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Final AP English Literature Terms Flashcards

sources of definitions are The Princeton Review (TPR) and Barron's AP study guides. and class notes that Mr. Enns distributed :)

Terms : Hide Images
6529725366tragedya form of literature in which the hero is destroyed by some character flaw and a set of forces that cause the hero considerable anguish, or even death0
6529725367adagea saying/proverb containing a truth based on experience and often couched in metaphorical language1
6529725368allegorya story in which the narrative/characters carry an underlying symbolic, metaphorical or possibly an ethical meaning2
6529725369anachronisma person, scene, event, or other element in literature that fails to correspond with the time/era in which the work is set3
6529725370analogya comparison that points out similarities between two dissimilar things4
6529725371antithesisa rhetorical opposition or contrast of ideas by means of a grammatical arrangement of words, clauses, or sentences5
6529725372aphorisma short, pithy statement of a generally accepted truth or sentiment6
6529725373apostrophea speech that addresses a person/personified thing not present7
6529725374archetypean abstract or ideal conception of a type; a perfectly typical example; an original model/form8
6529725375assonancethe repetition of two or more vowel sounds in a group of words or lines in poetry and prose9
6529725376ballada simple narrative verse that tells a story that is sung or recited; a long narrative poem, usually in very regular meter and rhyme, typically has a naive, folksy quality10
6529725377Bildungsromana German word referring to a novel structured as a series of events that take place as the hero travels in quest of a goal11
6529725378blank versepoetry written in iambic pentameter, the primary meter used in English poetry and the works of Shakespeare and Milton. its lines generally do not rhyme12
6529725379cacophonygrating, inharmonious sounds13
6529725380caesuraa pause somewhere in the middle of a verse, often (but not always marked by punctuation)14
6529725381catharsisa cleansing of the spirit brought about by the pity and terror of a dramatic tragedy15
6529725382antiheroa protagonist who is markedly unheroic: morally weak, cowardly, dishonest, or any number of other unsavory qualities16
6529725383colloquialismthis is a word or phrase used in everyday conversational English that isn't a part of accepted "schoolbook" English17
6529725384connotationthe suggest or implied meaning of a word/phrase18
6529725385consonancethe repetition of two or more consonant sounds within a group of words or a line of poetry19
6529725386coupleta pair of lines that end in rhyme20
6529725387heroic couplettwo rhyming lines in iambic pentameter are called this21
6529725388denotationthe literal, dictionary definition of a word22
6529725389denouementthe resolution that occurs at the end of a play or work or fiction23
6529725390deus ex machinain literature, the use of an artificial device or gimmick to solve a problem24
6529725391syntaxthe ordering and structuring of the words in a sentence25
6529725392dramatic ironywhen the audience knows something that the characters in the drama do not26
6529725393elegya poem or prose selection that laments or meditates on the passing/death of something/someone of value27
6529725394end stoppeda term that describes a line of poetry that ends with a natural pause often indicated by a mark of punctuation28
6529725395enjambmentthe continuation of a syntactic unit from one line or couplet of a poem to the next with no pause29
6529725396epican extended narrative poem that tells of the adventures and exploits of a hero that is generally larger than life and is often considered a legendary figure30
6529725397epitaphlines that commemorate the dead at their burial place. usually a line or handful of lines, often serious or religious, but sometimes witty and even irreverent31
6529725398epigrama concise but ingenious, witty and thoughtful statement32
6529725399euphonywhen sounds blend harmoniously; pleasing, harmonious sounds33
6529725400epithetan adjective or phrase that expresses a striking quality of a person or thing34
6529725401euphemisma mild or less negative usage for a harsh or blunt term35
6529725402extended metaphora series of comparisons between two unlike objects that occur over a number of lines36
6529725403fablea short tale often featuring nonhuman character that act as people whose actions enable the author to make observations or draw useful lessons about human behavior. i.e Orwell's "Animal Farm"37
6529725404farcea comedy that contains an extravagant and nonsensical disregard of seriousness, although it may have a serious, scornful purpose38
6529725405foila secondary character whose purpose is to highlight the characteristics of a main character, usually by contrast39
6529725406footthe basic rhythmic unit of a line in poetry. it is formed by a combination of two or three syllables, either stressed or unstressed40
6529725407free versea kind of poetry without rhymed lines, rhythm or fixed metrical feet41
6529725408hubristhe excessive pride/ambition that leads to the main character's downfall42
6529725409hyperboleexaggeration/deliberate overstatement43
6529725410implicitto say or write something that suggests and implies but never says it directly or clearly44
6529725411in medias resLatin for "in the midst of things"; a narrative that starts not at the beginning of events but at some other critical point45
6529725412inversionswitching customary order of elements in a sentence or phrase. when done badly it can give a stilted, artificial look-at-me-I'm-poetry feel to the verse. type of syntax46
6529725413ironya mode of expression in which the intended meaning is the opposite of what is stated, often implying ridicule or light sarcasm47
6529725414periodic sentencea sentence not grammatically complete until it has reached its final phrase; sentence that departs from the usual word order of English sentences by expressing its main thought only at the end48
6529725415lyricpersonal, reflective poetry that reveals the speaker's thoughts and feelings about the subject; the word is used to describe tone, it refers to a sweet, emotional melodiousness49
6529725416litotesa form of understatement in which the negative of the contrary is used to achieve emphasis or intensity50
6529725417meterthe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables found in poetry51
6529725418metonymya figure of speech that uses the name of one thing to represent something else with which it is associated. e.g. "The White House says..."52
6529725419objectivitythis treatment of a subject matter is an impersonal/outside view of events53
6529725420subjectivitythis treatment of a subject matter uses the interior/personal view of a single observer and is typically colored with that observer's emotional responses54
