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AP Photosynthesis Flashcards

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4386166889Photosynthesisthe process by which light energy is converted to chemical bond energy and carbon is fixed into organic compounds, two main processes: light-dependent and light-independent0
4386166890Light-Dependent Reactionsuse light directly to produce ATP that powers the light independent reactions1
4386166891Light-Independent Reactionsconsist of the Calvin cycle, which produces sugar, uses ATP formed during the light reactions2
4386166892Photosynthesis Formula6 CO2 + 12 H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O23
4386166893Photosynthetic Pigmentsabsorb light energy and use it to provide energy to carry out photosynthesis, chlorophylls and carotenoids4
4386166894Chlorophyll a/bgreen, absorb all wavelengths of light in the red, blue, and violet range5
4386166895Carotenoidsyellow, orange, and red, absorb light in the blue, green, and violet range6
4386166898Action Spectrumgraph showing rate of photosynthesis at different wavelengths of light, obtained from a living plant7
4386166899Chlorophyll athe pigment that participates directly in the light reactions of photosynthesis, large molecule with a single magnesium atom in the head surrounding by alternating single and double bonds, double bonds are source of electrons that flow through the ETC during photosynthesis8
4386166900Chloroplastcontains photosynthetic pigments that carry out photosynthesis9
4386166901Stromawhere the light-independent reactions occur10
4386166902Photosystemslight-harvesting complexes in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, few hundred in each thylakoid, consists of reaction center containing chlorophyll a and several hundred antenna pigment moluecules11
4386166903PSIIhappens first, discovered second, absorbs light best in 680 nm range, called P68012
4386166904PSIhappens second, discovered first, absorbs light best in 700 nm range, called P70013
4386166905Photosystem IIenergy is absorbed by P680, electrons from double bonds become energized, move into higher energy levels, captured by primary electron acceptor14
4386166906Photolysiswater gets split apart, providing electrons to provide those lost from chlorophyll a, splits water into two electrons, two protons, and one oxygen, two oxygens combine to form one O2 molecule, released15
4386166907Electron Transport Chainelectrons from P680 pass along an ETC consisting of PQ, complex of two cytochromes and several other proteins, end up in P700, flow is exergonic and provides ATP by chemiosmosis16
4386166908Chemiosmosisprocess by which ATP is formed during the light reactions, proteins were released from water, pumped by thylakoid membrane from stroma into lumen, ATP is formed as these protons diffuse down gradient, through ATP synthase channels17
4386166909NADP+becomes reduced when it picks up the two protons that were released from water in P680, newly formed NADPH carries hydrogen to the Calvin cycle to make sure18
4386166910Photosystem Ienergy is absorbed, electrons from the head of chlorophyll a become energized and are captured by a primary electron receptor, process is similar to way it happens in P680, difference is that electrons that escape are replaced with electrons from PSII, contains ferrodoxin and ends with NADPH, not ATP19
4386166911Cyclic Photophosphorylationsole purpose is to PRODUCE ATP, no NADPH, used to replenish ATP levels for Calvin cycle, takes photo-excited electrons on a short-circuit pathway, electrons travel from P680 to P700, to primary electron acceptor, back to cytochrome complex20
4386166912Calvin Cyclethe main business of the light-independent reactions, cyclical process that produces the 3-carbon sugar PGAL, carbon enters the stomates of a leaf in CO2, becomes fixed, reduction reaction21
4386166913Carbon Fixationthe process that occurs during the Calvin cycle22
4386166914Calvin Cycle stepsCO2 enters, becomes attached to 5-carbon sugar RuBP, unstable molecule breaks into two 3-carbon molecules, rubisco catalyzes step, uses ATP and NADPH from light reactions, occurs only in the light23
4386166915PhotorespirationC-3 plants have first step of the Calvin cycle produce 3-PGA, three-carbon, not very efficient because rubisco binds to O2 and CO2, binding to O2 instead of CO2 diverts process of photosynthesis, no ATP is produced, no sugar is formed, so peroxisomes break down the products of photorespiration24
4386166917C-4 Photosynthesismodification for dry environments, exhibit different anatomy (bundle sheath cells) and pathways (PEP carboxylase), minimize water loss and maximize sugar production, thrive in hot, sunny environments, Corn, Sugar Cane, Crab Grass25
4386166920CAM Plantscrassulacean acid metabolism, another adaptation to dry conditions, keep stomates closed during day and open at night, mesophyll cells store CO2 in organic compounds they synthesize at night, when light reactions can supply energy for Calvin cycle, CO2 is released from the organic acids made the night before26
4386166923Chloroplastsabsorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.27
4386166924ThylakoidsA flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy.28
4386166925Stomatapores on the leaf where O2 exits and CO2 enters29
4386166926StromaThe fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.30
