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AP language Flashcards

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3003213091InterloperOne who intrudes by mendling or trespassing on rights of others0
3003213092InternecineVery destructive to both sides in a conflict pertaining to struggle or conflict1
3003213093InterpolateTo insert or add something between other parts of written work2
3003213094InterregnumAny period of time when a state is without a ruler3
3003213630InterposeTo insert between parts of something4
3003218770JuxtaposeTo place side by side grammatically or literally5
3003225391PropinquityNearness6
3003229291QuiescentAt rest or motionless7
3003232504RapprochementRestoration between two countries8
3003236971AcquiesceTo agree or consent without objection9
3003243982RequiemGathering for music or poem for departed souls10
3003249016UnrequitedNot given back in payment or returned in any kind11
3004207788AbtruseDifficult to understand12
3004208535ExtrudeTo push out a liquid substance that retains into a predetermined shape13
3004222548ObtrudeTo force ones idea on oneself14
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AP World History Period 2 Flashcards

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8348933944Ahura MazdaIn Zoroastrianism, the good god who rules the world.0
8348933945Alexander the GreatAlexander III of Macedon (356-323 B.C.E.), conqueror of the Persian Empire and part of northwest India.1
8348933946AryansIndo-European pastoralists who moved into India about the time of the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization; their role in causing this collapse is still debated by historians.2
8348933947AshokaThe most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire (r. 268-232 B.C.E.), who converted to Buddhism and tried to rule peacefully and with tolerance.3
8348933948Caesar AugustusThe great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war (r. 31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.).4
8348933949Cyrus (the Great)Founder of the Persian Empire (r. 557-530 B.C.E.); a ruler noted for his conquests, religious tolerance, and political moderation.5
8348933950Darius IGreat king of Persia (r. 522-486 B.C.E.) following the upheavals after Cyrus's death; completed the establishment of the Persian Empire.6
8348933951Greco-Persian WarsTwo major Persian invasions of Greece, in 490 B.C.E. and 480 B.C.E., in which the Persians were defeated on both land and sea.7
8348933952Gupta EmpireAn empire of India (320-550 C.E.).8
8348933953Han dynastyChinese dynasty that restored unity in China softened legalist policies. Begun in 202 B.C. by Liu Bang, the Han ruled China for more than 400 years.9
8348933954Hellenistic eraThe period from 323 to 30 B.C.E. in which Greek culture spread widely in Eurasia in the kingdoms ruled by Alexander's political successors.10
8348933955HerodotusGreek historian known as the "father of history" (ca. 484-ca. 425 B.C.E.). His Histories enunciated the Greek view of a fundamental divide between East and West, culminating in the Greco-Persian Wars of 490-480 B.C.E.11
8348933956hopliteA heavily armed Greek infantryman. Over time, the ability to afford a military wares and to fight for the city came to define Greek citizenship.12
8348933957IoniaThe territory of Greek settlements on the coast of Anatolia; the main bone of contention between the Greeks and the Persian Empire.13
8348933958Mandate of HeavenThe ideological underpinning of Chinese emperors, this was the belief that a ruler held authority by command of divine force as long as he ruled morally and benevolently.14
8348933959Battle of MarathonAthenian victory over a Persian invasion in 490 B.C.E.15
8348933960Mauryan EmpireA major empire (322-185 B.C.E.) that encompassed most of India.16
8348933961PatriciansWealthy, privileged Romans who dominated early Roman society.17
8348933962Pax RomanaThe "Roman peace," a term typically used to denote the stability and prosperity of the early Roman Empire, especially in the first and second centuries C.E.18
8348933963Peloponnesian WarGreat war between Athens (and allies) and Sparta (and allies), lasting from 431 to 404 B.C.E. The conflict ended in the defeat of Athens and the closing of Athens's Golden Age.19
8348933964PersepolisThe capital and greatest palace-city of the Persian Empire, destroyed by Alexander the Great.20
8348933965Persian EmpireA major empire that expanded from the Iranian plateau to incorporate the Middle East from Egypt to India; flourished from around 550 to 330 B.C.E.21
8348933966PlebiansPoorer, less privileged Romans who gradually won a role in Roman politics.22
8348933967Punic WarsThree major wars between Rome and Carthage in North Africa, fought between 264 and 146 B.C.E., that culminated in Roman victory and control of the western Mediterranean.23