6529725421motifa phrase, idea, event that through repetition serves to unify or convey a theme in a work of literature.55
6529725422mythan imaginary story that has become accepted part of the cultural or religious tradition of a group/society. often used to explain natural phenomena.56
6529725423odea lyric poem usually marked by serious, respectful and exalted feelings toward the subject.57
6529725424omniscient narratora narrator with unlimited awareness, understanding, and insight of characters, setting, background, and all other elements of the story58
6529725425oxymorona phrase composed of opposites; a contradiction. juxtaposition of contradictory element to create a paradoxical effect59
6529725426parablelike a fable or an allegory, it's a story that instructs; a story consisting of events from which a moral or spiritual truth may be derived60
6529725427paradoxa statement that seems self-contradictory yet true61
6529725428parallelismrepeated syntactical similarities used for effect62
6529725429parodyan imitation of a work meant to ridicule its style and subject63
6529725430pastorala work of literature dealing with rural life64
6529725431pentametera verse with five poetic feet per line65
6529725432picaresque novelan episodic novel about a roguelike wanderer who lives off his wits. e.g. "Don Quixote", "Moll Flanders"66
6529725433limited narrator3rd person narrator who generally reports only what one character (usually the main) sees, and who only reports the thoughts of that one privileged character.67
6529725434objective narrator3rd person narr. who only reports on what would be visible to a camera, doesn't know what the character is thinking unless the character speaks of it.68
6529725435first person narratorthis is a narrator who is a character in the story and tells the tale from his/her POV. when the narrator is crazy, a liar, very young, or for some reason not entirely credible, the narrator is "unreliable"69
6529725436preludean introductory poem to a longer work of verse70
6529725437punthe usually humorous use of a word in such a way to suggest two or more meanings71
6529725438quatraina four-line poem or a four-line unit of a longer poem72
6529725439refraina line or set of lines repeated several times over the course of a poem73
6529725440realismthe depiction of people, things, and events as they really are without idealization or exaggeration for effect74
6529725441rhyme schemethe patterns of rhymes within a given poem i.e. abba75
6529725442rhythmthe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables that make up a line of poetry. similar to meter76
6529725443satirea literary style used to poke fun at, attack or ridicule an idea, vice, or foible, often for the purpose of inducing change. great subjects for this include hypocrisy, vanity and greed, especially if those characteristics have become institutionalized in society77
6529725444sentimentala term that describes characters' excessive emotional response to experience; also nauseatingly nostalgic78
6529725445scansionthe act of determining the meter of a poetic line.79
6529725446sonneta popular form of verse consisting of fourteen lines and a prescribed rhyme scheme. two types: Shakespearean and Petrarchan80
6529725447soliloquya speech spoken by a character alone on stage. meant to convey the impression that the audience is listening to the character's THOUGHTS. unlike an aside, it is not meant to imply that the actor acknowledges the audience's presence81
6529725448stream of consciousnessa style of writing in which the author tries to reproduce the random flow of thoughts in the human mind, e.g. Ernest Hemingway82
6529725449stock charactersstandard or cliched character types: the drunk, the miser, the foolish girl, etc.83
6529725450stylethe manner in which an author uses and arranges words, shapes ideas, forms sentences and creates a structure to convey ideas84
6529725451synecdochea figure of speech in which a part signifies the whole or the whole signifies the part85
6529725452themethe main idea or meaning, often an abstract idea upon which a work of literature is built86
6529725453tonethe author's attitude toward the subject being written about. it's the characteristic emotion that pervades a work or part of a work87
6529725454tragic flawin a tragedy, this is the weakness of a character in an otherwise good individual that ultimately leads to his demise88
6529725455travestya grotesque parody89
6529725456truisma way-too-obvious truth90
6529725457utopiaan idealized place. imaginary communities in which people are able to live in happiness, prosperity and peace. Sir Thomas More came up with this idea.91
6529725458verbal ironya discrepancy between the true meaning of a situation and the literal meaning of the written or spoken words92
6529725459versea synonym for poetry. also a group of lines in a song or poem; also a single line of poetry93
6529725460verisimilitudesimilar to the truth; the quality of realism in a work that persuades readers that they are getting a vision of life as it is94
6529725461voicethe real or assumed personality used by a writer or speaker. a verb is in the active voice when it expresses an action performed by its subject. a verb is in the passive voice when it expresses an action performed upon its subject or when the subject is the result of the action. Active: The crew raked the leaves. Passive: The leaves were raked by the crew.95
6529725462anastropheinversion of the natural or usual word order96
6529725463asyndetondeliberate omission of conjunctions between a series of related clauses. used to produce a hurried rhythm in the sentence.97
6529725464polysyndetonthe deliberate use of many conjunctions. its effect is to slow down the rhythm of the sentence98
6529725465anaphorarepetition of the same words or group of words at the beginning of successive clauses. e.g. "I have a dream..."99
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AP Literature - Drama Terms Flashcards

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5780990541AsideWords spoken by an actor directly to the audience that are not "heard" by the other characters on stage during a play. In Shakespeare's Othello, lago voices his inner thoughts a number of times as "asides" for the play's audience0
5780990542CatastropheThe action at the end of a tragedy that initiates the denouement of a play. One example is the dueling scene in Act V of Hamlet.1
5780990543CatharsisThe purging of the feelings of pit and fear that, according to Aristotle, occur in the audience of tragic drama. The audience experiences catharsis the end of the play following the catastrophe.2
