Flashcards
Ap Government Unit 1 Flashcards
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| 7315472286 | Elite Thoeries | A belief that certain groups hold disproportionate power in a political system | 0 | |
| 7315472287 | Pluralist Theory | A theory of government and politics emphasizing that politics is mainly a competition among groups, each one pressing for its own preferred policies. Because many groups compete, there is not an elite group that dominates. Compromise is common. | 1 | |
| 7315472288 | Articles of Confederation | 1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade) Each state retained sovereignty, the ability to act independently of the Confederation. Each state had equal representation in a unicameral (single house) legislature. | 2 | |
| 7315472289 | Shays' rebellion | Rebellion led by farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out. |  | 3 |
| 7315472290 | Checks and Balances | A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power | 4 | |
| 7315472291 | Separation of powers | A way of dividing the power of government among the legislative, executive, and judicial branch to prevent tyranny. | 5 | |
| 7315472292 | Popular sovereignty | A government in which the people rule by their own consent. | 6 | |
| 7315472293 | Bicameral | A legislature consisting of two parts, or houses with separate rules | 7 | |
| 7315472294 | Federalists | Those who favored a stronger national government and weaker state governments. Supported the ratification of the Constitution. | 8 | |
| 7315472295 | Anti-Federalist | Those who favored strong state governments and a weaker national government. Advocated for a bill of rights to formally address individual and state rights. Concerned about the concentration of power in a central government under the Constitution. | 9 | |
| 7315472296 | Federalism | A system of government in which power and responsibilty is divided between the federal and state governments | 10 | |
| 7315472297 | Supremacy clause | Article VI of the Constitution, which makes the Constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits. (ex. McCulloch v. Maryland) | 11 | |
| 7315472298 | Virginia Plan | Initial proposal at the Constitutional Convention made by the Virginia delegation for a strong central government with a bicameral legislature dominated by the big states. | 12 | |
| 7315472299 | New Jersey Plan | Proposal at the Constitutional Convention made by William Paterson of New Jersey for a central government with a single-house legislature in which each state would be represented equally. | 13 | |
| 7315472300 | Connecticut or Great Compromise | Compromise agreement by states at the Constitutional Convention for a bicameral legislature with a lower house in which representation would be based on population and an upper house in which each state would have two senators. | 14 | |
| 7315472301 | Republican Democracy | Format chosen by Founding Fathers. People vote for representatives who then make laws. People do not vote directly on legislation. | 15 | |
| 7315472302 | Three fifths clause | slave counted as 3/5 of a person for population counts to determine how many representatives. | 16 | |
| 7315472303 | Federalist Papers | A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail. | 17 | |
| 7315472305 | Bill of Rights | A formal statement of the fundamental rights of the people of the United States, incorporated in the Constitution as Amendments 1-10. Satisfied Anti-federalist concerns. | 18 | |
| 7315472306 | Elastic clause | AKA the "Necessary and Proper Clause" Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which allows Congress to make all laws that are "necessary and proper" to carry out the powers of the Constitution. Has allowed the federal government to expand its power over time. | 19 | |
| 7315472307 | Commerce clause | The clause in the Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 1) that gives Congress the power to regulate all business activities that cross state lines or affect more than one state or other nations. Has helped the Federal government expand its power over time- including the regulation of the environment and civil rights. | 20 | |
| 7315472308 | Concurrent powers | Powers held jointly by the national and state governments. For example, the powers to tax, pass laws and borrow funds | 21 | |
| 7315472309 | cooperative federalism | A system of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government. Often referred to as "marble cake" | 22 | |
| 7315472310 | Dual Federalism | A system of government in which both the states and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies. | 23 | |
| 7315472311 | Expressed Powers/Enumerated powers | Powers the Constitution specifically granted to one of the branches of the national government. Listed explicitly in the Constitution. Ex: right to coin money, declare war, regulate foreign and interstate trade, tax, etc. | 24 | |
| 7315472312 | Implied powers | Powers not specifically mentioned in the constitution; Powers inferred from the express powers that allow Congress to carry out its functions. Has Constitutional basis in Necessary and Proper/Elastic Clause | 25 | |
| 7315472313 | Inherent powers | powers that exist for the national government because the government is sovereign. Ex: The Louisiana Purchase | 26 | |
| 7315472315 | Reserved Powers | belong to the states and the people; Powers not specifically granted to the federal government or denied to the states. Granted by the 10th Amendment. For example, regulating voting and administering elections at the state level. | 27 | |
