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AP World History Period 4 Flashcards

8459376798	absolutism	concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliament's, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, imposed state economic policies - eg. Louis XIV of France	0
8459376799	divine right	the idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God	1
8459376800	Parliamentary monarchy	originated in England and the Netherlands in the 17th century. Kings are partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments	2
8459376801	proletariat	class of working people who do not own property, typically manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agricultural economy, or urban poor. A product of economic changes of the 16th and 17th centuries in Europe	3
8459376802	ethnocentrism	regarding one's own race or cultural group as superior to others	4
8459376803	conquistador	the Spanish soldiers, explorers, and fortune hunters who took part in the conquest of the Americas in the 16th century	5
8459376804	colonialism	control by one power over a dependent area or people	6
8459376806	Columbian Exchange	global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during the colonization of the Americas	7
8459376807	hegemony	the predominant influence, as of a state, region, or group, over another or others	8
8459376808	Janissaries	Ottoman infantry divisions that dominated Ottoman armies - had a great deal of political influence after 15th century	9
8459376809	Devshirme	in the Ottoman Empire, the policy of taking children from conquered Christian peoples to be trained as Muslim soldiers	10
8459376814	tsar, czar	Russian emperor (from the Roman title Caesar)	11
8459376817	Westernization	to influence with ideas, customs, practices, etc. of western Europe	12
8459376818	Multinational State	an empire composed of many nations, nationalities, ethnic groups, cultures, religions, etc...eg. Russia, Ottoman Empire	13
8459376819	commercialization	an economic system in which merchants trade and invest money in order to make a profit; prices are determined by supply and demand	14
8459376820	mercantilism	an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than were purchased	15
8459376821	coercive	forced labor, including slavery	16
8459376822	encomienda	a grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it. Established a framework for relations based on economic dominance	17
8459376823	Mita (aka repartimiento)	forced labor system replacing Indian slaves and encomienda workers; used to mobilize labor for mines and other projects. European adaptation of the Inca system that required all able-bodied subjects to work for the state a certain numbers of days each year	18
8459376824	indentured servitude	labor system where a person is bound by indentures to work for another for a specified time, especially in return for payment of travel expenses	19
8459376825	haciendas	rural agricultural and herding estates; produced for consumers in America; basis for wealth and power of the local aristocracy	20
8459376826	plantations/plantation systems	a large estate, especially in a tropical or semitropical country, where cash crops such as cotton, tobacco, coffee, sugarcane are cultivated, using a form of coercive labor (usually slavery)	21
8459376827	peninsulares	Spanish-born residents of the New World	22
8459376828	creoles/criollos	in Spanish colonial society, colonists who were born in Latin America to Spanish parents	23
8459376831	mestizo	mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry	24
8459376832	mulattoes	mixed Spanish and African ancestry	25
8459376833	triangular trade	the transatlantic trading network along which slaves and other goods were carried between Africa, England, Europe, the West Indies, and the colonies in North America	26
8459376834	middle passage	the voyage that brought captured Africans to the West Indies, and later to North and South America, to be sold as slaves -- so called because it was considered the middle leg of the triangular trade	27
8459376835	Chattel slavery	concept of believing that slaves were merely objects, not humans	28
8459376838	Secular	concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters	29
8459376839	Protestant	a member of the Christian church founded on the principles of the Reformation	30
8459376840	indulgences	a pardon releasing a person from punishments due for a sin, sold by the Catholic Church to help raise $$	31
8459376841	Predestination	Christian doctrine that God has decided all things beforehand, including which people will be eternally saved (John Calvin)	32
8459376842	Bhakti	a popular movement in Hinduism centered around the personal worship of gods, especially Vishnu and Shiva - especially popular with women	33
8459376845	Martin Luther	wrote the 95 Theses as a critique of the Catholic Church while serving as a monk in Germany and is credited with starting the Protestant Reformation	34
8459376846	Hernan Cortes	Spanish conquistador who led an expedition into the Aztec Empire and later caused the fall of the empire	35
8459376847	Francisco Pizarro	Spanish conquistador in South America who conquered the Incan Empire	36
8459376849	Akbar	Ruler of the Mughals known for having a liberal outlook on all faiths and beliefs. He expanded the empire and created Din-i-llahi to bring about religious unity	37
8459376850	Atahualpa	Last Inca emperor before the Spanish conquest; was in the middle of a civil war with his brother when Francisco Pizarro showed up	38
8459376851	Montezuma II	Aztec ruler during the Spanish conquest of modern day Mexico. Expanded the empire's boundaries and was killed during an attack on the capital city, Tenochtitlan	39
8459376852	Elizabeth I	last monarch of the Tudor dynasty. Her reign was called the "Golden Age of England," known for the flourishing of English drama and the skilled adventurers	40
8459376853	Louis XIV	Consolidated a system of absolute monarchical rule in France and was mimicked by many other rulers during this time period. Built the Palace of Versailles and relocated the French court out there	41
8459376855	Peter the Great	Russian tsar who presided over the Westernization of the empire. He moved the capital to St. Petersburg and changed the social and political systems of Russia into more modern, scientific and European-oriented systems	42
8459376857	Tokugawa Ieyasu	last of the three great unifiers of Japan and founder of the Tokugawa shogunate, which lasted until the mid-19th century. Presided over the beginning of Japanese isolationism	43
8459376858	Aurangzeb	Mughal emperor. He expanded the empire, but abandoned the policies of religious toleration set in place by his predecessors	44
8459376859	Suleyman the Magnificent	Ottoman ruler known for his reconstruction of the Ottoman legal system, which gave him the nickname "the Lawgiver." Presided over the apex of Ottoman military, political, and economic power	45
8459376860	John Calvin	pastor during the Protestant Reformation who preached the idea of predestination	46
8459376861	Galileo Galilei	Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. Was put on trial by the Catholic Church for defending Copernicus' heliocentric theory	47
8459376862	Thomas Hobbes	English philosopher who lived during the English Civil War. He was a champion of absolutism for the sovereign and the idea of "social contract" - the people give up their rights to the absolute authority of the government	48
8459376863	Nicolaus Copernicus	Renaissance mathematician and astronomer - discovered the heliocentric theory of the universe but waited until he was on his deathbed to publish his findings. His theory was rejected by the Catholic Church	49
8459376864	King Henry VIII	Ruled 1509-1547. Major figure of the Protestant reformation who married women to try and have a male heir to succeed him	50
8459376866	Anglican Church	Church of England	51
8459376867	inquisition	established in the late twelfth century to root out and punish nonbelievers	52
8459376868	Jesuits	society of Jesus	53
8459376871	Peace of Westphalia	allowed each area of the Holy Roman Empire to select one of three religious options: Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, or Calvinism	54
8459376875	Sir Issac Newton	combined Galileo's laws of terrestrial motion and Johannes Kepler's laws of planetary motion to publish a work on gravitational force called Principia	55
8459376876	Encyclopedie	a vast series of articles on science, the arts, and philosophy edited by Denis Diderot	56
8459376879	maritime empires	empires based on sea travel	57
8459376881	sepoy	European-trained Indian private forces	58
8459376882	caravel	a small, three-masted sailing ship developed by the Portuguese in the fifteenth century. Allowed sailors to survive storms at sea better than earlier-designed ships	59
8459376883	Hispaniola	the name Columbus gave to the island now occupied by Haiti and the Dominican Republic	60