5780990544Comic ReliefThe use of a comic scene to interrupt a succession of intensely tragic dramatic moments. The comedy of scenes offering comic relief typically parallels the tragic action that the scenes interrupt. Comic relief is lacking in Greek tragedy, but it occurs regularly in Shakespeare's tragedies. One example is the opening scene of Act V of Hamlet in which a gravedigger banters with Hamlet.3
5780990545Deus ex MachinaA god who resolves the entanglements of a play by supernatural intervention. The Latin phrase roughly translates "a god from the machine" or "a god in the machine." The phrase refers to the use of artificial means to resolve the plot of play.4
5780990546Fourth WallA term to describe the invisible wall between the audience and the actors on-stage. This is because in promscenium theaters, the set was unusually three walls wall of a room. The audience was therefore "The Fourth Wall" and ignored by the actors. When an actor addresses the audience directly, it is called "Breaking the Fourth Wall."5
5780990547GestureThe physical movement of a character during a play. Gesture is used to reveal character and may include facial expressions as well as movements of other parts of an actor's body. Sometimes a playwright will be very explicit about both bodily and fail gestures, providing detailed instructions in the play's stage directions.6
5780990548Hamartia ("tragic error")A fatal error or simple mistake on the part of the protagonist that eventually leads to the final catastrophe. A metaphor from archery, hamartia literally refers to a shot that misses the bull's-eye. Hence it need not be an egregious "fatal flaw" (as the term hamartia has traditionally been glossed). Instead, it can be something as basic and inescapable as a simple miscalculation or slip up.7
5780990549Hubris ("violent transgression")The sin par excellence of the tragic or over-aspiring hero. Though it is usually translated as pride, hubris is probably better understood as a sort of insolent daring, a naughty overstepping of cultural codes or ethical boundaries.8
5780990550Implied Stage Action/DirectionActions in a play suggested within the dialogue itself.9
5780990551MonologueA speech by a single chapter without another's response.10
5780990552Nemesis ("retribution")The inevitable punishment or cosmic payback for acts of hubris.11
5780990553PsychomachiaA Latin phrase that means spirit war. It is the conflict in every human heart between good and evil; the conflict of the soul.12
5780990554Recognition (Anagnorisis)The point at which a chapter understands his or her situation as it really is. Sophocie's Oedipus comes to this point near the end of Oedipus the King; Othello comes to a similar understanding of his situation in Act V of Othello.13
5780990555Reversal (Paripateia)Th point at which the action of the plot turns in an unexpected direction for the protagonist (a change in his or her situation from seemingly secure to vulnerable). Oedipus and Othello's recognitions are also reversals. They learn that that did not expect to learn.14
5780990556SoliloquyA speech in a play presents in performance, including the position of actors on stage. If there are no other chapters present, the soliloquy represents character thinking aloud. Hamlet's "To be or not to be" speech is an example15
5780990557Stage DirectionA playwright's descriptive or interpretive comments that provide readers (and actors) with information about the dialogue, setting, and action of a play. Modern playwrights, including Ibsen, Shaw, Miller, and Williams tend to include substantial stage directions, while earlier playwrights typically used them more sparely, implicitly, or not at all16
5780990558StagingThe spectacle a play presents in performance, including the position of actors on stage, the scenic background, the props and costumes, and the lighting and sound effects. Tennessee Williams describes these in his detailed stage directions for The Glass Menagerie and also in his production notes for the plays.17
5780990559Tragic HeroA privileged, exalted character of high repute, who, by virtue of a tragic flaw and fate, suffers a fall from glory into suffering. Aristotle devised the following principle in regards to tragic heroes.18
5780990560TragedyA type of drama in which the charter experience several of fortune, usually for the worse. In tragedy, catastrophe and suffering awaiting many of the charter, especially the hero. Example include Shakespeare's Othello and Hamlet; Sophocle's Antigone and Oedipus the King, and Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman.19
5780990561Tragic FlawA weakness or limitation of character, resulting in the fall of the tragic hero. Othello's jealousy and too trusting nature is one example; Hamlet's inability to take action is another20
5780990562SubplotA subsidiary or subordinate or parallel plot in a play that coexist with the main plot. The story of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern forms a subplot with the overall plot of Hamlet, as does the conflict with Fortinbras.21
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AP World History - Unit 6 (Key Terms) Flashcards

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4243369157May fourth movementA 1919 protest in China against the Treaty of Versailles and foreign influence.0
4243369158New DealU.S. President Roosevelt's program to relieve the economic problems of the Great Depression; it increased government involvement in the society of the United States.1
4243369159CartelsUnions of independent businesses in order to regulate production, prices, and the marketing of goods.2
4243369160Korean conflictWar between Communist North Korea, aided by China, and Capitalist South Korea, aided by the United States3
4243369161Cuban missile crisisWhen In 1962, the Soviets constructed nuclear missiles in Cuba which brought days of tense confrontation between Khrushchev and U.S. President Kennedy. Khrushchev ultimately backed down, and the missiles were removed.4
4243369162Tehran conferenceA 1943 meeting of leaders of the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union; it agreed on the opening of a second front in France.5
4243369163Spanish civil warA conflict from 1936 to 1939 that resulted in the installation of fascist dictator Francisco Franco as ruler of Spain; Franco's forces were backed by Germany and Italy, whereas the Soviet Union supported the opposing republican forces.6
4243369164Kabuki theaterA form of Japanese theater developed in the seventeenth century that features colorful scenery and costumes and an exaggerated style of acting.7
4243369165CoalitionA government based on temporary alli¬ances of several political parties.8
4243369166Yalta conferenceA meeting of the leaders of the Soviet Union, Great Britain, and the United States in 1945; the Soviet Union agreed to enter the war against Japan in exchange for influence in the Eastern European states. The Yalta Conference also made plans for the establishment of a new international organization.9
