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AP Economics Chapter 2 Flashcards

5988559492	Factors of Production	The four economic resources: land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurial ability.	0
5988559493	Consumer Goods	Goods that give direct satisfaction.	1
5988559494	Capital Goods	Goods that give indirect satisfaction.	2
5988559495	Production Possibilities Curve (PPC)	Curve that displays the different combinations of goods and services that society can produce in a fully employed economy, assuming a fixed availability of supplies or resources and fixed technology.	3
5988559496	Law of Increasing Opportunity Costs	As the production of a particular good increases, the opportunity cost of producing an individual unit increases.	4
5988559497	Economic Growth	(1) An outward shift in the PPC that results from an increase in resource supplies or quality or an improvement in technology; (2) an increase of real output (gross domestic product) or real output per capita.	5
5988559498	Market System	Economic system that is characterized by a mixture of centralized government economics initiatives and decentralized actions taken by individuals and firms.	6
5988559499	Command System	Economic system in which government owns most property resources and economic decision-making is set by a central economic plan created and enforced by the government.	7
5988559500	Circular Flow Model	An illustration showing the flow of resources from households to firms and of products from firms to households. These flows are accompanied by reverse flows of money from firms to households and from households to firms.	8
5988559501	Resource Market	A market in which households sell and firms buy resources or the services of resources.	9
5988559502	Product Market	A market in which products are sold by firms and bought by households.	10
5988559503	Private Property	The right of private persons and firms to obtain, own, control, employ, dispose of, and bequeath land, capital, and other property.	11
5988559504	Freedom of Enterprise	The freedom of firms to obtain economic resources, to use those resources to produce products of the firm's own choosing, and to sell their products in markets of their choice.	12
5988559505	Freedom of Choice	The freedom of owners of property resources to employ or dispose of them as they see fit, of workers to enter any line of work for which they are qualified, and of consumers to spend their incomes in a manner that they think is appropriate.	13
5988559506	Competition	The effort and striving between two or more independent rivals to secure the business of one or more third parties by offering the best possible terms.	14
5988559507	Money	Any item that is generally acceptable to sellers in exchange for goods and services.	15
5988559508	Barter	The direct exchange of one good or service for another good or service.	16
5988559509	Expanding Industry	An industry whose total output is increasing because positive economic profits lead many firms to enter the industry.	17
5988559510	Declining Industry	An industry whose total output is declining because negative economic profits lead many firms to exit the industry.	18
5988559511	Consumer Sovereignty	The determination by consumers of the types and quantities of goods and services that will be produced with the scarce resources of the economy. Also known as "consumer choice."	19
5988559512	Dollar Votes	The "votes" that consumers cast for the production of preferred products when they purchase those products rather than the alternatives that were also available.	20
5988559513	Guiding Function of Prices	The ability of price changes to bring about changes in the quantities of the products and resources demanded and supplied.	21