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AP World History Chapter 5 Flashcards

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8884965960	Han Dynasty	(202 BCE-220 CE) This dynasty of China continued the centralization of the Qin Dynasty, but focused on Confucianism and education instead of Legalism.	0
8884965961	Wu Di	Probably the most important emperor of the Han Dynasty; he started China's first civil service system c. 124 BCE to help oversee the day-to-day business of running the government.	1
8884965962	Wang Mang	A reformist official in 9 CE who was troubled by the plight of the peasants seized power from the Han court and declared the foundation of the Xin dynasty (New dynasty). He was assassinated in 23 CE, probably due to his radical reform movements.	2
8884965963	Yellow Turban Rebellion	A massive Chinese peasant uprising inspired by Daoist teachings that began in 184 C.E. with the goal of establishing a new golden age of equality and harmony.	3
8884965964	Caste System	The system in old India that separated the people into social categories, but based mostly on color with the Aryans always on the top of the social pyramid.	4
8884965965	Varna	The four major social divisions in India's caste system: the Brahmin priest class, the Kshatriya warrior/administrator class, the Vaishya merchant/farmer class, and the Shudra laborer class.	5
8884965966	Jati	A sub-varna in the caste system of India that gave people of sense of community because they usually consisted of people working in the same occupation.	6
8884965967	Dharma	In Hindu belief, a person's religious and moral duties "It is better to do one's own duty badly than another's well."	7
8884965968	Classical Labor Systems	Slavery & Wage labor in the Greco-Roman world, Caste in India, Peasant farming in China (along with the persistence elsewhere of sustenance farming, pastoral nomadism, and hunting/gathering).	8
8884965969	Delos	Greek island sacred to Apollo that was the namesake for the Delian League (basically the empire of Athens). Home to a slave-trading network during the Roman empire.	9
8884965970	Saint Paul	Missionary of Christianity who compared followers of God to "slaves of Christ."	10
8884965971	Saint Augustine	Christian theologian who describes slavery as God's punishment for sin.	11
8884965972	Latifundia	Huge estates owned by wealthy families in the Roman Empire that utilized slave labor for production.	12
8884965973	Manumission	A grant of legal freedom to an individual slave (a common practice in the Greco-Roman world that would not be accompanied later in the Trans-Atlantic slavery world).	13
8884965974	Spartacus	A Roman gladiator who led the most serious slave revolt in Roman history from 73 to 71 B.C.E.	14
8884965975	Appian Way	A major road connecting Rome to southern Italy built by the Romans (home to thousands of crucified slaves after the revolt of Spartacus).	15
8884965976	Patriarchy	A form of social organization in which males dominate females (gender hierarchies of the Classical Era).	16
8884965977	Yin and Yang	In Daoist belief, complementary factors that help to maintain the equilibrium of the world. One is associated with masculine, light, and active qualities while the other with feminine, dark, and passive qualities.	17
8884965978	Three Obediences	A notion in some Eastern cultures that a woman owes subordination first to her father, then to her husband, and third to her son.	18
8884965979	Ban Zhou	The first female Chinese historian who wrote about the Han dynasty in the first and second centuries CE. (45-116 CE)	19
8884965980	Empress Wu	(690 - 705 C.E.) Tang ruler who supported Buddhist establishment; tried to elevate Buddhism to state religion; had multistory statues of Buddha created.	20
8884965981	Tang Dynasty	(618-907 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was much like the Han, who used Confucianism. This dynasty had the equal-field system, a bureaucracy based on merit, and a Confucian education system.	21
8884965982	Aristotle	(384-322 BCE) Greek philosopher who wrote about social relationships including arguing that slavery for some people was "by nature" and argued that women were inferior to men as a sort of "inadequacy."	22
8884965983	Aspasia	A well-educated woman who helped shape Athenian politics as an adviser to Pericles (an exception in Athens). She was frequently referred to as a prostitute in Athenian discourse and poetry.	23
8884965984	Pericles	(495? BCE-429? BCE) Athenian statesman. He was the central ruler of Athens during its golden age. He was the central patron behind many of their achievements. He was also a very skilled speaker.	24
8884965985	Helots	Slaves in the Spartan polis.	25
8884965986	Plutarch	Greek biographer of the first to early second century CE. Author of Parallel Lives which compared famous men of classical Greece and republican Rome.	26
8884965987	Xenephon	(430 - 354 BCE) Athenian writer and student of Socrates known for his account of the final years of the Peloponnesian War and writings about his teacher.	27
8884965988	When was the Imperial Academy for Chinese official training built, and by whom?	124 BCE, by Emperor Wu Di (enrolled 30,000 students)	28
8884965989	Poetry of Buddhist Nuns set into writing	100 BCE	29
8884965990	Spartacus Slave Rebellion	73 BCE	30
8884965991	Laws of Manu Established	1-200 CE	31
8884965992	Emperor Wang Mang in power	100 CE	32
8884965993	Ban Zhao life	45-116 CE	33
8884965994	Vesuvius Eruption	79 CE	34
8884965995	Yellow Turban Rebellion Period	184 CE	35
8884965996	Slavery replaced by serfdom in Rome	500 CE	36
8884965997	Empress Wu Reign	690-705 CE	37
8884965998	Merchants in China	Typically oppressed and exploited, since they "contribute nothing" directly, but occasionally become very wealthy and raise respectable sons.	38
8884965999	Brahmin (Caste: Color, Purusha part, Duties)	1st: White/Spirituality, Head, Priests/Teachers	39
8884966000	Kshatriya (Caste: Color, Purusha part, Duties)	2nd: Red/Courage, Shoulders, Warriors	40
8884966001	Vaisya (Caste: Color, Purusha part, Duties)	3rd: Yellow/Wealth, Thighs, Farmers	41
8884966002	Sudra (Caste: Color, Purusha part, Duties)	4th: Black/Ignorance, Feet, Labor	42
8884966003	Untouchables (Caste: Color, Purusha part, Duties)	N/A (5th): -, -, polluted labor	43
8884966004	Percentage of slaves as Roman population	33-40%	44
8884966005	Which job were slaves restricted from serving in?	Military service	45
8884966006	Slaves often worked as these prominent professions...	Doctors, teachers, business agents, entertainers, actors, skilled artisans	46
8884966007	Menander	Quoted as saying that teaching women to read and write is like feeding a vile snake on poison.	47
8884966008	Differences in Spartan and Athenian Patriarchy	Women had a more active role in Sparta, since they were the ones that would produce Sparta's army. They were not seen as required to stay in the house.	48
8884966009	Why did Spartan women exercise more authority in the house?	Men were often away at war.	49