8348933968Qin DynastyA short-lived (221-206 B.C.E.) but highly influential Chinese dynasty that succeeded in reuniting China at the end of the Warring States period.24
8348933969Qin ShihuangdiLiterally "first emperor" (r. 221-210 B.C.E.) forcibly reunited China and established a strong and repressive state.25
8348933970SolonAthenian statesman and lawmaker (fl. 594-560 B.C.E.) whose reforms led the Athenians toward democracy.26
8348933971WudiHan emperor (r. 141-86 B.C.E.) who began the Chinese civil service system by establishing an academy to train imperial bureaucrats.27
8348933972XiongnuNomadic peoples to the north of the Great Wall of China who were a frequent threat to the stability of the Chinese state.28
8348933973AristotleA Greek polymath philosopher (384-322 B.C.E.); student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.29
8348933974AtmanThe human soul, which in classic Hindu belief seeks union with Brahman.30
8348933975Bhagavad GitaA great Hindu epic text, part of the much larger Mahabharata, which affirms the performance of caste duties as a path to religious liberation.31
8348933976BrahmanThe "World Soul" or final reality in upanishadic Hindu belief.32
8348933977BrahminsThe priestly caste of India.33
8348933978BuddhismThe cultural/religious tradition first enunciated by Siddhartha Gautama34
8348933979ConfucianismThe Chinese philosophy first enunciated by Confucius, advocating the moral example of superiors as the key element of social order.35
8348933980ConfuciusThe founder of Confucianism (551-479 B.C.E.); an aristocrat of northern China who proved to be the greatest influence on Chinese culture in its history.36
8348933981ConstantineRoman emperor (r. 306-337 C.E.) whose conversion to Christianity paved the way for the triumph of Christianity in Europe.37
8348933982DaodejingThe central text of Daoism; translated as The Way and Its Power.38
8348933983DaoismA Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, founded by the legendary figure Laozi.39
8348933984Filial pietyThe honoring of one's ancestors and parents, a key element of Confucianism.40
8348933985Greek rationalismA secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in classical Greece in the period 600 to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms.41
8348933986HinduismA word derived from outsiders to describe the vast diversity of indigenous Indian religious traditions.42
8348933987HippocratesA very influential Greek medical theorist (ca. 460-ca. 370 B.C.E.); regarded as the father of medicine.43
8348933988Jesus of NazarethThe prophet/god of Christianity(ca. 4 B.C.E.-ca. 30 C.E.).44
8348933989YahwehA form of the Hebrew name of God used in the Bible. The monotheistic religion developed by the Hebrews, emphasizing a sole personal god with concerns for social justice.45
8348933990KarmaIn Hinduism, the determining factor of the level at which the individual is reincarnated, based on purity of action and fulfillment of duty in the prior existence.46
8348933991LaoziA legendary Chinese philosopher of the sixth century B.C.E.; regarded as the founder of Daoism.47
8348933992LegalismA Chinese philosophy distinguished by an adherence to clear laws with vigorous punishments.48
8348933993Mahayana"Great Vehicle," the popular development of Buddhism in the early centuries of the Common Era, which gives a much greater role to supernatural beings and proved to be more popular than original (Theravada) Buddhism.49
8348933994MokshaIn Hindu belief, liberation from separate existence and union with Brahman.50
8348933995NirvanaThe end goal of Buddhism, in which individual identity is "extinguished" into a state of serenity and great compassion.51
8348933996PlatoA disciple of Socrates whose Dialogues convey the teachings of his master while going beyond them to express Plato's own philosophy; lived from 429 to 348 B.C.E.52
8348933997PythagorasA major Greek philosopher (ca. 560-ca. 480 B.C.E.) who believed that an unchanging mathematical order underlies the apparent chaos of the world.53
8348933998Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)The Indian prince turned ascetic (ca. 566-ca. 486 B.C.E.) who founded Buddhism.54
8348933999SocratesThe first great Greek philosopher to turn rationalism toward questions of human existence (469-399 B.C.E.).55
8348934000Theravada"The Teaching of the Elders," the early form of Buddhism according to which the Buddha as a wise teacher but not divine and which emphasizes practices rather than beliefs.56
8348934001UpanishadsIndian mystical and philosophical works, written between 800 and 400 B.C.E.57
8348934002VedasThe earliest religious texts of India, a collection of ancient poems, hymns, and rituals that were transmitted orally before being written down ca. 600 B.C.E.58
8348934003Warring States PeriodPeriod in China from 403 to 221 B.C.E. that was typified by disorder and political chaos.59
8348934004Yin and YangExpression of the Chinese belief in the unity of opposites.60
