| 4971910904 | 19th century adolescence | -prior to 19th century this stage didnt exist
-children learned from parents and family
-worked as soon as they were capable
-puberty = adulthood
- people started families as teenagers | | 0 |
| 4971910905 | During the Industrial Revolution: Adolescence? | - during Industrial Revolution, more families moved to cities
-no farm to work on, children worked in factories
-up until 1900s, 1 in 6 kids (10-15 yo) sent to work | | 1 |
| 4971910906 | School Attendence: Adolescence | -1890-1920- US passed attendance law for primary and secondary school
-number of 14-17 yo in HS grew steadily into 1920s
-change in educational enrollment -> "the age of adolescence"
-distinct division between adolescence: time to continue education and adulthood | | 2 |
| 4971910907 | The term Adolescence | developed by psycologist Stanley Hall in 1904 publication of same name
adolescence= time time when younger individuals experience emotional and behavioral confusion, prior to establishing stability and reaching adulthood | | 3 |
| 4971910908 | Stages | infancy -> preschool -> latency -> pre-adolescent -> adolescent | | 4 |
| 4971910909 | Pre-Adolescence (about 10 - 12 yo) | -maybe interested in adolescent peers
-maturation and sex: beginning to discuss maturation and sexual questions in PEER groups, show initial interest in sex, but boys and girls still largely SEPARATE socially
-independence- mixed feelings of fear, indifference, and excitement
-wide variations in rates of physical and mental development | | 5 |
| 4971910910 | Adolescence (~13 + yo) | -begins with puberty and ends when person is fully developed and has attained independence and maturity in PHYSICAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL, SOCIAL, and COGNITIVE areas | | 6 |
| 4971910911 | Adolescence versus childhood versus adulthood can be ____________________ specific | culturally | | 7 |
| 4971910912 | Most youth are relatively happy and productive, but the rapid changes of adolescence can be _______________________ | challenging. | | 8 |
| 4971910913 | Different aspects of development may progress at __________________________. For example, a 15 year old girl who looks physically very much like an adult still has a 15 year old's brain and experiences and will not behave like an adult. | different rates. | | 9 |
| 4971910914 | Theories of Adolescent Development | -form a framework for understanding behavior
-development is guided by complex set of factors which include biological, genetic, psychological, environmental, and social | | 10 |
| 4971910915 | Freud: "Genital Phase" | -Final development stage in Freud's stages of psychosexual development
-genital phase: reawakening of sexual interest after latency
- youth has a need to relinquish parental ties
-development of relationships OUTSIDE family
-youth begins to have sexual drives directed toward PEERS and the development of love relationships |  | 11 |
| 4971910916 | Erikson: "Identitiy vs. Identity Diffusion | Erikson's developmental model includes l crises on the path to maturity. Each can have a positive (healthy) or negative (unhealthy) outcome. |  | 12 |
| 4971910917 | Erikson: In adolescence the crisis is the development of identity or identity diffusion.
What does the adolescent identity involve? | involve sexual orientation, political and religious views, and occupational identity including career goals. | | 13 |
| 4971910918 | Ericson: Development of Identity | Healthy | | 14 |
| 4971910919 | Ericson: Identity Diffusion | Unhealthy | | 15 |
| 4971910920 | During adolescence, youth may use ______________ ____________which can include dressing like peers, modeling music preferences on peer group, or trying new hobbies or interests. | "trial identities" | | 16 |
| 4971910921 | Piaget: "Formal Operations" | adolescent formal operations stage: youth can grasp ABSTRACT concepts and apply hypothetical thinking from which to formulate and test hypotheses |  | 17 |
| 4971910922 | What are other cognitive changes that occur during this phase? | a greater awareness of finality of death, a wider knowledge of outside world, a keener sense of diversity, and an understanding of the relativity of moral codes. Approximately 60% of the population will attain this level. | | 18 |
| 4971910923 | Body Image and Growth in Adolescence | During adolescence the youth can be very focused on body image as changes are occurring with puberty. He or she may be very opposed to medications that cause acne or weight gain. | | 19 |
| 4971910924 | Early maturation in Boys | boys is advantageous in terms of popularity, self-esteem, and intellectual abilities BUT also confers some increased risk for delinquency and behavior problems. | | 20 |
| 4971910925 | Early maturation in girls | more adjustment difficulties (lower self-image and greater vulnerability to depression, anxiety, and eating disorders), are more likely engage in more risky behaviors, and experience early sexual intercourse. | | 21 |
| 4971910926 | Moral Development in Adolescence: Piaget | -younger children: each act is evaluated in terms of consequences rather than iintentions
-punishment is for behavior, regardless if the intention. A concrete way of thinking
-in adolescence youth begin to grasp that context of an act is important in evaluating its moral status
-also begin to evaluate other person's POV-> possible with formal operational thinking | | 22 |
| 4971910927 | Kohlberg-Moral Development of Adolescence | -theory of moral development based on maitanence of social order and social contract. During adolescence the individual may achieve Stage 5: "social contract- legalistic orientation" in which justice assures equal rights for all.