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AP World History (Egypt) Flashcards

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8849122799	What was the time period for Egypt ?	3200 BCE	0
8849122800	What river flowed through Egypt and were the floods predictable ?	Nile river and yes they were predictable.	1
8849122801	Geographical description of Egypt	Natural barriers like deserts People settled on one side of river; other side reserved for religion which led to centralization	2
8849122802	Who ruled over Egypt?	Pharaoh	3
8849122803	Who was the first female Pharoh ?	Her name was Nephritides	4
8849122804	When was the old kingdom established in Egypt?	3200-2200 BCE	5
8849122805	When was the Middle Kingdom established in Egypt?	2100-1650 BCE	6
8849122806	When was the New kingdom established in Egypt ?	1550-700 BCE	7
8849122807	How was the Nile river used?	It was used for trade ( government directed) and agriculture	8
8849122808	What was they dependent upon ?	Nile river	9
8849122809	What did they grow and who did they trade with ?	They grew wheat and barely and traded off with Mesopotamia and Nubia	10
8849122810	What was their religion and what did the believe in ?	They were a polytheistic religion and believe in the afterlife (Amen Rah- sun god, Osiris- God of Nile)	11
8849122811	Who did they mummified?	Nobility, Kings, and Pharaoh and the priest performed this.	12
8849122812	What was the social class of Egypt?	1. Pharaoh and higher priests 2.Artists, merchants, lesser priests. 3. Farmers 4. Slaves ( women were not treated equal to men but have more rights than in others societies.)	13
8849122813	What was their first writing system?	Hieroglyphics which derived from cuneiform.	14
8849122814	What was the Egyptians art?	They built pyramids and statues of gods, sculpture, paintings, carvings in architecture	15
8849122815	What happened to Egypt?	Ephesians eventually gave way to the end of River Valley and the development of the kingdom of Kush in later Axum allowed by Ethiopia.	16

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AP Biology Chapter 3 Flashcards

