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Biochemistry Flashcards

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7200950597organic moleculea molecule that contains carbon to carbon bonds0
7200953035inorganic moleculea molecule that does NOT contain carbon to carbon bonds1
7200955929amino acidsbuilding blocks/ monomers of proteins2
7200958471simple sugars / glucosebuilding blocks/monomers of carbohydrates3
7200959448nucleotidesbuilding blocks/ monomers of nucleic acids4
7200959835polymera large organic molecule consisting of repeating units or monomers5
7200965519lipidsa group of organic molecules that are an important component of the cell membrane6
7200966281enzymea protein that speeds up chemical reactions without being used up itself ( a biological catalyst)7
7200969282pHa measure of how acid or basic a solution is8
7200972596pH, temperature and salinityfactors that affect enzyme activity9
7200977110enzyme-substrate complexa temporary molecule formed when an enzyme bonds to its substrate10

Biochemistry Flashcards

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5082158247MacromoleculeA very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules0
5082160408Genetic informationFunction of nucleic acids1
5082160422Fatty acids and glycerolBuilding blocks of lipids2
5082162530CarbohydrateMolecule made of C, H, O and is the main source of energy3
5082162531ProteinA molecule made of C, H, N, and O that is made up of amino acids4
5082162532LipidEnergy-rich compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.5
5082162540Nucleic AcidDNA and RNA6
5082163744Amino AcidBuilding blocks of protein7
5082163745MonosaccharideBasic subunit of a carbohydrate8
5082163746DNAExample of a nucleic acid9
5082170403NucleotideMonomer of nucleic acids10
5082181866Fat, oil, and waxExamples of lipids11
5082183442Sugar and starchExamples of carbohydrates12
5082189766EnzymeExample of protein13
5082201458Cell membrane and insulationFunction of lipids14

Biochemistry Flashcards

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7579387934macromoleculespolymers built from monomers -smaller pieces added together, can exist alone0
7579390361dehydration reactionremove water, builds macromolecules ex. muscle--> amino acids form together1
7579403540hydrolysisadd water, breaks down macromolecules -slow process ex. digestion system (starts with chewing)2
7579410441carbohydratesmonosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides -energy, storage, support molecules -CHO (1:2:1) at monomer level3
7579434344monosaccharides1 ring, simple sugar -fast energy ex. glucose, fructose, galactose (C6H12O6)4
7579445321disaccharides2 rings, simple sugars -linkage between two sugars ex. sucrose (glucose+fructose) lactose (glucose+ galactose) maltose (glucose + glucose)5
7579459036polysaccharidesmany rings, complex sugars -starch (digestable) -cellulose (fiber, non-digestable) -STORAGE- starch (plants) glycogen (human liver and muscle) -STRUCTURAL- cellulose (plant cell wall) chitin (fungi cell wall, exoskeleton)6
7579522169lipidsfats, phospholipids and steroids -store energy, protection, hydrophobic, cell membrane -CHO sometime P7
7579528122fats-store energy, macromolecules -anchor + hydrocarbon chains = non polar saturated fats--> max # of H's, no double bonds, unhealthy (no bend in chain) unsaturated fats--> 1 or more double bond, kink in chain8
7579553750phospholipidmake up cell membrane -Hydrophilic head (phosphate, glycerol) hydrophobic chain (unsaturated and saturated fat)9
7580630541steroidslipids w 4 fused rings -cholesterol--> in cell membrane as temp buffer. precursor to testosterone and estrogen10
7580686510nucleic acidsstore and transmit genetic info -DNA & RNA -CHONP -phosphate, sugar and nitrogenous base--> NUCLEOTIDE11
7580769850nitrogenous base5 types Pyrimidines: 1 ring- Cytosine (C) thymine (T, in DNA) Uracil (U, RNA) Purines: 2 rings- Adenine (A) Guanine (G)12
7580815238Proteinsenzymes(speed up chemical reactions), storage, transport, receptor, structural, motor -CHON some S -Monomer: chains of amino acids (20 diff)13
7580850635Amino Acid structureamino group, side chain (changes, cannot have P), carboxyl group14
7580937597Levels of protein structureprimary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary15
7580940849primary levelchain of amino acids16
7580947526secondary levelschain coils and folds due to hydrogen bondings17
7580959872tertiary levelforms a 3D shape due to R group interactions --> function protein18
7580971917quaternary2 or more tertiary level proteins working together ex. collagen19
7580982894denaturing proteinschange the shape so it no longer works -high heat, PH change (acidic)20

