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Biochemistry Flashcards

7467102812	organic compounds	compounds (1 or more atoms bonded together) with at least one Carbon-Hydrogen bond	0
7467102813	carbohydrates	organic compounds made of one or more sugars. Used primarily for cellular energy.	1
7467102814	lipids/fats	organic compounds consisting of long Carbon chains. Mainly used for energy storage; also cushion & insulation and also make up the cell membrane.	2
7467102815	proteins	organic compounds made of many amino acids. Mainly used as enzymes, and building blocks of structures.	3
7467102816	nucleic acids	organic compounds made of nucleotides. Mainly used to store and transmit information in cells. (DNA & RNA)	4
7467102817	steroids	lipid made of 4 carbon rings. used as messengers between cells.	5
7467102818	hydrolysis	Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water	6
7467102819	dehydration synthesis	process in which water is removed to join two small molecules	7
7467102820	glucose, fructose, & galactose	single sugars (simple carbs)	8
7467102821	glycogen	animal polysaccharide-- sugar storage	9
7467102822	starch	plant polysaccharide-- sugar storage	10
7467102823	cellulose/fiber	plant polysaccharide-- makes up cell walls	11
7467102824	lactose & sucrose	double sugars (disaccharides/ simple carbs)	12
7467102825	triglyceride	fat tissue and oils in animals (saturated) and plants (unsaturated)	13
7467102826	phospholipids	fats that make up the cell membrane	14
7467102827	waxes	fats that are used for protection and to prevent water loss	15

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7329223037	carbohydrate	"Compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the approximate ratio of C:2H:O (e.g., sugars, starches, and cellulose)"	0
7329223038	pH	a measure of how acidic/basic water is. The range goes from 0 - 14, with 7 being neutral. pHs of less than 7 indicate acidity, whereas a pH of greater than 7 indicates a base. pH is really a measure of the relative amount of free hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in the water.	1
7329223039	compound	A pure substance made of two or more elements CHEMICALLY combined.	2
7329223040	molecule	A neutral group of atoms joined together by covalent bonds; smallest unit of a compound joined together	3
7329223041	cell	Basic unit of life	4
7329223042	calorie	Amount of energy needed to raise temperature 1 gram of water 1 degree C'; A unit of heat used to measure the energy your body uses and the energy it receives from food	5
7329223043	energy	Ability to do work or cause change	6
7329223044	element	A pure substance made of only one kind of atom	7
7329223045	phosphate bond	a high-energy chemical bond that is especially important between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups in an ATP molecule	8
7329223046	starch	A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose.	9
7329223047	organic	Carbon-containing	10
7329223048	inorganic	Does not contain carbon; Not formed from living things or the remains of living things	11
7329223049	synthesis	Combining of small molecules or substances into larger, more complex ones; A+B=AB	12
7329223050	protein	A macromolecule that contains the principal components of organisms: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; performs a variety of structural and regulatory functions for cells.	13
7329223051	energy storage	carbohydrates and lipids	14
7329223052	structural support		15
7329223053	dehydration reaction	A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.	16
7329223054	biological molecule	chemical compounds that provide physical structure and bring about movement, energy use, and other cellular functions in a living organism	17
7329223055	active site	Region of an enzyme into which a particular substrate fits.	18
7329223056	activation energy	the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction	19
7329223057	saturated fat	A lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms; A fat that is solid at room temperature and found in animal fats, lards, and dairy products.	20
7329223058	unsaturated fat	A lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms; A fat that is liquid at room temperature and found in vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds.	21
7329223059	fatty acid	Building Blocks of Lipids; substances produced when fats are digested; simple forms of fat that supply energy fuel for most of the body's cells; unbranched carbon chains that make up most lipids	22
7329223060	steroids	A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various functional groups attached.	23
7329223061	exothermic reaction	A reaction that releases energy in the form of heat	24
7329223062	endothermic reaction	A reaction that ABSORBS energy in the form of heat	25