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AP English Terms Flashcards

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4374909808	metaphor	comparison of two seemingly unlike things	0
4374913401	simile	comparison using like or as	1
4374915733	personification	characteristics of humans given to non-humans	2
4374917887	synecdoche	giving the part for the whole	3
4374921164	metonymy	substitution of associated word for word itself	4
4374924303	allusion	reference to well-known being or event	5
4374926585	symbol	is what it is and something more	6
4374928008	image	sensory detail	7
4374928009	archetype	recurrent image that touches collective subconscious, appears in cultures around the world	8
4374935105	abstract	language that represents emotions or experiences with no physical parallel	9
4374937385	concrete	language that describes sensory images	10
4374969226	motif	recurrent image, idea, or theme in a specific piece of literature	11
4374972568	verbal irony	say one thing, mean another	12
4374974238	dramatic irony	audience knows, character doesn't	13
4374975938	situational irony	unexpected result	14
4374978850	understatement	making big things seem small/saying less than you mean	15
4374978870	hyperbole	exaggeration	16
4374980978	paradox	an apparent or seeming contradiction, that is somehow true- long style	17
4374985645	oxymoron	an apparent or seeming contradiction, that is somehow true- short style	18
4374987864	litotes	affirmation from negative	19
4374990055	ambiguity	purposeful multiple meanings as in pun and double entendre	20
4374993940	diction	word choice	21
4374996293	syntax	sentence and phrase structure	22
4374998156	antithesis	balancing of contrasting ideas	23
4375000363	polysyndeton	stringing a sentence out with conjunctions	24
4375002447	anacoluthon	breaking off a sentence...	25
4375004436	parallelism	repetition of similar syntactical structure	26
4375023451	point of view	narrative perspective- 1st, 2nd, or 3rd person	27
4375030469	apostrophe	addressing a person or entity not present	28
4375032247	analogy	extended comparison of similar things	29
4375035578	colloquialism	informal diction	30
4375037695	alliteration	repetition of consonant sound in initial position	31
4375041190	assonance	repetition of vowel sound	32
4375058087	consonance	repetition of consonant sound in any position	33
4375059880	euphony	soft, pleasing sounds	34
4375061852	cacophony	harsh sounds	35
4375061854	onomatopoeia	word whose sound suggests meaning	36
4375064191	metric feet	iamb, trochee, anapest, dactyl, pyrrhic, spondee	37
4375068430	amphibrach	unaccented, accented, unaccented, syllable	38
4375094255	metric lines	lines in a poem that can be divided into feet: eg. hexameter, pentameter	39
4375097014	stanzas	The division of lines in a poem. Some examples are couplet, quatrain, octave	40
4375099961	ballad stanza	abcb, alternating tetrameter and trimeter	41
4375101818	rhyme scheme	end rhyme expressed alphabetically (ex. abbacdcd)	42
4375108848	naturalism	extreme realism in literature	43
4375110984	existentialism	a form of literature where humans inadequate to explain complex world	44
4375112753	magical realism	a form of literature that begins real, gets weird	45
4375114715	expressionism	a form of literature that objectifies inner experience	46
4375116126	tragedy	a story that starts good, gets bad, hero destroyed	47
4375118114	comedy	a story that starts bad, gets good, hero triumphs	48
4375120220	comedy of manners	elevated, often satirical, piece of literature from Restoration Period	49
4375122924	farce	crude, often obscene, work of literature	50
4375125293	melodrama	an excessive appeal to emotions	51
4375127288	bildungsroman	novel about young person's maturation- Coming of Age	52
4375129821	allegory	persons equated with meanings beyond the narrative	53
4375132333	satire	improving human conditions through exaggeration, comedy	54
4375134191	novel	extended fictional narrative	55
4375138244	novella	Fictional narrative longer than a short story	56
5046068669	novelette	fictional narrative longer than a short story	57
4375138245	parody	ridicule of a serious work by exaggerated imitation	58
4375142874	Picaresque Novel	The life story of a rascal or scoundrel	59
4375385209	short story	brief fictional narrative in prose	60
4375385221	essay	prose discussion of a limited topic	61
4375387928	Horatian Satire	gentle ridicule	62
4375391271	Juvenalian Satire	Angry ridicule	63
4375424255	Myth	traditional story explaining natural phenomena or cultural practice	64
4375432654	didactic literature	a work on literature that seeks to instruct	65
4375435513	hook	initial attention grabber	66
4375435514	central idea	core of a writer's assertion	67
4375438033	thesis	outline of writer's proofs	68
4375440705	topic sentence	focus of paragraph	69
4375442217	structure	introduction, body and conclusion	70
4375444897	expository essay	presentation of information, facts, ideas	71
4375619580	persuasive essay	presentation to convince reader	72
4375624999	descriptive essay	single clear picture of person, place, thing or idea	73
4375627586	narrative essay	tells a story	74
4375629755	literary criticism	analyzes and comments on literature	75
4375650204	formalist criticism	emphasizes the work as an independent creation utilizing personal response and close examination of the work.	76
4375660759	deconstructive criticism	opposite of formalist criticism; seeks to reveal author's social, cultural, or philosophical assumptions by close examination of the text	77
4375667177	historical criticism	works are studies within historical context	78
4375669289	psychological criticism	utilizes Freudian theories and psychoanalytic interpretations	79
4375677148	gender criticism	feminist and gay criticism reflecting cultural framework	80
4375687473	blank verse	unrhymed iambic pentameter	81
4375689118	free verse	poetry with no regular rhyme or rhythm	82
4375694453	heroic couplet	two rhymed lines in iambic pentameter- a complete thought	83
4375705614	lyric poetry	short verse stressing emotional over story	84
4375708468	epic poetry	long story in verse	85
4375708469	canto	A division within a long poem- made up of multiple stanzas	86
4375710940	English sonnet	fourteen line poem with three quatrains and a couplet	87
4375713495	Italian sonnet	fourteen line poem with octave and sestet	88
4375716609	epigram	witty poem or saying	89
4375719158	epitaph	memorial poem (on gravestone sometimes)	90
4375721211	enjambment	running over of a sentence from one line or stanza to another	91
4375723525	refrain	repetition of line or phrase at regular intervals	92
4375743484	atmosphere	effect of physical environment	93
4375743485	tone	author or speaker's attitude	94
4375746386	conflict	interplay of oppssing forces	95
4375749022	comic relief	lightens narrative	96
4375749023	complication	plot reversals	97
4375751251	Deus ex Machina	contrived ending- ending where a supernatural force helps the hero	98
4375753572	epiphany	sudden awareness	99
4375755999	flashback	device to supply background	100
4375756003	foreshadowing	hints at coming events	101
4375758521	stream of consciousness	thoughts and feelings recorded as they occur	102
4375762196	theme	central idea	103
4375764920	plot	exposition, rising action, climax, falling action	104
4375771681	denouement	resolution, outcome replicating thought	105
4375775856	in media res	beginning in the middle of things	106
4375778270	Round character	complex, multi=faceted, not predictable	107
4375780944	flat character	recognizable type; lacks complexity	108
4375784279	confidant	protagonists's intimate	109
4375786486	foil	character's illuminator through contrast	110
4375789820	protagonist	character around which the action is centered	111
4375795183	antagonist	person or force working against the protagonist	112
4375798204	omniscience	narrator knows all about everyone	113
4375800362	limited omniscience	narrator knows all about one character	114
4375805897	dramatic perspective/objective	narrator presents just the facts	115
4375807918	doppelganger	mysterious double of a character	116
4375810271	antihero	an ordinary, modern man/woman groping through life	117
4375814825	Renaissance Period of Literature	14th through 17th century, rebirth of humanism	118
4375818375	Neoclassicism Period of Literature	Restoration to 18th century, order and reason	119
4375822108	Romanticism Period of Literature	18th and 19th century, imagination over reason	120
4375824961	Realism Period of Literture	Verisimilitude- truth	121
6277738007	Denotation	The Dictionary definition of a word	122
6277739661	Connotation	The meaning beyond the dictionary meaning	123
6277745610	Figurative Language	language that cannot be taken literally- metaphors, similes, symbols, etc.	124
6277779331	caesura	pauses within a line	125
6277783735	Truncation	the omission of an unaccented syllable at eaiter end of a line	126
6277794729	villanelle	19 lines of rhymed poetry divided into 5 3-line stanzas (tercets0	127

