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AP World History Vocab #4 Flashcards

5158940869	Abdicate	To renounce one's throne	0
5158940870	Defer	To put off till later; to postpone	1
5158943758	Elaborate	Detailed and complicated in design and planning	2
5158948784	Hoi Polloi	The masses; the people	3
5158948785	Intercommunal	Existing between communities	4
5158953140	Municipal	Relating to a city and its governing body	5
5158953141	Notion	Concept or belief of something	6
5158955653	Partisanship	Prejudice; bias	7
5158957075	Reap	Cut or gather	8
5158957076	Statute	a written law passed by a legislative body	9

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AP World History Unit 4 Flashcards

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6721360194	humanism	the focus on human endeavors	0
6721362986	Johannes Gutenberg	who invented the printing press?	1
6721363853	Erasmus	most well known learned men of the time, counseled kings and popes, wrote "In Praise of Folly"	2
6721368303	Sir Thomas Moore	wrote Utopia, described ideal society	3
6721369825	Protestant Reformation	confrontation with the Catholic Church	4
6721372132	indulgences	sold by the Catholic; piece of paper that could be purchased to reduce time in purgatory	5
6721388013	John Calvin	who formed the protestant group called the Calvinists?	6
6721388014	King Henry VIII	renounced Rome and became head of religion in England, called the Anglican Church	7
6721388015	Catholic Reformation/ Counter Reformation	Catholic Church reformed because of Protestants	8
6721392083	Ignatius Loyola	who founded the Jesuits, was a Spanish soldier	9
6721393653	Council of Trent	meeting of church officials held to direct counter reformation from 1545-1563	10
6721397082	atheists	this group believes that there is no God	11
6721398537	the Enlightenment	time of examining role of humans in relation to government	12
6721403436	Montesquieu	believed government should have checks and balances	13
6721404653	Voltaire	believed religion crushes the human spirit	14
6721406298	Rousseau	believed people had to sacrifice some rights for freedom	15
6721408105	Thomas Hobbes	believed the purpose of government was to preserve peace and stability	16
6721410723	John Locke	believed people are born equal with natural rights	17
6721413198	Neoclassical Period	time when people imitated style of Greek and Roman architecture	18
6721417033	Vasco da Gama	explorer that rounded the tip of Africa and went to India	19
6721420787	Treaty of Tordesillas	divided the America's into east and west to settle land disputes between Spain and Portugal	20
6721581300	haciendas system	system where natives owed labor to their landlords	21
6721584319	Hernan Cortes	explorer that conquered the Aztec empire	22
6721588402	Franciso Pizarro	explorer that conquered the Inca empire	23
6721594062	encomienda system	system of forced labor	24
6721600214	mercantilism	a country actively sought to trade but tried to import more than it exported	25
6721604156	Act of Supremacy	King Henry VIII nullified pope's authority and established the church of England under this act	26
6721608910	Elizabethan Age	time of English expansion, exploration, and colonization	27
6721611517	Stuart restoration	Parliament had Charles II take the throne after Charles I was beheaded	28
6721613404	Glorious Revolution	James II driven from power because they believed he would make England Catholic again	29
6721617130	Huguenots	a group of French Protestants	30
6721618307	Edict of Nantes	signed by Henry IV to end the violence in France between the Catholics and the Huguenots	31
6721621241	Thirty Years War	Protestants challenged Holy Roman Emperor, was a huge religious and political war	32
6721625015	Peter the Great	westernized Russia, built St. Petersburg	33
6721626132	Catherine the Great	adopted more education and western culture in Russia	34
6721628248	Osman Bey	founded the Ottoman Empire that rose in Anatolia	35
6721629786	Mughal Empire	established by Babur, dominated the Indian subcontinent	36
6721633697	Akbar	Mughal leader that unified India by religious tolerance	37
6721634942	Kongo	on the west coast of Africa, traded with Portugal, King Alfonso I converted the people to Catholicism	38
6721637408	Angola	established as a trading post by the Portuguese, ruled by Queen Nzinga--> warrior queen	39
6721641591	Zheng He	led the Chinese naval voyages under the Ming	40

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ap world history ch 10 Flashcards

