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AP World History Period 5 Part 3 Flashcards

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6725223827Declaration of the Rights of Man and the CitizenStatement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.0
6725096516"separate spheres"Nineteenth-century idea in Western societies that men and women, especially of the middle class, should have different roles in society: women as wives, mothers, and homemakers; men as breadwinners and participants in business and politics1
6725100377socialismA political ideology that originated in Europe in the 1830s. Socialists advocated government protection of workers form exploitation by property owners and government ownership of industries. This ideology led to the founding of socialist or labor parties throughout Europe in the second half of the nineteenth century.2
6725101972labor unionAn organization of workers in a particular industry or trade, created to defend the interests of members through strikes or negotiations with employers.3
6725107207Karl MarxGerman journalist and philosopher, founder of the Marxist branch of socialism. He is known for two books: Manifesto of the Communist Party (1848) and Das Kapital (Vols. I-III, 1867-1894).4
6725111544anarchistsRevolutionaries who wanted to abolish all private property and governments, usually by violence, and replace them with free associations of groups.5
6725114375nationalismA political ideology that stresses people's membership in a nation- a community defined by a common culture and history as well as by territory. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, nationalism was a force for unity in western Europe. In the late nineteenth century it hastened the disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires. In the twentieth century it provided the ideological foundation for scores of independent countries emerging from colonialism.6
6725116821liberalismA political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes of Europe and North America.7
6725120405Giuseppe Garibaldi- Italian nationalist and revolutionary who conquered Sicily and Naples and added them to a unified Italy in 1860.8
6725122500Otto von BismarckChancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire.9
6725126154Meiji RestorationThe political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism.10
6725127917Empress Dowager CixiEmpress of China and mother of Emperor Guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported anti-foreign movements like the so-called Boxers, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces.11
6725136820EnlightenmentA philosophical belief system in eighteenth-century Europe that claimed that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics.12
6725140478Estates GeneralFrance's traditional national assembly representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution.13
6725228446Declaration of the Rights of Man and the CitizenStatement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.14
6725234158JacobinsRadical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794.15
6725236713Maximilien RobespierreYoung provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution. His execution ended the Reign of Terror.16
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AP World History Period 1 Flashcards

From Hunting and Gathering to Civilizations, 2.5 million-1000 B.C.E.: Origins
Original from MrsBHatchTEACHER

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6770268415hunting and gatheringMeans of obtaining subsistence by humans before the mastery of sedentary agriculture; normally typical of tribal social organization0
6770268416civilizationSocieties with reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of nonfarming elites, along with merchant and manufacturing groups1
6770268417neolithicThe New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished2
6770268418nomadic societieslivestock hearding societies that do not have a permanent settlement. normally found on the fringes of civilized (urban) societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies3
6770268419cultureCombination of ideas, objects, and patterns of behavior that result from human social interaction4
6770268420agrarian revolutionOccurred between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; transition from hunting and gathering to sedentary agriculture5
6770268421pastoralismA nomadic agricultural lifestyle based on herding domesticated animals; tended to produce independent people capable of challenging sedentary agricultural societies6
6770268422Catal HuyukEarly urban culture/civiization based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; larger in population than Jericho, had greater degree of social stratification7
6770268423Bronze AgeFrom 4000 to 3000 B.C.E.; increased use of plow, metalworking; development of wheeled vehicles, writing8
6770268424MesopotamiaLiterally "between the rivers"; the civilization that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys9
6770268425potter's wheelA technological advance in pottery making; invented circa 6000 B.C.E.; encouraged faster and higher-quality ceramic pottery products10
6770268426SumeriansPeople who migrated into Mesopotamia circa 4000 B.C.E.; created the first civilization within the region; organized area into city-states11
6770268427cuneiformA form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets12
6770268428city-stateA form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilization; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king13
6770268429ziggurata massive tower building usually associated with Mesopotamian temple connections14
6770268430Babylonian EmpireUnified all of Mesopotamia circa 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion circa 1600 B.C.E.15
6770268431HammurabiThe most important Babylonian ruler; responsible for codification of the law16
6770268432PharaohThe term used to denote the kings of ancient Egypt; the term, "great house" refers to the palace of the pharaohs17
6770268433pyramidsMonumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs18
6770268434hieroglyphsForm of writing developed in ancient Egypt; more pictorial than Mesopotamian cuneiform19
6770268435KushAfrican state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile circa 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries20
6770268436monotheismThe exclusive worship of one god; introduced by Jews into Middle Eastern civilization21
6770268437PhoeniciansSeafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean22
6770268438Harappa and Mohenjo DaroMajor urban complexes of Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern23
6770268439AryansIndo-European nomadic, warlike, pastorialists who replaced Harappan civilization24
6770268440Huanghe (Yellow) River BasinSite of the development of sedentary agriculture in China25
6770268441Shang1st Chinese dynasty (after the legendary Xia)26
6770268442OraclesShamans or priests in Chinese society who foretold the future through interpreting animal bones cracked by heat; inscriptions on bones led to Chinese writing27