| 7315472316 | Unitary System | A government that gives all key powers to the national or central government | 28 | |
| 7315472317 | Block grants | Federal money given to the states with limited spending guidelines. Allows the states power to decide how to spend funds within relatively loose guidelines. Ex: funds for transportation and state chooses how to allocate. | 29 | |
| 7315472318 | Categorical Grants | Federal money given to the states with specific spending guidelines. Gives the federal government the power to decide how funds are spent within the state. Ex: funds for highway repairs, cannot be used for other purposes. | 30 | |
| 7315472319 | Devolution Revolution | The transfer of power from a high level political office to a lower level; central government to regional, state, or local governments. Example-Welfare Reform Act of 1996 | 31 | |
| 7315472321 | The 10th Amendment | Reserves powers to the states. Has been used successfully by the states to get the federal courts to strike down federal laws that violate this principle. | 32 | |
| 7315472324 | federal mandate | An order given by the federal government that states must follow and pay for | 33 | |
| 7315472326 | formula grant | Type of categorical grant that is usually based on a state's population | 34 | |
| 7315472328 | Intrastate commerce | Commerce WITHIN A STATEcommercial activity regulated at the state level | 35 | |
| 7315472329 | Interstate commerce | Commerce between different states, can be regulated by Congress. | 36 | |
| 7315472340 | Full Faith and Credit Clause | requires state courts to enforce that civil judgments of the courts of other states and accept their public records and acts as valid. | 37 | |
| 7315536952 | Tyranny of the majority | Madison was most concerned with this aspect of the new government | 38 | |
| 7315551404 | writ of habeas corpus | being unlawfully detained | 39 | |
| 7315557193 | bill of attainder | an act of a legislature declaring a person or group of persons guilty of some crime and punishing them, often without a trial | 40 | |
| 7315569168 | ex post facto law | a law that makes illegal an act that was legal when committed, increases the penalties for an infraction after it has been committed, or changes the rules of evidence to make conviction easier. | 41 | |
| 7315575598 | fiscal federalism | project grants, formula grants, block grants are all examples of | 42 | |
| 7315593311 | informal amendment | changes in judicial interpretation, growing international and domestic issues requiring more government intervention, increased role of political parties in policy making, easier access to elected officials, increased technology shaping public opinion are all examples of | 43 | |
| 7315619748 | formal amendment process | Proposal by two-thirds vote of both houses of Congress followed by passage by three-fourths of state legislatures | 44 | |
| 7315639448 | formal amendment process | proposal by two-thirds vote of national convention called by Congress at the request of two-thirds of state legislatures followed by passage by three-quarters of special state conventions. | 45 | |
| 7315659785 | extradition | process of returning a fugitive from justice to the state in which the crime occured | 46 | |
| 7315669694 | eminent domain | private land may be taken for public use | 47 | |
| 7315681293 | exclusive powers | Powers that only the national government have | 48 | |
| 7315695567 | senators | Under the original Constitution, this group was to be chosen by state legislatures | 49 | |
| 7315832531 | privileges and immunities clause | prevents a state from treating citizens of other states in a discriminatory manner. | 50 | |
| 7315871708 | hyperpluralism | A state in which many groups or factions are so strong that a government is unable to function | 51 | |
| 7322467256 | project grant | type of categorical grant which requires a competitive application process | 52 |
AP words Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 6410240786 | Enigmatic | Difficult to understand | 0 | |
| 6410240787 | Ephemeral | Short lasting | 1 | |
| 6410240788 | Pragmatism | A reasonable way of doing things | 2 | |
| 6410240789 | Morose | Depressing, gloomy | 3 | |
| 6410240790 | Lassitude | A state of physical and mental weariness | 4 | |
| 6410240791 | Communal | Being shared by many people | 5 | |
| 6410240792 | Melodious | Tuneful, characterized by melody | 6 | |
| 6410240793 | Agility | Ability to move quickly and easily | 7 | |
| 6410240794 | Sumptuous | Luxuriate, lavish | 8 | |
| 6410240795 | Preemptive | Serving to forestall an event | 9 | |
| 6410240796 | Ambivalence | The state of having mixed feelings | 10 | |
| 6410342533 | Chastise | Rebuke or reprimand, severely | 11 | |
| 6410342534 | Indignation | Anger or annoyance provoked by what is perceived as unfair treatment, resentment | 12 | |
| 6410342535 | Effusive | Expressing feelings of gratitude, pleasure, or approval in an unrestrained or heartfelt manner | 13 | |
| 6410342536 | Ellipsis | The omission from speech that are able to be understood | 14 | |
| 6410342537 | Equanimity | Mental calmness or composure | 15 | |
| 6410342538 | Embitter | Cause to feel bitter or resentful | 16 | |
| 6410342539 | Innocuous | Not harmful | 17 | |
| 6410342540 | Serenely | Peacefully | 18 | |
| 6410342541 | Arbitrary | Based on personal whim | 19 | |
| 6410342542 | Reiterate | To repeat | 20 | |
| 6410342543 | Antithetical | Directly opposed or contrasted | 21 | |
| 6410342544 | Ad hominem | An argument or reaction directed at a person | 22 | |