4243369167Iron curtainA metaphorical description of the divide between the Communist East and Democratic Western Europe10
4243369168Welfare stateA nation in which the government plays an active role in providing services such as social security to its citizens.11
4243369169British commonwealthA political community consisting of the United Kingdom, its dependen¬cies, and former colonies of Great Britain that are now sovereign nations; currently called the Commonwealth of Nations.12
4243369170FascismA political movement that is characterized by extreme nationalism, one-party rule, and the denial of individual rights.13
4243369171Alliance for progressA program of economic aid for Latin America in exchange for a pledge to establish democratic institutions; part of U.S. President Kennedy's international program.14
4243369172Treaty of VersaillesThe 1919 peace treaty between Germany and the Allied nations; it blamed the war on Germany and assessed heavy reparations and large territorial losses on the part of Germany.15
4243369173GlasnostThe 1985 policy of Mikhail Gorbachev that allowed openness of expression of ideas in the Soviet Union.16
4243369174Persian gulf warThe 1991 war between Iraq and a U.S.-led coalition to liberate Kuwait from an Iraqi invasion.17
4243369175Deoxyribonucleic acidThe blueprint of heredity.18
4243369176No(h) theaterThe classical Japanese drama with music and dances performed on a simple stage by elaborately dressed actors.19
4243369177BrinkmanshipThe Cold War policy of the Soviet Union and the United States of threatening to go to war at a sign of aggression on the part of either power.20
4243369178Pan Slavic MovementA Russian attempt to unite all Slavic nations into a commonwealth relation¬ship under the influence of Russia.21
4243369179CubismA school of art in which persons and objects are represented by geometric forms.22
4243369180Al-QaedaA terrorist group based in Afghanistan in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries.23
4243369181AyatollahA traditional Muslim religious ruler.24
4243369182RussificationA tsarist program that required non-Russians to speak only Russian and provided education only for those groups loyal to Russia.25
4243369183Import substitution IndustrializationAn economic system that attempts to strengthen a country's industrial power by restricting foreign imports.26
4243369184World Trade OrganizationAn international organization begun in 1995 to promote and organize world trade.27
4243369185International Monetary fundAn international organization founded in 1944 to promote market economies and free trade.28
4243369186European UnionAn organization designed to reduce trade barriers and promote economic unity in Europe; it was formed in 1993 to replace the European Community.29
4243369187MandateA type of colony in which the government is overseen by another nation, as in the Middle Eastern mandates placed under European control after World War I.30
4243369188Marshall planA U.S. plan to support the recov¬ery and reconstruction of Western Europe after World War II.31
4243369189International space stationA vehicle sponsored by sixteen nations that circles the earth while car¬rying out experiments.32
4243369190Berlin wallA wall, built by the East German Communist government, to separate the Democratic Western Berlin33
4243369191World bankAn agency of the United Nations that offers loans to countries to promote trade and economic development.34
4243369192North American Free Trade OrganizationAn organization that prohibits tariffs and other trade barriers between Mexico, the United States, and Canada. (NAFTA)35
4243369193GuomindangChina's Nationalist political party founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1912 and based on democratic principles; in 1925, the party was taken over by Jiang Jieshi, who made it into a more authoritarian party.36
4243369194ContainmentCold War policy of the United States whose purpose was to prevent the spread of communism.37
4243369195Government of India ActIn 1935, The British law passed in 1935 which increased suffrage and turned provincial governments over to Indian leaders38
4243369196Central powersIn World War I, Germany, Aus¬tria-Hungary, Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire, and other nations who fought with them against the Allies.39
4243369197Allied powersIn World War I, the nations of Great Britain, France, Russia, the United States, and others that fought against the Central Powers; in World War II, the group of nations includ¬ing Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States, that fought against the Axis Powers.40
4243369198League of nationsInternational organization founded after World "War I to promote peace and cooperation among nations.41
4243369199Service industriesOccupations that provided a service rather than a manufactured or agricultural product.42
4243369200Organization Of Petroleum Exporting CountriesOrganization formed in I960 by oil-producing countries to regulate oil supplies and prices. (OPEC)43
4243369201EvangelicalPertaining to preaching the Gospel (the good news) or pertaining to theologically conservative Christians.44
4243369202Five year plansPlans for industrial production first introduced to the Soviet Union in 1928 by Stalin; they succeeded in making the Soviet Union a major industrial power by the end of the 1930s.45
4243369203AppeasementPolicy of Great Britain and France of making concessions to Hitler in the 1930s.46
4243369204KulaksRussian peasants who became wealthy under Lenin's New Economic Policy.47
4243369205AfrikanersSouth Africans who were descended from the Dutch who settled in South Africa in the seventeenth century.48
4243369206Hubble space telescopeTelescope able to peer deep into space49
4243369207Treaty of Brest-LitovskThe 1918 treaty ending World War I between Germany and the Soviet Union.50
4243369208CollectivizationThe combination of several small farms into a large government-controlled farm.51
4243369209Great leap forwardThe disastrous economic policy introduced by Mao Zedong that proposed the implementation of small-scale industrial projects on individual peasant communes.52
4243369210SputnikThe first man-made satellite, launched by the Soviet Union53
4243369211AnschlussThe German annexation of Austria prior to World War II.54
4243369212United NationsThe international organization founded in 1945 to establish peace and cooperation among nations.55
4243369213HolocaustThe Nazi program during World War II that killed 6 million Jews and other groups considered undesirable.56
4243369214ReparationsThe payment of war debts by the losing side.57
4243369215Great depressionThe severe worldwide economic downturn that began in the late 1920s and con¬tinued into the 1930s throughout many regions of the world.58