4386166928ChlorophyllA green pigment located in membranes within the chloroplasts of plants and algae and in the membranes of certain prokaryotes. Chlorophyll a participates directly in the light reactions, which convert solar energy to chemical energy.31
4386166929What are the two stages of photosynthesislight dependent and light independent32
4386166930Light Reactions produceATP, Oxygen, and NADPH33
4386166931Calvin cycle usesH fromNADPH ATP CO234
4386166932NADPNicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, an electron acceptor that, as NADPH, temporarily stores energized electrons produced during the light reactions.35
4386166935the flow of electrons during photosynthesis?H2O → NADPH → Calvin cycle36
4386166936Which of the following does not occur during the Calvin cycle?release of oxygen37
4386166937The light reactions of photosynthesis supply the Calvin cycle withATP and NADPH.38
4386166942Where does the Calvin Cycle take place?The Calvin cycle is a complex series of chemical reactions carried out in the stroma.39
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World Civilizations AP Chapter 13 Flashcards

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4976716140Taika reformsAttempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolute Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army.0
4976716141Tale of GenjiWritten by Lady Murasaki; first novel in any language; relates life history of prominent and amorous son of the Japanese emperor; evidence for mannered style of Japanese society.1
4976716142FujiwaraJapanese aristocratic family in mid-9th century; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power.2
4976716143BushiRegional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the laws, supervised public woks projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies.3
4976716144SamuraiMounted troops of Japanese warrior leaders (bushi); loyal to local lords, not the emperor.4
4976716145SeppukuRitual suicide or disembowelment in Japan; commonly known in West as hara-kiri; demonstrated courage and a means to restore family honor.5
4976716146TairaPowerful Japanese family in 11th and 12th centuries; competed with Minamoto family; defeated after Gempei Wars.6
4976716147MinamotoDefeated the rival Taira family in Gempei Wars and established military government (bakufu) in 12th-century Japan.7
4976716148Gempei WarsWaged for five years from 1180, on Honshu between Taira and Minamoto families; resulted in destruction of Taira.8
4976716149BakufuMilitary government established by Minamoto following the Gempei Wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai.9
4976716150ShogunsMilitary leaders of the bakufu (military government in Japan).10
4976716151HojoWarrior family closely allied with Minamoto; dominated Kamakura regime and manipulated Minamoto rulers who claimed to rule in name of Japan emperor at Kyoto.11
4976716152Ashikaga TakuajiMembers of Minamoto family; overthrew the Kamakura regime and established the Ashikaga Shogunate from 1336-1573; drove emperor from Kyoto to Yoshino.12
4976716153Ashikaga ShogunateReplaced the Kamakura regime in Japan; ruled from 1336 to 1573; destroyed rival Yoshino center of imperial authority.13
4976716154DaimyosWarlord rulers of 300 small states following civil war and disruption of Ashikaga Shogunate; holding consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states.14
4976716155ChosonEarliest Korean kingdom; conquered by Han emperor in 109 B.C.E.15
4976716157SillaIndependent Korean kingdom in southeastern part of peninsula; defeated Koguryo along with their Chinese Tang allies; submitted as a vassal of the Tang emperor and agreed to tribute payment; ruled united Korea by 668.16
4976716159SinificationExtensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions; typical of Korea and Japan; less typical of Vietnam.17
4976716160YiKorean dynasty that succeeded Koryo dynasty following period of Mongol invasion; established in 1392; ruled Korea to 1910; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influences.18
4976716161KhmersIndianized rivals of the Vietnamese; moved into Mekong River delta region at time of Vietnamese drive to the south.19
4976716162Trung SistersLeaders of one of the frequent peasant rebellions in Vietnam against Chinese rule; revolt broke out in 39 C.E.; demonstrates importance of Vietnamese women in indigenous society.20
4976716163ChamsIndianized rivals of the Vietnamese; driven into highlands by the successful Vietnamese drive to the south.21
4976716164NguyenRival Vietnamese dynasty that arose in southern Vietnam to challenge traditional dynasty of Trinh in northern at Hanoi; kingdom centered on Red and Mekong rivers; capital at Hue.22
4976716165TrinhDynasty that ruled in north Vietnam at Hanoi, 1533 to 1772; rivals of Nguyen family in south23
4977301064ShintoismReligion of early Japanese culture; devotees worshipped numerous gods and spirits associated with the natural world24
4977340965BaibarsCommander of Mamluk forces at Ain Jalut in 1260; originally enslaved by the Mongols and sold to Europeans25
4977355998Kubilai KhanGrandson of Chinggis Khan; commander of Mongol forces responsible for conquest of China; established Sinicized Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 127126
4977380516ChabiInfluential wife of Kubilai Khan; promoted interest in Buddhism in China; indicative of refusal of Mongol women to adopt restrictive social conventions27
4977402579HuleguRuler of Iikhan Khanate; grandson of Chinggis Khan; responsible for destruction of Baghdad28
