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AP Literature Vocabulary Flashcards

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7975781679scrupulousDiligent, thorough, very concerned to avoid doing wrong0
7975857568scrupulousMorally upright1
7975787161lachrymoseTearful, sad2
7975791172dinnoisy clamor3
7975794754churlishMarked by a lack of civility; difficult to work or deal with4
7975803233whimsicalFull of eccentricities5
7975803235insouciantFree from concern6
7975808265diffidentmodest or shy because of a lack of self-confidence7
7975808266malaisea general feeling of discomfort, illness, or uneasiness whose exact cause is difficult to identify8
7975829096lugubriousLooking or sounding sad and dismal9
7975829097nefariousWicked or criminal10
7975838846reticentNot revealing one's thoughts or feelings easily11
7975838847officiousIntrusively assertive of authority, especially in regards to petty or trivial matters12
7975845491sanguineOptimistic13
7975845492sanguineBlood-thirsty14
7975862257extirpateRoot out and destroy completely15
7975865172maladroitIneffective or bumbling; clumsy16
7975865173rechercheRare, exotic, or obscure17
7975873536sagaciousHaving or showing keen mental judgment; shrewd18
7975873537dolorousMarked by, causing, or expressing grief or misery19
7975877623terseSparing in the use of words; abrupt20
7975877624curmudgeonBad-tempered or surly person21
7975887469effusiveexpressing feelings of gratitude, pleasure, or approval in an unrestrained or heartfelt manner22
7975887470fastidiousVery attentive to and conscious of attention to detail; hard to please23
8089001543forthrightDirect and outspoken. Straightforward and honest.24
8089015707eruditeHaving or showing great knowledge or learning25
8208858859refulgentshining brightly; radiant; gleaming26
8208859558vitriolicFilled with bitter criticism or malice27
8307665477cajolepersuade someone to do something by way of coaxing or flattery28
8307671338aplombself-confidence or assurance in a demanding situation29
8429889931seditiousinciting or causing people to rebel against the authority of a state or monarch30
8429889932surreptitiouskept secret, especially because it would not be approved of31
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AP World History - Period 2 Flashcards

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7949174453Ahura MazdaIn Zoroastrianism, the good god who rules the world.0
7949174454Alexander the GreatAlexander III of Macedon (356-323 B.C.E.), conqueror of the Persian Empire and part of northwest India.1
7949174455AryansIndo-European pastoralists who moved into India about the time of the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization; their role in causing this collapse is still debated by historians.2
7949174456AshokaThe most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire (r. 268-232 B.C.E.), who converted to Buddhism and tried to rule peacefully and with tolerance.3
7949174457Caesar AugustusThe great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war (r. 31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.).4
7949174458Cyrus (the Great)Founder of the Persian Empire (r. 557-530 B.C.E.); a ruler noted for his conquests, religious tolerance, and political moderation.5
7949174459Darius IGreat king of Persia (r. 522-486 B.C.E.) following the upheavals after Cyrus's death; completed the establishment of the Persian Empire.6
7949174460Greco-Persian WarsTwo major Persian invasions of Greece, in 490 B.C.E. and 480 B.C.E., in which the Persians were defeated on both land and sea.7
7949174461Gupta EmpireAn empire of India (320-550 C.E.).8
7949174462Han dynastyChinese dynasty that restored unity in China softened legalist policies. Begun in 202 B.C. by Liu Bang, the dynasty ruled China for more than 400 years.9
7949174463Hellenistic eraThe period from 323 to 30 B.C.E. in which Greek culture spread widely in Eurasia in the kingdoms ruled by Alexander's political successors.10
7949174464HerodotusGreek historian known as the "father of history" (ca. 484-ca. 425 B.C.E.). His Histories enunciated the Greek view of a fundamental divide between East and West, culminating in the Greco-Persian Wars of 490-480 B.C.E.11
7949174465hopliteA heavily armed Greek infantryman. Over time, the ability to afford a military wares and to fight for the city came to define Greek citizenship.12
7949174466IoniaThe territory of Greek settlements on the coast of Anatolia; the main bone of contention between the Greeks and the Persian Empire.13