| 6410383505 | Maliciousness | Desire to harm others | 23 | |
| 6410383506 | Refute | Disprove a statement | 24 | |
| 6410383507 | Infallible | Incapable of being wrong | 25 | |
| 6410383508 | Propensity | Natural tendency to behave a certain way | 26 |
AP- Biology - Enzymes Flashcards
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| 7490406298 | chemical reaction | A process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals. |  | 0 |
| 7490406299 | reactants | compounds that enter into a chemical reaction | | 1 |
| 7490406300 | product | compounds produced by a chemical reaction. | | 2 |
| 7490406301 | enzyme | biological catalysts usually globular that speed up the rate of chemical reactions |  | 3 |
| 7490406302 | coenzyme | A non protein organic molecule serving to modify the active site of an enzyme before the reaction is allowed to occur. Most vitamins function important metabolic reactions in this role. |  | 4 |
| 7490406303 | Competitive inhibition | substance that resembles the normal substrate competes with the substrate for the active site |  | 5 |
| 7490549514 | Noncompetitive inhibitor | a chemical that binds to an enzyme but not in the active site. This chemical will change the shape of the enzyme (reversible) |  | 6 |
| 7490406304 | substrate | the substance an enzyme catalyzes, changes. | | 7 |
| 7490406305 | active site | the location on the enzyme where the substrate binds and goes through a chemical reaction. |  | 8 |
| 7490406306 | exothermic reaction | a chemical reaction where energy is given off, so that the products have less energy than the reactants. |  | 9 |
| 7490406307 | endothermic reaction | a chemical reaction where energy is taken in, so that the products have more energy than the reactants. |  | 10 |
| 7490406308 | activation energy | Eₐ is the abbreviation used for the energy required to start a reaction. |  | 11 |
| 7490406309 | sucrase | An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose into glucose and fructose |  | 12 |
| 7490416840 | Catalase | an enzyme found in most aerobic organisms that breaks down H2O2 to water and oxygen |  | 13 |
| 7490406310 | amylase | Enzyme that can break the bonds of starch to form the carbohydrate monomer, glucose. |  | 14 |
| 7490406311 | lipase | Enzyme that can break the bonds of lipids to form the monomer, fatty acids. | 15 | |
| 7490406312 | protease | Enzyme that can break the polypeptide bonds of proteins to form the monomer, amino acids. | 16 | |
| 7490406314 | nuclease | Enzyme that can break the bonds of nucleic acids to form monomer, nucleotides | 17 | |
| 7490406315 | activated complex | the structure that is made up of the substrate bonded to the active site of the enzyme. |  | 18 |
| 7490406316 | lock and key hypothesis | The substrate fits the active site of the enzyme like a key fits in a lock. There is no change to the shape of the enzyme or substrate. |  | 19 |
| 7490406317 | induced fit hypothesis | The active site of the enzyme is flexible and conforms to fit the substrate like a glove fits on a hand. |  | 20 |
| 7490426469 | Denature | Characteristic of proteins; a change in shape that stops the protein from functioning. |  | 21 |
| 7490429532 | Allosteric | __________ regulation of enzyme occurs when a molecule binds to an enzyme changing the protein's shape |  | 22 |
| 7490470198 | Catalyst | ______ an agent that speeds up a chemical reaction without itself being permanently altered | 23 | |
| 7490476439 | G | An exergonic reaction releases free energy. The abbreviation for free energy is: Named after the American Scientist Josiah Gibbs | 24 | |
| 7490494608 | Transition State | The less stable state that occurs and is usually a high-energy state between reactants and products in a chemical reaction | 25 | |
| 7490508593 | Inducing Strain | The enzyme cause bonds in the substrate to stretch |  | 26 |
| 7490511788 | Substrate orientation | When Enzyme bring together specific atoms into a correct position that are otherwise rotating and tumbling so that bonds can form | 27 | |
| 7490518441 | Side chain (R group) | the part of the enzyme that can add H+ ions to or from substrate destabilizing covalent bonds | 28 | |
| 7490527143 | Metal | __________ ions such as Copper, Zinc iron bind to certain enzymes to initiated chemical reactions. | 29 | |
| 7490528242 | Heme | Organic molecules with iron an iron cofactor (A Prosthetic Group) that are permanently bond to enzyme responsible Oxygen transport | 30 | |
| 7490536990 | Irreversible Inhibition | When an enzyme inhibitor that covalently binds to the amino acid side chain at the active site of an enzyme it is called _______________ |  | 31 |
| 7490541023 | Reversible Inhibition | When an enzyme inhibitor binds is similar to the substate and non-covalently bind to the active site and there slows down the enzyme | 32 | |
| 7490556274 | Protein Kinases | enzymes that reversibly activate or inactivate other proteins by adding phosphate groups to (phosphorylating) them | 33 | |
| 7490566394 | Activator | A non-covalent binding regulator that can cause an enzyme to change shape and expose and expose an otherwise unexposed active site in allosteric regulation | 34 | |
| 7490573205 | Shape | in Biology the prefix allo means "different" and stereos means "__________" | 35 | |
| 7490578806 | Hydrogen | The specificity and activity of an enzyme depends on it 3D structure and this in turn depends on ______________ bonds | 36 | |
| 7490583228 | hydrophobic | Changes in H+ ions (acidity) concentration can alter how _____________ some regions of protein are. | 37 | |