4977448585MamluksMuslim slave warriors; established a dynasty in Egypt; defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut and halted Mongol advancement29
4977465455Prester JohnIn legends, a mythical Christian monarch whose kingdom was cut off from Europe by Muslim conquest; Chinggis Khan was originally believed to be this ruler.30
4977507998Golden Hordeone of the four subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after Chinggis Khan death; covered modern central Russia; ruled by his grandson Batu31
4977547338Chinggis Khanelected Khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of Northern China;32
4977564923KuriltaiMeeting of all Mongol chieftains at which the supreme ruler of all tribes was selected33
4977579425Ming DynastySucceeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China; initially mounted large trade expeditions in Asia;34
4977605385Timur-i Langleader of Turkic nomads; series of attacks in Persia, the fertile crescent;35
4977616044MongolsCentral Asian nomadic peoples; smashed Turko-Persian kingdoms; captured Baghdad and killed Abbasid Caliph36
4977629943KarakorumCapital of the Mongol Empire under Chinggis Khan;37
4977646577OgedeiThird son of Chinggis Khan; succeeded Chinggis Khan as Khagan38
4977662576White Lotus SocietySecret religious society dedicated to overthrow the Yuan Dynasty;39
4977670720Ju YuanzhangChinese peasant who led successful revolt against Yuan40
4977685235The Romance of the West ChamberChinese novel written during the Yuan period; indicative of the continued literary vitality of China during Mongol Rule41
4977716461marco poloItalian traveler. With his father and uncle he traveled to China and the court of Kublai Khan via central Asia (1271-75). He eventually returned home (1292-95) via Sumatra, India, and Persia. His account of his travels spurred the European quest for the riches of the East.42
4977716462yuana dynasty that ruled China ad 1259-1368, established by the Mongols under Kublai Khan. It preceded the Ming dynasty.43
4977733447Ilkhan Khanateformed the southwestern sector of the Mongol Empire, ruled by the Mongol House of Hulagu.44
4977733448Khanatesformed the southwestern sector of the Mongol Empire, ruled by the Mongol House of Hulagu.45
4977735567Muhammad Shah IIwas the Shah of the Khwarezmian Empire from 1200 to 1220. His ancestor was a Turkic slave who eventually became a viceroy of a small province named Khwarizm.46
4977765699Pavilionsa usually highly decorated projecting subdivision of a building47
4977772673Kamakura Shogunatewas a Japanese feudal military government that ruled from 1185-1333. The heads of the government were the shoguns. The first three were members of the Minamoto clan. The next two were members of the Fujiwara clan. The last six were minor Imperial princes.48
4977772674Onin Warwas the catalyst that sparked the century long period of Japanese history known as the Sengoku Jidai, the "Age of the Country at War".49
4977772675Kamia divine being in the Shinto religion.50
4977775161Son of Heavenimperial title originating from the ancient Han Chinese emperors and subsequently adopted by other East Asian monarchs that was founded on the theoretical principle of the cosmic Mandate of Heaven.51
4977775162Le Dynastythe greatest and longest lasting dynasty of traditional Vietnam. .52
4977777193Huea color or shade53
4977777194Middle Kingdomexample: is what the Chinese Empire was known as historically by the Chinese, and the period of Egyptian history 2000-1785 B. C.54
4977777236VietsPeople of Vietnam55
4977782172Heianperiod, in Japanese history, the period between 794 and 1185, named for the location of the imperial capital, which was moved from Nara to Heian-kyō (Kyōto) in 794.56
4977782173Zen Monasteries1. A school of Mahayana Buddhism that asserts that enlightenment can be attained through meditation, self-contemplation, and intuition rather than through faith and devotion and that is practiced mainly in China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam.57
4977783939Tribute Systemwas the network of trade and foreign relations between China and its tributaries that helped to shape much of East Asian affairs.58
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AP Biology Evolution (Campbell) Flashcards

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6202691523Carolus Linnaeus-physician and botanist who sought to classify life's diversity -binomial nomenclature (Homo sapien) -nested classification system, placing similar species into general characters0
6202691524Fossils-darwin drew from these (the remains or traces of organisms from the past)1
6202691525Strata-new layers of sediment cover older ones and compress them into layers of rock called strata -strata reveal the pattern of evolution that a species may take2
6202691526Paleontology-study of fossils, developed by Georges Cuvier 0noted that the older the stratum the more dissimilar fossils were to current life-forms -from one layer to the next, new species appeared while others disappeared -each boundary represented a sudden catastrophic event3
6202691527Charles Lyell-incorporated Hutton's thinking into his proposal that the same geologic processes are operating today as in the past, and at the same rate4
6202691528Jean-Baptiste Lamarck-found several lines of descent, a chronological series of older to younger fossils leading to a living species -use and disuse (giraffes' neck)5
