I42
6552000722negritudeLiterary movement in Africa, attempted to combat racial stereotypes of African culture, celebrated the beauty of black skin and African physique, associated with origins of African nationalist movements43
6552000723Leopold Sedar SenghorOne of the post-World War I writers of the negritude literary movement that urged pride in African values, president of Senegal from 1960 to 198044
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AP Lang Vocab - Set 3 Flashcards

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5446691650affableadj. - friendly, good-natured0
5446711064believerb - to contradict or misrepresent1
5446724776condoneverb - to excuse, overlook, or make allowances for2
5446749883churlishadj. - rude and vulgar3
5446827806verboseadj. - using or containing too many words4
5446839850transientadj. - passing quickly or staying briefly5
5446845849razeverb - to tear down6
5446855480consummateadj. - perfect and complete7
5446867303embroilverb - to bring into an argument or negative situation8
5446878218vacillateverb - to swing indecisively from one idea to another9
5447171283mitigateverb - to make less intense or severe10
5447174977nuancenoun - a subtle difference11
5447181148furtiveadj. - sneaky12
5447198008enigmanoun - a puzzle; a mystery13
5447206171catharticadj. - inducing a release of tense emotions14
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AP World History 2 Chapter 14 Terms Flashcards

The terms and definitions for the vocabulary terms in Ways of the World: Chapter 15.

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6165986150trading post empireForm of imperial dominance based on control of trade rather than on control of subject peoples.0
6165986151Tokugawa shogunateMilitary rulers of Japan who successfully united Japan politically by the seventeenth century and established a "closed door" policy toward European encroachments.1
6165986152Spanish PhilippinesAn archipelago of Pacific islands colonized by Spain in a relatively bloodless that extended for the century or so after 1565, a process accompanied by a major effort at evangelization; the Spanish named them the Philippine Islands after King Philip II of Spain.2
6165986153"soft gold"Nickname used in the early modern period for animal furs, highly valued for their warmth and as symbols of elite status; in several regions, the fur trade generated massive wealth for those who engaged in it.3
6165986154"silver drain"Term often used to describe the siphoning of money from Europe to pay for the luxury products of the East, a process exacerbated by the fact that Europe had few trade goods that were desirable in Eastern markets; eventually, the bulk of the world's silver supply made its way to China.4
6165986155shogunIn Japan, a supreme military commander.5
6165986156samuraiThe warrior elite of medieval Japan.6
6165986157PotosiCity that developed high in the Andes (in present-day Bolivia) at the site of the world's largest silver mine and became the largest city in the Americas, with a population of some 160,000 in the 1570s.7
6165986158piece of eightStandard Spanish coin that became a medium of exchange in North America, Europe, India, Russia, and West Africa as well as in the Spanish Empire; so called because it was worth 8 reales.8
6165986159Middle PassageName commonly given to the journey across the Atlantic undertaken by African slaves being shipped to the Americas.9
6165986160ManilaCapitol of the Spanish Philippines and a major multicultural trade city that already had a population of more than 40,000 by 1600.10
6165986161Ferdinand MagellanPortuguese mariner who commanded the first European (Spanish) fleet to circumnavigate the globe (1519-1521).11
6165986162Little Ice AgeA period of cooling temperatures and harsh winters that lasted for much of the early modern area.12
6165986163Indian Ocean commercial networkThe massive, interconnected web of commerce in premodern times between the lands that bordered on the Indian Ocean (including East Africa, India, and Southeast Asia); the network was badly disrupted by Portuguese intrusion beginning around 1500.13
6165986164HuronsNative American people of northeastern North America who were heavily involved in the fur trade.14
6165986165daimyoFeudal lords of Japan who ruled with virtual independence thanks to their bands of samurai warriors.15
6165986166DahomeyWest African kingdom that became strong through its rulers' exploitation of the slave trade.16
6165986167cartazA pass that the Portuguese required of all merchant vessels attempting to trade in the Indian Ocean.17
6165986168British/Dutch East India companiesPrivate trading companies chartered by the governments of England and the Netherlands around 1600; they were given monopolies on Indian Ocean trade, including the right to make war and to rule conquered peoples.18
6165986169Banda IslandsInfamous case of the Dutch forcibly taking control of the spice trade; nearly the entire population of these nutmeg-producing islands was killed or enslaved and then replaced with Dutch planters.19
6165986170BeninWest African kingdom (in what is now Nigeria) whose strong kings sharply limited engagement with the slave trade.20
6165986171African diasporaName given to the spread of African peoples across the Atlantic via the slave trade.21