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7379854491	homer	wrote the odyssey and iliad	0
7379860040	iliad	Offered greek perspectives into the war against Troy.	1
7379870076	odyssey	stories about the hero odysseus and his voyage back from troy	2
7379888118	knosses	palace built by the Crete; served as a place where officials collected taxes	3
7379902080	linear a	symbols stood for syllables instead of words	4
7379905951	crete	principal center in the Mediterranean sea	5
7379919344	spartan	a lifestyle characterized by simplicity, frugality, and austerity	6
7380060506	mycenaean	formed a written language called linear b	7
7380074578	mycenaean	built peloponnesus	8
7380085560	mycenaean	had a war with troy called the trojan war	9
7380095529	sparta	made most of neighboring states into Helots	10
7380097415	helots	servers of the spartan states	11
7380105732	sparta	used iron bars as currency	12
7380108026	sparta	put kids into military brackets and taught them until age 20	13
7380128485	Pericles	said that athens was "the education of greece"	14
7380141435	sicily	most popular greek colony	15
7380150643	greek colonies	was not built with a centralizes state	16
7380170528	persian war	started with the rebellion of the greek people against the persians	17
7380180610	battle of marathon	greek stopped persians after persians attacked	18
7380188793	the delian league	alliance created by poleis	19
7380201021	the delian league	athens supplied military power while poleis payed them	20
7380211634	the delian league	started the Peloponnesian war	21
7380232892	Peloponnesian war	poleis divided under the leadership of athens and sparta	22
7380244021	philip of macedon	built a powerful army and overtook greece	23
7380249675	alexander of macedon	invaded persia after the fall of greece	24
7380279237	alexander of macedon	took over pasargadae	25

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AP world history chapter 18 Flashcards

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5960555190	Niccolo Machiavelli	Author of "the prince" one of the most influential authors of the Italian renaissance	0
5960555191	Humanism	Focuses on mankind as the center of intellectual endeavor.	1
5960555194	Johannesburg Gutenberg	Developed the printing press in the 15 century	2
5960555195	European family style	emphasized the nuclear family, and a large minority who never married	3
5960555196	Martin Luther	posted the 95 Thesis, that initiated the protestant reformation	4
5960555197	Protestantism	General wave of religious dissent against catholic church.	5
5960555198	Anglican Church	Form of protestantism in England	6
5960555199	Calvin jean	French protestant. encouraged idea of wider access to government	7
5960555200	Catholic reformation	Restatement of catholic beliefs in response to protestant reformation	8
5960555201	Jesuits	A new religious order founded during the Caatholic reformation	9
5960555203	Thirty years war	this was the international war between the Protestants and Catholics that eventually ended religious conflicts in Europe	10
5960555204	Treaty of Westphalia	Ended the Thirty years war and granted rights to individual rulers	11
5960555205	English civil war	religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues ended w/ restoration of the monarch following execution of previous king	12
5960555206	Proletariat	Class of working people without any land. paid labor	13
5960555207	Witchcraft persecution	Reflected resentment against the poor, uncertainties about religious truth, resulted in death of over 100,000 Europeans particularly common in Protestant areas	14
5960555208	Scientific revolution	period of new advancements and resulted in changes of traditional beliefs	15
5960555209	Nicolis Copernicus	Polish monk and astronomer. proved that the sun was the center of the universe	16
5960555210	Johannesburg Kepler	Astronomer and mathematician.	17
5960555211	Galileo Galilei	This scientist proved Copernicus' theory that the sun was the center of the solar system and developed the modern experimental method.	18
5960555213	Francis bacon	English politician, writer, scientist. best known for work in scientific method.	19
5960555214	Rene Descartes	famous for saying " I think therefore I am" established the importance of skeptical review.	20
5960555215	Isaac newton	Defined the laws of motion and gravity. Tried to explain motion of the universe.	21
5960555216	Deism	Concept of God current during the scientific revolution. role of divinity was to set natural laws in motion	22
5960555217	John locke	English philosopher who argued that people could learn everything through sense and reason.	23