6770268443ideographic writingPictograph characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing28
6770268444Big GeographyA term that draws attention to the global nature of world history.29
6770268445PaleolithicThe period that ended about 3,000 years after the end of the last Ice Age, it lasted until about 10,000 years ago. (Old Stone Age) The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period.30
6770268446Human migration during Paleolithic eramovement of humans from Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas31
6770268447eglitarianequality among people (no social levels)32
6770268448toolsHumans developed a wider range of ____ specially adapted to different environments from tropics to tundra33
6770268449Neolithic Revolutionperiod of change from hunter-gatherer lifesyle to agricultural lifestyles associated with domestication, farming, and settlement34
6770268450patriarchyfather based/male dominated society35
6770268451climatic changePermanent agricultural villages emerged first in the lands of the eastern Mediterranean, possibly as a response to what?36
6770268452weaponsPastoralists were often the developers and disseminators of of ____ and forms of transportation that transformed warfare in agrarian civilizations37
6770268453horsesname one mode of new transportation by the pastoralists38
6770268454artElites, both political and religious, promoted ____.39
6770268455record-keeping systems___ arose independently in all early civilization sand subsequently were diffused40
6770268456Nile RiverThis river flooded regularly.41
6770268457Tigris RiverThis river's floods were unpredictable.42
6770268458MesopotamianUnpredictable weather patterns affected the development of the _____ civilization.43
6770268459Egyptian_______art demonstrated little change for nearly 1000 years.44
6770268460Nubia and KushKingdoms upriver from Egypt.45
6770268461Standard of Ur46
6770268462Harappan King or Priest Figure47
6770268463JerichoOne of the earliest cities: located in modern Israel.48
6770268464Catal-HyoukOne of the earliest cities: located in modern Turkey.49
677026846550
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AP World History Period 3 Flashcards

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8137419512Kingdom of GhanaWest African empire from 700s to 1076, grew wealthy and powerful by controlling gold-salt trade.0
8137419513Kingdom of Malia huge territorial empire that flourished in west Africa during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Its capital was Timbuktu, which became a center of Islamic learning (see Islam). The empire controlled trade routes that stretched from the edge of the Sahara in the north to forests in the south and that carried gold and other luxuries1
8137419514Kingdom of Songhailast and final great empire of West Africa. a very big trading city back then where many people would trade things like gold for salt2
8137419515Trans-Saharan Traderoute across the sahara desert. Major trade route that traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, economic benefit for controlling dessert, camels played a huge role in the trading3
8137419516Gold-Salt-Slavesmajor commodities in medieval Africa4
8137419517Islammajor cultrual and religous in North Africa arived about 634 and by 750 followers of _______ controlled most of North Africa5
8137419518TimbuktuCity on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, it became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning6
8137419519Mansa MusaEmperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and established trade routes to the Middle East.7
8137419520Swahili CoastEast African shores of the Indian Ocean between the Horn of Africa and the Zambezi River; from the Arabic sawahil, meaning "shores."8
8137419521Great ZimbabweCity, now in ruins whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state.9
8137419522Indian Ocean BasinThe most important maritime trade network during the postclassical period. It involved trade between Arab, Persian, Turkish, Indian, African, Chinese, and Europe merchants.10
8137419523Monsoonswarm, moisture-laden winds from the southwest that bring most of India's rainfall during the spring and summer.11
8137419524NomadsCattle-and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies12
8137419525Bantu MigrationThe movement of the Bantu peoples southward throughout Africa, spreading their language and culture, from around 500 b.c. to around A.D 100013
8137419526City-StatesCities with political and economic control over the surrounding countryside; found in Aztec society14
8137419527TenochtitlanAn ancient Aztec capital on the site of present-day Mexico City. Founded c. 1325, it was destroyed by the Spanish in 1521.15
8137419528"Triple Alliance"1428 agreement between the Mexica (Tenochtitlan) and two other nearby city-states (Texcoco, Tlacopan)that launched the Aztec Empire16
8137419529Tribute SystemA system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor. This forced transfer of food, cloth, and other goods subsidized the development of large cities. An important component of the Aztec and Inca economies.17
8137419530Human SacrificeKilling of humans for a purpose like worshiping a god, practiced widely by the Aztecs and a little by the Incas18
8137419531ChinampasArtificial gardens on floating islands/farms that surrounded Tenochtitlan. Built because of lack of available farmland19
8137419532Hernán Cortés1485-1547, Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico20
8137419533Class System(AZETEC) Emperor, Nobles, Commoners (Farmers, Traders, Artisans-skilled workers), Unskilled workers, and enslaved people. An act of bravery could move you up in the class system and you were given land--warriors could become nobles21
8137419534AndesA large system of mountain ranges located along the Pacific coast of Central and South America22
8137419535MitaIn the Incan empire, the requirement that all able-bodied subjects work for the state a certain number of days each year.23
8137419536Terracesfound in Inca and Aztec civilizations; A new form of agriculture in Aksum where stepped ridges constructed on mountain slopes help retain water and reduce erosion24
8137419537Machu Pichua city built by the Inca people on a mountaintop in the Andes Mountains in present-day Peru--- Means "great peak"25
8137419538CharlemangeKing of the Franks 768 to 814 from the Carolingian line. Ruled over 40 years. Most important leader of the Franks because he unified nearly all Christian lands of Europe into a single empire.26
8137419539CrusadesA series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.27
8137419540FeudalismA political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land28
8137419541Vassal(in the feudal system) a person granted the use of land, in return for rendering homage, fealty, and usually military service or its equivalent to a lord or other superior; feudal tenant.29