8348934005ZarathustraA Persian prophet, traditionally dated to the sixth or seventh century B.C.E. (but perhaps much older), who founded Zoroastrianism.61
8348934006ZoroastrianismPersian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra.62
8348934007caste as varna and jatiThe system of social organization in India that has evolved over millennia; it is based on an original division of the populace into four inherited classes, with the addition of thousands of social distinctions based on occupation, which became the main cell of social life in India.63
8348934008dharmaIn Indian belief, performance of the duties appropriate to an individual's caste; good performance will lead to rebirth in a higher caste.64
8348934009helotsThe dependent, semi-enslaved class of ancient Sparta whose social discontent prompted the militarization of Spartan society.65
8348934010KshatriyaThe Indian social class of warriors and rulers.66
8348934011latifundiaHuge estates operated by slave labor that flourished in parts of the Roman Empire67
8348934012PericlesA prominent and influential statesman of ancient Athens (ca. 495-429 B.C.E.); presided over Athens's Golden Age.68
8348934013scholar-gentry classA term used to describe members of China's landowning families, reflecting their wealth from the land and the privilege that they derived as government officials.69
8348934014SudraThe lowest Indian social class of varna; regarded as servants of their social betters; eventually included peasant farmers70
8348934015the "three submissions"In Chinese Confucian thought, the notion that a woman is permanently subordinate to male control: first that of her father, then of her husband, and finally of her son.71
8348934016UntouchablesAn Indian social class that emerged below the Sudras and whose members performed the most unclean and polluting work.72
8348934017VaisyaThe Indian social class that was originally defined as farmers but eventually comprised merchants.73
8348934018AxumClassical-era kingdom of East Africa, in present-day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia; flourished from 100 to 600 C.E. and adopted Christianity.74
8348934019Bantu expansionGradual migration of peoples from their homeland in what is now southern Nigeria and the Cameroons into most of eastern and southern Africa, a process that began around 3000 B.C.E. and continued for several millennia. The agricultural techniques and ironworking technology of these farmers gave them an advantage over the gathering and hunting peoples they encountered.75
8348934020Coptic ChristianityThe Egyptian variety of Christianity, distinctive in its belief that Christ has only a single, divine nature.76
8348934021Silk RoadTrade route stretching from China into Europe.77
8348934022syncretisma blending of beliefs and practices from different religions into one faith78
8348934023monasticismThe lifestyle of a monk or nun, characterized by prayer and solitude79
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AP Literature Terms Flashcards

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4310970526AnachronismA person, scene,events or other element in literature that fails to correspond with time or era in which the work is set.0
4310975287AntithesisA rhetorical opposition or contrast of ideas by means of a grammatical arrangement of words, cultures, or sentences.1
4310979392ApollonianIn contrast to Dionysian, it refers to the most noble, godlike qualities of human nature and behavior.2
4310988618ApostropheA rhetorical device in which a speaker addresses a person or personified thing not present.3
4310999188AssonanceThe repetition of two or more vowel sounds in a group of words or lines in poetry and prose.4
4311009277BalladA simple narrative verse that tells a story that is sung or recited.5
4311011256BardA poet; in olden times, a performer who told heroic stories to musical accompaniment.6
4311015139Blank versePoetry written in iambic pentameter, the primary meter used in English poetry and the works of Shakespeare and Milton. Lines generally don't rhyme7
4311022141CaesuraA pause somewhere in the middle of a verse often (but not always) marked by punctuation.8
4311026546ConnotationThe suggested or implied meaning of a word or phrase.9
4311028969CoupletA pair of rhyming lines in a poem. Two rhyming lines in iambic pentameter is sometimes called a heroic couplet.10
4311033331DionysianAs distinguished from Apollonian, the word refers to sensual, pleasure-seeking impulses11
4311036479ElegyA poem or prose selection that laments or meditates on the passing or death of something or someone of value.12
4311039130Elliptical constructionA sentence containing a deliberate omission of words.13
4311042522EnjambmentIn poetry, the use of successive lines w/ no punctuation or pause b/w them.14
4311051565EpicAn extended narrative poem that tells of the adventures and exploits of a hero that is generally larger than life and is often considered a legendary figure such as Odysseus or Beowulf.15