Biochemistry Flashcards

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7488844718Organic compoundsA chemical compound containing the element carbon and usually synthesized by cells (lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, & nucleic acids)0
7488844719HydroxylOH ex. Ethanol (C2H5OH) It is polar, present in sugars and some amino acids1
7488844720CarbonylC double bonded to O ex. Formaldehyde, sugars (carbohydrate), nucleotide bases It is polar and reactive2
7488844721CarboxylCOOH, composed of hydroxyl & carbonyl ex. Carboxylic acid, acetic acid (vinegar), amino acid (protein) It is polar, makes things sour, and is very acidic3
7488844722AminoNH2 ex. Amino acid (proteins), methylamine, dopamine It is in nucleotides (DNA & RNA) and it is basic4
7488844723PhosphatePO4 ex. ATP (energy currency of cells), phospholipids, nucleic acids (DNA & RNA), proteins It is polar and ionized (usually) and very reactive5
7488844724Functional groupsCollections of atoms that participate in chemical reactions, they give the organic compound its chemical properties6
7488844725IsomersOrganic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties7
7488844726HydrocarbonA chemical compound composed only of the elements carbon and hyrdrogen8
7488844727Carbon skeletonThe chain of carbon atoms that form the structural backbone of an organic molecule. Monosaccharides function as carbon skeletons, ex. glucose9
7488844728MacromoleculesA giant molecule in a living organism: lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids10
7488844729Carbohydrate11
7488844730Protein12
7488844731Monosaccharides13
7488844732Disaccharide14
7488844733Polysaccharide15
7488844734Monomer16
7488844735Starch17
7488844736Glycogen18
7488844737Cellulose19
7488844738Chitin20
7488844739Lipid21
7488844740Polymer22
7488844741Hydrophobis23
7488844742Hydrophillic24
7488844743Triglyceride25
7488844744Unsaturated fatty acid26
7488844745Saturated fatty acid27
7488844746Dehydration reaction28
7488844747Hydrolysis reaction29
7488844748Wax30
7488844749Phospholipid31
7488844750Steroids32
7488844751Cholesterol33
7488844752Amino acid34
7488844753Peptide bond35
7488844754Polpeptide36
7488844755Denaturation37
7488844756Nucleic acid38
7488844757DNA39
7488844758RNA40
7488844759Nucleotide41
7488844760Nitrogenous base42
7488844761Double helix43
7488844762Substrate44
7488844763Active site45
7488844764Noncompetitive inhibitor46
7488844765Competitive inhibitor47
7488844766Feedback inhibition48
7488844767Peptide49
7488844768ATP50
7488844769Enzymatic proteinsEnzymes; a protein that accelerates the chemical conversion of chemical reactions Ex. digestive enzymes51
7488844770Structural proteinsRepair and support muscles Ex. collagen (gives bones strength and flexibility), keratin52
7488844771Defense proteinsAnitbodies that protect by fighting diseases that cause bacteria Ex. thrombin53
7488844772Transport proteinsAre found in cell membrane and they transport other substances, Ex. hemoglobin (carries oxygen from lungs to tissues)54
7488844773Contractile proteinsA protein in muscle cells and joints that enables them to move Ex. actin (in muscles to allow them to move)55
7488844774Storage proteinsProteins in that provide food and store amino acids Ex. ovalbumin (found in egg white)56
7488844775Signal proteinsFound in cell membrane and they respond to chemical stimuli Ex. insulin (signals cells to take in and use sugar)57

Biochemistry Flashcards

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7634417987CarbohydratesFunction: Makes energy Monomer: Glucose0
7634417988LipidFunction: Makes cell membrane, insulation and energy Monomer: Glycerol and Fatty acids1
7634443638ProteinFunction: Controls rate of reactions, and builds muscle Monomer: Amino Acids2
7634463293Nucleic AcidFunction: Stores genetic info Monomer: Nucleotide3
7634475901Bonds in a Water Moleculehydrogen bonds and covalent bonds4
7634493558Solutioncomes from dissolved substances5
7634503433Adhesionattraction to other substances6
7634514818Capillary Actionthe tendency of water to rise in a thin tube7
7634506667Cohesionattraction to the same substance8
7634524259Heat of VaporizationIt is the quantity of a heat a liquid has to absorb in order to evaporate9
7634505965Productsthe result of enzymes taking apart substrates10
7634508597EnzymesCatalysts for chemical reactions in living things11
7634508598Activation of EnergyThe minimum amount of energy needed to get a chemical reaction started12
7634505966ReactantsA starting material in a chemical reaction13
7634500088Suspensionskeep substances apart14
7634459552Polar Moleculea molecule with one positively charged side and one negatively charged side15
7634602529MonomerBuilding Block16
7634615093DNA/RNAInvolved in coding traits17
7634630093BiomoleculesLarge Molecules18
7634644396HydrophobicAfraid of water19