8137419542Holy Roman EmpireA Germanic empire located chiefly in central Europe that began with the coronation of Charlemagne as Roman emperor in a.d. 800 (or, according to some historians, with the coronation of Otto the Great, king of Germany, in a.d. 962) and ended with the renunciation of the Roman imperial title by Francis II in 1806, and was regarded theoretically as the continuation of the Western Empire and as the temporal form of a universal dominion whose spiritual head was the pope.30
8137419543FranksA Germanic people who settled in the Roman province of Gaul (roughly the area now occupied by France) and restored order after the collapse of the Roman empire by establishing their own centralized state (empire)31
8137419544Battle of Hastings (1066)led by William the conquerer, the Normands invaded and conquered England32
8137419545PopeBishop of Rome who claimed authority over all other bishop; Becomes head of the Roman Catholic Church; Very powerful during the Middle Ages;33
8137419546VikingsCame from Scandanavia, also called Northmen or Norsemen, and Danes. Sea warriors, they built amazing ships that held 300 warriors, could hold 30 tons. Raided villages and monastaries. Also traded and farmed. Journeyed to Russia and Constantinople.34
8137419547LongboatsBoats with shallow bows and trademark dragons or scary faces on the tip of the ship that were used by the Vikings35
8137419548NewfoundlandAn island of Canada that is off the east coast of mainland Canada; first explored by Lief Ericson (Viking)36
8137419549ChivalryCode of conduct for knight and nobles during European feudalism.37
8137419550ParliamentA governing body during the Middle Ages that represented the privileged groups including the nobles and the church was called ____.38
8137419551Hundred Years' War(1337-1453) Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families.39
8137419552ScholasticismA philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century.40
8137419553Vernacular LanguageThe common speech of the masses. They were the alternative to Latin, the language of the learned. The late Middle Ages saw the rise of this form of literature which began to flourish in the 14th century as is exemplified by the works of Petrarch (1304-74), Boccaccio (1313-75). and Chaucer (1342-1400). Though Latin remained the universal tongue of scholarship, politics, and the Church in Western Europe until after the Middle Ages and the Reformation.41
8137419554Guild SystemA system for specialized workers in the medieval times. It would set regulations for price and other factors to eliminate competition in the town, kept the number of people in a specific job limited, had to go through apprenticeship -> journey man ->master42
8137419555Middle ClassA social and economic level between the wealthy and the poor.43
8137419556Great Schism (1378)A division in Church- rival claimants to the papacy existed in Rome and Avignon. later a 3rd pope was elected in Pisa44
8137419557Black DeathA deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351; Bubonic Plague45
8137419558KhanMongol ruler46
8137419559Khanatefour divisions of the Mongol world - Chaghadai, Persia, Kipchak (Golden Horde), and Yuan dynasty in China47
8137419560Nomads(of groups of people) tending to travel and change settlements frequently (MONGOLS)48
8137419561SteppesTreeless plains, especially the high, flat expanses of northern Eurasia, which usually have little rain and are covered with coarse grass. They are good lands for nomads and their herds. Good for breeding horses: essential to Mongol military49
8137419562Silk RoadAn ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire. Marco Polo followed the route on his journey to Cathay.50
8137419563Yuan Dynasty1271-1368 CE. Established when the Mongols conquered the Chinese Song Dynasty. Mongol reign short-lived, ending when the Mongols were driven from China in the 1300s.51
8137419564Khanate of the Golden HordeThe official name for the Mongolian empire over Russia. Kiev fell to the Mongols and then they controlled southern Russia for 200 years. The capitol of the area was in Sarai. Western most part of the Mongol Empire52
8137419565Central Asiathe core region of the Asian Continent and stretches from the Caspian Sea in the West to China in the East and from Afghanistan in the South to Russia in the North; w/ Muslims, poeple from here ranked just below Mongols in Yuan Dynasty53
8137419566Persiaarea conquered by Ghinggis Khan; in Asia Minor54
8137419567Religious ToleranceWillingness to let others practice their own beliefs; practiced by Mongols55
8137419568Buddhismthe teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth; mahayana, pure land school (nembutsu, mappo) in Japan56
8137419569ConfucianismA philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct; spread to Japan57
8137419570Feudalism (Japan)Four class system laid down with marriage restrictions and to members of the same class. 1-emporer and shogun. 2- dayimo. 3- samurai 4- artisans, commoners, merchants58
8137419571foot bindingMale imposed practice to mutilate a women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped confine women to the household; seen as beautiful to the elite59
8137419572flying moneyChinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency60
8137419573Neo-Confucianismterm that describes the resurgence of Confucianism and the influence of Confucian scholars during the Tang Dynasty; a unification of Daoist or Buddhist metaphysics with Confucian pragmatism61
8137419574Sui Dynasty(589-618 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was like the Qin Dynasty in imposing tight political discipline; this dynasty built the Grand Canal which helped transport the rice in the south to the north.62
8137419575Grand CanalThe 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire.63
8137419576Tang Dynasty(618-907 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was much like the Han, who used Confucianism. This dynasty had the equal-field system, a bureaucracy based on merit, and a Confucian education system.64
8137419577Song Dynasty(960-1279 C.E.) Did not last long due to a large expensive bureaucracy and a weak military. Will fall to the Mongols in 1279.65
8137419578Five Pillarstrue Muslims were expected to follow (principle of Salvation): belief in Allah, pray 5 times a day, giving of alms, fasting during Ramadan, pilgrimage to Mecca once in a lifetime66
8137419579HajjA pilgrimage to Mecca, performed as a duty by Muslims67
8137419580Qur'anBook composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between ca. 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion of Islam.68
8137419581Shari'ahAll-encompassing system of laws, regulations and advice that tell a Muslim how to live his or her life. Deals with a person's obligations to God. A blue print for righteous living. Implemented by the Caliphs. Influenced was gradually reduced by Western rulers and powers, Eventually disposed of and replaced with concepts from Europe. Both Iran and Saudi Arabia practice it to this day,69
8137419582MeccaCity in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion.70
8137419583MedinaCity in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca71