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7241189972	Polar Covalent Bond	covalent bond were shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative electron	0
7241189973	Polar Molecule	Molecule where the overall charge is not equally shared	1
7241189974	Cohesion	linking together two like molecules	2
7241189975	adhesion	clinging of one substance to another	3
7241189976	Surface Tension	measure of how difficult to stretch/break surface of liquid	4
7241189977	kinetic energy	energy of motion	5
7241189978	Heat	form of energy	6
7241189979	tempertaure	measure of heat intensity representative average KE regardless of volume	7
7241189980	calorie (cal)	amount of heat it take to raise 1g of water by 1 degree Celsius	8
7241189981	kilocalorie (kcal)	1000 cal, quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1kg of water by 1 degree Celcuis	9
7241189982	joule (j)	energy unit	10
7241189983	1 J= ___ cal	0.239	11
7241189984	1 cal=___ J	4.184	12
7241189985	specific heat	amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of that substance by 1 degree Celcuis	13
7241189986	vaporization (evaporation)	liquid to gas	14
7241189987	Heat of Vaporization	quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g of it to be converted from liquid to gas	15
7241189988	evaporative cooling	process where an object becomes cooler during evaporation, result of molecules with higher KE changing from liquid to gas more quickly than others	16
7241189989	solution	a liquid that is completely homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances	17
7241189990	solvent	dissolving agent of soln.	18
7241189991	solute	substance that is being dissolved	19
7241189992	aqueous solution	one in which water is solvent	20
7241189993	hydrogen shell	sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion	21
7241189994	hydrophilic	any substance that has a natural affinity for water	22
7241189995	colloid	stable suspension of fine particles in liquid	23
7241189996	hydrophobic	repels water	24
7241189997	molecular mass	sum of masses of all atoms in molecule	25
7241189998	mole (mol)	6.02*10^23	26
7241189999	molarity	# of moles per solute per L of solution	27
7241190000	Hydrogen ion (H+)	when a hydrogen atom in hydrogen bond shifts from one molecule to the other, it leaves its electron behind	28
7241190001	hydroxide ion	water molecule that lost a proton	29
7241190002	hydromuim ion (H3O+)	protein binds to the other water molecule	30
7241190003	acid	substance that raises the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. 0-6 pH	31
7241190004	base	substance that lowers the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. 8-14 pH	32
7241190005	buffer	substance that minimizes the changes in concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution	33
7241190006	ocean acidification	when CO2 reacts with water making it acidic	34
7241190007	acid precipitation	refers to rain, snow, or fog with a pH lower than 5	35

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AP Psychology - Biology of the Brain Flashcards

AP Psychology - Brain/Biology vocabulary.
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6624504968	neuron	a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system	0
6624504969	dendrite	the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body	1
6624504970	axon	the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands	2
6624504971	myelin	a fatty substance that helps insulate neurons and speeds the transmission of nerve impulses	3
6624504972	action potential	a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon	4
6624504973	threshold	the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse	5
6624504974	synapses	tiny gaps between dentrites and axons of different neurons	6
6624504975	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons	7
6624504976	acetycholine	neurotransmitter associated with voluntary movement, sleep and wakefulness. Too little is associated with Alzheimer's	8
6624504977	endorphins	natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure	9
6624504978	nervous system	the body's speedy, electrochemical communication system, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems	10
6624504979	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	11
6624504980	peripheral nervous system	the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body	12
6624504981	nerves	neural "cables" containing many axons. These bundled axons, which are part of the peripheral nervous system, connect the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs	13
6624504982	sensory neurons	neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system	14
6624504983	interneurons	Central nervous system neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs	15
6624504984	motor neurons	neurons that carry outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands	16
6624504985	somatic nervous system	the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles	17
6624504986	autonomic nervous system	The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.	18
6624504987	sympathetic nervous system	the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations	19
6624504988	parasympathetic nervous system	the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy	20
6624504989	reflex	a simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response	21
6624504990	neural networks	interconnected neural cells. With experience, networks can learn, as feedback strengthens or inhibits connections that produce certain results. Computer simulations of neural networks show analogous learning.	22
6624504991	refractory period	(neurology) the time after a neuron fires or a muscle fiber contracts during which a stimulus will not evoke a response	23
6624504992	resting potential	electrical charge across the cell membrane of a resting neuron	24
6624504993	lesions	precise destruction of brain tissue	25
6624504994	electroencephalogram	an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.	26
6624504995	CT scan	a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body.	27
6624504996	PET	using a computerized radiographic technique to examine the metabolic activity in various tissues (especially in the brain)	28
6624504997	MRI	a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain	29
6624504998	brainstem	The oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions	30
6624504999	medulla	the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing	31
6624505000	reticular formation	a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal	32
6624505001	thalamus	the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla	33
6624505002	cerebellum	the "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem; it helps coordinate voluntary movement and balance	34
6624505003	limbic system	a doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and drives such as those for food and sex. Includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus.	35
6624505004	amygdala	two almond-shaped neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion	36
6624505005	hypothalamus	a neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs eating, drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion	37
6624505006	cerebral cortex	the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center	38
6624505007	glial cells	cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons	39
6624505008	frontal lobes	the portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments	40
6624505009	parietal lobes	the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position	41
6624505010	occipital lobes	the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes the visual areas, which receive visual information from the opposite visual field	42
6624505011	temporal lobes	the portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each of which receives auditory information primarily from the opposite ear	43
6624505012	motor cortex	an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements	44
6624505013	sensory cortex	the area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations	45
6624505014	association areas	areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking	46
6624505015	aphasia	impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to wernicke's area (impairing understanding)	47
6624505016	Broca's area	controls language expression-an area of the frontal, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech	48
6624505017	Wernicke's area	controls language reception-a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression;usually in the left temporal lobe	49
6624505018	plasticity	the brain's capacity for modification, as evident in brain reorganization following damage (especially in children) and in experiments on the effects of experience on brain development	50
6624505019	corpus callosum	the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them	51
6624505020	split brain	a condition in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) between them	52
6624505021	endocrine system	the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream	53
6624505022	hormones	chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another	54
6624505023	adrenal glands	a pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys. the adrenals secrete the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which help to arouse the body in times of stress.	55
6624505024	pituitary gland	the endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands	56
6624505025	cerebrum	area of the brain responsible for all voluntary activities of the body	57
6624505026	hippocampus	a neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage	58
6624505027	homeostasis	process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment	59
6624505028	inhibitory inputs	Information entering a neuron signaling it not to fire.	60
7422862308	Serotonin	Neurotransmitter controlling mood, hunger, arousal, low levels associated with depression	61
7422889754	Dopamine	Neurotransmitter regulating the reward center in the brain; regulates movement, alertness, emotional response..too little could lead to Parkinson's disease.	62