6202691529Wallace-writes a paper with a similar hypothesis to Darwin based on the Malay archipelago6
6202691530Darwin-HMS beagle, interested in species in the galapagos (turtles, finches)7
6202691531Artificial Selection-modification of other species over many generations by selecting and breeding individuals with desired traits8
6202691532Darwin's 2 Inferenences-All species and produce more offspring than their enviorment can support and many of these offspring fail to survive and reproduce -This unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations9
6202691533Homology-similarity resulting from common ancestry10
6202691534Homologous Structures-represent variations on a structural theme that was present in a common ancestor11
6202691535Vestigal Structures-remnants of features that served a function in the organism's ancestors12
6202691536Convergent Evolution-independent evolution of similar features in different lineages -ex: marsupials and sugar glider (same environment) -can occur when similar environmental pressures and natural selection exists13
6202691537Analogous-species share features b/c of convergent evolution, share similar function but not common ancesty14
6202691538Biogeography-scientific study of the geographic distributions of species15
6202691539Phylogeny-evolutionary history of a species or group of species16
6202691540Systematics-discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary realationships17
6202691541Taxonomy-study of how organisms are named and classifed18
6202691542Order of ClassificationDomain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genius, Species19
6202691543Sister Taxa-groups of organism that share an immediate common ancestor20
6202691544Rooted-branch point within the tree21
6202691546Analogy-similarity due to convergent evolution22
6202691549Clades-each of which includes an ancestral species of all its descendants23
6202691553Shared Ancestral Character-character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon24
6202691554Shared Derived Character-evolutionary novelty unique to a clade25
6202691557Molecular Clock-an approach for measuring the absolute time of evolutionary change based on the observation that some gens and other regions of genomes appear to evolve at constant rates26
6202691558Microevolution-a change in allele frequencies in a population over generations27
6202691559Genetic Variation-differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA sequences28
6202691560Population-group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed creating fertile offspring29
6202691561Gene Pool-all copies of every type of allele at every locus in all members of the population30
6202691562Hardy-Weinberg Conditions-no mutations -random mating -no natural selection -very large population size -no gene flow31
6202691563Genetic Drift-chance events can alter allele allele frequencies to fluctuate from one generation to another (especially in one generation to another)32
6202691564Founder Effect-when few individuals become isolated from a larger population this smaller group may make a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population33
6202691565Bottleneck Effect-a severe drop in population results in the over or under representation of certain alleles.34
6202691566Gene Flow-transfer of allele into or out of a population from the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes35
6202691567Effects of Genetic Drift-Genetic Drift is significant in small populations -Genetic drift can cause allele frequencies to change at random -Genetic drift can lead to a loss of genetic variation within populations -Genetic drift can cause harmful alleles to become fixed36
6202691568Adaptive Evolution-NS increases the frequency of allele that provide an advantage and reproduce more37
6202691569Relative Fitness-contribution an individual makes to the gene pool relative to the contributions of indivdauls38
6202691570Directional Selection-conditions father shifting traits to one extreme39
6202691571Disruptive Selection-conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range40
6202691572Stabilizing Selection-reduces variation and gets rid of extreme phenotypes in the population41
6202691573Sexual Selection-form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than others to obtain maits42
6202691574Sexual Dismorphism-difference in secondary sexual characteristics between males and females of the same species43
6202691575Intersexual Selection-individuals of one sex are choosy in selecting mates44
6202691576Neutral Variation-differences in DNA sequence that do not confer a selective advantage or disadvantage45
6202691577Balancing Selection-occurs when natural selection amintains two or more forms in a population46
6202691578Heterozygote Selection-individuals who are heterozygotes at a particular locus have a greater fitness than both kinds of homozygotes47
6202691581Species (according to the biological species concept)-group of population whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and have the potential to produce viable, fertile offspring but do not48
6202691582Macroevolution-broad pattern of evolution above the species level49
6202691583Reproductive Isolation-existance of biological barriers that impede members of two species from interbreeding and producing viable, fertile offspring50
6202691584Hybrid-offspring from an interspecific mating51