4243369216ApartheidThe South African policy of separation of the races.59
4243369217McDonaldizationThe spread of American culture and values around the world60
4243369218EuroThe standard currency introduced and adopted by the majority of members of the European Union in January 2002.61
4243369219GenocideThe systematic killing of an entire ethnic group.62
4243369220Cold warThe tense diplomatic relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II.63
4243369221Mass consumerismTrade in products designed to appeal to a global market.64
4243369222National Organization For WomenU.S. organization founded in 1969 to campaign for women's rights.65
4243369223Potsdam conferenceA 1945 meeting of the leaders of Great Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union in which it was agreed that the Soviet Union would be given control of eastern Europe and that Germany would be divided into zones of occupation.66
4243369224Geneva ConferenceA 1954 conference that divided Vietnam at the seventeenth parallel.67
4243369225Helsinki accordsA 1975 political and human rights agreement signed in Helsinki, Finland, by Western European countries and the Soviet Union.68
4243369226Cultural revolutionA Chinese movement from 1966 to 1976 intended to establish an egalitarian society of peasants and workers.69
4243369227European Economic CommunityA Common Market organized in 1958 whichreduced tariffs among member nations and created a common tariff policy for other world nations.70
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AP World History: Ch. 22 The Muslim Empires, Pt. 2 Flashcards

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5781338767Sail al-DinEponymous founder of the Safavids, Sufi mystic; leader of the Red Heads.0
5781340326Red HeadsName given to Safavid followers because of their distinctive red headgear.1
5781341227Ismâ'ilSafavid leader; conquered the city of Tabriz in 1501 and was proclaimed shah.2
5781342481ChaldiranAn important battle between the Safavids and Ottomans in 1514; Ottoman victory demonstrated the importance of firearms and checked the western advance of the Safavid Shi'a state.3
5781343533Abbas I, "The Great"Safavid shah (1587-1629); extended the empire to its greatest extent; used Western military technology.4
5781344355ImamsShi'a religious leaders who traced their descent to Ali's successors.5
5781345441MullahsReligious leaders under the Safavids; worked to convert all subjects to Shi'ism.6
5781345908IsfahanSafavid capital under Abbas the Great; planned city exemplifying Safavid architecture.7
5781346273Nadir Khan AfsharEmerged following fall of Safavids; proclaims himself shah, 1736.8
5781348493BaburTurkic leader who founded the Mughal dynasty; died in 1530.9
5781349456HumaynSon and successor of Babur; expelled from India in 1540 but returned to restore the dynasty in 1556.10
5781349734AkbarSon and successor of Humayn; built up the military and administrative structure of the dynasty; followed policies of cooperation and toleration with the Hindu majority.11
5781351302Din-i-IlahiReligion initiated by Akbar that blended elements of Islam and Hinduism; did not survive his death.12
5781351838AurangzebSon and successor of Shah Jahan; pushed extent of Mughal control in India; reversed previous policies to purify Islam of Hindu influences; incessant warfare depleted the empire's resources; died in 1707.13
5781353785Taj MahalMausoleum for Mumtaz Mahal, built by her husband Shah Jahan; most famous architectural achievement of Mughal India.14
5781356518Nur JahanWife of ruler Jahangir who amassed power at the Mughal court and created a faction ruling the empire during the later years of his reign.15
5781356812Mumtaz MahalWife of Shah Jahan; took an active political role in Mughal court; entombed in Taj Mahal.16
5781357783MarattasPeople of western India; challenged Mughal rule under Aurangzeb.17
5781358566SikhsIndian sect, beginning as a synthesis of Hindu and Muslim faiths; pushed to opposition to Muslim and Mughul rule.18
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The Post Classical Era - AP World History Flashcards

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5284758287600CE-1450CEthe timeframe for the post-classical period0
5284807332Japanese Feudalism1
5284807333European Feudalism2
5284809896FeudalismBasic concept refers to the political and social order of medieval Europe; based on a hierarchy of lords and vassals who controlled political and military affairs3
5285071496Neo-ConfucianismA philosophy that emerged in Song-dynasty China; it revived Confucian thinking while adding in Buddhist and Daoist elements.4
5285076724Tang DynastyThis dynasty made good use of the Han's development of bureaucracy by recruiting government officials who were well educated, loyal, and efficient. Although powerful families used their resources to place relatives in government positions, most bureaucrats won their posts because of intellectual ability.5
5285078441bureaucracysystem of managing government through departments run by appointed officials (not elected)6
5285119874CaliphateOffice established in succession to the Prophet Muhammad, to rule the Islamic empire; also the name of that empire.7
5285127291CrusadesA series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.8
5285133379Islamthis religion was a unifying force in culture aspects of Eurasia and Africa - similar religion (Islam), similar language (Arabic), similar art (forbids art of humans.9
5285176143Arabesque designgeometric designs; no human figures in art10
5285181729Trans-Sahara trade11
5285181730Indian Ocean trade12
5285186234Silk routes13
5285191267Mongol EmpireAn empire founded in the 12th century by Genghis Khan, which reached its greatest territorial extent in the 13th century, encompassing the larger part of Asia and extending westward to the Dnieper River in eastern Europe.14
5285213241Mayan EmpireThe major civilization in Southern Mexico and the Yucatan Peninsula from 150 B.C.E. to 900 C. E.; kings were not divine, created calendars, used terraced farming, human sacrifices, and was the only Mesoamerican civilization to have a written language15
5285222617Muhammadconsidered by Muslims to be the last messenger and prophet sent by God to guide humanity to the right way16
5285222618JustinianEastern Roman emperor between 527 and 565 CE; tried to restore unity of old Roman Empire; issued most famous compilation of Roman Law; extended later Roman architecture17
5285222619Genghis Khan(1167?-1227) One of the Mongol's greatest leaders and founder of the Mongol Empire.18
5285227802Kubilai Khangrandson of Genghis Khan. He conquered China, founding and becoming the first emperor of the country's Yuan Dynasty19
5285229862Marco Polo(1254-1324) Italian explorer and author. He made numerous trips to China and returned to Europe to write of his journeys. He is responsible for much of the knowledge exchanged between Europe and China during this time period.20