Biochemistry! Flashcards

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7691565938Biomolecules/MacromoleculeLarge molecules present in organisms that contain carbon (lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids)0
7691565939CarbohydrateBiomolecule used for fast energy and plant structure; contains C,H,O1
7691565940EnzymesA protein catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy2
7691565941LipidBiomolecule used for long term energy; part of the cell membrane and contains C,H3
7691565942MonomerThe smallest unit of a biomolecule; a building block4
7691565943Nucleic acidBiomolecule that carries genetic information and instructions for protein synthesis (C,H,O,N,P)5
7691565944NucleotideThe monomer of a nucleic acid; made of phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, and nitrogen base6
7691565945PolymerA biomolecule made of monomers7
7691565946ProteinBiomolecule used for structure, made up of amino acids and contains C,H,O,N,P,S8
7691565947Catalystsubstance that speeds up a chemical reaction by reducing the activation energy9
7691565948Substratereactant to which an enzyme binds10
7691565949Active Sitespecific place where a substrate binds11
7691565950Activation Energyminimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a chemical reaction12
7691565951Monosaccharidemonomer of carbohydrates13
7691565952Amino Acidsmonomer of proteins14

Biochemistry Flashcards

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7774165764Functions of carbohydratesmain source of energy, structural support in animals and plants0
7774165765Composition of carbohydratesC, H, O atoms (1:2:1)1
7774165766Simple sugarsmonosaccharide; monomers glucose, fructose, galactose2
7774165767Double sugarsdisaccharide sucrose, lactose, maltose3
7774165768Complex sugarspolysaccharide starch, glucogen, cellulose4
7774165769Formula of carbohydratesC6H12O65
7774165770Simplest carbohydratesugars6
7774165771Similarity between sugarsformula7
7774165772Difference between sugarsstructure8
7774165773Functions for lipidsenergy storage, waterproofing, structure, hormones, make up membranes9
7774165774Composition for lipidsC, H, and some O atoms glycerol and fatty acids10
7774165775Phospholipidbuilding blocks of a cellular membrane consist of: polar head that is hydrophilic (water loving) non-polar tails that are hydrophobic (water fearing)11
7774165776Steroidsskeleton has 4 interconnected rings + different functional groups12
7774165777Triglyceridebody fat functions: cushion organs, insulation, long-term energy storage composed of: glycerol + 3 fatty acids13
7774165778Saturated fatsfatty acids with only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms (NO DOUBLE BOND)14
7774165779Unsaturated fatscontains one or more double bonds between two carbon atoms15
7774165780Mononsaturated fatcontains one double bond16
7774165781Polyunsaturated fatcontains more than one double bond17
7774165782Functions of nucleic acidsstore and transmit genetic material18
7774165783Composition of nucleic acidsC, H, O, N, P atoms nitrogenous base, 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group19
7774165784Two types of polymers of nucleic acidsDNA and RNA20
7774165785Monomer for nucleic acidnucleotide: nitrogenous base 5-carbon sugar phosphate group21
7774165786RNAtranslates info into proteins22
7774165787DNAstores all information that a living organism requires to carry out the processes of life23
7774165788Adhesionattraction between unlike molecules24
7774165789Amino acidprimary structure of a protein made up of amino group (NH2), central atom C, carboxyl group (CO2H), and a side chain25
7774165791Cohesionatraction between molecules of the same substance26
7774165793Capillary actiontendency of water to rise in a thin tube27
7774165801Hydrolosisa water molecule is added to disrupt the bond linking monomers together 1 molecule gains an -OH, the other gains an +H28
7774298826Polymerizationprocess of making larger molecules29
7774301244Monomersingle-subunit of a macromolecule30
7774305550Polymerlarge molecules from repeating subunits of a smaller molecule31
7774292380Functional groupsgroups of atoms that give similar properties onto otherwise dissimilar molecules32
7774165804Macromoleculeslarge polymers33
7774165808Polarnon-symmetric molecules34
7774165809Non-polarsymmetrical molecules35
7774165811Peptide bondthe way amino acids are held together36
7774218347Dehydration synthesistwo molecules covalently bond by removing an H2O molecule 1 molecule loses an -OH, the other loses an +H37
7774229681Functions of proteinstructural support, storage, transport, defense, signaling, catalyst38
7774231628Composition of proteinC, H, O, N (some S)39
7774263991Covalent bondssharing of electrons40