8137419584Muslim"One who has submitted"; followers of Islam72
8137419585Islammeans "submission," signifying obedience to the rule and will of Allah.73
8137419586MuhammadArab prophet and founder of Islam. In c.610, in Mecca, he received the first of a series of revelations that, as the Qur'an, became the doctrinal and legislative basis of Islam74
8137419587Caliphs"Successor to the Prophet"; Islamic head of state (both political and religious leader)75
8137419588SunniA branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad76
8137419589SufismAn Islamic mystical tradition that desired a personal union with God--divine love through intuition rather than through rational deduction and study of the shari'a. Followed an ascetic routine (denial of physical desire to gain a spiritual goal), dedicating themselves to fasting, prayer, meditation on the Qur'an, and the avoidance of sin.77
8137419590Abbasid Caliphate(750-1258 CE) The caliphate, after the Umayyads, who focused more on administration than conquering. Had a bureaucracy that any Muslim could be a part of.78
8137419591Umayyad CaliphateFirst hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs (661 to 750). From their capital at Damascus, ruled one of the largest empires in history that extended from Spain to India.79
8137419592SultanMilitary and political leader with absolute authority over a Muslim country80
8137419593Seljuk Turksnomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader. they governed strictly81
8137419594MosqueA Muslim place of worship82
8137419595SlavsAncient cultures from around 500 AD that came to Northern Russia. Many lived in Novgorod and Kiev83
8137419596Kievan RusState that emerged around the city of Kiev in the Ninth century CE; a culturally diverse region that included Vikings as well as Finnic and Baltic peoples. The conversion of Vladimir, the grand price of Kiev, to Orthodox Christianity in 988 had long-term implications for Russia84
8137419597NovgorodRurik founded city; first important Russian city; modern day Estonia85
8137419598Grand Prince of KievVladimir86
8137419599FeudalismA political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land87
8137419600Russian Orthodox ChurchThe religion adopted by the Russian Princes in Kiev. Moscow will become known as the Third Rome, the cultural and religious guide of Christianity (after fall of Rome and Constantinople)88
8137419601Mongol Invasionof Russia in 1240 kept it occupied and under domination for about 250 years. Finally in 1480 Ivan III, a grand duke of Muscovy, able to repel the Mongols. During the time of Mongol domination Russia was very isolated and lost pace with the West. Influenced by Greek Orthodox Church so Constantinople was cultural/religious center, not Rome. Renaissance passed Russia by.89
8137419602Ottoman EmpireCentered in Constantinople, the Turkish imperial state that conquered large amounts of land in the Middle East, North Africa, and the Balkans, and fell after World War I.90
8137419603Eastern Orthodox ChristianityA branch of Christianity that developed in the Byzantine Empire and that did not recognize the pope as it's supreme leader; brought to Russia by Grand Prince Vladimir91
8137419604ConstantinopleA large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul92
8137419605Hagia SophiaMost famous example of Byzantine architecture, it was built under Justinian I and is considered one of the most perfect buildings in the world.93
8137419606Great Schism- 1054 C.E.split between Eastern and Western Christian Churches turning into the Eastern Orthodox and the Roman Catholic Churches94
8137419607Black SeaThrough this body of water Northern Europe was connected to the Mediterranean Area and Silk Road95
8137419608CelibacyThe state of one who has chosen to remain unmarried for the sake of the Kingdom of Heaven in order to give himself entirely to God and to the service of his people; value in Byzantine Empire96
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WCDS AP World History Period 1 Flashcards

From Hunting and Gathering to Civilizations, 2.5 million-1000 B.C.E.: Origins
Original from MrsBHatchTEACHER

Terms : Hide Images
8392209551hunting and gatheringMeans of obtaining subsistence by humans before the mastery of sedentary agriculture; normally typical of tribal social organization0
8392209552civilizationSocieties with reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of nonfarming elites, along with merchant and manufacturing groups1
8392209553neolithicThe New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished2
8392209554nomadic societieslivestock hearding societies that do not have a permanent settlement. normally found on the fringes of civilized (urban) societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies3
8392209555cultureCombination of ideas, objects, and patterns of behavior that result from human social interaction4
8392209556agrarian revolutionOccurred between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; transition from hunting and gathering to sedentary agriculture5
8392209557pastoralismA nomadic agricultural lifestyle based on herding domesticated animals; tended to produce independent people capable of challenging sedentary agricultural societies6
8392209558Catal HuyukEarly urban culture/civiization based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; larger in population than Jericho, had greater degree of social stratification7
8392209559Bronze AgeFrom 4000 to 3000 B.C.E.; increased use of plow, metalworking; development of wheeled vehicles, writing8
8392209560MesopotamiaLiterally "between the rivers"; the civilization that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys9
8392209561potter's wheelA technological advance in pottery making; invented circa 6000 B.C.E.; encouraged faster and higher-quality ceramic pottery products10
8392209562SumeriansPeople who migrated into Mesopotamia circa 4000 B.C.E.; created the first civilization within the region; organized area into city-states11
8392209563cuneiformA form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets12
8392209564city-stateA form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilization; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king13
8392209565ziggurata massive tower building usually associated with Mesopotamian temple connections14
8392209566Babylonian EmpireUnified all of Mesopotamia circa 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion circa 1600 B.C.E.15
8392209567HammurabiThe most important Babylonian ruler; responsible for codification of the law16
8392209568PharaohThe term used to denote the kings of ancient Egypt; the term, "great house" refers to the palace of the pharaohs17
8392209569pyramidsMonumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs18
8392209570hieroglyphsForm of writing developed in ancient Egypt; more pictorial than Mesopotamian cuneiform19
8392209571KushAfrican state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile circa 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries20
8392209572monotheismThe exclusive worship of one god; introduced by Jews into Middle Eastern civilization21