6202691585Prezygotic Barriers-block fertilization from occuring52
6202691586Postzygotic Barriers-contribute to reproductive isolation after the hybrid zygote is formed53
6202691587Prezygotic Barrier Examples1. Habtitat Isolation 2. Temporal Isolation (nocturnal) 3. Behavior Isolation (courtship rituals) 4. Mechanical Isolation (snail shells) 5. Genetic Isolation (sperm can't survive in reproductive tract) HTBMG54
6202691588Postzygotic Barrier Examples1. Reduced Hybrid Viability (hybrid survivabilty is reduced) 2. Reduced Hybrid Fertility (mule) 3. Hybrid Breakdown (one hybrids mate with one another offspring of the next generation are feeble/sterile) VFB55
6202691592Allopatric Speciation + Evidence-gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations -ex: snapping shrimp 30 species off the isthmus of panama56
6202691593Sympatric Speciation-speciation occurs in populations that live in the same geographic area57
6202691594Polyploidy-species may originate from an accident during cell divison resulting in extra chromsomes58
6202691601Punctuated Equilibria-Eldrege and Gould coined this to descibed these patterns in the fossil record: perioids of apparent stastis (moment of stability) punctuated by suddenc hange59
6202691602Radiometric Dating-based on the decay or radioactive isotopes -radioactive "parent" isotopes decay to "daughter" isotopes at a characteristic rate called a HALF LIFE60
6202691603Geologic Record-a standard time scale that divides the Earth's history into four eons and further subdivisions EON: Phanerozo(Mesozoic & Jurassic), Proterozoic, Archean, Hadean61
6202691604Mass Extinction-large numbers of a species become extinct world wide, caused by disruptive changes to the global enviroment62
6202691605Adaptive Radiations-periods of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill different ecological roles or niches in their communities63
6202691608Hypothesis for creation of Earth's First Life1. Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules, monomers 2. Joining of these small molecules into macromolecules like proteins and nucleic acids, polymers 3. Packaging of these molecules into protobiont cells- droplets with membranes that maintained an internal chemsitry different than their surrondings 4. Origin of self-replicating molecules that made inheritance possible64
6202691609Ribozyme-RNA can perform many enzyme like, catalytic functions65
6202691610EndosymbiosisA process in which a unicellular organism (the "host") engulfs another cell, which lives within the host cell and ultimately becomes an organelle in the host cell; also refers to the hypothesis that mitochondria and plastids were formerly small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells.66
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AP Literature Terms Flashcards

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2839707430ComedyThe tone is for the most part light, the main effects are to engage and amuse the audience, the situations and characters tend to be drawn from ordinary life, as opposed to world-shaking events and noble or royal characters, and the resolution is happy, at least for major characters. Many traditional plots conclude with the marriage of one or more couples0
2839710597TragedyThe tone is serious, and often somber, the effect is to involve and move the audience; and the outcome is disastrous for the protagonist and, often, also for those associated with him or her. The resolution of the situation involves one or more deaths, in particular that of the protagonist, whose fate is the more moving.1
2839704201NovelBecause of its greater length and scope, it has a lot of complexity. Its plot is typically more involved and multifaceted, its description of the social milieu more complete, and its depiction of characters' motive, feelings, and experiences more complex than the concise story allows2
2839723169Short StoryIt shares with the novel several characteristics of of fiction, but its more concentrated form results in some crucial different; a smaller cast of characters, often focusing on the protagonist; a simpler plot, usually centered on a single major conflict; a limited depiction of setting; and a more concentrated format, with the descriptive details and dialogue selected for maximum and significant effect3
2839728649NovellaFalls between the novel and the short story in both length and complexity4
2839729077SatireA genre of comedy that is directed at ridiculing human foibles and vices, such as vanity, hypocrisy, stupidity, and greed. It differs from pure comedy in that the aim is not simply the evoke laughter, but to expose and censure such faults, often with the aim of correcting them5
2839732623ConnotationAn additional sense or senses associated with or suggested by a word or phrase. Connotations are sometimes, but not always, fixed, and are often subjective6
2839736059DenotationThe most specific or literal meaning of a word, as opposed to its figurative senses or connotations7
2839737818TenorThe literal subject that holds the meaning in a metaphor. In a simile, it is used with the vehicle8
2839738243VehicleThe analogy in a metaphor. In a simile, it is used with the tenor9
2839742222Mixed MetaphorWhen 2 or more incongruous vehicles are applied to the same tenor. Instead of clarifying some aspect of the subject, the figure confuses it by linking images that clash: "She felt a heavy burden of guilt, but she would not let is engulf her resolve." The word "burden" is already a vehicle for the tenor, her guilt; it clashes with the second vehicle, "engulf"10