7949174467Mandate of HeavenThe ideological underpinning of Chinese emperors, this was the belief that a ruler held authority by command of divine force as long as he ruled morally and benevolently.14
7949174468Battle of MarathonAthenian victory over a Persian invasion in 490 B.C.E.15
7949174469Mauryan EmpireA major empire (322-185 B.C.E.) that encompassed most of India.16
7949174470PatriciansWealthy, privileged Romans who dominated early Roman society.17
7949174471Pax RomanaThe "Roman peace," a term typically used to denote the stability and prosperity of the early Roman Empire, especially in the first and second centuries C.E.18
7949174472Peloponnesian WarGreat war between Athens (and allies) and Sparta (and allies), lasting from 431 to 404 B.C.E. The conflict ended in the defeat of Athens and the closing of Athens's Golden Age.19
7949174473PersepolisThe capital and greatest palace-city of the Persian Empire, destroyed by Alexander the Great.20
7949174474Persian EmpireA major empire that expanded from the Iranian plateau to incorporate the Middle East from Egypt to India; flourished from around 550 to 330 B.C.E.21
7949174475PlebiansPoorer, less privileged Romans who gradually won a role in Roman politics.22
7949174476Punic WarsThree major wars between Rome and Carthage in North Africa, fought between 264 and 146 B.C.E., that culminated in Roman victory and control of the western Mediterranean.23
7949174477Qin DynastyA short-lived (221-206 B.C.E.) but highly influential Chinese dynasty that succeeded in reuniting China at the end of the Warring States period.24
7949174478Qin ShihuangdiLiterally "first emperor" (r. 221-210 B.C.E.) forcibly reunited China and established a strong and repressive state.25
7949174479SolonAthenian statesman and lawmaker (fl. 594-560 B.C.E.) whose reforms led the Athenians toward democracy.26
7949174480WudiHan emperor (r. 141-86 B.C.E.) who began the Chinese civil service system by establishing an academy to train imperial bureaucrats.27
7949174481XiongnuNomadic peoples to the north of the Great Wall of China who were a frequent threat to the stability of the Chinese state.28
7949174482AristotleA Greek polymath philosopher (384-322 B.C.E.); student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.29
7949174483Bhagavad GitaA great Hindu epic text, part of the much larger Mahabharata, which affirms the performance of caste duties as a path to religious liberation.30
7949174484BrahmanThe "World Soul" or final reality in upanishadic Hindu belief.31
7949174485BrahminsThe priestly caste of India.32
7949174486BuddhismThe cultural/religious tradition first enunciated by Siddhartha Gautama33
7949174487ConfucianismThe Chinese philosophy first enunciated by Confucius, advocating the moral example of superiors as the key element of social order.34
7949174488ConfuciusThe founder of Confucianism (551-479 B.C.E.); an aristocrat of northern China who proved to be the greatest influence on Chinese culture in its history.35
7949174489ConstantineRoman emperor (r. 306-337 C.E.) whose conversion to Christianity paved the way for the triumph of Christianity in Europe.36
7949174490DaoismA Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, founded by the legendary figure Laozi.37
7949174491Filial pietyThe honoring of one's ancestors and parents, a key element of Confucianism.38
7949174492Greek rationalismA secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in classical Greece in the period 600 to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms.39
7949174493HinduismA word derived from outsiders to describe the vast diversity of indigenous Indian religious traditions.40
7949174494HippocratesA very influential Greek medical theorist (ca. 460-ca. 370 B.C.E.); regarded as the father of medicine.41
7949174495Jesus of NazarethThe prophet/god of Christianity(ca. 4 B.C.E.-ca. 30 C.E.).42
7949174496YahwehA form of the Hebrew name of God used in the Bible. The monotheistic religion developed by the Hebrews, emphasizing a sole personal god with concerns for social justice.43
7949174497KarmaIn Hinduism, the determining factor of the level at which the individual is reincarnated, based on purity of action and fulfillment of duty in the prior existence.44
7949174498LaoziA legendary Chinese philosopher of the sixth century B.C.E.; regarded as the founder of Daoism.45