5285229863Ibn Battuta(1304-1369) Morrocan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. His writings gave a glimpse into the world of that time period.21
5285229864SaladinMuslim leader in the last decades of the 12th century; reconquered dost of the crusader outposts for Islam22
5285232048Mansa Musagreatest Mali king; brought Mali to its peak of power and wealth from 1312 the 1337; expanded borders, maintained peace and order, religious freedom and tolerance; hajj to Mecca; built Timbuktu23
5285232049Zheng Hea Chinese admiral that was sent on expeditions to form relationships between China and other countries (Ming Dynasty)24
5285237240Sui DynastyAs one of the ephemeral dynasties in Chinese history, this existed for only 38 years, was established by Yang Jian in 581. Built a strong central government with work done by peasants. Public works projects included palaces, granaries, and repair of defensive walls; Most elaborate project was the Grand Canal.25
5285237241Tang Dynasty(618-907 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was much like the Han, who used Confucianism. This dynasty had the equal-field system, a bureaucracy based on merit, and a Confucian education system.26
5285237242Song Dynasty(960 - 1279 CE); this dynasty was started by Tai Zu; by 1000, a million people were living there; started feet binding; had a magnetic compass; had a navy; traded with india and persia (brought pepper and cotton); first to have paper money, explosive gun powder; *landscape black and white paintings.27
5285238823Ming DynastySucceeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.28
5285238824Yuan Dynasty(1279-1368 CE) The dynasty with Mongol rule in China; centralized with bureaucracy but structure is different: Mongols on top->Persian bureaucrats->Chinese bureuacrats.29
5285243579Ghana Empire(800CE-1050CE) Complex societies based on trans-Saharan trade with salt and gold had existed in the region since ancient times located on Niger and Senegal River; "Land of Gold"30
5285243580Mali Empire(1235CE-1450CE) established by Sundial, their greatest emperor was Mansa Musa, expanded borders to Atlantic ocean and converted to Islam (located in northwestern Africa)31
5285245823Delhi SultanateCentralized Indian empire of varying extent, created by Muslim invaders. (1210 - 1256)32
5285245824Kievan RussiaA monarchy established in present day Russia in the 6th and 7th centuries. It was ruled through loosely organized alliances with regional aristocrats from. The Scandinavians coined the term "Russia". It was greatly influenced by Byzantine Empire. Conquered by the Mongols in the thirteenth century.33
5285248491Golden HordeOne of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russia during the 13th and 14th centuries34
5285330427Ottoman Empire- Western Turkey, 1299-1923 - Conquered Byzantine Empire - Capital: Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) - Covered most of old Roman and Byzantine territories - Became very wealthy because ease of trade35
5285332752Mughal Empire- Ruled over India, 1526-1857 - Islam was the official religion - Known for building Taj Mahal36
5285337856Safavid Empire- Ruled over Iran, 501-1736 - Trade/Commerce experienced success through European participation in Iranian territories - Used missionaries to spread Shia Islam37
5285408976Qu'ranRevelations believed to be sacred words of Allah38
5285424002Umayyad Dynastyruled the dar al-islam as conquerors and their policies reflected the interests of the Arab military aristocracy. short dynasty39
5285430449Abbasid EmpireEmpire that: - Claimed descent from Muhammad's uncle; more acceptable to Shi'ites - Changed policies opening religion to all on equal basis - Helped est. Islam as a universalizing religion - Cosmopolitan mix of cultures emerged Golden Age of Islam Problems with governing vast area40
5285508029Bantu Migrationgroup of 300 common but distinct languages called Bantu ("people") 500 BCE to 1000 CE - massive transfer of Bantu languages and lifestyles southward from their home in modern Nigeria, creating Pan-African traditions and practices41
5285529052dhowsships used in the indian ocean trade routes42
5285538205Mit'aAndean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations.43
5285546528TerracingA soil conservation technique that prevents erosion on STEEP hills by heavy rains.44
5285551393ChinampasRaised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields.45
5285567078ConstantinopleA large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul.46
5285569926Chinese JunkA very large flat-bottom sailing ship produced in the Tang and Song Empires, specially designed for long-distance commercial travel.47
5285572075BantuA major African language family. Collective name of a large group of sub-Saharan African languages and of the peoples speaking these languages. Famous for migrations throughout central and southern Africa.48
5285576255DhowArab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design.49
5285593748Sui Dynasty(589-618 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was like the Qin Dynasty in imposing tight political discipline; this dynasty built the Grand Canal which helped transport the rice in the south to the north.50
5285606897VikingsDanes, Norse, ruled by kings and nobles, fairly democratic, hunters, gatherers, fishers, esp. farmers, raided Europe and the British Isles as the weather permitted, used slaves, assemblies of landowners made the laws, during the 800s famine, dominated the North Atlantic through the thirteenth century.51
5285611188TimbuktuMali trading city that became a center of wealth and learning52
5285615014Incan EmpireA Mesoamerican civilization in the Andes Mountains in South America that by the end of the 1400s was the largest empire in the Americas including much of what is now Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Chile; conquered by Pizarro.53
5285616767Aztec EmpireCentral American empire constructed by the Mexica and expanded greatly during the fifteenth century during the reigns of Itzcoatl and Motecuzoma I. Conquered by Cortes.54
5285625046SwahiliBantu language with Arabic loanwords spoken in coastal regions of East Africa.55
5285629466Byzantine Empire(330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine.56
5285635839AristocracyHighest class in certain societies or a form of government in which power is held by the nobility57
5285638385Angkor WatLargest religious monument in the world. It was originally a Hindu temple for god and then it became a Buddhist temple58
5285650285Great Zimbabwelocated in the modern African country of Zimbabwe, whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state.59