2839880609Extended MetaphorA trope that is sustained through the several lines, ringing changes on the multiple relevance of the vehicle to the terror. Example: Hamlet's Polonius warns his daughter, Ophelia, not to trust the seductive lines of young lines of young men who are burning with passion11
2839887114AllegoryAn extended form of personification, in which an abstract concept is presenting as though it were a character who speaks and acts as an independent being12
2839888311Pathetic FallacyA special type of personification, in which inanimate aspects of nature, such as the landscape or the weather, are represented as having human qualities or feelings. The term derives from the logical absurdity of supposing that nature can sympathize with (feel pathos for) human moods and concerns13
2839890960MetonymyA trope which substitutes the name for an entity with something else that is closely associated with it. For example, "the throne" is an example of "the king" and "press" for "media"14
2839905144DictionDenotes the word choice and phrasing in a literary work15
2839908532Formal LanguageDiction that consists of a dignified, impersonal, and elevated use of language; it follows the rules of syntax exactly and is often characterized by complex words and lofty tone16
2839914719Colloquial LanguageInformal language that reflects casual, conversational language and often includes slang expressions17
2839915899Abstract LanguageTerms that can't be touched...intangible?18
2839916228Concrete LanguageTerms that can be touched....objects?19
2839916651Poetic DictionA special kind of formality is created by this, which in a broad sense means phrasing and vocabulary that are characteristic or poetry, as distinguished from the informality of everyday speech. It uses such devices as antiquated words - for example "ne'er" instead of never. It has an emphasis on figurative , rather than literal language20
2839930390SynecdocheA figure of thought in which the term for part of something is used to represent the whole, or, less commonly, the terms for the whole is used to represent a part. For example, a fleet of ships may be described as "forty sails"21
2839932558MotifI distinctive recurring subject, theme, symbol, idea, action, etc.22
2839933199SyntaxA term that loosely means sentences, punctuation, and grammar23
2839934111AnaphoraRepetition of words beginning consecutive clauses, phrases, sentences, etc. EX: i like cheese. i like candy. i like you24
2839935260Inverted Lines (Inversion)An interchange of position of adjacent objects in a sequence, especially a change in word order, such as the placement of a verb before its subject25
2839936824AsyndetonThe absence of conjunctions that connect words, and ideas in a single sentence. For example: "I bought cheese, milk, cheese, candy, chocolate, and lettuce"26
2839938872MonosyndetonA single conjunction is used to connect words and ideas in a single sentence. EX: I like cheese and milk and cheese and candy and chocolate and lettuce27
2839940521Situational IronyWhen the situation itself has an unexpected outcome28
2839940958Structural Irony & Unreliable NarratorAn implication of alternate or reversed meaning that pervades a work. A major technique for sustaining this type of irony is the use of a naive protagonist or unreliable narrator who continually interprets events and intentions in ways that the author signals are mistaken29
2839950640Dramatic IronyOccurs when the audience is privy to knowledge that one or more of the characters lacks. The technique may be used for comic or tragic events30
2839953910Tragic IronyWhen large scale dramatic irony occurs in tragedies EX: Romeo not knowing that Juliet is alive31
2839955292Cosmic IronyRefers to an implied worldview in which characters are left to embrace false hopes of aid or success, only to be defeated by some larger force, such as God or fate. For instance, Macbeth believes that he is protected by the weird sisters' prophecies, but he is betrayed by their fiendish duplicity32
2839958583Romantic IronyA kind of literary self-consciousness in which an author signals his or her freedom from the limits of a given work by puncturing its fictional illusion and exposing its process of composition as a matter of authorial whim. This is often a kind of protective self-mockery involving a playful attitude towards the conventions of the (normally attractive) genre33
2839968904Omniscient POVWhen the narrator is third-person and can enter the consciousness of any character, evaluate motives and explain feelings, and recount the background and predict the outcome of situations34
2839970597Limited POVWhen the narrator is third person but can only describe events from the perspective and with the understanding of one, or a few characters35
2839971615Intrusive POVAn omniscient narrator that offers philosophical or moral commentary on the characters and the events he depicts36
2839972546Objective POVA third-person narrator whose presence is merely implied (not referred to as a narrator)37
2839974156Stream of Consciousness POVTechnique used to replicate the thought processes of a character, with little or no intervention by the narrator38
2839974863Dramatic NarratorA character who stands outside the action and comments on the character and the events, addressing the audience directly39