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Language AP Psych Flashcards

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3693805176	Algorithm	A step-by-step procedure that leads to a definite solution.	0
3693818226	Availability heuristic	Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common	1
3693819826	Babbling stage	the stage of speech development in which an infant utters various sounds at first unrelated to the house hold language	2
3693822316	Belief perseverance	clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited	3
3693823867	Concept	a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people	4
3693825582	Confirmation bias	a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence	5
3693827462	Creativity	the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas	6
3693830529	Fixation	According to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.	7
3693836238	Framing	Ability of the media to influence public perception of issues by constructing the issue or discussion of a subject in a certain way	8
3693837973	Functional fixedness	The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.	9
3693839943	Grammar	in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others	10
3693843019	Heuristic	A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.	11
3693844262	Insight	a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem	12
3693845997	Intuition	an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning	13
3693847467	Language	A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning.	14
3693849898	Linguistic determinism	Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think	15
3693849899	Mental set	a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past	16
3693851080	Morpheme	the smallest unit that carries meaning	17
3693854215	One-word phase	early period of language development when children use single-word phrases to convey an entire thought	18
3693863382	Overconfidence	the tendency to be more confident than correct-to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements	19
3693863383	Phoneme	smallest unit of sound	20
3693867012	Prototype	an original instance that serves as a model on which later stages are based or judged- "normal"	21
3693876061	Representativeness heuristic	Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information.	22
3693876062	Semantics	Meaning of words and sentences	23
3693877421	Syntax	Sentence structure	24
3693880414	Telegraphic speech	early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram	25
3693882348	Two-word stage	beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements	26