8392209573PhoeniciansSeafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean22
8392209574Harappa and Mohenjo DaroMajor urban complexes of Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern23
8392209575AryansIndo-European nomadic, warlike, pastorialists who replaced Harappan civilization24
8392209576Huanghe (Yellow) River BasinSite of the development of sedentary agriculture in China25
8392209577Shang1st Chinese dynasty (after the legendary Xia)26
8392209578OraclesShamans or priests in Chinese society who foretold the future through interpreting animal bones cracked by heat; inscriptions on bones led to Chinese writing27
8392209579ideographic writingPictograph characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing28
8392209581PaleolithicThe period that ended about 3,000 years after the end of the last Ice Age, it lasted until about 10,000 years ago. (Old Stone Age) The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period.29
8392209582Human migration during Paleolithic eramovement of humans from Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas30
8392209583egalitarianequality among people (no social levels)31
8392209585Neolithic Revolutionperiod of change from hunter-gatherer lifesyle to agricultural lifestyles associated with domestication, farming, and settlement32
8392209586patriarchyfather based/male dominated society33
8392209589horsesname one mode of new transportation by the pastoralists34
8392209592Nile RiverThis river flooded regularly.35
8392209593Tigris RiverThis river's floods were unpredictable.36
8392209594MesopotamianUnpredictable weather patterns affected the development of the _____ civilization.37
8392209595Egyptian_______art demonstrated little change for nearly 1000 years.38
8392209596Nubia and KushKingdoms upriver from Egypt.39
8392209597Standard of Ur40
8392209598Harappan King or Priest Figure41
8392209599JerichoOne of the earliest cities: located in modern Israel.42
8392209600Catal-HyoukOne of the earliest cities: located in modern Turkey.43
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AP World History Strayer Chapter 10 Vocabulary Flashcards

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8137535421Nubian Christianity*Definition:* (5th/6th century) Several kingdoms of Nubia Christian church thrived for 600 years. *Significance:* It largely disappeared because of the conversion to Islam.0
8137535422Jesus Sutras*Definition:* Products of Nestorian Christians in China. *Significance:* Sutras articulate the Christian message using Buddhist and Daoist concepts.1
8137535423Ethiopian Christianity*Definition:* (4th century) Conversion of rulers in Axum (highlands of Ethiopia). *Significance:* More resilient than other early Christian church. It was largely cut off from other parts of Christendom because of its distinctive traits differed from other Christian churches.2
8137535424Byzantine Empire*Definition:* Surviving Eastern Roman Empire (on the site of new capital: Constantinople). *Significance:* Eastern Power with Eastern Orthodox Christianity (the power transfer to the East). Where scholars, technology, and more was promoted.3
8137535425Constantinople*Definition:* New capital of eastern half of Roman Empire. *Significance:* Highly defensible and economically important site helped assure city's cultural and strategic importance.4
8137535426Justinian*Definition:* Byzantine Emperor (527 - 565 CE). *Significance:* Short-lived conquest of much of the former Western Roman Empire and codification of Roman law.5
8137535427Caesaropapism*Definition:* Political and religious system in which the secular ruler is also the head of the religious establishment (Byzantine Empire). *Significance:* Allowed the Emperor to be head of state (Caeser) and head of the church (Pope). He was all powerful.6
8137535428Eastern Orthodox Christianity*Definition:* A branch of Christianity that developed in the eastern part of the Roman Empire. *Significance:* The subordinate of the church of political authority (married clergy, beard, and ultimate authority in belief).7
8137535429Icons*Definition:* Holy images venerated in the Eastern Orthodox Church. *Significance:* It caused conflicts between Christian sects. Icons vs no Icons.8
8137535430Prince Vladimir of Kiev*Definition:* Grand Prince of Kiev (978 - 1015 CE). *Significance:* Converted to Orthodox Christianity which led to the incorporation of Russia into the sphere of Eastern Orthodoxy.9
8137535431Kievan Rus*Definition:* State that emerged around the city of Kiev (9th century). *Significance:* A culturally diverse region with Vikings, Finnic, and Baltic peoples. It became part of the Eastern Orthodox.10
8137535432Charlemagne*Definition:* The ruler of the Carolingian Empire (768 - 814 CE). *Significance:* Staged an imperial revival in Western Europe. He was also crowned Holy Emperor by the Pope. He expanded the empire and broke the "dark ages" of Europe.11
8137535433Holy Roman Empire*Definition:* Describes the Germanic-based empire founded by Otto I in 962. *Significance:* The revival of Frankish Empire (Charlemagne emperor). It was a multi-ethnic European super-state.12
8137535434Roman Catholic Church*Definition:* Western European branch of Christianity (separate from the Eastern Orthodox). *Significance:* The religious power in the West with the Pope and Bishops. With the Pope as the authority in matters of doctrine (called for crusades).13
8137535435Western Christendom*Definition:* West European branch of Christianity. *Significance:* It was separate from Eastern Orthodox with a major break that still isn't healed.14
8137535436Cecilia Penifader*Definition:* Illiterate peasant woman from English village. *Significance:* Provided a way to look into the conditions of ordinary rural people even though her life was more independent and prosperous than most.15
8137535437Crusades*Definition:* "Ventures of the Cross" meaning the holy wars waged by the Western Christendom (1095 until the end of the Middle Ages). *Significance:* Crusaders declared by Pope (only him) and were marked by participants swearing a vow and receiving indulgence in return. (The fight with Isam and the East).16
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Unite 12 B Flashcards

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7928761204continuerto continue0
7928761205se déplacerto move (change location)1
7928761206descendreto go/come down2
7928761207s'orienterto get one's bearings3
7928761208suivreto follow4
7928761209tournerto turn5
7928761210traverserto cross6
7928761211un anglecorner (1)7
7928761212une avenueavenue8
7928761213un bancbench9
7928761214un bâtimentbuilding10
7928761215un boulevardboulevard11
7928761216une cabine téléphoniquephone booth12
7928761217un carrefourintersection13
7928761218un cheminway; path14
7928761219un coincorner15
7928761220des indicationsdirections16
7928761221un feu de signalisationtraffic light17
7928761222une fontainefountain18
7928761223un office de tourismetourism officie19
7928761224un pontbridge20
7928761225une ruestreet21
7928761226une statuestatue22