| 7490609616 | pH | After looking at the graph the enzyme activity of the the three different enzymes is being regulated by what variable |  | 38 |
| 7490616959 | Temperature | After looking at the shape of graph the enzyme activity of this enzymes is being regulated by what variable: |  | 39 |
| 7490624174 | Substrate Concentration | After looking at the shape of graph the enzyme activity of this enzymes is being regulated by what variable: |  | 40 |
AP2 heart lab Flashcards
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| 7132571337 | brachiocephalic trunk | 1? |  | 0 |
| 7132575833 | left common carotid | 2? | | 1 |
| 7132576987 | left subclavian artery | 3? | | 2 |
| 7132577587 | superior vena cava | 4? | | 3 |
| 7132578569 | ascending aorta | 5? | | 4 |
| 7132579427 | branches of right pulmonary artery | 6? | | 5 |
| 7132583811 | auricle of right atrium | 7? | | 6 |
| 7132586332 | right pulmonary veins | 8? | | 7 |
| 7132586927 | right atrium | 9? | | 8 |
| 7132587239 | right coronary artery and vein | 10? | | 9 |
| 7132589522 | right ventricle | 11? | | 10 |
| 7132589726 | Aortic arch | 12? | | 11 |
| 7132590092 | ligamentum arteriosum | 13? | | 12 |
| 7132593963 | branches of left pulmonary artery | 14? | | 13 |
| 7132595304 | pulmonary trunk | 15? | | 14 |
| 7132596959 | left atrium | 16? | | 15 |
| 7132596960 | left pulmonary veins | 17? | | 16 |
| 7132596961 | circumflex artery | 18? | | 17 |
| 7132596962 | anterior interventricular artery | 19? | | 18 |
| 7132596963 | anterior interventricular vein | 20? | | 19 |
| 7132598101 | left ventricle | 21? | | 20 |
| 7132598102 | apex of heart | 22? | | 21 |
| 7132598103 | inferior vena cava | 23? | | 22 |
| 7132598410 | thoracic aorta | 24? | | 23 |
| 7144708461 | pulmonary valve | 4? |  | 24 |
| 7144709192 | left atrium | 5? | | 25 |
| 7144709805 | aortic valve | 6? | | 26 |
| 7144710620 | mitral valve | 7? | | 27 |
| 7144711398 | left ventricle | 8? | | 28 |
| 7144711900 | chordae tendinae | 9? | | 29 |
| 7144712579 | papillary muscle | 10? | | 30 |
| 7144712897 | interventricular septum | 11? | | 31 |
| 7144713440 | endocardium | 12? | | 32 |
| 7144714111 | visceral pericardium | 13? | | 33 |
| 7144714850 | traebeculae carneae | 14? | | 34 |
| 7144716351 | opening of coronary sinus | 15? | | 35 |
| 7144716770 | interatrial septum | 16? | | 36 |
| 7144717856 | right atrium | 17? | | 37 |
| 7144719504 | pectinate muscles | 18? | | 38 |
| 7144720455 | tricuspid valve | 19? | | 39 |
| 7144720788 | right ventricle | 20? | | 40 |
| 7144721759 | myocardium | 21? | | 41 |
AP Europe Unit 6 Flashcards
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| 8648535497 | Robert Peel and George Canning | Two Conservative (tory) British Prime Ministers who advocated free trade as the most important political issue in England. They repealed the Test Act and banned capital punishment for all but 100 offenses. Also Peel created the first professional police force, the bobbies, who deter violent crime using night sticks. Also continued the corn laws which is awful for the poor as it maintained artificially high price for grain | 0 | |
| 8648535500 | 1832 Reform Bill | This allows some members of the upper middle class to vote by lowering the property right requirement to vote. Also restructures Parliament seats and gets rid of some "rotten boroughs." The king threatened to raise more peers to the House of Lords because they would not pass the bill. | 1 | |
| 8648535501 | Chartism | A Political reform movement, that favored universal man sufferage and secret ballots | 2 | |
| 8648535502 | 1842 Mine Act | No pregnant women or child can work in the mine | 3 | |
| 8648535503 | Ten hours Act | restricts the working hours of women and children in British factories to effectively 10 hours per day. | 4 | |
| 8648535504 | 1833 Factory Act | Children under 9 could not work in textile mills. | 5 | |
| 8648535505 | Irish Potato Famine | Because of the corn laws, the Irish can only afford to farm potatoes which causes Ireland's population to double so that 1/3 of the population is dependent on the potato by 1841. However, a potato blight soon comes that can wipe out an entire crop in 48 hours. This leads to the starvation of around one million people. The Irish government begs the British government to repeal the corn laws so the people can afford to eat. Millions of Irish immigrate to the US however they are faced with oppression and violence | 6 | |
| 8648535531 | Thomas Malthus | His Essay on Population states that there are too many people and not enough food so population will soon outstrip food supply. He proposes that the poor are the biggest problem so it is acceptable for disease and poverty to run rampant in the poor in order to manage the population. He says that the poor do not understand sex which is why they have more kids than the aristos (false). Aristos hate Malthus but the working class loves his idea because they believe they had to work for their money and they use his ideas as a justification for their poor treatment of the poor. | 7 | |
| 8648535532 | David Ricardo | A wealthy individual who proposes The Law of the Iron Wage which says that it is good for a business to pay its employees as little as possible (Market wage instead of Natural Wage) because it decreases the population of the poor | 8 | |
| 8648535534 | John Stuart Mill | Proposes woman's right to vote and paying women an equal wage. Also proposes inheritance tax in order to equal the playing field. | 9 | |