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AP Literature Literary Terms Flashcards

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5431740312allegoryThe device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some allegories, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction like hope or freedom. The allegorical meaning usually deals with moral truth or a generalization about human existence. Example: Plato's cave0
5431740313alliterationThe repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells seashells"). Although the term is not frequently in the multiple choice section, you can look for alliteration in any essay passage. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage.1
7441520029allusionA direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion.2
7441698448analogyA similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. Analogies can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging. Life is like a box of chocolates.3
7441704088apostropheA figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. It is an address to someone or something that cannot answer. The effect may add familiarity or emotional intensity. William Wordsworth addresses John Milton as he writes, "Milton, thou shouldst be living at this hour: / England hath need of thee." Another example is Keats' "Ode to a Grecian Urn," in which Keats addresses the n itself: "Thou still unravished bride of quietness." Many apostrophes imply a personification of the object addressed. Twinkle, twinkle little star, how I wonder what you are?4
7441708605catharsisan emotional cleansing or feeling of relief.5
7441713869chiasmus (kee-AS-mus)the opposite of parallel construction; inverting the second of two phrases that would otherwise be in parallel form. (ex: I like the idea; it's execution I don't; "Never let a Fool Kiss You or a Kiss Fool You."6
7441717787colloquial/colloquialismThe use of slang or informalities in speech or writing. Not generally acceptable for formal writing, colloquialisms give a work a conversational, familiar tone. Colloquial expressions in writing include local or regional dialects. Yea..... no. (Miami)7
7441723650conceitA fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects. A conceit displays intellectual cleverness as a result of the unusual comparison being made. See otg8
7441727249dictionRelated to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness. For the AP exam, you should be able to describe an author's diction (for example, formal or informal, ornate or plain) and understand the ways in which diction can complement the author's purpose. Diction, combined with syntax, figurative language, literary devices, etc., creates an author's style.9
7441731344figurative languageWriting or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid.10
7441736108hyperboleA figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. (The literal Greek meaning is "overshoot.") Hyperboles often have a comic effect; however, a serious effect is also possible. Often, hyperbole produces irony. The opposite of hyperbole is understatement.11
7441739108imageryThe sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. On a physical level, imagery uses terms related to the five senses: visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, and olfactory. On a broader and deeper level, however, one image can represent more than one thing. For example, a rose may present visual imagery while also representing the color in a woman's cheeks and/or symbolizing some degree of perfection. An author may use complex imagery while simultaneously employing other figures of speech, especially metaphor and simile. In addition, this term can apply to the total of all the images in a work. On the AP language exam, pay attention to how an author creates imagery and to the effect of this imagery.12
7441744916verbal ironywhen the words literally state the opposite of the writer's (or speaker's) meaning13
7441748420situational ironywhen events turn out the opposite of what was expected; when what the characters and readers think ought to happen is not what does happen14
7441752253dramatic ironywhen facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or piece of fiction but known to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work.15
7441755953litotes (pronounced almost like "little tee")a form of understatement that involves making an affirmative point by denying its opposite. Litote is the opposite of hyperbole. Examples: "Not a bad idea," "Not many," Ex: I have this tiny little tumor on the brain" [Salinger, Catcher in the Rye].16
7441759798onomatopoeiaA figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. Simple examples include such words as buzz, hiss, hum, crack, whinny, and murmur. If you note examples of onomatopoeia in an essay passage, note the effect.17
7441765725oxymoronFrom the Greek for "pointedly foolish," an oxymoron is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox. Simple examples include "jumbo shrimp" and "cruel kindness." This term does not usually appear in the multiple-choice questions, but there is a chance that you might find it in an essay. Take note of the effect that the author achieves with the use of oxymoron.18