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Intelligence (AP) Flashcards

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6636171434	intelligence	mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations	0
6636171435	intelligence test	a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores	1
6636171436	general intelligence (g)	a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test	2
6636171437	savant syndrome	a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing	3
6636171438	mental age	a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. Thus, a child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8.	4
6636171439	Stanford-Binet	the widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binet's original intelligence test	5
6636171440	intelligence quotient (IQ)	the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 (ma/ca x 100)	6
6636171441	achievement test	a test designed to assess what a person has learned	7
6636171442	aptitude test	a test designed to predict a person's future performance, their capacity to learn	8
6636171443	standardization	defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group	9
6636171444	normal curve	the symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes	10
6636171445	reliability	the extent to which a test yields consistent results	11
6636171446	validity	the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to	12
6636171447	content validity	the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest	13
6636171448	predictive validity	the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior	14
6636171449	practical intelligence	according to Sternberg, this is realistic and useful thinking abilities "street smarts"	15
6636171450	analytical intelligence	according to Sternberg, this is logical reasoning typically measured on IQ tests "books smarts"	16
6636171451	creative intelligence	according to Sternberg, inventive problem-solving abilities required to generate new ideas and learn from experience	17
6636171452	Sternberg	proposed the triarchic theory of intelligence (practical, analytical, and creative)	18
6636171453	Spearman	proposed the two-factor theory of intelligence, that we have one main general intelligence (g-factor) and specific abilities (s-factors)	19
6636171454	Gardner	proposed the theory of multiple intelligence, claiming there are eight different types	20
6636171455	emotional intelligence	the ability to recognize emotion in others and in oneself and incorporate knowledge about emotion into reasoning and thought processes (empathy)	21
6636171456	Flynn effect	the average IQ has been raising over successive generations (due to changes in accessibility of education and educational curriculum)	22
6636171457	culture-fair test	tests designed to allow all individuals, regardless of culture, to perform equally well, trying to overcome cultural bias in testing	23
6636171458	culture-relevant test	test that focuses on skills and knowledge that are specific to a particular culture and administer only to members of the culture for which it was designed	24
6636171459	crystallized intelligence	accumulated knowledge (education, facts, trivia, life skills) and verbal skills; tends to increase with age	25
6636171460	fluid intelligence	the ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood	26

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Flashcards

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AP Psychology - Memory Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology

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6013383140	encoding	the processing of getting information into the memory system.	0
6013383141	storage	the retention of encoded information over time.	1
6013383142	retrieval	the process of getting information out of memory storage.	2
6013383143	sensory memory	the immediate, very brief recording of what we hear and see.	3
6013383144	short-term memory	holds a few items for as long as we are thinking about them.	4
6013383145	long-term memory	the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.	5
6013383146	rehearsal	the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage.	6
6013383147	spacing effect	the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.	7
6013383148	serial position effect	our tendency to better recall the first few and last few items in a list.	8
6013383152	mnemonics	memory aids that use silly sentences, associations, acrostics, and acronyms	9
6013383153	chunking	organizing items into smaller, related, manageable units; often occurs automatically.	10
6013383154	iconic memory	a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.	11
6013383155	echoic memory	A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.	12
6013383157	flashbulb memory	a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.	13
6013383158	implicit memory	Something you were not consciously aware that you remembered until you did it. These are mostly procedural memories.	14
6013383159	explicit memory	memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare." (Also called declarative memory.)	15
6013383160	hippocampus	a neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process and form new long term memories	16
6013383161	recall	when a person must retrieve a memory with few external cues. It must be "pulled" from their mind and produced. Fill in the blank or an essay are examples	17
6013383162	recognition	the ability to match a piece of information to a stored image or fact. Multiple choice questions	18
6013383163	priming	the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.	19
6013383164	déjà vu	that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.	20
6013383165	mood-congruent memory	the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.	21
6013383166	proactive interference	the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.	22
6013383167	retroactive interference	the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.	23
6013383170	prospective memory	A memory of something you will do in the future. "I remember I have practice after school today"	24
6013383171	Shallow processing	Encoding with no meaning attached, just glancing something over	25
6013383174	Procedural Memory	a memory of how to perform a specific task. Doing a back flip.	26
6013383175	Semantic Memory	a memory of a fact or bit of information. Congress has two houses, the Senate and House of Representatives.	27
6013383176	Episodic Memory	a memory of something you have personally experienced. I went on the Tower of Terror when I was 5 and hated it.	28
6013383177	Elizabeth Loftus	Researcher who demonstrated that eyewitness testimony is not as accurate as we think	29
6013383178	Retrospective Memory	memory of anything that has happened in the past.	30
6013383179	Context Dependent Memory	You are more likely to remember something when you are in the same/a similar setting as when the memory took place.	31
6013383180	State Dependent Memory	You are more likely to remember something when you are in the same mental state as when the memory took place	32
6013383182	Curve of Forgetting	idea that forgetting happens rapidly within the first hour of learning, then tapers off gradually.	33
6013383184	Retrograde Amnesia	the inability to remember what happened before sustaining brain injury	34
6013383185	Anterograde Amnesia	the inability to form new memories after sustaining brain injury.	35
6013383187	Ebbinghaus	Researcher who created the curve of forgetting	36
6013383188	Reconstructive Memory	remembering is influenced by perception, imagination, expectations, and experience. our brain wants to make memories complete and fit into a meaningful plan even if one doesn't exist.	37