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AP Biology Cell Unit Flashcards

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5309849320	Robert Hooke	FIrst to see the cell wall of a dead cells and coined the term "cell"	0
5309858755	Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek	First to see living cells	1
5309861695	Light Microscope (LM)	Visible light is passed through the specimen and then through glass lenses to refract light to magnify the image	2
5309888698	Electron Microscope (EM)	Focuses a beam of electrons through the specimen or onto its surface	3
5309893014	Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)	Beam excites electrons on the surface of the sample, which is coated with a thin film of gold, to create a three-dimensional image	4
5309912061	Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)	Electron beam is passed through a thin layer of heavy metal stained tissue and absorbed differently by the specimen to see internal structures	5
5309927444	Cell Fractionation	Separation of cellular structures by centrifugation	6
5311000134	Nucleus	A membrane‐bound organelle in eukaryotic cells functioning to maintain the integrity of the genetic material and, through the expression of that material, controlling and regulating cellular activities.	7
5311000135	Nuclear Envelope	Double membrane perforated with pores that control the flow of materials in and out of the nucleus.	8
5311001642	Nuclear Lamina	A netlike array of protein filaments lining the inner surface of the nuclear envelope; it helps maintain the shape of the nucleus.	9
5311001643	Chromosomes	A cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins	10
5311001644	Chromatin	The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope	11
5311003182	Nucleolus	A specialized structure in the nucleus, formed from various chromosomes and active in the synthesis of ribosomes	12
5311003183	Ribosomes	A cell organelle constructed in the nucleolus and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of rRNA and protein molecules, which make up two subunits.	13
5311006148	Nuclear Pore	Structures in the nuclear envelope that allow passage of certain materials between the cell nucleus and the cytoplasm	14
5312415798	Endomembrane System	A network of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles.	15
5312415799	Vesicles	A membranous sac in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell	16
5312417382	Endoplasmic Reticulum	A system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids.	17
5312417383	Smooth ER	Synthesis of lipids, phospholipids and steroid sex hormones-help detoxify drugs and poisons (liver cells).	18
5312417384	Rough ER	A network of interconnected membranous sacs in a eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm; covered with ribosomes that make membrane proteins and secretory proteins.	19
5312418767	Glycoproteins	Membrane carbohydrates that are covalently bonded to proteins.	20
5312418768	Golgi Apparatus	An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum.	21
5312420346	Lysosome	A small, round cell structure containing chemicals that break down large food particles into smaller ones.	22
5312420347	Phagocytosis	The non-specific uptake of solid material by a cell accomplished by englufing the particle with plasma membrane and drawing it into the cell.	23
5312422453	Vacuoles	Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates	24
5312423995	Mitochondria	An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration; uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP	25
5312423996	Chloroplast	Organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy	26
5312423997	Endosymbiont Theory	The theory that mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplasts, originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell. The engulfed cell and its host cell then evolved into a single organism.	27
5312426103	Cristae	Infoldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electon transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP.	28
5312426104	Mitochondrial Matrix	The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the Krebs cycle.	29
5312427591	Thylakoids	A flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast. Thylakoids often exist in stacks called grana that are interconnected; their membranes contain molecular "machinery" used to convert light energy to chemical energy.	30
5312427592	Granum	A stack of thylakoids in a chloroplast	31
5312427593	Stroma	The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.	32
5312427594	Plastids	A group of membrane‐bound organelles commonly found in photosynthetic organisms and mainly responsible for the synthesis and storage of food.	33
5312429199	Peroxisome	A microbody containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen, producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide.	34
5312429200	Cytoskeleton	A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement	35
5312431369	Motor Proteins	A protein that interacts with cytoskeletal elements and other cell components, producing movement of the whole cell or parts of the cell.	36
5312431370	Microtubules	A hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella.	37
5312432212	Centerosome	Condensed genetic material (chromatin) that is present during mitosis	38
5312432213	Centrioles	A minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division.	39
5312433065	Flagella	A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion, formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules, ensheathed in an extension of plasma membrane.	40
5312433066	CIlia	The hairlike projections on the outside of cells that move in a wavelike manner	41
5312435022	Primary Cilium	Cilium that acts as a signal-receiving "antenna" for the cell	42
5312435023	Basal Body	The structure just beneath the cell surface to which microtubules are anchored	43
5312436416	Dyneins	motor proteins responsible for bending movements of cilium and flagellum, composed of several polypeptides	44
5312437697	Microfilaments	Made of the protein actin and help support the shape of the cell. They enable animal cells to form a cleavage furrow during cell division or the amoeba to move by sending out pseudopods.	45
5312437698	Actin	A globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other contractile elements in cells.	46
5312437699	Myosin	A protein present in muscle fibers that aids in contraction and makes up the majority of muscle fiber	47
5312439412	Pseudopodia	A temporary footlike extension of a one-celled organism, such as an amoeba, used for moving about and for surrounding and taking in food	48
5312441051	Intermediate Filaments	Cytoskeletal filaments with a diameter in between that of the microtubule and the microfilament. Intermediate filaments are composed of many different proteins and tend to play structural roles in cells.	49
5312441052	Cell Wall	a rigid layer of polysaccharides lying outside the plasma membrane of the cells of plants, fungi, and bacteria. In the algae and higher plants, it consists mainly of cellulose.	50
5312442337	Fibronectin	A glycoprotein that helps cells attach to the extracellular matrix.	51
5312442338	Integrins	proteins in plasma membrane that connect both to extracellular matrix and cytoskeleton of animal cells.	52
5312444594	Plasmodesmata	An open channel in the cell wall of plants through which strands of cytosol connect from adjacent cells	53
5312445497	Gap Junctions	Points that provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to another with special membrane proteins. Also called communicating junctions.	54
5312445498	Desmosomes	Anchoring junctions that prevents cells subjected to mechanical stress from being pulled apart; button like thickenings of adjacent plasma membranes connected by fine protein filaments	55
5312447683	TIght Junctions	Membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid	56