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Cell Division Flashcards

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5719841032	mitosis	identical cell division	0
5719841033	interphase	DNA copied	1
5719841034	prophase	nucleus disappears and the DNA condenses chromosomes	2
5719841035	metaphase	the chromosomes line up and the spindle fiber connects to the centrioles	3
5719841036	anaphase	chromosomes are pulled apart	4
5719841037	telophase	spindle fibers go away and the DNA loosens and becomes unorganized	5
5719841038	cytokinesis	one cell becomes two cells	6
5719841039	chromosome	carries genetic information	7
5719864086	meiosis	forms gametes	8
5719880124	double helix	shape of DNA	9
5720257579	haploid cell	half the number of chromosomes	10
5720260215	diploid cell	contains all 46 chromosomes	11
5720644383	gamete	reproductive cell	12
7967606909	daughter cell	genetically identical cells formed by mitosis	13
7967624954	spindle	fibers that form to direct movement	14
7967637240	sister chromatids	1 or 2 identical chromosomes formed from one original	15
7967645717	asexual reproduction	results in offspring identical to parent	16
7967650537	sexual reproduction	two organisms each give copies of genes form a new organism	17
7967669207	fertilization	combining of gametes	18
7967675562	zygote	diploid cell resulting from fertilization	19
7967685741	regeneration	process of growing new body parts	20
7967693822	genes	segments of DNA which code for certain proteins which then cause a certain trait	21
7967693823	chromosome	strands of coiled up DNA	22
7967699569	DNA	long strands of genes	23
7967728945	cytosine	pairs with guanine	24
7970829867	adenine	pairs with thymine	25

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Cell Division Flashcards

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6302220286	3 Reasons we make cells	Growth, Repair, Reproduction	0
6302224170	Cells cannot get too large because...	DNA does not increase with cell size, harder to get needed materials and remove waste	1
6302228424	Cell Division (definition)	The process where a cell divides into two cells Each cell gets a new copy of DNA	2
6302235909	Binary Fission	Asexual form of cell division in a single celled organism	3
6302241741	2 Stages of Cell Division in Eukaryotic Cells	Interphase and M Phase	4
6302244304	Interphase	Period of growth between divisions	5
6302247131	M Phase (Cell Division)	When the cell divides	6
6302260212	Chromatin	Long thin strands attached to histone proteins	7
6302262806	Histones	proteins that chromatin coils around	8
6302266225	Chromosome	Structure of DNA and proteins that contains genetic information	9
6302274444	Parts of Chromosomes	Chromatid and Centromere	10
6302281718	Chromatids	Two parts of a chromosome that contain replicated copy of DNA	11
6302284195	Centromere	The spot where the chromatids are connected	12
6302288400	Sister Chromatids	Replicated DNA, identical to original chromosome	13
6302298547	Three Phases of Cell Cycle	Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis	14
6302300786	Mitosis	Cell division that results in two daughter cells having the same number and kind of chromosomes as parent cells.	15
6302302656	Cytokinesis	Actual splitting of cytoplasm forming 2 new daughter cells	16
6302307770	Interphase (3 parts)	G1, S, G2	17
6302310342	G1 (Growth 1)	Major growth of cell and protein synthesis	18
6302313459	S (Synthesis)	DNA Replication	19
6302313460	G2 (Growth 2)	More growth and protein synthesis	20
6302320835	4 Phases of Mitosis (PMAT)	Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase	21
6302323755	Prophase	DNA coils into chromosomes Nuclear envelope starts to break down Spindle starts to form from centrioles	22
6302329770	Centrioles	Organelle in animal cells that is involved in cell division. It creates the spindles.	23
6302331811	Metaphase	Chromosomes line up at the center of cell Spindles connect to each chromosome	24
6302334118	Anaphase	Chomatids break apart Chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell	25
6302336730	Telophase	New nuceli form - nuclear envelope reappears Chromosomes start to uncoil Mitotic spindle disappears	26
6302346308	Cytokinesis (Plants vs. Animals)	Animal Cells - the cell membrane gets pinched in the center of the cell Plant cells - a cell plate forms, which will turn into a new cell wall and cell membrane	27
6345134480	Cleavage furrow	Area where two cells are being pinched apart during cytokinesis	28
6345142722	Prokaryotic cells	Use binary fission for cell division.	29
6345144149	Eukaryotic cells	Use the cell cycle (interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis) for cell division	30
6345152412	Spindle fibers	Microtubules that are formed by centrioles that pulls chromatids apart.	31
6360216974	Metaphase (picture)		32
6360218409	Anaphase (picture)		33
6360220050	Telophase (picture)		34
6360221430	Prophase (picture)		35
6360222987	Interphase (picture)		36
6440118970	Cancer	disorder that results from uncontrolled cell growth & division	37
6440122614	apoptosis	programmed cell death that brings cell cycle to an end	38
6440125755	External regulators	Things outside cell that control the cell cycle	39
6440125771	Internal regulators	Things inside cell that control cell cycle	40
6440129789	Checkpoints	Areas where cells are checked before they move on to the next phase of the cell cycle	41
6440131348	Growth factor	Example of an External regulator	42
6440135160	Checkpoint	Example of an Internal regulator	43
6440140577	Two ways cells know when to stop dividing	Outside signals tell cells when to divide Most cells stop dividing when they touch other cells	44
6440146132	4 ways cancer cells are different from normal cells	Cells don't respond to normal regulators Can invade other tissues/organs Don't go through apoptosis Damaged DNA	45
6440150643	Tumor	abnormal mass of cells	46
6440150644	Benign	Noncancerous tumor that does not spread	47
6440153625	Malignant	Cancerous tumor that spreads to other tissues/organs	48
6440173140	3 types of cancer treatment	Radiation therapy Surgery Chemotherapy	49
6440176148	Surgery	Cancer treatment used to remove tumor/cancer cells. Used on benign tumors or when cancer is in one specific area.	50
6440179001	Radiation therapy	Cancer treatment that uses high energy waves like x-rays to change or destroy cancer cells. Used to target malignant tumors in specific areas.	51
6440189222	Chemotherapy	Cancer treatment used to treat cancer that has spread throughout body. Targets fast growing cells.	52
6440197170	Fast growing cells	Type of cells chemotherapy targets.	53
6440205856	Embryo	Early stage of development. When it grows, its cells become different from one another.	54
6440211598	Differentiation	the process where cells become specialized (perform certain jobs)	55
6440214706	Stem cells	Unspecialized cells that develop into other types of cells	56
6440218142	Embryonic Adult	Types of stem cells	57
6440221835	Embryonic stem cell	Type of stem cell that can turn into any type of cell in the body.	58
6440223635	Adult stem cell	Type of stem cell that can only turn into certain types of cells (based on origin)	59
6440229158	Application of stem cells	Fix damaged cells/tissues Rebuild organs & tissues	60
6440233983	Ethical issues of stem cells	Stem cells are extracted from 4-5 day old embryos and destroys embryo in the process.	61
6440243759	Reasons apoptosis occurs	DNA is damaged Cell is old & not functioning properly	62
6440247479	Benefits of apoptosis	Removes damaged/non functioning cells & prevents them from multiplying.	63