Biochemistry Flashcards

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8644647174Homeostasisstable internal environment0
8644662626Negative Feedbackmoves towards homeostasis1
8644676665ThyroxineMade by thyroid; affects almost every process in the body; also called T42
8644689060Positive Feedbackmoves away from homeostasis3
8644693161Oxytocinhormone that stimulates uterine contractions such as during labor4
8644699205Glucosestored a glycogen and triglycerides5
8644706286InsulinMade by pancreas; regulates blood glucose levels; sends signals to have stored transporters to go to cell edge to take in glucose6
8644721737Glucagonproduced in response to low blood sugar; signals liver to break down glycogen into glucose and release it into blood7
8644744230Leptinkeeps you at set weight; negative feedback8
8644750071Ectotherminfluence by OUTSIDE9
8644754013EndothermWithiN INside10
8644765056Temperature regulation- hotvasodilation; sweating; pilorelaxation;11
8644773747Temperature regulation- coldVasoconstriction; shivering; piloerection12
8644783631Metabolic rate as related to oxygenAs metabolic rate goes up, so does oxygen rate13
8644807354HemoglobinMajor respiratory pigments in vertebrates14
8644813367MyoglobinAnother respiratory pigment found in muscle cells; has a higher affinity for oxygen15
8644837981CO poisoningHemoglobin bonds to the CO instead of O216
8644844133Organic Moleculesmolecules based on carbon17
8644853438Carbon double bonds and Carbon hydrogen bondsnonpolar18
8644857094Carbon and Hydrogen electronegativityNearly the same19
8644870315Carbohydrate forms1) Sugars 2) Long polymers of sugar20
8644873659Carbohydrate ratioCarbon: Hydrogen: Oxygen 1: 2: 121
8644877988MonosaccharidesRing shape ex: Glucose Fructose Galactose22
8644884681DisaccharidesTwo monosaccharides jointed by dehydration synthesis ex: lactose sucrose23
8644899194PolysaccharidesLong polymers of monosaccharides; starch (plants) and glycogen (animals)24
8644911173Lipidsfats; phospholipids; steroids; waxes; mostly nonpolar25
8644917627Fats (Triglycerides)glycerol + 3 fatty acids joined through dehydration synthesis26
8644928461SaturatedMaximum # of H27
8644931995UnsaturatedCarbon double bond28
8644936273Phospholipidsmajor membrane component; glycerol and 2 fatty acid chains29
8644941972SteroidsMultiple Ring structure; nonpolar; cholesterol; hormones; little oxygen; mostly C and H30
8644972334Proteinsmade of amino acids31
86449977142 amino acids bonddehydration reaction forms a peptide bond (covalent)32
8645006416Protein StructurePrimary-amino acid sequence Secondary- polar groups form H-bonds (Alpha Helix or Beta Pleated) Tertiary- 3D shape in a single polypeptide Quaternary- bonding of more than one folded polypeptide chain33
8645024198Nucleic AcidDNA and RNA34
8645046108Entropydisorder; favored35
8645053276Free energyusable energy in a system36
8645061480Exergonic reactionSpontaneous; will occur on its own37
8645068638Endergonic reactionrequires an input on free energy38
8645079845Enzymesproteins that speed up the rate of chemical reactions; lower activation energy39
8645082889Induced fitwhen the enzyme and substrate interact it caused a conformational change that allows substrate to bind more tightly40
8645103191Allosteric activation/ inhibitionsecondary bonding site41
8645111346Catabolic Reactionsbreakdown molecules42
8645114824anabolic reactionssynthesize larger molecules43
8645123516electronegativityhow strongly an atom attracts electrons44
8645129973Solute/ solventput the LUTE in the VENT45
8645133358aqueous solutionsolutions made with water46
8645138974Hydrolysisadds a water molecule, breaking a bond47
8645140797dehydrationremoves a water, forms a new bond48
8645143628Properties of water1) chemical reactions 2) incompressible 3) eliminate soluble waste 4) high specific heat 5) High heat of vaporization/ heat of fusion (needs a lot of energy to change state) 6) Cohesion 7) Adhesion 8)Powerful solvent49
8645174174AcidsLower pH; high H concentration50
8645176867Baseshigh pH; low H concentration51