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AP Biology - Basic Chemistry Flashcards

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5370306455	Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)	A molecule that provides energy for cellular reactions and processes. It releases energy when one of its high‐energy bonds is broken to release a phosphate group.	0
5370306457	Structure of an Atom	Consists of mostly empty space; Protons (+) and neutrons (0) make up the tiny, dense nucleus. Electrons (-) exist in orbitals at various energy levels surrounding the nucleus. The electrons involved in forming chemical bonds occupy the outermost energy level (AKA the valence shell)	1
5370306458	Ion	An atom with a positive or negative electric charge	2
5370306459	Cation	An atom that lost electrons and therefore has a positive charge.	3
5370306460	Anion	An atom that gained electrons and therefore has a negative charge.	4
5370306461	Element	Simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties; a pure substance made of only one kind of atom	5
5370306463	Radioisotope	Heavier isotopes of certain atoms that become unstable and begin to decompose. Radioactive decay involves the ejection of particles from the nucleus that may cause damage to living cells; These are used in very small amounts to tag biological molecules so they can be followed or traced through the body and used as a tool for medical diagnosis and treatment.	6
5370306466	Polar molecule	A molecule that has a positive charge on one end and a negative charge on the other due to an imbalance in the way electrons are shared between its atoms.	7
5370306467	Nonpolar molecule	A molecule that does not have oppositely charged ends because its atoms share electrons equally.	8
5370306468	Chemical reaction	A process during which chemical bonds between atoms are broken and new ones are formed, producing one or more new substances.	9
5370306469	Reactants	Substances that enters into a chemical reaction	10
5370306470	Products	Substances formed as a result of a chemical reaction	11
5370306471	Ionic Bond	A bond formed by the complete transfer of electron(s) from one atom to another. The resulting charged atoms, or ions, are oppositely charged and thus attract each other	12
5370306472	Covalent Bond	A bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms	13
5370306473	Hydrogen Bond	A bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule; relatively weak	14
5370306481	Solvent	A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances	15
5370306482	Solute	A substance that is dissolved in a solution.	16
5370306483	Solution	A homogenous mixture that forms when one substance (the solvent) dissolves another (the solute).	17
5370306487	Electrolytes	These substances, when dissolved, separate into charged particles (ions). The solution is then capable of conducting an electric current.	18
5370306488	Acid	Electrolytes that release H+ ions in an aqueous solution; proton donors	19
5370306489	Base	Electrolytes that produce OH- ions in an aqueous solution; proton acceptors	20
5370306490	Salt	Any ionic compound that can be made from the neutralization of an acid with a base	21
5370306491	PH Scale	Measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 14. 0 is most acidic + and 14 is most basic + or alkaline.	22
5370306492	Buffer	A substance that prevents large pH changes in solution to which small quantities of acids or bases are added; stabilizes pH by absorbing or releasing H+ ions as needed	23

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AP World Chapter 6 Flashcards