7949174499LegalismA Chinese philosophy distinguished by an adherence to clear laws with vigorous punishments.46
7949174500MokshaIn Hindu belief, liberation from separate existence and union with Brahman.47
7949174501NirvanaThe end goal of Buddhism, in which individual identity is "extinguished" into a state of serenity and great compassion.48
7949174502PlatoA disciple of Socrates whose Dialogues convey the teachings of his master while going beyond them to express Plato's own philosophy; lived from 429 to 348 B.C.E.49
7949174503PythagorasA major Greek philosopher (ca. 560-ca. 480 B.C.E.) who believed that an unchanging mathematical order underlies the apparent chaos of the world.50
7949174504Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)The Indian prince (ca. 566-ca. 486 B.C.E.) who founded Buddhism.51
7949174505SocratesThe first great Greek philosopher to turn rationalism toward questions of human existence (469-399 B.C.E.).52
7949174506UpanishadsIndian mystical and philosophical works, written between 800 and 400 B.C.E.53
7949174507VedasThe earliest religious texts of India, a collection of ancient poems, hymns, and rituals that were transmitted orally before being written down ca. 600 B.C.E.54
7949174508Warring States PeriodPeriod in China from 403 to 221 B.C.E. that was typified by disorder and political chaos.55
7949174509Yin and YangExpression of the Chinese belief in the unity of opposites.56
7949174510ZoroastrianismPersian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra.57
7949174511caste as varna and jatiThe system of social organization in India that has evolved over millennia; it is based on an original division of the populace into four inherited classes, with the addition of thousands of social distinctions based on occupation, which became the main cell of social life in India.58
7949174512dharmaIn Indian belief, performance of the duties appropriate to an individual's caste; good performance will lead to rebirth in a higher caste.59
7949174513helotsThe dependent, semi-enslaved class of ancient Sparta whose social discontent prompted the militarization of Spartan society.60
7949174514KshatriyaThe Indian social class of warriors and rulers.61
7949174515latifundiaHuge estates operated by slave labor that flourished in parts of the Roman Empire62
7949174516PericlesA prominent and influential statesman of ancient Athens (ca. 495-429 B.C.E.); presided over Athens's Golden Age.63
7949174517SudraThe lowest Indian social class of varna; regarded as servants of their social betters; eventually included peasant farmers64
7949174518Three ObediencesIn Chinese Confucian thought, the notion that a woman is permanently subordinate to male control: first that of her father, then of her husband, and finally of her son.65
7949174519UntouchablesAn Indian social class that emerged below the Sudras and whose members performed the most unclean and polluting work.66
7949174520VaishyaThe Indian social class that was originally defined as farmers but eventually comprised merchants.67
7949174521Silk RoadTrade route stretching from China into Europe.68
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Chapter 7 AP World History Flashcards

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7860722301American webA term used to describe the network of trade that linked parts of the pre-Columbian Americas; although less intense and complete than the Afro-Eurasian trade networks, this web nonetheless provided a means of exchange for luxury goods and ideas over large areas.0
7860729734Thorfinn KarlsfeniA well-born, wealthy merchant and seaman of Norwegian Viking background, Karlsfeni led an unsuccessful expedition to establish a colony on the coast of what is now Newfoundland, Canada in the early eleventh century C.E.1
7860731349Black DeathThe name given to the massive epidemic that swept Eurasia in the fourteenth century C.E.; it may have been bubonic plague, anthrax, or a collection of epidemic diseases.2
7860733474pochtecaProfessional merchants among the Aztecs.3
7860736603Swahili civilizationAn East African civilization that emerged in the eighth century C.E. from a blending of Bantu, Islamic, and other Indian Ocean trade elements. (pron. swah-HEE-lee)4
7860740847SrivijayaA Malay kingdom that dominated the Straits of Malacca between 670 and 1025 C.E.; noted for its creation of a native/Indian hybrid culture. (pron. sree-vih-JUH-yah)5
7860742123Silk RoadsLand-based trade routes that linked Eurasia.6