7329223063	fructase	-ase suffix Most enzymes end in "-ase" suffix, but not all enzymes. Some enzymes were named prior to the adoption of this process; "ose" turns to "ase" after decomposition reactions; structural -- what gives a macromolecule its shape [chitin]	26
7329223064	"ose"	used in biochemistry to form the names of sugars	27
7329223065	chemical structure	The way atoms in a compound are bonded it represents the structure of a compound.	28
7329223066	covalent bond	A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule	29
7329223067	ionic bond	Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another	30
7329223068	polar molecule	Molecule with an unequal distribution of charge, resulting in the molecule having a positive end and a negative end	31
7329223069	hydrogen bond	A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.	32
7329223070	biochemical	The changing of organic matter into other chemical forms such as fuels.	33
7329223071	macromolecule	A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules; a molecule containing a very large number of atoms, such as a protein, nucleic acid, or synthetic polymer.	34
7329223072	catalyst	(chemistry) a substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected	35
7329223073	enzyme	A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing	36
7329223074	substrate	A specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme; reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction	37
7329223075	polymer	A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.	38
7329223076	monomer	small chemical unit that makes up a polymer	39
7329223077	polysaccharide	A polymer of thousands of simple sugars formed by dehydration synthesis; Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides	40
7329223078	disaccharide	A double sugar molecule made of two monosaccharides bonded together through dehydration synthesis.	41
7329223079	monosacchride	single sugar molecule	42
7329223080	fructose	A monosaccharide found predominantly in fruit and honey	43
7329223081	cellulose	A large polysaccharide composed of many glucose monomers linked into cable-like fibrils that provide structural support in plant cell walls.	44
7329223082	lipid	Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.	45
7329223083	nucleotide	A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.	46
7329223084	amino acid	Building blocks of protein	47
7329223085	nucleic acid	(biochemistry) any of various macromolecules composed of nucleotid chains that are vital constituents of all living cells	48
7329223086	peptide	The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid	49
7329223087	triglyceride	Composed of three molecules of fatty acids joined to one molecule of glycerol	50
7329223088	dehydration synthesis	A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.	51
7329223089	glycerol	A three-carbon alcohol to which fatty acids are covalently bonded to make fats and oils.	52
7329223090	phospholipid	A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.	53
7329223091	maltose	a 12-carbon sugar that is formed by the union of two glucose units (a disaccharide)	54
7329223092	cyclic	occurring in cycles; regularly repeated	55
7329223093	chitin	a fibrous substance consisting of polysaccharides	56
7329223094	hydrolysis	A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; functions in disassembly of polymers to monomers.	57
7329223095	sucrose	A disaccharide made of glucose + fructose; Table sugar	58
7329223096	glycogen	A highly branched polymer of glucose containing thousands of subunits; functions as a compact store of glucose molecules in liver and muscle fibers	59
7329223097	hexoses	carbohydrates with six carbon atoms	60
7329223098	enzyme activity	the ability of an enzyme to do work and is mainly dependent on substrate concentration	61
7329223099	enzyme substrate complex	A temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule(s).	62
7329223100	polymerization	An organic reaction in which many small units are joined together to form a long chain	63

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Biochemistry Flashcards

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7774087189	organic molecule	Chemical compound that contains carbon and hydrogen	0
7774087190	Carbohydrates	Molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and they include sugars and starches.	1
7774087191	Proteins	A polymer made of amino acids; molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfer	2
7774087192	Lipids	Non polar molecules found in fat and cholesterol	3
7774087193	Monomer	Each subunit in the complete molecule	4
7774087194	Polymer	A large unit or macromolecule made of many monomers bonded together	5
7774087195	Monosaccharide	A single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose, the simplest type of sugar.	6
7774087196	Polysaccharide	a carbohydrate whose molecules consist of a number of sugar molecules bonded together.	7
7774087197	amino acids	molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur	8