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7268308513	Aspasia	A foreign woman resident in Athens and partner of the statesman Pericles who was famed for her learning and wit	0
7268312948	Ban Zhao	A Chinese woman writer and court official whose work provides valuable insight on the position of women in classical China.	1
7268316845	caste	The system of social organization in India that has evolved over millennia; it is based on an original division of the populace into four inherited classes (varna), with the addition of thousands of social distinctions based on occupation (jatis) which became the main cell of social life in India.	2
7268326407	dharma	In Indian belief, performance of the duties appropriate to an individual's caste; good performance will lead to rebirth in a higher caste.	3
7268342582	Greek and Roman slavery	In the Greek and Roman world, slaves were captives from war and piracy (and their descendants), abandoned children, and the victims of long-distance trade; manumission was common. Among the Greeks, household service was the most common form of slavery, but in parts of the Roman state, thousands of slaves were employed under brutal conditions in the mines and on great plantations.	4
7268354734	helots	The dependent, semi-enslaved class of ancient Sparta whose social discontent prompted the militarization of Spartan society.	5
7268359173	karma	In Indian belief, the force generated by one's behavior in a previous life that decides the level at which an individual will be reborn.	6
7268363552	Ksatriya	The Indian social class of warriors and rulers	7
7268365189	latifundia	Huge estates operated by slave labor that flourished in parts of the Roman Empire	8
7268369677	Pericles	A prominent and influential statesman of ancient Athens (ca 4950429 BCE) he presided over Athens's Golden Age.	9
7268377469	ritual purity	In Indian social practice, the idea that members of higher castes must adhere to strict regulations limiting or forbidding their contact with objects and members of lower castes to preserve their own cast standing and their relationship with the gods.	10
7268383398	scholar-gentry class	A term used to describe members of China's landowning families, reflecting their wealth from the land and the privilege that they derived as government officials.	11
7268390825	Spartacus	A Roman gladiator who led the most serious slave revolt in Roman history from 73 to 71 BCE	12
7268393452	Sudra	The lowest Indian social class of varna; regarded as servants of their social betters. The Sudra varna eventually included peasant farmers	13
7268399944	The "three obediences"	In Chinese Confucian thought, the notion that a woman is permanently subordinate to male control: fist to her father, then to her husband and finally to her son.	14
7268405463	untouchables	An Indian social class that emerged below the Sudras and whose members performed the most unclean and polluting work.	15
7268408222	Vaisya	The Indian social class that was originally defined as farmers but eventually comprised merchants	16
7268411986	Wang Mang	A Han court official who usurped the throne and ruled from 8 CE to 23 CE; noted for his reform movement that included the breakup of large estates.	17
7268417948	Empress Wu	The only female "emperor" in Chinese history (r. 690-705 CE) She patronized scholarship, worked to elevate the position of women, and provoked a backlash of Confucian misogynist invective	18
7268429171	Wudi	The Chinese emperor (r. 141-87 BCE) who started the Chinese civil service system with the establishment in 124 BCE of an imperial academy for future officials	19
7268439833	Yellow Turban Rebellion	A massive Chinese peasant uprising inspired by Daoist teachings that began in 184 CE with the goal of establishing a new golden age of equality and harmony	20
7268452747	Han Dynasty	(202 BCE-220 CE) This dynasty of China continued the centralization of the Qin Dynasty, but focused on Confucianism and education instead of Legalism.	21
7268458873	Classical Labor Systems	Slavery & Wage labor in the Greco-Roman world, Caste in India, Peasant farming in China (along with the persistence elsewhere of sustenance farming, pastoral nomadism and hunting/gathering	22
7268466189	Delos	Greek island sacred to Apollo that was the namesake for the Delian League. Home to the slave-trading network during the Roman empire.	23
7268471398	manumission	A grant of legal freedom to an individual slave	24
7268475523	Appian Way	A major road connecting Rome to southern Italy built by the Romans and home to thousands of crucified slaves after the revolt of Spartacus	25
7268480948	patriarchy	A form of social organization in which males dominate females (gender hierarchies of the Classical Era)	26
7268484312	Tang Dynasty	(618-907 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was much like the Han, who used Confucianism. This dynasty had the equal-field system, a bureaucracy based on merit, and a Confucian education system	27
7268494038	Plutarch	Greek biographer of the 1st to early 2nd century Ce. Author of Parallel Lives which compared famous men of classical Greece and republican Rome.	28