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AP Psychology Unit 2 Flashcards

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5790923190	amygdala	Jeanette suffers from focal epilepsy (seizures localized in just 1 part of brain). Her seizures trigger extreme emotions - most often extreme fear followed by a rage response. When she is not having seizures Jeanette has trouble recognizing emotions in other people. What part of the limbic is being affected?	0
5790923191	motor cortex	Uncle Ed suffered a stroke which damaged a portion of his cortex. He shows some weakness and partial paralysis of his right leg. What area of his cortex was affected by the stroke?	1
5790923192	somatosensory cortex	My fingers are more sensitive than my elbow so they must have more cortical tissue in "this" area	2
5790923193	temporal lobe	Extensive damage here impacts my hearing, comprehension & possibly facial recognition - this is going to make school a real struggle	3
5790923194	thalamus	Allie was having a really bad week. On Monday while she was studying her vision got blurrier & blurrier until she could no longer see at all. On Tuesday she found she couldn't hear. On Wednesday her sense of taste went. On Thursday she lost her sense of touch. Her CAT scan revealed a single brain tumor was probably producing all of these deficits. What part of the lower brain is involved in all of these sensory processes?	4
5790923195	visual cortex	- in occipital lobe, above cerebellum - receives visual input from retinas - if damaged - loss of vision, partial/ complete blindness	5
5790923196	Wernicke's area	Leon's car was broadsided by a semi causing Leon's head to smash against the driver's side window damaging his temporal lobe cortex. Now he can't understand what people say to him.	6
5790923197	angular gyrus	I can't read aloud to the class because I have damage to my...	7
5790923198	association areas	- integrates information from different receptors/ sensory areas that relay information to past experiences - if damaged - process of information slows down	8
5790923199	cerebral cortex	- gray wrinkled surface of a thin layer packed of neurons; divides into 4 lobes/2 hemispheres	9
5790923200	medulla	Walking down a dark N.Y. street late at night you suddenly feel the metal barrel of a pistol press against your head and hear the instructions "Don't move a muscle while I slip your wallet out of your pocket". Unfortunately you do move, the gun is fired and the bullet enters the brain. Breathing and heart beat stop almost immediately.	10
5790923201	neurotransmitter	- chemicals in terminal buttons that travel in the synaptic gap between neurons	11
5790923204	pituitary gland	Yikes! I've stopped growing AND can't get messages to my other glands.	12
5790923205	reticular formation	After falling through the ice on a local pond little Johnny was trapped under the icy water for 10 minutes before the rescuers finally got him out. They were able to resuscitate his pulse and breathing but he did not regain consciousness for days. Disturbance of what specific part of Johnny's brain might have resulted in coma???	13
5790923207	auditory cortex	- in the temporal lobe, beside ears - process auditory information - if damaged - loss of hearing	14
5790923208	pineal gland	Night to day, takes melatonin away	15
5790923209	major fissures	deep wrinkles that separate the lobes of the cerebrum	16
5790923210	glial cells	- "other" cells of Nervous System - cleans, feeds, and supports neurons - a.k.a. astrocytes - outnumber neurons 3 to 1	17
5790923211	cranium	- skull - protects brain - if damaged - head injury, skull fracture	18
5790923212	NS/ES feedback loop	Brain - pituitary gland - others glands - hormones - BACK to brain	19
5790923213	serotonin	SSRIs act as an agonist for "this" transmitter thanks to blocking reuptake	20
5790923214	dopamine	Gary the gambler releases "this" to his reward centers in the limbic system - too much: agitation ,anxiety, feelings of pleasure, high energy and libido, reward seeking, linked with schizophrenia too little: depression, muscle rigidity	21
5790923215	norepinephrine	Imbalance to this transmitter affects my mood and memory	22
5790923216	acetylcholine (ACh)	You're a contestant in a Survivor game and must use a blow-dart to kill small animals to eat for dinner. The poison on the blow-dart paralyzes the animal's muscles by interfering with the neurotransmitter than normally causes muscles to contract. Which transmitter is this?	23
5790923217	GABA	Major inhibitory transmitter that is associated with anxiety	24
5790923218	glutamate	Major excitatory transmitter, thank goodness this glutton helps with memory	25
5790923219	brain stem	- includes pons; medulla; midbrain - alertness, sleep, balance, startle response, basic vital life functions - if damaged - organ failure, difficulties balancing and moving	26
5790923220	Broca's area	- left frontal lobe, directly above temporal cortex - language production, comprehension of syntax - if damaged - broca's aphasia, repetitive speech	27
5790923221	cerebellum	On Justin's 21st birthday and he and his buddies celebrated a bit too much. When the police stopped Justin's car, he couldn't walk a straight line or balance on 1 foot. He nearly missed his face altogether when asked to touch his nose while his eyes were closed. What part of the brain has been impaired?	28
5790923222	corpus callosum	Gwen's brain has a congenital anomaly (a difference in brain anatomy that she was born with) - it lacks the main connection between the right and left hemispheres. What was Gwen born without	29
5790923223	frontal lobe	Brett was a superior student and had a full scholarship, but following a head injury he can no longer plan, organize or follow through with tasks necessary for school. Where was his injury?	30
5790923224	hippocampus	Paul suffered a case of encephalitis (a brain infection) while in college. He received good medical attention but still the infection damaged certain parts of his brain. He has been unable to store new long-term memories since his illness. What part of the brain did the encephalitis damage?	31
5790923225	hypothalamus	Jan suffered a concussion in an auto accident. Since that day she has noticed a dramatic decrease in her sexual libido, a lack of appetite, and an absence of thirst. What part of her brain might have been affected by the accident?	32
5790923226	limbic system	- includes amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus - emotional control center of the brain - if damaged - sense of smell impairments, uncontrolled emotions	33
5790923227	occipital lobe	Astronaut Buzz Aldrin reported seeing bright flashes of light during his mission. Scientists concluded that high energy cosmic waves must have stimulated his primary visual cortex. Where is this located?	34