7774087198	glycerol and fatty acids	In a fat molecule, the fatty acids are attached to each of the three carbons of the glycerol molecule with an ester bond through the oxygen atom	9
7774087199	Triglycerides	A triglyceride is an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids. Triglycerides are the main constituents of body fat in humans and other animals, as well as vegetable fat	10
7774087200	Steriods	A steroid is an organic compound with four rings arranged in a specific molecular configuration	11
7774087201	Phospholipids	a lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule	12
7774087202	Dehydration reaction	a chemical reaction that involves the loss of a water molecule from the reacting molecule	13
7774087203	Hydrolysis Reaction	A chemical reaction in which water is used to break down a compound	14
7774087204	Hydrophobic	tending to repel or fail to mix with water	15
7774087205	Hydrophilic	having a tendency to mix with or dissolve in water.	16
7774087206	Enzymes	Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things	17
7774087207	Activation energy	the minimum quantity of energy that the reacting species must possess in order to undergo a specified reaction.	18
7774087208	pH	A solutions acidity or H+ ion concentration is measured by a pH scale	19
7774087209	Acid	A compound that releases a proton	20
7774087210	Bases	Compounds that remove H+ from a solution	21
7774087211	Buffers	a solution that resists changes in pH when acid or alkali is added to it.	22

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Biochemistry Flashcards

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7913012413	substrates	What binds and reacts at the surface of an enzyme?	0
7913026021	forming membranes	the function of a lipid in a cell	1
7913038056	enzymes	affects the rate of the reaction	2
7913053760	proteins	cause a drop iodine to turns it black	3
7913068994	lactase	enzyme	4
7913077797	nucleic acids	macromolecules which store and transmit genetic information	5
7913090857	simple sugars	complex carbohydrates break down into these	6
7913105356	enzymes	one class of biological molecules consists of proteins that function to speed up bio-chemical reactions	7
7913120349	lipids	fat molecules that store energy	8
7913131424	carbon	an element that can be found in all living and previously living organisms	9
7913148866	protein	a polymer assembled from some combination of 20 amino acids	10
7913172558	3	pH value that would be considered a strong acid	11
7913185408	8	pH value that would be considered a weak base	12
7913195169	chemical bonds	cellular energy is stored in the form of this	13
7913206646	meat/chicken	food which represents the largest source of protein	14
7913219162	polysaccarides	the largest carbohydrates	15
7913229799	Benedict's solution	chemical reagent used to test for monosaccharides	16
7913254444	polypeptides	nucleotides are ti nucleic acids as amino acids are to ?	17
7913275735	enzymes	function at an optimum temperature and pH	18
7913296006	carbon	an element found in all organic compounds	19
7913311956	fatty foods	type of food that causes a translucent spot in bag where food was located	20

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8239996313	Monosaccharide	A monomer which makes up carbohydrates. Carbohydrates can also be present in this form. These are typically sweet-tasting and used as an immediate energy source for cells Ex: glucose, fructose and galactose.	0
8240022386	Disaccharide	A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis, forming a glycosidic linkage. These are small enough to be soluble in water and are used as a transport form. Ex: lactose, maltose, sucrose	1
8240030540	Polysaccharide	A polymer of thousands of simple sugars formed by dehydration synthesis. These are used in energy storage, cell structure or in cell recognition Ex: cellulose, glycogen, starch	2
8241592217	Cellulose	A polysaccharide found in plant cell walls It is a linear molecule composed of beta-glucose in a 1,4 arrangement.	3
8241609429	Starch	A polysaccharide used for energy storage in plants It is composed of alpha-glucose in a 1,4 arrangement Exists in two forms	4
8241737602	Fatty Acid	Long hydrocarbon chains found in certain types of lipids (triglycerides and phospholipids) They may differ in length (4-24 carbons typically) and in the number of double bonds	5
8241787146	Saturated Fatty Acid	This type of fatty acid does not possess any double bonds. Therefore, it has the maximum possible number of Hydrogen atoms. They are linear in structure, originate from animal sources (ex.: fats) and are typically solid at room temperature.	6
8241811934	Monounsaturated Fatty Acid	This type of fatty acid possesses one double bond It is bent in structure, originates from plant sources (oils) and is typically liquid at room temperature.	7