2839976529Second Person POVThis narrator addresses the audience directly using the pronoun "you" and assumes that the audience is experiencing the events along with the narrator. That implied audience may be the reader, a character who appears later in the story, or a listener who is never identified40
2839978230Flat CharacterA character that stays the same throughout the work41
2839978759Round CharacterA character subject to change/growth. Also may have inconsistencies like a real human being42
2839979220Dynamic CharacterA character that undergoes some kind of change because of the action in the plot43
2839979785Static CharacterA character that does not change throughout the story, and the reader's knowledge of that character does not grow44
2839983046FoilA character who contrasts with the protagonist in ways that bring out his or her moral, emotional, or intellectual qualities45
2839983793AntiheroA protagonist who has the opposite of most of the traditional attributes of a hero. He or she may be bewildered, ineffectual, or merely pathetic. Often what antiheroes learn, if they learn anything at all, is that the world isolates them in an existence devoid of God and absolute values46
2839987208ArchetypeCharacters that are symbolic or reminiscent of certain types. These "types" are old and have been around for many years and have a range of associations in many cultures and time periods. For example, "the Christ Figure" shows up in literature often as the character who is sacrificed for the common good. Simon (LOTF). Or the "Knight in Shining Armor" or the "wise old woman" character47
2839990931VerisimilitudeThe appearance of being true or real - words and phrases that are characteristic of each speaker; eliminating the pauses, stammering, and irrelevancies that litter everyday talk; and pacing48
2839991919Speech HeadingsDescriptions of characters' vocal tones or gestures as they speak a line49
2839993020ReparteeA rapid-fire exchange of witty remarks in which each speaker tries to score against an opponent in a verbal fencing match50
2839993446SoliloquyA monologue delivered by a character who is alone on stage. He or she may address the audience as though they are confidantes or simply seem to be thinking aloud, expressing thoughts that are too private or too risky to share with other characters. Soliloquies represent a break in the ongoing action and are reserved for major characters, usually the protagonist, for important revelations51
2839993647AsideA speech, usually brief, that, according to theatrical conventions, is heard only by the audience, or sometimes, is addressed privately, or, sometimes, is addressed privately to another character on stage52
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AP Language Vocabulary Argument Flashcards

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8351197114Ad Hominem ArgumentLatin for "to or against the person," this fallacy involves switching the argument from the issue at hand to the character of the other speaker0
8351197115Ad Populum (bandwagon appeal)This fallacy occurs when evidence boils down to "everybody's doing it, so it must be a good thing to do."1
8351197122Appeal to False AuthorityThis fallacy occurs when someone who has no expertise on a subject is cited as an authority.2
8351197136Claim of FactA claim of fact asserts that something is true or not true. Ex. Test scores accurately measure a student's success!3
8351197137Claim of ValueA claim of value argues that something is good or bad, right or wrong. Ex. Video games are corrupting today's youth.4
8351197138Claim of PolicyA claim of policy proposes a change. Ex. Legalize marijuana!5
8351197139Closed ThesisA closed thesis is a statement of the main idea of the argument that also previews major points the writer intends to make. Ex. The three-dimensional characters, exciting plot, and complex themes of the Harry Potter series makes them legendary children's books.6
8351197165point of view--first personThe perspective from which a story is told. 1st person--tells the story with the pronoun "I" and is a character in the story.7
8351197166point of view--third person limited omniscientUses "he," "she," and "it." Limited omniscient--the narrator presents the feelings and thoughts of only one character8
8351197167proseProse refers to fiction and nonfiction. Prose is written in ordinary language and most closely resembles everyday speech.9
8351197179second-hand evidenceevidence that is accessed through research, reading, and investigation10
8351197184rhetorical questiona question that is asked merely for effect and does not expect a reply11
8351197198Either/Or (false dilemma)In this fallacy, the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices.12
8351197199First-hand evidenceEvidence based on something the writer knows, whether it's from personal experience or observations.13
8351197200Hasty generalizationA fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate information. Ex. Smoking isn't bad for you; my aunt smoked a pack a day and lived to be 90.14
8351197203open thesisan open thesis is one that does not list all of the points the writer intends to cover in an essay. Ex. The popularity of the Harry Potter books demonstrates that both young and old readers value the fanciful world of wizardry.15
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AP LITERATURE TERMS Flashcards