7928761227esteast23
7928761228nordnorth24
7928761229ouestwest25
7928761230sudsouth26
7928761231au bout (de)at the end (of)27
7928761232au coin (de)at the corner (of)28
7928761233autour (de)around29
7928761234jusqu'àuntil30
7928761235(tout) près (de)(very) close (to)31
7928761236tout droitstraight ahead32
7928761237dès queas soon as33
7928761238quandwhen34
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Vitamin B12 Flashcards

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7955572014___ cannot make B12plants0
7955576790B12 compounds are synthesized bybacteria, fungi1
7955579331B12 is stored inliver2
7955581661B12 food sourceanimal food3
7955593306B12 absorption processgastric juice release B12 from food, intrinsic factor binds B12 to small intestine where it is absorbed4
7955611604B12 functionRNA and DNA synthesis, maintain myelin sheath, fatty acid metabolism5
7955627844B12 deficiency examplepernicious anemia6
7955633735pernicious anemia is a __ diseaseautoimmune7
7955637263At risk for B12 deficiencyvegans, old people8
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Unit 2 600 B.C.-600 A.D. AP World History (Strayer Ways of the World) Flashcards

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5587116362Persian EmpireGreatest empire in the world up to 500 BCE. Spoke an Indo-European language. A multi-ethnic and multi-religious empire. Fell to Alexander the Great.0
5587116363Athenian DemocracyFirst recorded democracy ever established. Direct democracy with juries of up to 2,500 people. Had to be an 18 year old male with Athenian parents to rule. Freedom of Speech.1
5587116364Greco-Persian WarsTwo major Persian invasions of Greece, 490 and 480 B.C.E., in which the Persians were defeated on both land and sea each time.2
5587116365Hellenistic eraperiod when the Greek language and Greek ideas spread to the non-Greek peoples of southwest Asia3
5587116366Alexander the GreatBetween 334 and 323 B.C.E. he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East.4
5587116367AugustusThe first emperor of Rome whose leadership brought about a long period of Pax Romana (Roman Peace).5
5587116368pax romanaRoman Peace A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180.6
5587116369Qin Shihuangdi(r.221-210 BCE) The first emperor of the Qin Dynasty who believed strongly in Legalism and sought to strengthen the centralized China through public works.7
5587116370Trung TracVietnamese nationalist and hero; along with her sister, Trung Nhi, she raised an army that drove the Chinese out of Vietnam for a short period8
5587116371Han Dynasty(202 BC - 220 AD) dynasty started by Lui Bang; a great and long-lasting rule, it discarded the harsh policies of the Qin dynasty and adopted Confucian principles; Han rulers chose officials who passed the civil service exams rather than birth; it was a time of prosperity9
5587116372Mauryan Dynasty322-185 BCE. The first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent. Founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 322 and survived until 185 BCE. From its capitol at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley it grew wealthy from taxes.10
5587116373AshokaThird ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 B.C.E.). He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing.11
5587116374legalismChinese philosophy developed by Hanfeizi; taught that humans are naturally evil and therefore need to be ruled by harsh laws12
5587116375ConfucianismChinese ethical and philosophical teachings of Confucius which emphasized education, family, peace, and justice13
5587116376ban ZhouThe first female Chinese historian who wrote about the Han dynasty in the first and second centuries CE.14
5587116377DaoismChinese religion from 500s BCE that emphasized following the mystical and indescribable "Way." It celebrated the chaos and contradictions of reality as well as the harmony of nature. The Yin and Yang symbolizes many aspects of this religion.15
5587116378VedasAncient Sanskrit writings that are the earliest sacred texts of Hinduism.16
5587116379UpanishadsA collection of over two hundred texts composed between 900 and 200 BC that provide philosophical commentary on the Vedas17
5587116380Siddhartha GautamaFounder of Buddhism18
5587116381Theravada'Way of the Elders' branch of Buddhism followed in Sri Lanka and much of Southeast Asia. It remains close to the original principles set forth by the Buddha; it downplays the importance of gods19
5587116382Mahayana"the Great Vehicle" - The largest of Buddhism's three divisions, prevalent in China, Japan and Korea, encompasses a variety of forms, including those that emphasize devotion and prayer to the Buddhas and bodhisattvas.20
5587116383Bhagavad GitaA book in popular Hinduism that was a response to Buddhism and made reaching moksha way easier. The most important work of Indian sacred literature, a dialogue between the great warrior Arjuna and the god Krishna on duty and the fate of the spirit.21
5587116384ZoroastrianismOne of the first monotheistic religions, particularly one with a wide following. It was central to the political and religious culture of ancient Persia. A religion that developed in early Persia and stressed the fight between the forces of good and the forces of evil and how eventually the forces of good would prevail.22
5587116385JudaismA religion with a belief in one god. It originated with a covenant between God and Abraham and his descendants the Hebrew people. Yahweh was responsible for the world and everything within it. Holy Book is the Torah23
5587116386Greek RationalismA secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in classical Greece in the period 600 B.C.E. to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms.24
5587116387Socrates(470-399 BCE) An Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes. philosopher who believed in an absolute right or wrong; asked students pointed questions to make them use their reason, later became Socratic method. condemed to death for corrupting young minds.25
5587116388PlatoPhilosopher (429 BC-347 BC) who studied under Socrates and questioned reality. He believed that studying ideas and forms held the truth to what is real and wrote the Republic, which described an ideal state with philosopher-kings, warriors, and masses. He also creates the Academy, an ancient school of philosophy. "How do we know what is real" "Philosophy begins in wonder"26
5587116389AristotleGreek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato's metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry.27
5587116390Jesus of NazarethFounder of Christianity, he taught about kindness and love for God. His teachings were based on Judaism and spread throughout the Roman Empire and the world.28
5587116391Saint PaulA man who is credited with the spread of Christianity throughout the roman empire. iIs letters that he wrote while under arrest by the Romans make up a large portion of the New testament.29
5587116392Saint PeterEarly leader of the Christian church; one of Jesus's twelve apostles; also known as Simon Peter, the first pope of the Catholic Church30