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AP World History Period 1 Flashcards

From Hunting and Gathering to Civilizations, 2.5 million-1000 B.C.E.: Origins

Terms : Hide Images

6983167365	Hunting and Gathering	Means of obtaining subsistence by humans before the mastery of sedentary agriculture; normally typical of tribal social organization	0
6983167366	Civilization	Societies with reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of nonfarming elites, along with merchant and manufacturing groups	1
6983167367	Neolithic	The New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished	2
6983167368	Nomads	Cattle- and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies	3
6983167369	Culture	Combination of ideas, objects, and patterns of behavior that result from human social interaction	4
6983167370	Agrarian revolution	Occurred between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; transition from hunting and gathering to sedentary agriculture	5
6983167371	Pastoralism	A nomadic agricultural lifestyle based on herding domesticated animals; tended to produce independent people capable of challenging sedentary agricultural societies	6
6983167372	Catal Huyuk	Early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; larger in population than Jericho, had greater degree of social stratification	7
6983167373	Bronze Age	From 4000 to 3000 B.C.E.; increased use of plow, metalworking; development of wheeled vehicles, writing	8
6983167374	Mesopotamia	Literally "between the rivers"; the civilization that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys	9
6983167375	Potter's wheel	A technological advance in pottery making; invented circa 6000 B.C.E.; encouraged faster and higher-quality ceramic pottery products	10
6983167376	Sumerians	People who migrated into Mesopotamia circa 4000 B.C.E.; created the first civilization within the region; organized area into city-states	11
6983167377	Cuneiform	A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets	12
6983167378	City-state	A form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilization; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king	13
6983167379	Ziggurats	Massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple connections	14
6983167380	Babylonian Empire	Unified all of Mesopotamia circa 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion circa 1600 B.C.E.	15
6983167381	Hammurabi	The most important Babylonian ruler; responsible for codification of the law	16
6983167382	Pharaoh	The term used to denote the kings of ancient Egypt; the term, "great house" refers to the palace of the pharaohs	17
6983167383	Pyramids	Monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs	18
6983167384	Hieroglyphs	Form of writing developed in ancient Egypt; more pictorial than Mesopotamian cuneiform	19
6983167385	Kush	African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile circa 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries	20
6983167386	Monotheism	The exclusive worship of one god; introduced by Jews into Middle Eastern civilization	21
6983167387	Phoenicians	Seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean	22
6983167388	Harappa and Mohenjo Daro	Major urban complexes of Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern	23
6983167389	Aryans	Indo-European nomadic, warlike, pastorialists who replaced Harappan civilization	24
6983167390	Huanghe (Yellow) River Basin	Site of the development of sedentary agriculture in China	25
6983167391	Shang	1st Chinese dynasty	26
6983167392	Oracles	Shamans or priests in Chinese society who foretold the future through interpreting animal bones cracked by heat; inscriptions on bones led to Chinese writing	27
6983167393	Ideographic writing	Pictograph characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing	28
6983167394	Big Geography	A term that draws attention to the global nature of world history.	29
6983167395	Paleolithic	The period that ended about 3,000 years after the end of the last Ice Age, it lasted until about 10,000 years ago. (Old Stone Age) The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period.	30
6983167396	Path of migration for humans during Paleolithic era	From Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas	31
6983167397	Eglitarian	Believing in the equality of all peoples	32
6983167398	Humans developed a wider range of ____ specially adapted to different environments from tropics to tundra	tools	33
6983167399	Neolithic Revolution	Global conversion to agriculture over hunter-gatherer lifestyles	34
6983167400	Patriarchy	Father based	35
6983167401	Permanent agricultural villages emerged first in the lands of the eastern Mediterranean, possibly as a response to what?	climatic change	36
6983167402	Pastoralists were often the developers and disseminators of of ____ and ___ that transformed warfare in agrarian civilizations	new weapons modes of transportation	37
6983167403	name one mode of new transportation by the pastoralists	Chariots Horseback riding	38
6983167404	Elites, both political and religious, promoted ____ and ____	arts artisanship	39
6983167405	____ arose independently arose independently in all early civilization and subsequently were diffused	systems of record keeping	40
6983167406	_____ developed in this period continued to have strong influences in later periods	New religious beliefs	41