5790923228	parietal lobe	- above temporal lobe, behind frontal lobe - receives and processes sensory information ( pain, touch, pressure), spatial attention - if damaged - difficulty reading, recognizing people; objects; or pain, lack of coordination	35
5790923229	pons	All his life Ron had been a good sleeper. He often napped in the library and, yes, even in class. Playing football this fall however he received a exceptionally hard blow to the back of his head and neck. Now he suffers insomnia regularly - even sleeping pills don't seem to work. What part of the brain related to sleep may have been damaged?	36
5790923230	Homeostasis	Body's self-regulating systemS to create / maintain balance - i.e. axon firing, sympathetic/parasympathetic	37
5790923232	dendrites	a branched fiber that extends outward from the main cell body and carries information into the neuron	38
5790923233	cell body	contains nucleus, connected to dendrites and axon	39
5790923235	axon	extended fiber that conducts information from the cell body to the terminal buttons; travels in the form of an electric charge (action potential)	40
5790923236	neural impulse	electrical signal traveling along an axon	41
5790923237	nodes of ranvier	allows an action potential to propagate quickly down an axon, small gaps form on axons between myelin sheath	42
5790923238	myelin sheath	insulating covering that surrounds an axon with multiple spiral layer of myelin	43
5790923239	axon terminals	bulb like structures at the end of an axon, which contains neurotransmitters that carry the neuron's message into the synapse (j)	44
5790923240	synapse	gap that serves as a communications link between neurons	45
5790923241	all or none principle	neuron either fires completely or doesn't fire at all	46
5790923242	EEG	- electroencephalogram - detects brain waives - generalize brain function - widely used in sleep and dreaming research	47
5790923243	CAT	- computerized axial tomography - 3D picture - X-Ray - look for tumor - would not get any information about how active parts of the brain are	48
5790923244	MRI	- magnetic resonance imaging - similar to CAT scan - more detailed picture - uses magnetic field to measure the density and location of brain material - gives information about the structure of the brain	49
5790923245	PET	- position emission tomography - see what areas of the brain are most active during certain task - how much of a certain chemical parts of the brain are using	50
5790923246	Functional MRI	- combines MRI and PET scan - shows details of brain structure with information about book flow in brain	51
5790923247	Central NS	- central nervous system - brain and spinal cord	52
5790923248	Peripheral NS	You're taking a short cut thru a back yard to get to your car and encounter 2 unrestrained pit bulls that catch sight of you & begin pursuit. You run faster than you have ever run before, & dive into your car just in the nick of time. It takes 10 minutes for your pulse & breathing to slow down to normal. What part of the nervous system calms down your body in this situation?	53
5790923249	efferent neurons	- motor - sends information to body parts for movement	54
5790923250	afferent neurons	- sensory - information to CNS from body parts	55
5790923251	agonist	blocks re-uptake, excites, mimics	56
5790923252	antagonist	prevents release, blocks, inhibits	57
5790923253	resting potential	neuron ready to fire	58
5790923254	excitatory neurotransmitter	neurotransmitters makes the receiving neuron MORE likely to generate an action potential	59
5790923255	inhibitory neurotransmitter	neurotransmitters makes the receiving neuron LESS likely to generate an action potential	60
5790923256	lesion	natural or man made destruction of brain tissue	61
5790923257	plasticity	the ability for a brain hemisphere to adapt and do functions the other side did	62
5790923258	glutamate	- excitatory neurotransmitter - memory	63
5790923259	endocrine system	system of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream ( controlled by hypothalamus)	64
8082055489	Cerebral Lateralization	It is difficult to swing your leg 1 direction & write in cursive at the same time/side due	65
8082420629	Low heritability	Students come from all over the world to attend UCLA. Would heritability of intelligence be?	66
8082434694	High heritability	Drew recently adopted 2 infants who are only a few month apart in age, but not biologically related. He raises them as if they are twins, treating them almost identically. Would intellectual differences be estimated as having low or high heritability?	67
8082439588	Reuptake	SSRIs are agonists because they block "this" process & leave more serotonin in the synapse	68
8082468279	Left hand	Marci is a split brain patient. When her eyes are closed and an object is placed in one of her hands, she cannot name the object. Which hand is the object in?	69
8082523681	Critical periods	Because Oxana was raised by dogs from age 3 to 6, she acts just like them. This occurred during her...	70
8082661767	Aphasia	What is the name of the condition that has impaired use of language due to damage of the cortex?	71
8108607031	Somatic Nervous System	Needing to walk across the room to pick up papers, this branch makes you get out of your desk & move.	72
8108638422	Autonomic Nervous System	This branch controls automatic / unconscious body functions - including both arousal and calming	73
8108662317	Evolutionary Perspective	Although it contains hindsight bias, it does look at selective breeding & historically universal mating preferences	74
8108680356	Dual processing	Brains ability to work simultaneously in the conscious & unconscious realm (i.e. fast thinking & slow thinking)	75
8108697817	Adoption studies	Research that shows the role of environment (i.e. attitude, values, manners, faith, etc...)	76
8108703386	Twin Studies	Research that shows the role of genetic predisposition (i.e. personality traits, agression, etc...)	77
8153576015	Interaction	Do I love a happy baby or is the baby happy because I love it?	78
8153582614	Curare	Ach antagonist to prevent squirrels from running away	79
8153599324	Internally-made....Ingested	Neurotransmitters are(blank) while Agonist/Antagonists are (blank)	80
8153605588	Hormones	The slower, chemical "siblings" to neurotransmitters that are released into the bloodstream	81
8153634867	Adrenaline	Hormonal equivalent to epinephrine	82
8153646077	Could say "comb"	In a split brain patient, if a comb is flashed in the right visual field and a saw is flashed in the left visual field then one could.....	83
8153663951	Cortical tissue	The more sensitive the area, the more (blank) it has in the somatosensory strip.	84