8241848539	Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid	This type of fatty acid possess more than one double bond It is bent in structure, originates from plant sources (oils) and is typically liquid at room temperature.	8
8241851571	Cis (fatty acid)	One type of unsaturated fatty acid isomer. The hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon double bond are on the same side	9
8241869858	Trans (fatty acid)	One type of unsaturated fatty acid isomer The hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon double bond are on different sides These do not commonly occur in nature and are typically produced by an industrial process called hydrogenation They are generally linear in structure (despite being unsaturated) and are usually solid at room temperature	10
8241907373	Triglyceride	Largest class of lipids which function primarily as long-term energy storage molecules They are formed when condensation reactions occur between one glycerol and three fatty acids (the condensation reactions created 3 molecules of water) Animals tend to store these as fats (solid), while plants tend to store these as oils (liquid)	11
8329262509	Primary protein structure	Peptide bond that forms a linear sequence of amino acids	12
8329268894	Secondary protein structure	Helix structure that occurs when the sequence of amino acids are linked by H bonds	13
8329273398	Tertiary protein structure	Structure when protein molecules fold back on themselves; hydrophobic projections are now inside of the structure, hydrophilic projections are facing outside.	14
8329283709	Denaturation	Loss of normal shape of a protein due to heat or other factor	15
8329319728	Quaternary protein structure	Structure that is made up of two or more polypeptide chains and refers to the way the multiple subunits are held together in a multi-subunit complex	16
8329608344	Monomer	A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers	17
8329608345	Polymer	A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.	18
8329609947	Anabolism	Synthetic, energy-requiring reactions whereby small molecules are built up into larger ones.	19
8329610892	Catabolism	Metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing energy.	20
8329630557	Hydrolysis	Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water	21
8329630558	Condensation reaction	Reaction in which two molecules join together with the loss of a small molecule, typically water.	22
8329643733	D-ribose (deoxyribose)		23
8329664834	Alpha-glucose		24
8329665971	Beta-glucose		25
8329667665	Triglyceride (drawing)		26
8329671060	Phospholipid		27
8329672825	Steroid		28
8329682544	Cellulose (drawing)		29
8329684982	Glycogen (drawing)		30
8329688420	Amylose (Starch)		31
8329689508	Amylopectin (starch)		32
8329700673	Amylose	Carbohydrate found in plants. Alpha-glucose subunits, 1-4 bonds Harder to digest and less soluble but takes less space so it is preferred for energy storage in plants.	33
8329703334	Amylopectin	Carbohydrate found in plants Alpha-glucose subunits, 1-4 and 1-6 bonds Branching approx. every 20 subunits	34
8329706665	Glycogen	Carbohydrate found in animals Alpha-glucose subunits, 1-4 and 1-6 bonds Branching approx. every 10 subunits	35
8334648458	(Function of) triglyceride	This biomolecule is used as a long-term storage molecule in animals and plants.	36
8334726705	(Function of) cellulose	This biomolecule provides support in plant cell walland	37
8334754034	(Function of) starch	This biomolecule provides short-term energy storage in plants	38
8334767974	(Function of) glycogen	This biomolecule provides short-term energy storage in animals (found in liver)	39
8334809574	Sucrose	A disaccharide made of alpha-glucose and fructose	40
8334810020	Maltose	A disaccharide made of two units of alpha-glucose	41
8334823589	Lactose	A disaccharide made of beta-glucose and galactose	42
8345916229	Urea		43
8345926993	2NH3+CO2=H2N-COONH4=CN2H4O+H2O	Urea creation formula	44
8352894192	Amino Acid (General Structure)		45
8352970686	Alpha helix	The spiral shape resulting from the coiling of a polypeptide in a protein's secondary structure	46
8352977089	Beta-pleated sheets	This shape occurs when the amino acid sequence adopts a directionally-oriented staggered strand conformation	47
8353032337	Haemoglobin (hemoglobin)	This protein is composed of two alpha chains and two beta chains as well as iron-containing haeme groups	48
8353083143	Transcription	The organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA	49
8353088468	Translation	Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced	50
8353100328	Proteome	The complete set of proteins that can be expressed by the genetic material of an organism.	51
8353165181	Structure (structural)	Collagen and spider silk are examples of _____ proteins	52
8353169890	Hormone (hormonal)	Insulin and glucagon are examples of _____ proteins	53
8353196411	Immunity	Immunoglobulin is an example of a _____ protein	54
8353205856	Transport	Hemoglobin is an example of a ____ protein	55