7860743908Sand RoadsA term used to describe the routes of the trans-Saharan trade in Africa.7
7860748304Ghana, Mali, SonghayA series of important states that developed in western and central Sudan in the period 500-1600 C.E. in response to the economic opportunities of trans-Saharan trade (especially control of gold production). (pron. GAH-nah, MAH-lee, song-GAH-ee)8
7860750967Great ZimbabweA powerful state in the African interior that apparently emerged from the growing trade in gold to the East African coast; flourished between 1250 and 1350 C.E.9
7860753160Indian Ocean trading networkThe world's largest sea-based system of communication and exchange before 1500 C.E., Indian Ocean commerce stretched from southern China to eastern Africa and included not only the exchange of luxury and bulk goods but also the exchange of ideas and crops.10
7860761449BorobudurThe largest Buddhist monument ever built, Borobudur is a mountainous ten-level monument with an elaborate carving program, probably built in the ninth century C.E. by the Sailendras rulers of central Java; it is an outstanding example of cultural exchange and syncretism. (pron. BORE-ahboo-DOOR)11
7860771010Angkor WatThe largest religious structure in the pre-modern world, construction began on this temple, which is located in modern Cambodia, in the early 1100s C.E. It was built to express a Hindu understanding of the cosmos, centered on a mythical Mt. Meru, the home of the gods in Hindu tradition.12
7860772395trans-Saharan slave tradeA fairly small-scale trade that developed in the twelfth century C.E., exporting West African slaves captured in raids across the Sahara for sale mostly as household servants or concubines.13
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AP Senior English Literature Flashcards

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7854205177AbstractBrief summary of the major parts of a research study0
7854205178AllegoryA literary form in which something is said to be like something else, in an attempt to communicate a hidden or symbolic meaning.1
7854205179AlliterationRepetition of consonant sounds2
7854205180AllusionA direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion.3
7854205181AnalogyA comparison of two different things that are similar in some way4
7854205182ApostropheA figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love.5
7854205183ConnotationAll the meanings, associations, or emotions that a word suggests6
7854205184Concluding CoupletThe last two lines of a sonnet that rhyme7
7854205185DenotationThe dictionary definition of a word8
7854205186DictionA writer's or speaker's choice of words9
7854205187Dramatic MonologueA poem or speech in which a fictional character expresses his or her thoughts and feelings within a developing situation10
7854205188ElegyA poem of mourning, usually about someone who has died.11
7854205189EpicA long narrative poem, written in heightened language, which recounts the deeds of a heroic character who embodies the values of a particular society12
7854205190EpigramA brief witty poem, often satirical.13
7854205191EpigraphA brief quotation found at the beginning of a literary work, reflective of theme.14
7854205192FeetUnits of stressed and unstressed syllables15
7854205193FoilA character who is in most ways opposite to the main character (protagonist) or one who is nearly the same as the protagonist. The purpose of the foil character is to emphasize the traits of the main character by contrast only16
7854205194HyperboleA figure of speech that uses exaggeration to express strong emotion, make a point, or evoke humor17
7854205195Iambic PentameterA common meter in poetry consisting of an unrhymed line with five feet or accents, each foot containing an unaccented syllable and an accented syllable.18
7854205196IronyA device that depends on the existence of at least two separate and contrasting levels of meaning embedded in one message. Verbal irony is sarcasm when the speaker says something other than what they really mean. In dramatic irony the audience is more aware than the characters in a work. Situational irony occurs when the opposite of what is expected happens. This type of irony often emphasizes that people are caught in forces beyond their comprehension and control.19
7854205197JuxtapositionPlacement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts20
7854205198MetaphorA comparison without using like or as21