5285653991Hundred Years War (1337-1453)series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 by the rulers of the Kingdom of England, against the rulers of the Kingdom of France, for control of the Kingdom of France60
5291684462Decline of Abbasid Caliphate- Hostility increased b/t Sunni/Shi'ites - Difficult to hold diverse empire together from one central location - Slave revolts and peasant uprisings Incompetent caliphs --- Abbasids hired Seljuk Turks as soldiers; gained power - Seljuk leader Tughril took over Baghdad; caliph is figurehead - Mongols seized throne in 125861
5291699704Early Middle Ages- Collapse of political, social, and military order left Europe in chaos - Continuing invasions and conflicts - The Church provided cultural unity and enabled the area to regain some control62
5291704268tribal chieftainsIn the Early Middle Ages, Roman governors were replaced with __________ __________.63
5291712267manorialismPolitical, economic, and social system by which the peasants of medieval Europe were tied to their land and their lord through serfdom; defined both economic and political obligations between lords and peasant laborers64
5291717352DividedAfter Charlemagne's death, the empire was ___________65
5291729824Monasteriesthe primary centers of learning and literacy in medieval Europe; played important role in providing stability during Dark Ages66
5291736659ConstantineWho moved the capital to Constantinople which made a split in political authority which further led to a split in religious authority?67
5291751622Benedictine RuleChurch supported monasteries in rural areas68
5291766636FeudalismWhat discouraged the growth of strong central government and political power of the Church countered power of the kings?69
5291775612Magna CartaGreat Charter issued by King John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchical claims; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy.70
5291777702William of Normandy (the Conqueror)landed on the coast of England and defeated king Harold at the battle of hastings. took a census known as Domesday book, became king of England.71
5291784388GhettosEuropean Christians discriminated against Jews who lived in segregated communities, which are also know as:72
5291790671Carolingian Renaissancepertaining to the empire of Charlemagne • Revival of Book Making • Adoption of Roman Architectural Forms • Creation of Imperial Imagery73
5291792690scholasticismA method of doing theology and philosophy which aims at a better understanding of revealed truths; attempt to rationalize theology in order to support faith by reason74
52918017021453, IstanbulThe Byzantine Empire survived until ________; fell to Ottoman Turks and renamed __________.75
5291807602Hagia Sophiaone of the most important examples of Christian architecture in the world; a church built by Justinian with a magnificent domed structure that later became a mosque76
5291814595Corpus Juris CivilisThe Byzantines had the most important contribution codification of Roman Law; basis for civil law codes that developed throughout much of western Europe77
5291825579TheodoraEmpress _____________ had great influence over Justinian78
5291832868SuiWhich Dynasty established by northern Chinese noble family and reunited China?79
5291844798Grand Canalbuilt by Sui linked the Yellow and Yangzi as key component to the internal trade80
5291872764Eastern Orthodox Churchderived from the church of the Byzantine Empire81
5291874330Fiefsan estate of land, especially one held on condition of feudal service82
5291880332Civil Service Exams Systemtesting designed to select the most studious and learned candidates for appointment as bureaucrats in the Chinese government.83
5291894927Neo-ConfucianismAppeal of Buddhism and Emphasis on the importance of social life and rejection of withdrawal through meditation led to what?84
5291902199TrueDuring Tang and early Song women had more rights. True or False?85
5291910121CharlemagneKing of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Illiterate, though started an intellectual revival.86
5291913454Empress Wu Zhaoonly woman to rule in her own name in Chinese history (Song Dynasty)87
5291926499Fujiwara RuleJapanese aristocratic family in mid-9th century; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power.88
5291936990Fall of MongolsDistance between the capital and borders made it impossible to maintain unity for long (similar to large empires before)89
5291943817Indian Ocean tradeAfter the Mongol Empire broke up, trade along the Silk Road ended and many turned to _______________.90
5291972956Toltecs- first to unify central Mexico after the people of Teotihuacan - Centralized state based on military power - Were replaced by the Aztecs91
5292003253AppealingPax Mongolica and Dar al-Islam (House of Islam) made travel more _______________.92
5292036186Angkor WatLargest religious monument in the world. It was originally a Hindu temple for god and then it became a Buddhist temple93
5292049295Dar-al-Islamareas of which Islam spread to; lands under Islamic influences94
5292088936Sunnimajor sect of islam "the traditionalists"95
5292088937Shiaminor sect of islam separated from the Sunni due to the belief that ali should be the first caliph after muhammad96
5292142022Berke(1257-1266) A ruler of the Golden Horde; converted to Islam; his threat to Hulegu combined with the growing power of Mamluks in Egypt forestalled further Mongol conquests in the Middle East97
5292150821JurchensFounders of the Qin kingdom that succeeded the Liao in northern China; annexed most of the Yellow River basin and forced Song to flee to south98
5292244422Xuanzanga Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, traveller, and translator who described the interaction between China and India in the early Tang dynasty.99
5292273483Alhambrathe complete Arabic form of which was Qalat Al-Hamra, is a palace and fortress complex located in Granada, Andalusia, Spain.100
5292289361Pope Gregory VIIthe pope who fought to establish the supremacy of the pope over the Church and the supremacy of the Church over the state (1020-1085).101
5292349581Sufismystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, & simple life102
5292354657Hong WuHe established this Ming ("brilliant") dynasty, following the Yuang dynasty, in 1368; his immediate goal was to remove all signs of Mongol rule103
5292365271Holy Roman Empirea political entity in Europe that began with the papal coronation of Otto I as the first emperor in 962 and laster until 1806 when it was dissolved by Napoleon.104
5292662445Songhai(1450-1586CE) Leader (Sonni Ali) used powerful army to build largest state in West Africa; came after the fall of Mali105
5292674092Humanismfocus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles, in particular the study of ancient languages.106
5292675676Italyestablished wealthy merchant classes (Medici, wealthiest family), Florence, focused a lot on education107