4311063048EponymousA term for the title character of a work of literature.16
4311065361EuphemismA mild or less negative usage for a harsh or blunt term.17
4311070474ExpositionThe background and events that lead to the presentation of the main idea or purpose of a work of literature.18
4311073928Extended metaphorA series of comparisons b/w two unlike objects.19
4311077091FarceA comedy that contains an extravagant and nonsensical disregard of seriousness, although it may have a serious, scornful purpose.20
4311085559FoilA major character whose personality or attitude contrasts with that of the main character.Juxtaposing one character against another intensifies the qualities of both to advantage or sometimes disadvantage.21
4311093109FootA unit of stressed and unstressed syllables used to determine the meter of a poetic line.22
4311106833Free verseA kind of poetry without rhymed lines, rhythm, or fixed metrical feet.23
4311109461HarangueA forceful sermon, lecture or tirade.24
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AP Literature Flashcards

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8188845226connotationrepetition of the consonant sound in words0
8188845227apostrophedirect addressing to an abstract thinh1
8188848599conceitexpanded metaphor2
8188848600refrainrepetition of a line through the poem3
8188852242sonnet14 lines regular rhyme scheme meter4
8188852243scancionscanning a like looking for rhyme scheme5
8188854777personaperson imagined in the poem6
8188854778ambiguitymeaning is not clear7
8188857063allegorya story line with two different meanings one is on the surface the other is religious8
8188861238allusiona reference to something outside the poem9
8188861239clicheterm that has lost freshness due to overuse10
8188864329hyperboleexageration11
8188864330litotes/meiosisunderstatement negating something (she is no beauty, you wont be sorry)12
8188868771synecdochea part of something used to signify the whole (ten hands=ten workers)13
8188873632metonymyterm applied to something its closely associated with through experience14
8188873633blank versetraditional verse, unrhymed iambic pentameter15
8188878999dramatic monologuepoem reveals personality through characters voice in dramatic situation16
8188879000odeserious elaborate long lyric expressed in dignified language17
8188879055elegya poem of mourning and lamentation18
8188886060tone19
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AP World History: Unit 4 Flashcards

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8090645355Trans-Oceanic Tradeglobal trading system in the Caribbean and the Americans trade networks extended to all corners of Atlantic Ocean0
8090645356Columbian ExchangeAn exchange of goods, ideas and skills from the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa) to the New World (North and South America) and vice versa.1
8090645357MercantilismAn economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought2
8090645358Triangular TradeTrading System between Europe, Africa, and the colonies; European purchased slaves in Africa and sold them to colonies, new materials from colonies went to Europe while European finished products were sold in the colonies.3
8090645359Middle PassageA voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies4
8090645360CaravelA small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.5
8090645361Cartographythe science or the art of making maps6
8090645362Joint-stock companiesbusinesses formed by groups of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses7
8090645363East India CompaniesBritish, French, and Dutch trading companies that obtained government monopolies of trade to India and Asia; acted independently in their regions.8
8090645364Royal African Companya mercantile company set up by the Stuart family and London merchants to trade along the west coast of Africa9
8090645365VodunAfrican religious ideas and practices among descendants of African slaves in Haiti.10
8090645366Italian Renaissancerebirth of Classical (Greece/Rome) art/architecture - humanistic focus - patrons - families like Medici and the Catholic Church - blended natural world w/ religion - transition away from religion11
8090645367The MediciThe Medici family was a family of bankers that started out as middle class & then loaned money to a guy that became the pope & then they became the wealthiest family in Florence. They sponsored many artists/architects like Brunesllshci & made lots of money off them.12
8090645368HumanismA Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements13
8090645369Protestant ReformationA religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.14
8090645370Martin LutherA German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. He led the Protestant Reformation.15