7854205199MeterA regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry22
7854205200MotifA recurring theme, subject or idea23
7854205201PersonificationA figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes24
7854205202PlotSequence of events in a literary work25
7854205203Points of ViewThe perspective from which the story is told26
7854205204ProseAny writing that is not poetry27
7854205205RhymeRepetition of sounds at the end of words28
7854205206SatireA work that reveals a critical attitude toward some element of human behavior by portraying it in an extreme way.29
7854205207SettingThe context in time and place in which the action of a story occurs.30
7854205208Seven Deadly SInsPride, Anger, Sloth, Gluttony, Lust, Envy, Greed31
7854205209SimileA comparison using "like" or "as"32
7854205210SOAPStoneSpeaker, occasion, audience, purpose, subject, tone33
7854205211SoliloquyA dramatic or literary form of discourse in which a character talks to himself or herself or reveals his or her thoughts without addressing a listener.34
7854205212Sonnet14 lines of iambic pentameter35
7854205213SymbolA thing that represents or stands for something else, especially a material object representing something abstract.36
7854205214ThemeCentral idea of a work of literature37
7854205215ToneA writer's attitude toward his or her subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language, and organization on the sentence and global levels.38
7854205216TragedyA dramatic composition, often in verse, dealing with a serious or somber theme, typically that of a great person destined through a flaw of character or conflict with some overpowering force, as fate or society, to downfall or destruction.39
7854205217Tragic HeroA literary character who makes an error of judgment or has a fatal flaw that, combined with fate and external forces, brings on a tragedy40
7854205218TrocheeA metrical foot consisting of one accented syllable followed by one unaccented syllable41
7854205219Blank verseUnrhymed iambic pentameter42
7854205220Rhymed verseconsists of verse with end rhyme and usually with a regular meter.43
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AP Language Terms list - Examples Flashcards

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7825666203AlliterationShe sells sea shells by the sea shore0
7825681610Analogylife is like a race. the one who keeps running wins the race, and the one who stops to catch a breath loses.1
7825689822Anecdoteif a group of coworkers are discussing pets, and one coworker tells a story about how her cat comes downstairs at only a certain time of the night.2
7825718820DidacticAtticus Finch is the voice of moral teaching, as he instructs his children about the prejudice, courage, and doing the right thing even when you are in the minority.3
7825736051InvectiveAccusing someone who you believe was dishonest of being a filthy liar.4
7825755695JuxtapositionWhen the cat's away the mice will play.5
7825773418ParadoxTruth is honey which is bitter.6
7825792637ParallelismNancy read a book while Joe watched television.7
7825813736RhetoricUpon approaching a cashier at the grocery store she asks, "Will you help starving children today by adding $3 to your grocery bill?"8
7825830402LogosA politician argues for a new domestic spending program by stating facts and figures about the current level of spending, the current economy, and how this program is projected to improve the economy.9
7825856968Ethos"As a doctor, I am qualified to tell you that this course of treatment will likely generate the best results."10
7825866075Pathos"If we don't move soon, we're all going to die! Can't you see how dangerous it would be to stay?"11
7825877605ExpositionThe U.S. flag consists of thirteen alternating stripes of red and blue, representing the 13 original states. In the top left of the flag there is a field of blue with fifty stars, one for each state.12
7825896637ArgumentationBusinessman writes a proposal for a new product line, arguing that the new line will be popular and will make the company money.13
7825923970DescriptionThe sunset filled the entire sky with the deep color of rubies, setting the clouds ablaze.14
7825935131NarrationTo tell a story or narrate an event or series of events.15
7825967423SynesthesiaA writer may appeal to our senses of taste and smell at the same time by describing how bacon tastes and smells as a character is eating breakfast.16