-adolescent or young adult may achieve Kohlberg's final level Stage 6: Highly abstract in which the individuals acts according to ethical principles regarding mutual respect as a universal principle | | 23 |
| 4971910928 | Cognitive Development in Adolescence | -developing ability to think abstractly
-concerns with philosophy, politics, and social issues
-may be concerned with fairness and justice on a grand scale but act in an immature manner in their daily context home/school
-they begin to be able to think about the long-term increasingly, as executive functioning develops (frontal lobe)
-use their improved cognitive skills for setting goals (can be grandiose/idealistic) and for comparing oneself to ones peers (not always realistically) | | 24 |
| 4971910929 | Social/Emotional Development in Adolescence | -experience increase in erotic and aggressive impulses with some impulsive breakthroughs and switch focus and loyalties rapidly.
-parents are devalued and desexualized, youth vacillage between boredom and focused energy
-improved sense of separation and individuation
-wants independence from parents | | 25 |
| 4971910930 | Peer________________ and __________________becomes very important. Adolescents often have a strong need to find their own "group" where they "fit". | influence and acceptance | | 26 |
| 4971910931 | the need to find their own "group" partly stems from separation from parents and partly from the desire to create an_______________________________ | identity for the self | | 27 |
| 4971910932 | In later adolescence _____________________ and _______________________ are focused on peers; they may be in love or have long-term commitment in relationship. | dependency and sexual needs | | 28 |
| 4971910933 | It is not unusual for adolescents to function at ___________________ social-emotional levels in different situations or at different times. | DIFFERENT.
For example, a youth who can act more mature (polite, responsible) while at work on his summer job may nonetheless act much less mature at home with his mother (rude, refuses requests) | | 29 |
| 4971910934 | brain in adolescence | |  | 30 |
| 4971910935 | Sexual Development in Adolescence | -Development of sexual drives and along with the sexual curiosity, occasional masturbation, and sex viewed as sex object
-concern about body development and attractiveness => significant focus in worry about "fitting in"
-male feels pressure to "prove" masculinity and athletics may provide this outlet for some
-may be strong pressure to be sexually active
-late developers at risk for low self-esteem | | 31 |
| 4971910936 | Early Parenthood | -teen pregnancy (15-19 yo) highest in US (lowest rate switzerland)
-pregnancy rate has declined since the mid-1990s in the majority of the 16 countries where trends could be assessed | | 32 |
| 4971910937 | Substance Abuse | -decreasing use of alcohol, cigarettes, and prescription pain relievers, and other drugs
-no increase in use of marijuana
- growing concerns for rate of e-cig uses and softening attitudes about some types of drug use, particularly decreases in perceived harm and disapproval of marijuana use | | 33 |
| 4971910938 | Smoking | -at lowest rate in survey's history
-other forms of tobacco popular (hookah, 12th))
-e-cigs (8th-12th) | | 34 |
| 4971910939 | Alcohol | -declines in use by all grades
-significant five-year drop in binge drinking (five or more drinks in a row in the previous 2 weeks) by seniors | | 35 |
| 4971910940 | Top Drugs among teens | -Drug use is higher with older age
-Abuse of prescription drugs especially Adderall is elevated in older teens
-Inhalants are used more by younger teens |  | 36 |
| 4971910941 | CRAFFT screening tool | During the PAST 12 MONTHS, did you:
1. Drink any alcohol (more than a few sips)?
(Do not count sips of alcohol taken during family or religious events.)