809064537195 ThesesMartin Luther's ideas that he posted on the church door at Wittenburg which questioned the Roman Catholic Church. This act began the Reformation16
8090645372AnglicanismA Protestant denomination of the Christian faith founded by Henry VIII in England17
8090645373Catholic ReformationReligious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline.18
8090645374JesuitsMembers of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe.19
8090645375Scientific RevolutionA major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.20
8090645376CopernicusDevised a model of the universe with the Sun at the center, and not earth.21
8090645377DescartesFrench philosopher, discovered analytical geometry. Saw Algebra and Geometry have a direct relationship. Reduced everything to spiritual or physical.22
8090645378NewtonThis physicist developed the law of universal gravitation and further caused the decline of the old system of science23
8090645379GalileoHe was the first person to use a telescope to observe objects in space. He discovered that planets and moons are physical bodies because of his studies of the night skies.24
8090645380John Locke17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.25
8090645381ColumbusItalian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)26
8090645382MagellanPortuguese explorer who sailed around the Southern end of South America and eventually reached the Philippines, but was killed in a local war there27
8090645383Vasco da Gamathe first European to reach India by sea sailing around the tip of Africa.28
8090645384Zheng HeAn imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.29
8090645385Little Ice AgeTemporary but significant cooling period between the fourteenth and the nineteenth centuries; accompanied by wide temperature fluctuations, droughts, and storms, causing famines and dislocation.30
8090645386Chattel SlaveryAbsolute legal ownership of another person, including the right to buy or sell that person.31
8090645387El MinaMost important of early Portuguese trading factories in forest zone of Africa32
8090645388Plantation EconomyThis referred to the inefficient, slave-centered economy of the South where all land was used to grow large amounts of cash crops for export.33
8090645389Indentured servitudeA worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians.34
8090645390Encomienda SystemSpaniards received grants of a number of Indians, from whom they could exact "tribute" in the form of gold or labor35
8090645391Hacienda Systemlanded estates granted to conquistadors36
8090645392Mita SystemThe system recruiting workers for particularly difficult and dangerous chores that free laborers would not accept.37
8090645393DevshirmeChristian boys, taken from the Balkan provinces, converted to Islam, and recruited by force to serve the Ottoman government. The boys must passed through a series of examinations to determine their intelligence and capabilities.38
8090645394Jannisariesa member of the Turkish infantry forming the Sultan's guard39
8090645395Zamindarsa landowner, especially one who leases his land to tenant farmers.40
8090645396Daimyo(in feudal Japan) one of the great lords who were vassals of the shogun41
8090645397Peninsularea Spanish-born Spaniard residing in the New World or the Spanish East Indies42
8090645398Creolesa person of mixed European and black descent, especially in the Caribbean43
8090645399MestizosA person of mixed Native American and European ancestry44
8090645400MulattosPersons of mixed European and African ancestry45
8090645401Sociedad de castasCaste system based on racial origins46
8090645402Cape Colonya former province of southern South Africa that was settled by the Dutch in 1652 and ceded to Great Britain in 181447
8090645403Commercial RevolutionA dramatic change in the economy of Europe at the end of the Middle Ages. It is characterized by an increase in towns and trade, the use of banks and credit, and the establishment of guilds to regulate quality and price.48
8090645404Potosia city in S Bolivia: formerly a rich silver-mining center49
8090645405Absolutismthe acceptance of or belief in absolute principles in political, philosophical, ethical, or theological matters50
8090645406*Louis XIV(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.51
8090645407*Phillip IIKing of Spain, 1556 - 1598; married to Queen Mary I of England;he was the most powerful monarch in Europe until 1588; controlled Spain, the Netherlands, the Spanish colonies in the New World, Portugal, Brazil, parts of Africa, parts of India, and the East Indies. He was also father to Alexander the Great.52
8090645408*Ivan III"Ivan the Great"; ruled as great prince and first ruler of the independent state called Russia. Prince of Moscow who ended Mongol rule in 1480 and adopted the title of tsar.53
8090645409*Ivan IVthe Terrible, beat the Mongols, Tartars, and the Poles, forced nobles into service, first ruler to take the title tsar54