7825989940ToneFather: "We are going on a vacation." Son: "That's great!!!" - The tone of son's response is very cheerful.17
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Mitosis - AP Biology Flashcards

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7821108685G1 PhaseFirst stage of interphase in which cell grows and performs its normal functions. Cell is diploid.0
7821108686G0 PhaseCell is performing its normal functions, but has left the cell cycle and is not dividing.1
7821108687S PhaseThe synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.2
7821108688G2 PhaseLast stage of interphase in which cell grows and performs its normal functions. Cell is tetraploid.3
7821108689InterphaseCell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases4
7821108690ProphasePhase of mitosis in which chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane disappears, nucleolus disappears, and spindle fibers begin to form.5
7821108691MetaphasePhase of mitosis in which spindle fibers help chromosomes line up on the midline of the cell.6
7821108692AnaphasePhase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell.7
7821108693TelophasePhase of mitosis during which chromosomes uncoil, a nuclear envelope returns around the chromatin, and a nucleolus becomes visible in each daughter cell"8
7821108694CytokinesisAt the end of telophase, actin fibers form an equator around the cell and contract, separating the cytoplasm into two daughter cells.9
7821108695CentrioleA paired cluster of microtubules near the nucleus in animal cells. This organelle organizes spindle fibers during mitosis.10
7821108696CentromereRegion of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids attach to one another. Contains the kinetochore.11
7821108697KinetochoreA specialized region on the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle.12
7821108698Spindle FibersMade of microtubules that connect centrioles to kinetochores of chromosomes and that separate sister (mitosis) or homologous (meiosis) chromosomes during cell division13
7821108699ChromosomeA threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins.14
7821108700ChromatidOne of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome.15
7821108705Cyclin-Dependent Kinase (CDK)A group of protein kinases that are activated by the formation of a complex with a cyclin and are involved in the regulation of the cell cycle. Only active when bound to a cyclin.16
7821108706CyclinA cellular protein that occurs in a cyclically fluctuating concentration and that plays an important role in regulating the cell cycle.17
7821108712KinaseAn enzyme that adds a phosphate group to a protein. Phosphorylation usually activates protein activity.18
7821108713PhosphataseAn enzyme that removes a phosphate group from a protein. Phosphorylation usually activates protein activity.19
7821405924metastasisthe spread of cancer cells distant from the original site20
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AP Language Vocabluary(List 3) Flashcards

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7576142054Articulate(adj)to express clearly and forcefully, to be eloquent0
7576142055Covort(v)to romp and prounch around exuberantly, to make mary1
7576142056Credence(n)belief or mental acceptance2
7576142057Decry(v)to condemn or express stong disapproval, to denounce3
7576142058Dissemble(v)to disguise or conceal, to deliberately give a false impression4
7576142059Distraught(adj)to be very agitated or upset as a result of emotion or mental conflict5
7576142060Eulogy(n)to formal statement of accommodations, high praise, a tribute or testimonial (given in a funeral)6
7576142061Exhume(v)to remove from a grave, to bring to light or uncover7
7576142062Feckless(adj)lacking in spirit or strength, to be ineffective or weak8
7576142063Murky (adj)to be dark and gloomy, to be obscure, lacking in clarity and precision9
7576142064Nefarious (adj)to be wicked and depraved, to be void of moral standard10
7576142065Piquant(adj)stimulating to the taste or mind, to be appealingly provocative11
7576142066Primordial(adj)to be devolped or created in the very beginning, to be fundamental or basic12
7576142067Utopian(adj)to be founded upon or involving in an invisonary view of an ideal world, to be impractical or idealistic13
7576142068Verdant(adj)to be green in tint or color, to be immature in experience or immature in judgement14
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