5292682067Petrachfather of Humanism; founded library which gave access to books to everyone108
5292686056ErasmusNew Greek edition of New Testament, which led to more people having the capability to read the bible.109
5292693623Dante Alighieriwrote the poem called Divine Comedy (which had depictions of hell, purgatory, and envisions of heaven) : actions determined fate110
5292717243Niccolo MachiavelliFlorence diplomat (observed royalty in other countries), published The Prince 1513 (somewhat guide for leaders)111
5292727399Act of Supremacy(1534) Act that made King Henry VIII the supreme leader of the Church of England, so that he could divorce his wife.112
5292742217Elizabethian Settlementa set of compromises by Queen Elizabeth, who restored unity to England113
5292750849Martin Luther(1483-1546) German monk; initiated Protestant Reformation in 1517 by nailing 95 theses to door to Wittenberg church; emphasized primacy of faith over works stressed in Catholic church; accepted state control of church.114
5292805613WariAnother civilization near Tiwanaku that flourished about the same time as Tiwanaku. It is theorized that this civilization was originally dependent on Tiwanaku, or that it and Tiwanaku were two parts of the same empire.115
5292808813MocheThe prominent civiliation in modern-day Peru around 600 C.E., before the rise of the Incan Empire; did not have any political unification, and instead depended on trade and agriculture.116
5292814749TiwanakuThe prominent civilization in the Andes Mountains before the rise of the Incan Empire; like the Moche, depended on trade among different agricultural areas in the empire.117
5292832724Calvinismsought the participation of all believers in church administration which had political implications of encouraging the ideal of wider access to the government; strong in Switzerland, parts of Germany & France, the Netherlands, England, and Scotland.118
5292851917Great Schism(1054) Event that precipitated the final separation between the Eastern Christian churches (led by the patriarch of Constantinople, Michael Cerularius) and the Western Church (led by Pope Leo IX)119
5292868559Protestantgeneral wave of religious dissent against Catholic church; generally held to have begun with Martin Luther's attack on Catholic beliefs in 1517; included many varieties of religious belief.120
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Ap World History Vocabulary Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
7252162740Agricultural RevolutionThe introduction of agriculture, domestication of animals, and a more sedentary life during the Neolithic Age0
7252162741Artifactan object made by human hands1
7252163930ChariotA light vehicle pulled by one or more horses that became the ultimate military weapon in Eurasia from 1700 BCE-600 BCEA light vehicle pulled by one or more horses that became the ultimate military weapon in Eurasia from 1700 BCE-600 BCE2
7252170105ChiefdomAgricultural societies that ran under the authority of a chief. These societies had less complex political systems and social stratification than civilizations.3
7252170860CivilizationA cultural group with advanced cities, complex institutions, skilled workers, advanced technology, and a system of recordkeeping.4
7252170861CovenantAgreement; in the Judeo-Christian heritage, an agreement between God and humankind5
7252170862ClimateThe pattern of temperature and precipitation over a period of time6
7252171776Cultural DiffusionThe transmission of ideas and products from one culture to another7
7252171777CuneiformA system of writing originating in Mesopotamia in which a wedge-shaped stylus was used to press symbols into clay8
7252172435Diasporathe exile of an ethnic or racial group from their homeland9
7252176536EgalitarianRelating to equality within society10
7252181041ForagingA term for hunting and gathering11
7252181042Independent InventionThe idea that ancient civilizations were able to achieve characteristics of civilization without contact with others12
7252182046IrrigationThe supply of water to land or crops, typically through manmade channels13
7252182047MetallurgyThe science and technology of producing and forming metals14
7252182048Neolithic EraThe New Stone Age that was marked by the discovery and mastery of agriculture15
7252183784Neolithic RevolutionThe transition from foraging to the cultivation of food occurring about 8000 - 2000 BCE16
7252183785Paleolithic Era"Old Stone" Age that consisted of hunting and gathering societies17
7252184454PastoralismThe practice of herding animals18
7252184455PatriarchalPertaining to a social system in which the father is the head of the family19
7252185866PharaohAn Egyptian Monarch20
7252187323Plow-based AgricultureIntensive agriculture that utilized a farming implement pulled by animals to prepare soil for farming. Often connected to increased patriarchal societies.21
7252187324PolytheismThe belief in many gods.22
7252201764Slash-and-Burn CultivationAn agricultural method in which farmers clear fields by cutting and burning trees, then use the ashes as fertilizer.23
7252202678Specialization of LaborThe division of labor that aids the development of skills in a particular type of work24
7252202679Ten CommandmentsThe moral law of the Hebrews.25
7252205937TheocracyA government ruled by God or by church leaders26
7252187325TorahThe first five books of the Jewish scripture.27
7252188385Vedas"Wisdom," early collections of prayers and hymns that provide information about the Indo-European Aryans who migrated to India around 1500 B.C.E.28
7252188386YahwehGod of the monotheistic religion of Judaism that influcenced later religions of Christianity and Islam29
7252188387ZigguratMesopotamian Temples30
7252189155ZoroastrianismPersian religion based on the teaching of the 6th century BCE prophet Zarathustra; its emphasis on the duality of good and evil and on the role of individuals in determining their own fate would influence later religions31
7252189156AnimismThe belief that spirits inhabit the features of nature32
7252190272Divine RightThe "will of the gods", that granted a ruler the right to rule33
7252190273Indo-EuropeansA group of semi-nomadic people who, around 2000 B.C.E. began to migrate from central Asia to India, Europe, and the Middle East34
7252190274SteppeDry grassland.35
7252192241Out-of-Africa HypothesisThe dominant theory of archaeologists that modern humans first emerged in Eastern Africa and migrated throughout the globe from there.36
7252192242Aristocracya class of persons holding exceptional rank and privileges, especially the hereditary nobility37
7252192243ArtisanA craftsman38
7252193036HieroglyphicsA system of picture writing in Egypt39
7252193705MonotheismThe belief in one god.40
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