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5465110881AlliterationThe repetition of accented consonant sounds at the beginning of words that are close to each other, usually to create an affect, rhythm or emphasis.0
5465110882AllusionA reference in literature or in art to previous literature, history, mythology, pop culture or current events, or the Bible.1
5465110883AmbiguityQuality of being intentionally unclear. Events or situations that are ambiguous can be interpreted in more than one way. This device is especially beneficial and poetry, as it tends to grace the work with the richness and depth of multiple meanings.2
5465110884AnachronismAn element in a story that is out of its time frame; sometimes used to create a humorous or jarring effect. Beware: This can also occur because of careless or poor research on the authors part.3
5465206537AnalogyAn analogy clarifies or explains an unfamiliar concept or object, or one that cannot be put into words, by comparing it with one which is familiar. By explaining the abstracts interns of the concrete, and analogy may force the reader to think more critically about the concept. Analogies tend to appear more often and prose then in poetry. They enliven writing by making it more interesting, entertaining, and understandable. Similes and metaphors are two specific types of analogies.4
5465227360AnalysisThe prices of examining the components of a literary work.5
5465244746AnapestThe poetic foot (measure) that follows the pattern unaccented, unaccented, accented. The poet is usually trying to convey a rollicking, moving rhythm with this pattern.6
5465244747AnecdoteA short and often personal story used to emphasize a point, to develop a character or theme, or to inject humor.7
5465251303AntagonistA character who functions as a resisting force to the goals of the protagonist. The antagonist is often a villain, but in a case with the protagonist is evil (for example, in Macbeth), the antagonist may be virtuous8
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AP Language Terms Flashcards

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7623827949Abstractthings hard to understand because you cant use them with senses (love)0
7623838590Allegorystory that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning or moral (Aesop's fables)1
7623889784Allusionhelps you remember a message by relating to something else (he was a real Romeo with girls)2
7623914000Apostrophetalking to inanimate object knowing it cant reply. (You dumb phone, why wont you work)3
7623985512Aphorismbrief sentence that expresses wisdom. (if it isnt broke, dont fix it)4
7624001477Analogycomparison between two things !!!!for the purpose of clarification!!! ( Hot is to fire as cold is to ice)5
7624024082AnaphoraA word or phrase repeated to add emphasis. ( IT WAS THE best of times, IT WAS THE worst of times)6
7624056029Anastrophewhere the normal order of a sentence is changed to a more awkward order. ( I like potatoes. = Potatoes I like.)7
7624076491Anecdotea short story told to bring humor or teach a lesson (Before giving a presentation on drug abuse, the speaker tells how he used to abuse drugs)8
7624128160ColloquialismUse of informal everyday language that may be hard to translate. Natives tend to use colloquialism without noticing it . ( shoot me an email)9
7624196838Conceitwhen you compare two very unlike things in a surprisingly clever ( William Shakespeare compares a woman to a summer's day)10
7624230172ConcreteIdentified things perceived through senses that are vivid and clear. (Opposite of abstract)11
7624289765Epiphanyachieving realization or awareness(Seeing this, it dawned on me how terrible smoking was and I stopped smoking."12
7624314507Ethosconvincing someone of credibility. Appeal to ethics. ( object Recommended by Doctor)13
7627529855Euphemismpolite replacement of words to seem less harsh. (passed away instead of dead)14
7627577952Logosargument used to persuade someone with logic or reasoning because it is difficult to argue with facts. (Our economy is growing. Our unemployment is lower now than it ever has been)15
7627626225Metonymywhen something is introduced by a new name that is related to the original thing. ( how many plates are we using= how many guests are coming)16
7627658223Parodyexaggerating imitation to create comic relief by mocking. (impersonating someone)17
7627695272Pathosan appeal to emotions and feelings. ("after years of your jerk boss, its time to take a stand")18
7627725330Personificationgiving human characteristics to something nonhuman. (the wildfire ran through the forest)19
7627759723Synecdocherefers to a part of something to represent the whole. or vise versa. ( "check out my wheels"= check out my car)20
7632476975DictionThe choice and use of words in a sentence21
7632479026Syntaxthe arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentence22
7632483947ToneThe attitude of a piece of writing or scene23
7632492390ImageryVisual description24
7632497576Figurative languageuses words or expressions with a meaning that is different from the literal interpretatio25
7632500457Point of viewAttitude or way of considering a situation26
7632508992DetailIndividual feature27
7632510340PacingHow fast a story unfolds28
7632517792ShiftWhen the focus changes by using words like "but" in a story29
7632521362ConnotationIdea or feeling that a word evokes30
7632532540DenotationLiterary or dictionary meaning of word31
7632534341ThemeCentral topic of a story32
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