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AP World History: Physical Geography and World Regions Flashcards

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4832269820	Pacific Ocean	body of water	0
4832270711	Atlantic Ocean	Body of Water	1
4832271347	Indian Ocean	Body of Water	2
4832271978	Black Sea	Body of Water	3
4832273354	Mediterranean Sea	Body of Water	4
4832274314	Persian Gulf	Body of Water	5
4832274850	Red Sea	Body of Water	6
4832275699	Bosporus Strait	Narrow Passage	7
4832276532	Bering Strait	Narrow Passage	8
4832279289	Strait of Hormuz	Narrow Passage	9
4832280062	Strait of Gibraltar	Narrow Passage	10
4832280898	Suez Canal	Narrow Passage	11
4832347309	Panama Canal	Narrow Passage	12
4832347943	Khyber pass	Narrow Passage	13
4832348795	Alps Mountains	Mountain Range	14
4832349200	Andes Mountains	Mountain Range	15
4832350076	Himalayan Mountains	Mountain Range	16
4832351128	Hindu Kush Mountains	Mountain Range	17
4832355225	Rocky Mountains	Mountain Range	18
4832356021	Ural Mountains	Mountain Range	19
4832356658	Kalahari Desert	Desert	20
4832357125	Sahara Desert	Desert	21
4832358441	Taklamakan Desert	Desert	22
4832359017	Amazon River	River	23
4832359585	Nile River	River	24
4832360502	Congo River	River	25
4832361683	Niger River	River	26
4832362602	Euphrates & Tigris River	River	27
4832363079	Indus River	River	28
4832363464	Ganges River	River	29
4832364362	Huang He River	River	30
4832365491	Yangtze River	River	31
4832365956	Mississippi River	River	32
4832368235	Caribbean	Region	33
4832368964	Central Africa	Region	34
4832370059	Central Asia	Region	35
4832371965	East Africa	Region	36
4832373240	East Asia	Region	37
4832373921	Europe	Region	38
4832374640	Latin America	Region	39
4832375358	Middle East	Region	40
4832376617	North America	Region	41
4832377196	North Africa	Region	42
4832377911	Oceania	Region	43
4832379257	South Asia	Region	44
4832381207	Southeast Asia	Region	45
4832382379	Southern Africa	Region	46
4832386440	West Africa	Region	47