8090645410*Peter the Great(1672-1725) Russian tsar. He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.55
8090645411*Parliamentary monarchyA government with a king or queen whose power is limited by the power of a parliament56
8090645412Divine RightsA belief of kings and monarchs that they have a God-given right to rule and that rebellion against them is a sin.57
8090645413VersaillesA palace built for Louis XIV near the town of Versailles, southwest of Paris. It was built around a chateau belonging to Louis XIII, which was transformed by additions in the grand French classical style58
8090645414Absolutismthe acceptance of or belief in absolute principles in political, philosophical, ethical, or theological matters59
8090645415Ottomans (Suleiman)Gun powder empire60
8090645416Safavids (Abbas)Gun powder empire61
8090645417Mughals (Akbar, Aurangzeb)Gunpowder empire62
8090645418Maroonescaped slave in the Americas63
8090645419European Empires in the AmericansGreat Britain, France, Spain, Netherlands, Denmark64
8090645420Aztecsa nomadic tribe in northern Mexico, arrived in Mesoamerica around the beginning of the 13th century. From their magnificent capital city, Tenochtitlan, the Aztecs emerged as the dominant force in central Mexico, developing an intricate social, political, religious and commercial organization that brought many of the region's city-states under their control by the 15th century65
8090645421IncasA Native American people who built a notable civilization in western South America in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The center of their empire was in present-day Peru. Francisco Pizarro of Spain conquered the empire.66
8090645422Ming-Dynasty - ChinaThe Ming dynasty was the ruling dynasty of China—then known as the Empire of the Great Ming—for 276 years following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty.67
8090645423Tokugawa ShogunateUnified daimyo (lords) to keep peace from 1600 to 1867 in Japan68
8090645424ConquistadorsEarly-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (Examples Cortez, Pizarro, Francisco.)69
8090645425Thirty Year Wara series of wars in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648. It was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history, as well as the deadliest European religious war, resulting in eight million casualties.70
8090645426Treaty of WestphaliaEnded Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic.71
8090645427Edict of Nantesdocument that granted religious freedom to the Huguenots72
8090645428English Civil Wara series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists over, principally, the manner of England's government73
8090645429Glorious RevolutionA reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.74
8090645430*John Locke17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.75
80906454317 Years Wara war fought between 1754 and 1763, involving every European great power of the time except the Ottoman Empire, spanning five continents, and affected Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India, and the Philippines. The conflict split Europe into two coalitions, led by the Kingdom of Great Britain (Prussia, Portugal, Hanover, and other small German states) on one side and the Kingdom of France (Austria-led Holy Roman Empire, Russia, Spain, and Sweden) on the other.76
8090645432French & Indian WarAmerican version of the 7 Year's War, French and Indians fight colonists and are victorious in early stages, then British pour on the pressure and emerge victorious, end-result French are removed from North America and Britain is left in debt.77
8090645433Treaty of TordesillasA treaty signed by Portugal and Spain to divide the new world.78
8090645434Hernan Cortesa Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire79
8090645435Francisco PizzaroSpanish conquistador who conquered the Inca's80
8090645436Council of the IndiesBody within the Castilian government that issued all laws and advised king on all matters dealing with the Spanish colonies of the New World.81
8090645437Viceroyaltiesthe office, position, or authority of a viceroy82
8090645438Audienciasan appellate court in Spain and its empire. The name of the institution literally translates as Royal Audience83
8090645439Japan's Closed Country policyDidn't allow anyone to enter or leave the country.84
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AP World History Ch. 9 Flashcards

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8050608199Prophet Muhammad ibn AbdullahThe last known prophet/founder of Islam.0
8050611525IslamThe monotheistic religion of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century that was based on the teachings of Muhammad that can be found in the Quran. Islam translates to submission and is universalizing.1
8050621879MuslimA believed or follower of Islam2
8050622003BedouinNomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula. They were early converts of Islam.3