7441768683paradoxA statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity. (Think of the beginning of Dickens' Tale of Two Cities: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times....")19
7441772980parallelismAlso referred to as parallel construction or parallel structure, this term comes from Greek roots meaning "beside one another." It refers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity. This can involve, but is not limited to, repetition of a grammatical element such as a preposition or verbal phrase. (Again, the opening of Dickens' Tale of Two Cities is an example: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity....") The effects of parallelism are numerous, but frequently they act as an organizing force to attract the reader's attention, add emphasis and organization, or simply provide a musical rhythm.20
7441776469parodyA work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. It exploits peculiarities of an author's expression (propensity to use too many parentheses, certain favorite words, etc.) Well-written parody offers enlightenment about the original, but poorly written parody offers only ineffectual imitation. Usually an audience must grasp literary allusion and understand the work being parodied in order to fully appreciate the nuances of the newer work.21
7441789473point of viewIn literature, the perspective from which a story is told.22
7441780780synecdoche (si-NEK-duh-kee)a figure of speech in which a part of something is used to represent the whole or, occasionally, the whole is used to represent a part. Examples: To refer to a boat as a "sail"; to refer to a car as "wheels"; to refer to the violins, violas, etc. in an orchestra as "the strings." NOTE: Different than metonymy, in which one thing is represented by another thing that is commonly physically associated with it (but is not necessarily a part of it), i.e., referring to a monarch as "the crown" or the President as "The White House."23
7441802981synesthesiawhen one kind of sensory stimulus evokes the subjective experience of another. Ex: The sight of red ants makes you itchy. In literature, this refers to the practice of associating two or more different senses in the same image. Red Hot Chili Peppers' song title,"Taste the Pain," is an example.24
7441807047syntaxThe way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences. Syntax is similar to diction, but you can differentiate them by thinking of syntax as groups of words, while diction refers to the individual words. In the multiple- choice section of the AP exam, expect to be asked some questions about how an author manipulates syntax. In the essay section, you will need to analyze how syntax produces effects.25
7441809072toneSimilar to mood, tone describes the author's attitude toward his material, the audience, or both. Tone is easier to determine in spoken language than in written language. Considering how a work would sound if it were read aloud can help in identifying an author's tone. Some words describing tone are playful, serious, businesslike, sarcastic, humorous, formal, ornate, sardonic, somber, etc.26
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Logical Fallacies - AP Language & Composition Flashcards

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8542250172BandwagonArguments that urge people to follow the same path everyone else is taking. They recommend a course of action b/c everyone else is doing it.0
8542250173Red HerringDodges main issue. Topic A is under discussion; Topic B is introduced under the guise of being relevant to topic A (it really isn't, however) Topic A is abandoned.1
8542250174EquivocationArgument that gives a lie an honest appearance; a half truth. Juvenile tricks of language. Bill Clinton's "I never had sex with that woman" - loosely defined sex2
8542250175Hasty GeneralizationInference drawn from inadequate evidence, and it jumps to conclusions. Forms the basis for most stereotypes about people or institutions: because a few people in a large group are observed and act in a certain way, all members of that group are inferred to act similarly.3
8542250176Ad HominemThese arguments are directed at the character of a person rather than at the argument or claim he or she makes. Turns argument into two sides: Good guy vs. Bad guy4
8542250177Ad PopulumAppeal to the populus; under bandwagon umbrella. Appeal to the popularity of a claim as a reason for accepting it.5
8542250178Faulty AnalogyThe argument that gives an analogy that doesn't hold together; the compared parts are dissimilar. Meant to help reason a circumstance b/c people are more inclined to believe a comparison.6
8542250179Begging the QuestionAssuming as true the very claim that is being disputed - form of circular argument that is divorce from reality. Most basic examples involve rephrasing. Similar to Nonsequitor.7
8542250180Either/Or Choice Also known as "Hobson's Choice" on the AP test :)A way to simplify arguments and give them power is to reduce the options for action to only two choices. One option favorable, the other not so much.8
8542250181The Straw ManAttacking an argument that is not there; it is much weaker than the point the opponent makes. The speaker is setting up an argument that is easy to knock down, proceeds to do so, and then claims victory over the opponent.9