2. Smoke any marijuana or hashish?
3. Use anything else to get high?
("anything else" includes illegal drugs, over the counter and prescription drugs, and things that you sniff or "huff") | | 37 |
| 4971910942 | If the adolescent answers "No" to all three opening questions, the provider only needs to ask the adolescent the first question below- the CAR question. If the adolescent answers "Yes" to any one or more of the three opening questions, ...... | the provider asks all six CRAFFT questions. | | 38 |
| 4971910943 | CRAFFT is a mnemonic acronym of first letters of key words in the six screening questions. The questions should be asked exactly as written. | C - Have you ever ridden in a CAR driven by someone (including yourself) who was "high" or had been using alcohol or drugs?
R - Do you ever use alcohol or drugs to RELAX, feel better about yourself, or fit in?
A - Do you ever use alcohol/drugs while you are by yourself, ALONE?
F - Do you ever FORGET things you did while using alcohol or drugs?
F - Do your family or FRIENDS ever tell you that you should cut down on your drinking or drug use?
T - Have you gotten into TROUBLE while you were using alcohol or drugs? | | 39 |
| 4971910944 | Scoring Instructions for CRAFFT | |  | 40 |
| 4971910945 | LGBTQ Youth | Parents need to clearly understand that sexual orientation is not a mental disorder and is not a matter of choice. Clinicians can have a role in educating parents about understanding and acceptance, and about the risks to their teens. | | 41 |
| 4971910946 | Gay, lesbian, transgender, bisexual and other gender-nonconforming teens can become socially isolated, withdraw from activities and friends, have trouble concentrating, and develop low self-esteem. They are at risk for _______________ and ____________________. | depression and suicide. | | 42 |
| 4971910947 | Parents and others need to be alert to these signs of distress because recent studies show that LGBTQ youth account for a __________________________________________ by suicide during adolescence (nearly one-third). | SIGNIFICANT NUMBER OF DEATHS IN ADOLESCENCE :( | | 43 |
| 4971910948 | Therapy directed specifically at changing sexual orientation is not recommended and may be ________________. . It may create more confusion and anxiety by reinforcing the _________________ _________________ and emotions with which the young person is already struggling. | harmful, NEGATIVE THOUGHTS | | 44 |
| 4971910949 | Depressive Disorders | about 5% of general population of child & adolescent (about 1 in 30 kids, more as adolescents) have a depressive disorder | | 45 |
| 4971910950 | Suicide | Each year in the U.S., thousands of teenagers commit suicide. Suicide is the third leading cause of death for 15-to-24-year-olds, and the sixth leading cause of death for 5-to-14-year-olds. | | 46 |
| 4971910951 | Anxiety disorders | A large, national survey of adolescent mental health reported that about 8 % of teens ages 13-18 have an anxiety disorder, with symptoms commonly emerging around age 6. However, of these teens, only 18 % received mental health care. | | 47 |
| 4971910952 | Conduct Disorders | 1-10% kids | | 48 |
| 4971910953 | Eating Disorders | Bulimia affects 1% adolescent girls. The majority (85%) of anorexic patients develop the disorder between 13-20 years, for a prevalence rate 8 per 100,000 | | 49 |
| 4971910954 | Parenting styles are clearly important for healthy development in adolescence. _______________________ parenting combines warmth and responsiveness with firmness and demands and is most recommended. | Authoritative | | 50 |
| 4971910955 | More cohesive families promote ___________________ and ____________________. Parental monitoring lowers the risk (compared to no monitoring) of initiating marijuana, cocaine, and inhalant use. | communication and monitoring. | | 51 |
| 4971910956 | Education of the public about topics such as mental illness in youth and_________________ ________________ of resources is needed. | improved availability | | 52 |
| 4971910957 | Physicians can be important in ___________________ signs of mental illness and educating families | recognizing | | 53 |
| 4971910958 | How to convey information to families and adolescent patients? | |  | 54 |
| 4971910959 | Clinicians should know what is __________________ so you can normalize teens' experience and help families understand them | normal | | 55 |
| 4971910960 | When other services are needed (psychology, therapy, psychiatry), clinicians should how to give a referral by : | discussing the potential benefits and goals for the intervention and being familiar with what will occur at the initial consulting appointment. | | 56 |
| 4971910961 | In working with adolescents remember important it is to understand the normal developmental tasks of adolescence and to consider how adolescents interact with _______________________ versus ___________________ | authority figures vs. peers | | 57 |