8050625694CaliphThe chief muslim/political and religious leader.4
8050625695CaliphateIslamic empire to be ruled by the rightful Caliph.5
8050780598QuranRecitations of revelations received by Muhammed. It's the holy book of Islam.6
8065606474AllahThe term for God in Islam7
8065606475SunniOne of the two branches of Islam. They are the majority and believe that leadership should reside in the early caliphs.8
8065606476ShiaOne of the two branches of Islam. They are the minority and believe that leadership should reside in the line descended from Ali.9
8065610213Umayyad CaliphateThe first dynasty that opposed the prophet of Muhammad. They are Sunni Muslims. Their capital is in Domoscus, Syria.10
8065610214Abbasid CaliphateThe second dynasty that last for a longer period of time. They align with the Shia to help overthrow the Umayyads. After they gain power, they commit mass genocide on the Shia and convert to Sunni because they need to be seen as the majority.11
8065610215HaremLiving quarters reserved for wives, concubines, female relatives, and female servants in a Muslim household.12
8065613250BaghdadCapital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon. It was second only to Constantinople in terms of size and grandeur in 1000 C.E. It was located on key trade routes that gave the caliph access to trade goods, gold, and information about far empires.13
8065613251SufiAn Islamic mystical tradition that desired a personal union with God--divine love through intuition rather than through rational deduction and study of the shari'a. Followed an ascetic routine (denial of physical desire to gain a spiritual goal), dedicating themselves to fasting, prayer, meditation on the Qur'an, and the avoidance of sin. A third sect of Islam that has members that are typically nomads.14
8065626646Delhi SultanateMuslims dynasties that ruled in India (1206-1520). It was founded after Muhammad of Ghor defeated Prithvi Raj and captured Delhi in 1192.15
8078456930Mansa MusaHe was a king that brought Mali to its peak of power and wealth from 1312 to 1337. He practices Islam and embarks on a journey that further contributes to the spread of Islam.16
8078461407Byzantine Empire(500 CE - 1453 CE) Eastern portion of the Roman Empire which survived beyond the collapse of the Roman Empire with its capital at Constantinople; retained Mediterranean culture, particularly Greek; later lost Palestine, Syria, and Egypt to Islam.17
8078461408Ottoman EmpireIslamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia ca. 1300. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453 to 1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.18
8078461481ConstantinopleCapital of the Byzantine Empire. Considered to be the crossroads of the world.19
8078463944MeccaA city in western part of Arabia. It was the birthplace of Muhammad and ritual center of the Islamic religion.20
8078463945KaabaA black stone building that Muslim's believe to be built by Abraham. Most sacred Muslim pilgrim shrine.21
8078468280Sassanid EmpireLast period of the Persian Empire, Islamic empire to east of Abbasid Caliphate, Shiite, named after House of Sasan, most influential period in Iran's history, not very tolerant22
8089631044JihadLiterally translates to "struggle" Its more general meaning, referred to as the "greater jihad," is an interior personal effort of each believer against greed and selfishness, a spiritual striving toward living a God-conscious life. In its lesser meaning, also referred as "jihad of the sword," the Quran authorized armed struggle against the forces of unbelief and evil as a means of establishing Muslim rule and or defending the umma from the threats of infidel aggressors.23
8089631045InfidelA person who doesn't believe in a certain religion or accepted belief; a nonbeliever, freethinker; atheist. Muslims use this term to refer to people as non-Muslims.24
8089631046UmmaCommunity of the faithful within Islam; transcended old tribal boundaries to create a degree of political unity.25
8089633017MedinaAlso known as the Yathrib; located northeast of Mecca; grew date palms whose fruit was sold to Bedouins; became refuge for Muhammad following the flight of Mecca (hijra). It is also the designation of another Islamic pilgrimage26
8089633018DhimmisLiterally translates to "people of the book"; applied as an inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus.27
8111130571JizyaHead tax paid by all non-believers (infidels) in Islamic territories, eliminated by Akbar during his reign, but reinstated by other rulers.28
8111130572UlamaIslamic religious scholars29
8111130573Sufi ShaykhsSufi teachers/leaders who attracted a circle of disciples and often founded individual schools of Sufism.30
8111130574SundiataAlso known the "The Lion Price"; The first king of Mali, his grandson was Mansa Musa.31
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