| 8648535535 | Louis Blanc | Frenchman who is considered the father of socialism. He advocates for governmental control of public commodities (such as mines, water, transportation, and police). If it is for the public it should be run by the government | 10 | |
| 8648535537 | Karl Marx and Engel | Join together to write the "Communist Manifesto" This says that capitalism cannot sustain itself. Also says that there will be a workers revolution in Europe due to their bad conditions. Also says that religion is worse than capitalism as it is oppressive and enforces bad relationships | 11 | |
| 8648535559 | Congress of Vienna | Following Napoleon's exile, this meeting of European rulers in Austria established a system by which the balance of power would be maintained, liberal revolutions would be repressed, as would imperial expansion, and the creation of new countries in Europe. | 12 | |
| 8648535560 | Principle of Legitimacy | This is a goal of the Congress of Vienna Monarchs from the royal families who had rules before Napoleon would be restored to their positions of power in order to keep peace and stability in Europe. Because of this, most nations in France go back to their pre-napolean leaders such as the Bourbon Family | 13 | |
| 8648535561 | Principle of Compensation | This is a goal of the Congress of Vienna Those who won the Napoleonic Wars should receive a reward in land Because of this Many of he winning countries win land for example Russia wins Finland | 14 | |
| 8648535562 | Nationalism | A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country. The goal of the Congress of Vienna is to surpress this because it destroys nations due to the huge number of subsets of people in European countries | 15 | |
| 8648535563 | Liberalism | Loves the free market with little tax revenue. In favor of a constitutional government in order to protect their wealth. They believe in laissez faire economics and Malthusian theory | 16 | |
| 8648535564 | Conservatism | those who went to the Congress of Vienna were politically inclined this way. The believed in a traditional monarchy with a national church and an economy controlled by the nobility. They hate nationalism and liberalism. | 17 | |
| 8648535565 | Concert of Europe | This term is used to refer to the Congress of Vienna because it created peace for 100 years and had no punishment on the French which helped decrease tension | 18 | |
| 8648535567 | Romanticism | Focus on the unseen supernatural and human emotion. Embracing folklore and a separation from sciences. It is the cultural foundation for Nationalism | 19 | |
| 8648535568 | Grimm Brothers | collected and published local German fairy tales, work is example of Romantic German nationalism. Considered ultimate nationalistic writings because they remove all non-german fairy tales | 20 | |
| 8648535569 | Beethoven | French, purely Romantic composer, transformed the art of music. Used music to convey his feelings of what was going on in the world around him, such as the many French revolutions of that time | 21 | |
| 8648535570 | Delacroix | Lady Liberty Leading Her People, focus on the common man, very dramatic and emotional |  | 22 |
| 8648535575 | Volksgeist | Developed by Herder. The idea that each nation contains a similar cultural spirit | 23 | |
| 8648535576 | Hegel | German Intellectual. Suggests that opinions can blend together to create an idealistic view on politics. Nationalism depends on people coming together to synthesize ideology |  | 24 |
| 8648535586 | German Confederation | Consisted of 38 sovereign states recognized by the Vienna settlement, and was dominated by Austria and Prussia, the confederation had little power and needed the consent of all 38 states to take action. | 25 | |
| 8648632096 | bourgeoisie | usually owned land or factories | 26 | |
| 8648634917 | proletariats | wage earners. | 27 | |
| 8648637395 | Men &Women (roles) | Because it was determined that woman should stay at home because they needed to take care of children (children not on a schedule like factories) they became the homemakers. Men became the wage earners. Woman were supposed to be supportive and make a happy home for the husband to come home to while the husband was supposed to be strong. Because the woman now had to reply on the support of the man, people started marrying for love rather than purely economic reason like before. | 28 | |
| 8648639249 | Metternich | Highly conservative, started Concert of Europe. fought against nationalism, liberalism, and the unification of Germany . Ended by the Revolutions of 1848. | 29 | |
| 8648646933 | Rotten Boroughs | Boroughs that are nonexistent but still get representation in Parliament. | 30 | |
| 8648650398 | House of Lords | the upper house of the British parliament consisting of the aristocracy. They can veto legislation | 31 | |
| 8648653539 | Corn Law | The Corn laws stopped foreign imports of corn which increased the price of British corn. This affected the poor massively because they had to pay much more. | 32 | |
| 8648669734 | Mary Shelley | (Frankenstein) Very popular, uses romantic and Christian themes | 33 | |
| 8648674493 | Romantic Architecture | British Parliament Building. Gothic and Mysterious. Obsession with the middle ages | 34 | |
| 8648678979 | Decembrist Revolt | The 1825 plot by liberals (upper-class intelligentsia) in Russia to set up a constitutional monarchy or a republic. The plot failed, but the ideals remained | 35 | |
| 8648682177 | July Revolution | the Revolution of 1830) saw the overthrow of Charles X by radical liberal bourgousie and the ascension of Louis-Philippe to the French throne. | 36 | |