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AP Psych Quiz #7 Flashcards

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7489271898	acetylcholine	enables muscle action, learning, and memory; linked to Alzheimer's Disease	0
7489273123	agonists	drugs which mimic the activity of neurotransmitters	1
7489273124	amygdala	Part of the limbic system, responsible for the emotional reactions of fear and anger.	2
7489273125	antagonists	drugs that block the function of a neurotransmitter	3
7489273979	aphasia	difficulty in producing or comprehending language	4
7489273980	Broca's Area	speech production	5
7489274805	cerebellum	Balance and coordination; fine motor skills	6
7489274806	dopamine	influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion; pleasure/reward pathway; low levels linked to Parkinson's Disease; high levels linked to Schizophrenia	7
7489274807	endorphins	natural painkillers	8
7489275499	frontal lobe	controls language, personality, decision making, problem solving, and gross motor movement	9
7489275500	hippocampus	located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage	10
7489276238	hypothalamus	limbic system component that regulates hunger, body temperature and other functions	11
7489276239	medulla	the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing	12
7489276240	occipital lobe	visual processing	13
7489277364	parietal lobe	receives sensory input for touch and body position	14
7489277365	pituitary gland	regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands	15
7489277366	pons	involved in sleep and arousal	16
7489279041	reticular formation	arousal and alertness	17
7489279042	serotonin	neurotransmitter that affects hunger,sleep, arousal, and mood; linked to depression	18
7489283261	temporal lobe	auditory processing	19
7489287850	thalamus	relay station for sensory impulses	20
7489288573	Wernicke's Area	language comprehension	21

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AP TERM LIST #8 Flashcards

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7930227439	ludic	showing spontaneous and undirected playfulness	0
7930232605	edifying	providing moral or intellectual instruction	1
7930232606	nihilistic	rejecting all religious and moral principles in the belief that life is meaningless	2
7930255023	pragmatic	dealing with things sensibly and realistically in a way that is based on practical rather than theoretical considerations.	3
7930270017	Monosyllabic	One syllable (monotoned)	4
7930276863	Vulgar	Obscene / offensive (indecent or lewd language	5
7930286459	Sensuous	Of, relating to, or derived from the senses; Appealing to or gratifying the senses	6
7934061989	Esoteric	understood by or meant for only the select few who have special knowledge or interest; private; secret; confidential; belonging to a select few	7
7934065438	Bombastic	high sounding but with little meaning; inflated	8
7934068583	Abstruse	hard to understand; recondite; esoteric; secret, hidden	9
7934070827	Grotesque	odd or unnatural in shape, appearance, or character; fantastically ugly or absurd; bizarre, distorted, deformed, weird	10
7934073928	Picturesque	strikingly graphic or vivid; creating detailed mental images: a picturesque description of the Brazilian jungle; having pleasing or interesting qualities; strikingly effective in appearance	11
7934075409	Trite	lacking in originality	12
7934080581	Curt	rudely brief in speech or abrupt in manner; short, brief, concise	13