8542250182Complex QuestionTwo-pronged question (combines two questions, one is implied). Involves an implicit argument, which is intended to trap the respondent into acknowledging something that he or she might not otherwise not want to acknowledge. Ex. When did you stop stealing?10
8542250183NonsequitorIn this argument, the reasoning does not hold together; it fails to connect logically. One point does not follow from the other. Ex. If my teacher really liked me, he would give me an A. Can be seen as similar to begging the question, mainly because the dots don't really connect.11
8542250184Slippery SlopeWriter exaggerates the likely consequences of an action, usually to frighten readers (seen as a scare tactic). An argument that portrays today's tiny misstep as tomorrow's slide into disaster.12
8542250185Faulty CausalityCause and effect problem; the fallacious assumption that because one event or action follows another, the first necessarily caused the other. Supposed connection between cause and effect turns out to be completely wrong. Ex. For instance, doctors now believe that when an elderly person falls and is found to have a broken hip, it was usually the break that caused the fall (not the other way around).13
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AP Literature Vocabulary #13 Literary Terms Flashcards

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8390045465palindrome *ex:* race car, level, aziza, taco cata word, line, verse, number, sentence, etc., reading the same backward as forward0
8390054330mnemonic *ex:* "I before e except after c"; SLAPEGG - 7 deadly sins; Principle/Principal - one is your pala technique of improving the memory1
8390057776Homograph *ex:* agape: love / agape: open; bass: fish / bass: sounda word of the same written form as another but of different meaning and usually origin, whether pronounced the same way or not2
8390063010Homonym *ex:* bear: animal / bear: carry; bat: animal / bat: sticka word the same as another in sound and spelling but different in meaning3
8390067154Homophone *ex:* great / grate; ceiling / sealing; meet / meata word pronounced the same as another but differing in meaning, whether spelled the same way or not / specific type of homonym4
8390079050Heteronyms *ex:* wound (oo sound) / wound (ow sound) ; dove (bird) / dove (swimming)are homonyms that share the same spelling but have different pronunciations. Homographs that are not homophones5
8390084402Capitonyms *ex:* Turkey / turkey; March / march; Polish / polishare homonyms that share the same spelling but have different meanings when capitalized (and may or may not have different pronunciations)6
8390089517anaphora *ex:* MLK Jr.'s "I have a Dream" speech; "Jingle Bells"the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines7
8390093649antistrophe *ex:* "Yellow Submarine" song; "The Raven" by Edgar Allen Poerepetition of the same word or phrase at the end of successive clauses8
8390099242epithet *ex:* "Richard the Lionhearted"; "Catherine the Great"an adjective or adjective phrase appropriately qualifying a subject (noun) by naming a key or important characteristic of the subject9
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AP English Literature Terms Flashcards

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7722016537foreshadowingto hint at or to present an indication of the future beforehand0
7722016538enjambmentthe continuation of a sentence from one line of a poem to the next1
7722016539pastorala work that describes the simple life of country folk who live in a timeless, painless life in a world full of beauty, music and love; bucolic, idyll2
7722016540odea lyric poem that is somewhat serious in subject and treatment, elevated in style and sometimes uses elaborate stanza structure, which is often patterned in sets of three3
7722016541antithesisthe juxtaposition of sharply contrasting ideas in balanced or parallel words, phrases, grammatical structure, or ideas4
7722016542apostrophean address or invocation to something that is inanimate5
7722016543denotationa direct and specific meaning, often reffered to as the dictionary definition of a word6
7722016544blank versethe verse form consisting of unrhymed lines in iambic pentameter7
7722016545caesurapause in a line of verse, indicated by natural speech patterns rather than due to specific metrical patterns8
7722016546antagonistany force that is in opposition to the main character9
7722016547colloquialordinary language, the vernacular10
7722016548themea generalized, abstract paraphrase of the dominant idea or concern of a work11
7722016549couplettwo rhyming lines of iambic pentameter that together present a single idea or connection12
7722016550dialectthe language and speech idiosyncrasies of a specific area, region, or group of people13
7722016551synechdochewhen a part is used to signify a whole, as in "All hands on deck!" (hands = sailors)14
7722016552dictionthe specific word choice an author uses to persuade or convey tone, purpose, or effect15
7722016553syntaxthe way words are put together to form phrases, clauses, and sentences16
7722016554flashbackretrospection, where an earlier event is inserted into the normal chronology of the narrative17
7722016555elegya poetic lament upon the death of a particular person, usually ending in consolation18