5587116393Church of the Eastalso known as the Nestorian Church,is a Christian church within of the Syriac tradition of Eastern Christianity. It was the Christian church of the Persian Sasanian Empire, and quickly spread widely through Asia. Between the 9th and 14th centuries it represented the world's largest Christian church in terms of geographical extent, with dioceses stretching from the Mediterranean to China and India. Several modern churches claim continuity with the historical Church of the East.31
5587116394PerpetuaWoman from upper class Roman family who converted to Christianity was persecuted and died a martyr. Wrote a prison diary that describes her arrest and trial.32
5587116395scholar gentryClass that controlled much land and provided most candidates for civil service; replaced the old landed aristocracy as the political and economic elite of Chinese Dynasty; Agricultural society33
5587116396Wang MangA Han court official who usurped the throne and ruled from 8 C.E. to 23 C.E.; noted for his reform movement that included the breakup of large estates.34
5587116397Ge HongBorn into an upper class family in China during troubled times (283-343 C.E.), his efforts to balance Confucian service to society and his own desire to pursue a more solitary and interior life in the Daoist tradition reflected the situation of many in his class35
5587116398Yellow Turban RebellionA massive Chinese peasant uprising inspired by Daoist teachings that began in 184 C.E. with the goal of establishing a new golden age of equality and harmony.36
5587116399caste as varna and jatidistinct social class grouping; in China, Varna consisted of four classes that people were born into for life, and in India, Jati took on a similar form, but incorporated the specialized craftsman and guild workers into the system as well.37
5587116400ritual purity in Indian social practiceIn India, the idea that members of higher castes must adhere to strict regulations limiting or forbidding their contact with images and objects of lower castes to preserve their own caste standing and their relationship with the gods.38
5587116401sutee/satiThis was a Hindu ritual that when your husband died you had to be burned alive next to him by force or volunteered39
5587116402Greek and Roman slaveryIn the Greek and Roman world, slaves were captives from war and abandoned children, and victims of Long-distance trade; manumission was common. Among the Greek household service was the most common form of slavery, but in parts of the Roman state, thousands of slaves were employed under brutal conditions in the mines and on great plantations40
5587116403SpartacusA Thracian sold to slavery to become a Gladiator. He led a revolt of slaves against the Rome forces and won. He hoped to escape to freedom but his army waged more wars, they planned to invade Sicily but were betrayed and defeated in 71 B.C. Six thousand of his men were crucified as a warning.41
5587116404the "three obediences"chinese women subject to father, then husband, then sons. confucianism.42
5587116405Empress Wu(690 - 705 C.E.) Tang ruler who supported Buddhist establishment; tried to elevate Buddhism to state religion; had multistory statues of Buddha created.43
5587116406Aspasia and PericlesBorn to wealthy family, Aspasia was educated then moved to Athens where she met Pericles and they were a couple who treated each other equally. Pericles era as ruler is known as the 'Golden age of Athens'44
5587116407HelotsIn ancient Sparta, captive peoples who were forced to work for their conquerors45
5587116408MeroëCapital of a flourishing kingdom in southern Nubia from the fourth century b.c.e. to the fourth century c.e. In this period Nubian culture shows more independence from Egypt and the influence of sub-Saharan Africa.46
5587116409AxumThe Christian state in Africa that developed its own branch of Christianity, Coptic Christianity, because it was cut off from other Christians due to a large Muslim presence in Africa.47
5587116410Piyeking of Kush around 750 B.C., who gained control of Egypt, becoming pharaoh and uniting Egypt and Kush48
5587116411Niger Valley CivilizationDistinctive city-based civilization that flourished from about 300 bce to about 900 ce; in the floodplain of the middle Niger and that included major cities like Jenne-jeno; the Niger valley civilization is particularly noteworthy for its apparent lack of centralize state structure, having veen organized in clusters of economically specialized settlements49
5587116412Mayan civilizationa member of a major pre-Columbian civilization of the Yucatán Peninsula that reached its peak in the 9th century a.d. and produced magnificent ceremonial cities with pyramids, a sophisticated mathematical and calendar system, hieroglyphic writing, and fine sculpture, painting, and ceramics.50
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AP World History Packet 3 Flashcards

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7791237575Muhammad570-632 C.E. Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam0
7791237576MuslimA adherent of the Islamic religion; a person who "submits" to the will of God1
7791238334IslamReligion expounded by the Prophet Muhammad on the baisis of his reception of divine revelations, whch were collected after his death into the Quaran. In the tradition of Judaisim and Christinaty, and sharing much of their lore, _____ calls on all people to recognize on ecreator god-- Allah-- who rewards or punishes believes after death according to how they led their lives2
7791238335MedinaCity in western Arabia in which the prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca3
7791239557UmmaCommunity of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of sevent-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community4
7791277430QuranBook composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between ca. 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion Islam5
7791274738Shi'itesMuslims belonging to the branch of Islma believeing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali. _________ is the state religion of Iran.6
7791273671SunnisMuslims belonging to branch of islam believing that the community should select its own leadership. The majority religion in most Islamic countries.7
7791273672Abbasid CaliphateDescendants of the Prohphet Muhhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, the ____________ overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire rom their capital in Baghdad.8
7791271749MamluksUnder Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caiphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. _______ eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria9
7791271750GhanaFirst known kingdom in sub-Sharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. Also the modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast.10
7791270835Charlemagne742-814, King of the Franks (r. 768-814) emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts o Germany and Italy. Though iliterate himself, he sponsored a brief intellectua revival.11