| 8648690806 | Carlsbad Decrees | Repressive laws in the German States limiting freedom of speech and dissemination of liberal ideas in the universities | 37 | |
| 8648697986 | quadruple alliance | Organization, made up of Austria, Britain, Prussia, and Russia, to preserve the peace settlement of 1815; France joined in 1818 | 38 | |
| 8648709720 | tariffs | Taxes on imported goods | 39 | |
| 8648711797 | Laissez-Faire | Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs. | 40 | |
| 8648713998 | Popular Sovereignty | A belief that ultimate power resides in the people. | 41 | |
| 8648716258 | Universal Male Suffrage | The right of all males to vote in elections | 42 | |
| 8648719746 | Edmund Burke | (1729-1797) Member of British Parliament and author of Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), which criticized the underlying principles of the French Revolution and argued conservative thought. | 43 |
AP Psychology Learning Flashcards
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| 5528668395 | Learning | Relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience |  | 0 |
| 5528668396 | Associative Learning | Defined: learning by putting together two events Example: Expect to hear thunder after viewing lightening |  | 1 |
| 5528668398 | Pavlov, Ivan | Contribution: developed the theory of "classical conditioning" while working with dogs Significance: Father of Classical Conditioning |  | 2 |
| 5528668399 | Watson, John B | Contribution: applies Classical Conditioning to Humans through the "Little Albert" Experiment Significance: Creates "Behaviorism" Theory, shows emotional responses can be conditioned, demonstrates generalization. |  | 3 |
| 5528668401 | Skinner, B.F. | Contributions: Invented the Operant chamber, aka his box, to use in his research of animal learning. Significance: Father & Developer of Operant Conditioning |  | 4 |
| 5528668402 | Bandura, Albert | Contribution: Studied how children mimic others behaviors and repeat that same behavior Significance: Creates "Observational Learning" Theory, Bobo Doll experiment |  | 5 |
| 5528668403 | Thorndike, Edward | Contribution: studied cats in puzzle boxes and recorded their behaviors Significance: Creates "Law of Effect" theory |  | 6 |
| 5528668404 | Garcia, John | Contribution: Demonstrated the significance of biological processes in classical conditioning Significance: Creates "Taste Aversions" theory |  | 7 |
| 5528668405 | Seligman, Martin | Contribution: Used dogs to demonstrates the significance of cognitive processes in classical conditioning Significance: Creates "Learned Helplessness" theory |  | 8 |
| 5528668406 | Tolman, Edward | Contribution: demonstrated the significance of cognitive processes in operant conditioning by studying rats in mazes Significance: Creates the "Latent Learning" theory |  | 9 |
| 5528668407 | Pavlov's Dogs | First experiment that created and demonstrate the theory of classical conditioning |  | 10 |
| 5528668408 | Little Albert | First experiment to demonstrate how emotions can be classically conditioned in humans Provides a foundation for the "Behaviorism Theory" |  | 11 |
| 5528668409 | Classical Conditioning | Learning that takes place when two or more stimuli are paired together to produce unavoidable physical reactions. UCS = UCR; NS + UCS = UCR; & CS = CR |  | 12 |
| 5528668410 | Behaviorism | Psychologist: John B. Watson Defined: a theory that made psychology an objective science by making it based on observable (and only observable) events, not the unconscious or conscious mind. |  | 13 |
| 5528668411 | Unconditioned Stimulus | Part of Classical Conditioning It is the stimulus that triggers a natural reflexive response. Pavlov's Dogs: "Meat" Little Albert: "Loud noise" |  | 14 |
| 5528668412 | Unconditioned Response | Part of Classical Conditioning It is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the stimulus Pavlov's Dogs: It was the "Salivating to the Meat" Little Albert: "Screaming at the Loud Noise" |  | 15 |
| 5528668413 | Conditioned Stimulus | Part of Classical Conditioning It initially has no effect but after conditioning, it triggers a natural reflexive response. Pavlov's Dogs: It was the "Bell" Little Albert: "White Mouse" |  | 16 |
| 5528668414 | Conditioned Response | Part of Classical Conditioning Occurs after conditioning when the conditioned stimulus (CS) triggers an innate response Pavlov's Dogs: It was the "Salivating to the Bell" Little Albert: "Screaming/Crying" because of the white rat |  | 17 |
| 5528668415 | Neutral Stimulus | does not caused an unconditioned response but eventually becomes the Conditioned Stimulus |  | 18 |
| 5528668417 | Extinction | Classical Conditioning: The disappearance of a behavior because CS no longer paired with the UCS. (I go for years never being bit again by a chihuahua and I find I no longer panic when I am near one) Operant Conditioning: The disappearance of a behavior because it is no longer reinforced or punished |  | 19 |
| 5528668418 | Spontaneous Recovery | Classical Conditioning: When a previous conditioned response returns after it has been extinguished. (After years of being ok near dogs, suddenly you begin to panic once more.) Operant Conditioning: Occurs when a response begins again after extinction. | 20 | |
| 5528668419 | Stimulus Generalization | Classical Conditioning: When the conditioned response spreads and is prompted by stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus. (Example: Little Albert being afraid of anything that is white and furry) Operant Conditioning: When a reinforced/punished behavior occurs in a setting/situation where it was NOT learned (Example: Operantly Conditioned to not curse at home so you also don't curse at school) |  | 21 |