7722016556epica poem that celebrates, in a continuou narrative, the achievements of mighty heroes and heroines, often concerned with the founding of a nation or developing of a culture19
7722016557allusiona reference to a literary or historical event, person, or place20
7722016558extended metaphora detailed and complex metaphor that extends over a long section of a work; also called a conceit21
7722016559farcea play or scene in a play or book that is characterized by broad humor, wild antics, and often slapstick and physical humor22
7722016560in-media-resrefers to opening a story in the middle of the action, necessitating filing in past details by exposition or flashback; literally, "in the midst of things"23
7722016561formal dictionlanguage that is lofty, dignified, and impersonal24
7722016562expositionthat part of the structure of a plot that sets the scene, introduces and identifies characters, and establishes the situation at the beginning of a story or play25
7722016563satirea literary work that holds up human failing to ridicule26
7722016564alliterationthe sequential repetition of similar initial sound, usually applied to consonants, usually heard in closely proximate stressed syllables27
7722016565stylea distinctive manner of expression expressed through an author's diction, rhythm, imagery, and more28
7722016566free versepoetry that is characterized by varying line lengths, lack of traditional meter, and non-rhyming lines29
7722016567genrea type or class of literature such as epic or narrative or poetry30
7722016568hyperboleoverstatement characterized by exaggerated language31
7722016569iambica metrical foot in poetry that consists of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable32
7722016570conceita comparison of two unlikely things that is drawn out within a piece of literature; in particular, an extended metaphor within a poem33
7722016571motifa recurrent device, formula, or situation that often serves as a signal for the appearance of a character or event34
7722016572dramatic monologuealso, a soliloquy; a monologue set in a specific situation and spoken to an imaginary audience35
7722016573imagerybroadly defined, any sensory detail or evocation in a work; more narrowly, the use of figurative language to evoke a feeling, to call to mind an idea, or to describe an object36
7722016574informal dictionlanguage that is not as lofty or impersonal as formal diction; similar to everyday speech37
7722016575ironya situation or statement characterized by a significant difference between what is expected or understood and what actually happens or is meant38
7722016576lyricany short poem in which the speaker expresses intense personal emotion rather than desciribing a narrative or dramatic situation; a sonnet and ode are two examples39
7722016577consonancethe repetition of a sequence of two or more consonants, but with a change in the intervening vowels40
7722016578mooda feeling or ambiance resulting from the tone of a piece as well as the writer/narrator's attitude and point of view41
7722016579metaphorone thing pictured as if it were something else, suggesting a likeness or analogy between them; an implicit comparison of two unlike things42
7722016580villanellea verse form consisting of nineteen lines divided into six stanzas- five tercets and one quatrain; the first and third line of the first tercet rhyme, and this rhyme is repeated through each of the next four tercets and in the last two lines of the concluding quatrain43
7722016581allegorya prose or poetic narrative in which the characters, behavior, and even the setting demonstrates multiple levels of meaning and significance; often is a universal symbol or personified abstraction44
7722016582tonethe attitude a literary work takes toward its subject and theme45
7722016583narrative structurea textual organization based on sequences of connected events, usually presented in a straightforward, chronological framework46
7722016584narratorthe character who tells the story47
7722016585connotationwhat is suggested by a word, apart from what it explictly describes48
7722016586omniscientalso called unlimited focus; a perspective that can be seen from multiple characters49
7722016587oxymorona figure of speech that combines two apparently contradictory elements, sometimes resulting in a humorous image or statement50
7722016588parablea short fiction that illustrates an explicit moral lesson through the use of analogy51
7722016589realismthe practice in literature of attempting to describe nature and life without idealization and with attention to detail52
7722016590juxtapositionthe location of one thing as being adjacent with another; this placement of two items side by side creates a certain effect, reveals an attitude, or accomplishes some purpose of the writer53
7722016591anecdotea brief story or tale told by a character in a piece of literature54
7722016592structurethe organization or arrangement of the various elements in a work55
7722016593parallel structurethe use of similar forms in writing for nouns, verbs, phrases, or thoughts; maintains balance and symmetry56
7722016594archetyperecurrent designs, patterns of action, character types, themes, or images which are identifiable in a wide range of literature57
7722016595refraina repeated stanza or line(s) in a poem or song58
7722016596quatraina poetic stanza of four lines59