7791270836MedievalLiterally "middle age," a term that historians of Europe use for the period c. 500 to ca. 1500, signifying its intermediate point between Greco-ROman antiquity and the Renissance.12
7791275731Umayyad CaliphateFirst hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs (661-750). From their capital at Damascus, the ________ ruled an empire that extended from Spain to India. Overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate.13
7791268703ManorsIn medieval europe, a large, self-sufficient landholding, consisting of the lord's residence, outbuildings, peasant village, and surrounding land.14
7791268704FiefIn medieveal Europe, land granted in return for a sworn oath to provide specified military service.15
7791267806VassalsA sworn supporter of a king or lord committed to rendering specified military service to that king or lord.16
7791267807SerfsIn medieval EUrope, An agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord's property and obligated to perform set services for the lord. In Russia, some worked as artisans and in factories; ____dom was not abolished there until 186117
7791267808PapacyThe central administration of the ROman Catholic Church, of which the pope is teh head.18
7791265900Holy Roman empireLoose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962-180619
7791261798Investiture-controversyDispute between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors over who held the ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands.20
7791261799MonasticismLiving in a religious community apart from secular society and adhering to a rule stipulating chastity, obedience, and poverty. It was a prominent element of medieval Christianity and Buddhism. These communities were the Primary centers of learning and luteracy in medieval Europe.21
7791258503Orthodox-ChristianityThe form of Christianity maintained by the Eastern _________ Church. _____________ means "correct in teaching"; ___________ Christians consider the Roman Catholic Church and the Protestant churches to be incorrect in some teachings, including the relations between the persons of the Trinity.22
7791258504Crusades1095- 1204, Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The __________ brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation.23
7791257062PilgrimagesJourney to a sacred shrine by Christians seeking to show their piety, fulfill vows, or gain absolution for sins. Other religions also have__________ traditions, such as the Muslim _________ to Mecca and the ________ made by early Chinese Buddhists to India in search of sacred Buddhist writings.24
7791257063Tang EMpireEMpire unifying China and part of Central Asia, founded 618 and ended 907. The ____ empererors presided over a magnificent court at their capital, Chang'an25
7791256166Grand CanalThe 1,100 mile waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzo Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed suring the Sui EMpire.26
7791269533Byzantine EmpireHistorians' name for the eastern portion of the ROman Empire from the fouth century onward, taken from an early name for Constantinople, the capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453.27
7791256167Tributary systemA system in which , from the time of the Han Empire, countries in East and Southeast Asia not under the direct control of empire based in China nevertheless enrolled as tributary states, acknowledging the superiority of the emerperors in CHina in exchange for trading tights or strategic alliences.28
7791254934Bubonic plagueA bacterial sdisease of fleas that can be transmitted by flea bites to rodents and humans; humans in late stages of the illness can spread the bacteria by coughing. Because of its very high mortality rate and the difficulty of preventing its spread, major outbreaks have created crisies in many parts of the world.29
7791254935TibetCountry centered on the high mountain-bounded plateau north of India. _______ political power occasionally extended farther to the north and west between the seventh and thirteenth centuries30
7791254121GunpowderA mixture of saltpeter, sulfur, and charcoal, in various proportions. the formula brought to China in the 400s or 500s, was the first used to make fumigators to keep away insect pests and evil spirits. In later centuries it was used to make explosives and grenades and to propel cannonballs, shot, and bullets.31
7791252744JunkA very large falt-bottomed sailing ship produced in the Tang, Ming, and Song Empires, specially designed for long-distance commercial travel .32
7791252745ZenThe Japaneese word for a branch of Mahayanna Buddhism based on highly disciplined meditation. It is known in Sanskriti as dhyana, in Chinese as chan, and in Krean and son.33
7791252746Movable typeType in which each individual character is cast on a separate piece of metal. It replaced woodblock printing, allowing for the arrangement of an individual letter and other characters on a page, rather than requiring the carving of entire pages at a time. It may have been invented in Korea in the thirteenth century.34
7791252053FujiwaraAristocratic family that dominated the japanese imperial court between the ninth and twelfth centuries.35
7791250996Kamakura ShogunateThe first of Japna's decntralized milityar governments (1185-1333)36
7791250997Shogunatethe title applied to the chief military commanders from about the 8th century a.d. to the end of the 12th century, then applied to the hereditary officials who governed Japan, with the emperor as nominal ruler, until 1868, when the _________ was terminated and the ruling power was returned to the emperor.37
7791250309TeotihuacanA powerful city-state in central Mexico (100 B.C.E-750 C.E.). Its population was about 150,000 at its peak in 600.38
7791248329MayaMesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributioons were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar.39
7791248330ToltecsPowerful postclassic empire in central Mexico (900-1168). It influences much of Mesoamerica. Aztecs claimed ties to this earlier civiliaztion.40
7791254120Song EMpireEmpire in central and southern China (960- 1126) while the Liao people controlled the north. Empire in southern China while the Jin people controlled the north. Distinguished for its advances in technology, medicine, astronomy, and mathematics.41
7791248331AztecsAlso known as Mexica, the _______ created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325-1521). They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as tax.42
7791247069TenochtitlanCapital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 125,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.43
7791247070Tribute systemA system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor. This forced transfer of food, cloth, and other goods subsidized the development of large cities. An important component of the Aztec and Inca economies.44
7791319409caliphateOffice established in succession to the Prophet uhammad, to rule the Islamic empire; also the name of that empire45
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