| 5528668420 | Stimulus Discrimination | Classical Conditioning: the conditioned response is only prompted by the conditioned stimulus. (Example: I am only afraid of chihuahuas because I was bit by one. I am not afraid of labs or retrievers or Morkies.) Operant Conditioning: When a reinforced/punished behavior occurs in a setting/situation where it was learned (Example: Cursing only at home because it is acceptable there but not at school where it isn't acceptable) |  | 22 |
| 5528668422 | Taste Aversions | Psychologist: Garcia Defined: If you ingest an unusual food or drink and then become nauseous, you will probably develop an aversion to the food or drink. (Me and Hibachi) Significance: Violates the acquisition principles of classical conditioning because it only takes one pairing. |  | 23 |
| 5528668423 | Learned Helplessness | Defined: Exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable aversive (bad) events produces passive behavior Study: Seligman delivering shocks to dogs Example: If a student consistently fails math, they may start to give up or a sports team that consistently loses may start to believe they can't win |  | 24 |
| 5528668425 | Biological Preparedness | Defined: humans and animals have predisposed fears that help us survive Examples; Phobia of heights keeps us away from danger |  | 25 |
| 5528668426 | Operant conditioning | Defined: Learning is based on the association of one's behavior and its consequences. Consequences are reinforced or punished Example: You choose to break curfew based on the consequences |  | 26 |
| 5528668427 | Law of Effect | Psychologist: Edward Thorndike Defined: if a behavior results in a satisfying consequence, it will likely be repeated whereas; if a behavior results in a unsatisfying consequence, it will NOT likely be repeated Example: If you complement your mother and she lets you stay out past curfew, you will complement her again |  | 27 |
| 5528668428 | Skinner Box | Description: A chamber containing a bar or key that an animal (rat or pigeon) can manipulate in order to obtain a reward |  | 28 |
| 5528668429 | Positive Reinforcement | Part of Operant Conditioning Adding something to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring again Example: Receiving $5 for every "A" in high school |  | 29 |
| 5528668430 | Negative Reinforcement | Part of Operant Conditioning Increasing the likelihood of a behavior occurring again by removing a negative stimuli Example: Taking aspirin to relieve a headache |  | 30 |
| 5528668431 | Primary Reinforcers | Reinforcers that are rewarding such as food, water, rest, whose natural properties are reinforcing. |  | 31 |
| 5528668432 | Secondary Reinforcers | Defined: Reinforcers that are rewarding because we learned that they are reinforcing. Example: praise, money, the chance to play video games. |  | 32 |
| 5528668435 | Punishment by Application/Positive Punishment | Part of Operant Conditioning Adding something to decrease the likelihood of a behavior occurring again Example: Spanking and yelling |  | 33 |
| 5528668436 | Punishment by Removal/Negative Punishment | Part of Operant Conditioning Removing something to decrease the likelihood of a behavior occurring again Example: No phone for a week |  | 34 |
| 5528668438 | Shaping | Part of Operant Conditioning Positively reinforcing closer and closer approximations of a desired behavior to teach a new behavior |  | 35 |
| 5528668440 | Superstitious Behavior | Defined: if a random reinforcement follows an event, the event will likely be repeated. Example: a lucky shirt, shoes, etc. |  | 36 |
| 5528668441 | Continuous Reinforcement Schedule | Defined: When every behavior is reinforced Example: every single time a child pees on the toilet, they get an M&M` Significance: quickly learned, but quickly lost. |  | 37 |
| 5528668442 | Partial Reinforcement Schedule | Defined: When a random behavior is reinforced Example: Fixed Ratio, Variable Ratio, Fixed Interval, Variable Interval Significance: best for "maintaining" a behavior |  | 38 |
| 5528668443 | Fixed-Ratio Schedule | Defined: reinforcement occurs after a set number of responses. Example: Being paid for every 10 pizzas made |  | 39 |
| 5528668444 | Variable-Ratio Schedule | Defined: schedule of reinforcement after a varying number of responses. Example: playing a slot machine- how many pulls before I hit it rich varies |  | 40 |
| 5528668445 | Fixed-Interval Schedule | Defined: schedule of reinforcement after a fixed amount of time has passed Example: being paid every two weeks |  | 41 |
| 5528668446 | Variable-Interval Schedule | Defined: schedule of reinforcement after varying amounts of time Example: pop (surprise) quizzes in class |  | 42 |
| 5528668447 | Latent Learning | Defined: Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it Example: Tolman's rats had learned the maze by wandering around, but only demonstrated it when he gave them cheese. |  | 43 |
| 5528668448 | Cognitive Maps | Defined: having the ability or know how to accomplish a particular task Example: Tolman's rats knew how to complete the maze |  | 44 |
| 5528668450 | Insight Learning | Defined: suddenly knowing the solution to the problem Example: When taking a test and the previous answer comes to you without effort, an "aha" moment |  | 45 |
| 5528668453 | Observational Learning | Defined: learn by watching others Example: BoBo Doll Study |  | 46 |