7722016597rhymethe repetition of the same or similar sounds, most often at the ends of lines60
7722016598similea direct, explicit comparison of two things, usually using like or as to draw the connection61
7722016599solioquya monologue in which the character in a play is alone and speaking only to himself or herself62
7722016600protagonistthe main character in a work who may or may not be heroic63
7722016601assonancerepetition of identical or similar vowel sounds, usually those found in stressed syllables of close proximity64
7722016602personificationtreating an abstraction or nonhuman object as if it were a person by endowing it with human qualitites65
7722016603Shakespearean sonneta sonnet form divided into three quatrains and one couplet; also called an English sonnet66
7722016604onomatopoeiaa work capturing or approximating the sound of what it describes67
7722016605speakerthe person, not necessarily the author, who is the voice of the poem68
7722016606symbolisma person, place, thing, event, or pattern in a literary work that designates itself and at the same time figuratively represents something else69
7722016607Petrarchan sonneta sonnet form divided into an octave and a sestet; also called an Italian sonnet70
7722016608settingthe time and place of the action in a story, poem, or play71
7722016609tragedya drama in which a character, usually of noble or high rank, is brought to a disastrous end in confrontation with a superior force72
7722016610sestinaa highly structured poem consisting of six six-line stanzas followed by a tercet; the same set of six words ends the lines of each of the six-line stanzas, but in a different order each time73
7722016611paradoxa statement that seems contradictory but may actually be true74
7722016612rhythmthe modulation of weak and strong (stressed and unstressed) elements in the flow of speech75
7722016613terza rimaa verse form consisting of three-line stanzas in which the second line of each rhymes with the first and third of the next76
7722016614bildungsromana novel dealing with one person's formative years or spiritual education.77
7722016615gothic novela genre or mode of literature and film that combines fiction and horror, death, and at times romance78
7722016616expositiona literary term that refers to the part of a story that sets the stage for the drama to follow: it introduces the theme, setting, characters, and circumstances at the story's beginnings.79
7722016617denouementthe end of a play, book, etc., in which everything is explained or settled; the end result of a situation80
7722016618flashbacka part of a film/movie, play, etc. that shows a scene that happened earlier in time than the main story81
7722016619protagonistthe main character in a major work, experiencing most of the action82
7722016620antagonistthe adversary of the hero or protagonist of a drama or other literary work83
7722016621flat charactera character who reveals only one, maybe two, personality traits in a story or novel, and the trait(s) do not change84
7722016622round charactera well developed character who demonstrates varied and sometimes contradictory traits. Round characters are usually dynamic85
7722016623foila character who contrasts with another character (usually the protagonist) in order to highlight particular qualities of the other character86
7722016624asidea remark or passage by a character in a play that is intended to be heard by the audience but unheard by the other characters in the play.87
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AP Literature Terms VI Flashcards

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7732174827blank versepoetry written in iambic pentameter that usually does not rhyme0
7732204853coupleta pair of rhyming lines in a poem1
7732221413end-stoppeda line of poetry that ends with a natural pause often indicated by a mark of punctuation2
7732268438euphonypleasing, harmonious sounds3
7732270616explicationthe interpretation or analysis of a text4
7732298554extended metaphora series of comparisons between two unlike objects5
7732302530heroic couplettwo rhymed lines written in iambic pentameter6
7732340447light versea variety of poetry meant to entertain or amuse, but sometimes with satire implemented7
7732351650Old Englishthe Anglo-Saxon language spoken in what is now England ~450-1150 CE8
7732362479pentametera verse with five poetic feet per line9
7732393997personathe role or facade that a character assumes or depicts to a reader, viewer, etc.10
7732406389quatraina four-line poem or a four-line unit of a longer poem11
7732420855rhymethe repetition of similar sounds at regular intervals12
7732427121rhyme schemethe pattern of rhymes within a given poem13
7732432378rhythmthe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables that make up a line of poetry14
7732441788scanthe act of determining the meter of a poetic line15
7732450465sonneta form of verse consisting of fourteen lines and a prescribed rhyme scheme16
7732467953stanzaa group of two or more lines poetry combined according to subject, rhyme, etc.17
7732483366versea synonym for poetry18
7732485954villanellea French verse form calculated to appear simple and spontaneous but consisting of nineteen lines and a prescribed pattern of rhymes19
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