Biochemistry Flashcards

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71129154353 bases upstream of start codon (AUG)RCC where R = A or G plays a key role in the initiation process0
7112918376Kozak consensusGcc Gcc Rcc AUGG1
7113019868substrate with fastest glycolytic rate & why?Fructose-1-phosphate bypass PFK-1, one of the regulating steps F1P -- Aldolase B --> DHAP & Glyceraldehyde DHAP -- Triose phosphate isomerase --> Glyceraldehyde-3-P Glyceraldehyde -- Triokinase --> Glyceraldehyde-3-P Glyceraldehyde-3-P --> pyruvate2
7113034444Cortisol increases the activity of which enzyme responsible in the catecholamine synthesisPhenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase3
7113082268DNA pol III requiresRNA primer made from primase, a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase4
7113090859key defect in Hartnupneutral amino acid transporters (small intestine & PCT)5
7113091232Hartnup inheritance modeAR, inactivating mutations6
7113092764Hartnup supplementationhigh protein diet + Niacin / Nicotinamide7
7113103746PellagraVit B3 deficiency Diarrhea Dermatitis Dementia8
7113117515high [Sorbitol] is found in LuRKSLens: primarily Aldose Reductase Retina, Kidney, Schwann: only Aldose Reductase Glucose + NADPH -> Sorbitol (osmotically active)9
7113123292in other organs, Sorbitol gets converted toSorbitol + NAD+ -> Fructose Sorbitol DH10
7114209125hypoketotic hypoglycemia after prolonged fastingB-oxidation defect medium chain Acyl-CoA DH deficiency (most common)11
7121911068DNA pol Ilagging strand 5'-3' exonuclease (proof reading)12
7121911069DNA pol IIIleading strand 3'-5' exonuclease (proof reading)13
7121938729Alkaptonuria pathway defectTyrone (tyrosine) the Homie (homogentisate) works out at the(HADO enzyme dfx) Maley (Maleyacetoacetate) Fitness (Fumarylacetoacetate -> Fumarate) Center (TCA)14
7122272057F6P -> F26BPinsulin15
7122274114F26BP -> F6Pglucagon16
7122414103Glutamine + CO2 + 2ATP-> carbamoyl phosphate CPS II, cytosol first step of de novo pyrimidine synthesis17
7122523335PKA activates which 2 enzyme in glycogen metabolismGlycogen synthase (glycogenesis) Glycogen phosphorylase (glycogenolysis)18
7122525582Regulation of glycogen phosphorylase (glycogenolysis)+P: activated (glucagon) -P: deactivated (insulin)19
7122529381phosphorylation favorscatabolism20
7122558391glycogen storage dz (all AR) hypoglycemia not resolved by exogenous glucagon or epinephrine administrationvon gierke's - type I glycogen-6-phosphatase (liver)21
7122563345glycogen storage dz (all AR) fatal, especially bad for the heartpompe - type II a1-4 glucosidase22
7122571409glycogen storage dz (all AR) accumulation of short chain branched glycogen, some exercise intolerance, more mildcori - type III a1-6 glucosidase23
7122576668glycogen storage dz (all AR) exercise intolerance, elevated creatinine kinase & aldolasemcardle - type IV glycogen phosphorylase24
7122590335lipid retinal exudates pancreatitis xanthomas hepatosplenomegaly high chylomicronType I: dyslipidemia LPL & Apo-C II25
7122591709CAD corneal arcus xantho tendons & eyelids high LDLType II A: hypercholesterolemia LDL-R & ApoB-10026
7122593077CAD, PAD xanthomas high chylo & VLDL remsType III: dysbetalipoproteinemia ApoE27
7122593891increased risk of pancreatitis a/w obesity & diabetes high VLDLType IV: hypertriglyceridemia ApoA28

AP Language Tone List #5 Flashcards

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5559052346ardententhusiastic; passionate0
5559052347causticsarcastic in a scathing and bitter way1
5559052348cholericeasily moved to often unreasonable or excessive anger; hot-tempered2
5559052349defiantfull of boldness and resistance; rebellious3
5559052350flippantnot showing a serious or respectful attitude4
5559052351halcyoncalm; peaceful5
5559052352insipidlacking qualities that interest, stimulate, or challenge; dull, flat6
5559052353jovialcheerful and friendly7
5559052354menacingmaking a show of intention to harm; posing a threat to; endangering8
5559052355Pollyannaishcharacterized by irrepressible optimism and a tendency to find good in everything9
5559052356provinciallimited in outlook; narrow-minded; lacking the polish of urban society; unsophisticated10
5559052357resignedhaving accepted something unpleasant that one cannot do anything about11
5559052358solemnsomber, gloomy, mirthless12
5559052359vivaciouslively in temper, conduct, or spirit13
5559052360wryusing or expressing dry, especially mocking, humor14

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