| 5528668454 | BoBo Doll Study | Psychologist: Bandura Description: Children watched (through a one way glass)a confederate play with the BoBo doll and then played with the BoBo doll in the same way as the confederate Significance: used to develop "observational learning" |  | 47 |
| 5528668455 | Mirror Neurons | Defined: frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so Example: explains why yawning is contagious |  | 48 |
AP Terminology Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 4489297503 | vowel | An open and voiced sound |  | 0 |
| 4489302898 | consonant | A sound that is blocked or partially blocked by the teeth, tongue, or lips |  | 1 |
| 4489309357 | diagraph | Two letters that come together to make one sound |  | 2 |
| 4489313923 | trigraph | Three letters that come together to make one sound | 3 | |
| 4489318522 | quadragraph | Four letters that come together to make one sound | 4 | |
| 4489320908 | combination | Two letters that come together to make an unexpected sound | 5 | |
| 4489326795 | diphthong | Two vowel sounds that blend together in one syllable |  | 6 |
| 4489333184 | initial | First sound heard in a word | 7 | |
| 4489336444 | final | Last sound heard in a word | 8 | |
| 4489338846 | medial | Any sound between the first and the last | 9 | |
| 4489341810 | breve | Code mark used to indicate a short vowel sound | 10 | |
| 4489345640 | macron | Code mark used to indicate a long vowel sound | 11 | |
| 4489352166 | circumflex | Code mark used for a Vr combination in an accented syllable | 12 | |
| 4489352183 | tilde | Code mark used for a Vr combination in an unaccented syllable | 13 | |
| 4489354332 | accent | Mouth opens wider and voice goes higher and louder | 14 | |
| 4784333758 | syllable | One opening of the mouth. Every S has one V sound. |  | 15 |
Biochemistry Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 3027012561 | Covalent bond | type of chemical bond formed when atoms share electrons. | 0 | |
| 3027012562 | Hydrogen bond | weak electrostatic bond formed by the attraction of opposite charges between a hydrogen atom and an oxygen, fluorine, or nitrogen atom. | 1 | |
| 3027012563 | Molecule | compound whose atoms are held together by covalent bonds. | 2 | |
| 3027012564 | Macromolecule | large molecule formed by joining smaller organic molecules together. | 3 | |
| 3027012565 | Polymer | large molecule formed from smaller repeating units of identical, or nearly identical, compounds linked by covalent bonds. | 4 | |
| 3027012566 | Monomer | A single molecule that can be combined with other molecules of the same type to form a more complex molecule. | 5 | |
| 3027012567 | Biomolecule | A molecule that is produced by living things. | 6 | |
| 3027012568 | Carbohydrate | organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom. | 7 | |
| 3027012569 | Lipid | A biomolecule composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen and oxygen in a 2:1 ratio. | 8 | |
| 3027012570 | Fatty Acid | An energy-containing biomolecule composed of a carboxylic acid attached to a long hydrocarbon chain. | 9 | |
| 3027012571 | Protein | A biomolecule made of one or more amino acid polymers joined by peptide bonds, folded into a complex structure that performs a specific function. | 10 | |
| 3027012572 | Amino acid | carbon compound joined by peptide bonds; building block of proteins. | 11 | |
| 3027012573 | Nucleic acid | complex macromolecule that stores and communicates genetic information. | 12 | |
| 3027012574 | Nucleotide | a subunit of nucleic acid formed from a simple sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. | 13 | |
| 3027012575 | Chemical reaction | energy-requiring process by which atoms or groups of atoms in substances are changed into different substances. | 14 | |
| 3027012576 | Dehydration synthesis | a chemical reaction that involves the loss of a water molecule from the reacting molecule. (Water removed) | 15 | |
| 3027012577 | Hydrolysis | the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water. (Water added) | 16 | |
| 3027012578 | Enzyme | protein that speeds up a biological reaction by lowering the activation energy needed to start the reaction. | 17 | |
| 3027012579 | Active site | specific place where a substrate binds on an enzyme. | 18 | |
| 3027012580 | Activation energy | minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a chemical reaction. | 19 | |
| 3027012581 | Substrate | reactant to which an enzyme binds. | 20 | |
| 3027012582 | Reactant | substance that exists before a chemical reaction starts; located on the left side of the arrow in a chemical equation. | 21 | |
| 3027012583 | Product | substance formed by a chemical reaction; located on the right side of the arrow in a chemical equation. | 22 | |
| 3027012584 | Mixture | combination of two or more different substances in which each substance keeps its individual characteristics. | 23 | |
| 3027012585 | Solvent | substance in which another substance is dissolved. | 24 | |
| 3027012586 | Solute | substance dissolved in a solvent. | 25 | |
| 3027012587 | Solution | homogeneous mixture formed when a substance (the solute) is dissolved in another substance (the solvent). | 26 | |
| 3027012588 | Acid | substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water; an acidic solution has a pH less than 7. | 27 | |
| 3027012589 | Base | substance that releases hydroxide ions (OH−) when dissolved in water; a basic solution has a pH greater than 7. | 28 | |
| 3027022399 | Organic | of, relating to, or derived from living matter | 29 |
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