8353216958	Sensation	Rhodopsin is an example of a _____ protein	56
8353226101	Movement	Actin and myosin are examples of ____ proteins	57
8353230223	Enzyme	Rubisco and catalase are examples of ____ proteins	58
8353375908	Enzyme	A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing Typically named after the molecules they react with and end with the suffix -ase	59
8353387416	Substrate	A specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme	60
8353414567	Active Site		61
8353435494	Brownian motion	The random motion of small particles suspended in a gas or liquid	62
8353693973	Induced fit (model)	Model which refers to an enzyme's active site undergoing a change in shape to accommodate the substrates.	63
8353707125	Lock and key (model)	According to this model, an enzyme's active site complements the substrate completely	64
8369316266	Nucleic Acid (Structure)		65
8369439202	Enzyme-Substrate Complex	A temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule(s).	66

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8504126028	adenosine deaminase deficiency	cause of SCID (autosomal recessive) excessive ATP/dATP feedback inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase - prevents DNA synthesis and lowers lymphocyte count	0
8504127466	Lesch-Nyhan syndrome	defective purine salvage (absence of HGPRT) hyperuricemia, gout, aggression, self-mutilation, retardation, dystonia Tx: allopurinol, febuxostat	1
8504166162	xeroderma pigmentosum	prevents repair of pyrimidine dimers (UV light) - no nucleotide excision repair	2
8504170785	HNPCC	hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer defective mismatch repair	3
8504171074	problems with nonhomologous end joining	ataxia telangiectasia, Fanconi anemia	4
8504174636	mRNA start codon	AUG	5
8504174638	mRNA stop codons	UGA, UAA, UAG	6
8504178266	RNA polymerase I	makes rRNA - most numerous RNA	7
8504178549	RNA polymerase II	makes mRNA - largest RNA inhibited by Amanita phalloides (death cap mushroom)	8
8504179440	RNA polymerase III	makes tRNA - smallest RNA	9
8504208416	anti-U1 RNP antibodies	prevents spliceosomal snRNPs anti-Smith antibodies are specific for SLE associated with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD)	10
8504227692	ribosomal units for eukaryotes	40S + 60S = 80S	11
8504227856	ribosomal units for prokaryotes	30S + 50S = 70S	12
8504417835	inhibits prokaryotic RNA polymerase	rifampin	13
8504417837	inhibits prokaryotic topoisomerase	fluoroquinolones	14
8504418006	inhibits prokaryotic dihydrofolate reductase	trimethoprim	15
8504442432	inhibits eukaryotic topoisomerase	etoposide	16
8504462558	Bloom syndrome	mutation of helicase - no DNA replication/repair	17
8504464132	ataxia telangiectasia	defective repair of dsDNA breaks	18
8504464449	BRCA1/2 mutations	defective repair of dsDNA breaks	19
8504473424	targets of macrolides	VACUM TH BR Vibrio cholerae Acne Chlamydia Ureaplasma urealyticum Mycoplasma pneumoniae Tularemia H. pylori Borrelia burgdorferi Rickettsia ricketsii	20
8504519115	rifampin	inhibits RNA polymerase red secretions revs up cytochrome P-450	21
8504531082	dantrolene	prevents release of calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle	22
8505300116	Li-Fraumeni syndrome	mutations in p53 tumor suppressor gene - unrestrained cell division multiple malignancies at young age SBLA cancer syndrome = sarcoma, breast, leukemia, adrenal gland	23
8505301135	M phase	mitosis (prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) cytokinesis	24
8505328377	inclusion cell disease (mucolipidosis)	inherited lysosomal storage disorder defect in N-acetylglucosaminyl-1-phosphotransferase: Golgi can't phosphorylate mannose residues on glycoproteins coarse facial features, clouded corneas, restricted joint movement, high plasma levels of lysosomal enzymes fatal in childhood	25
8505335559	Nissl bodies	RER in neurons make peptide neurotransmitters for secretion	26
8505336414	signal recognition particle (SRP)	cytosolic ribonucleoprotein that traffics proteins from ribosome to RER	27
8505337992	vesicular trafficking proteins	COPI (retrograde, golgi to golgi) COPII (anterograde, ER to golgi) clathrin (golgi to lysosomes, plasma membrane to endosomes)	28
8505346310	peroxisome	catabolizes very-long-chain fatty acids, branched-chain fatty acids, and amino acids	29
8505409938	drugs that act on microtubules	Microtubules Get Constructed Very Poorly mebendazole (antihelminthic) griseofulvin (antifungal) colchicine (antigout) vincristine/vinblastine (anticancer) paclitaxel (anticancer)	30
8505411828	microfilaments	muscle contraction, cytokinesis actin	31
8505412210	intermediate filaments	maintain cell structure vimentin, desmin, cytokeratin, lamins, glial fibrillary acid proteins (GFAP), neurofilaments	32
8505413001	microtubules	movement, cell division cilia, flagella, mitotic spindle, axonal trafficking, centrioles	33
8505414529	dynein	motor protein - retrograde to microtubule	34
8505414817	kinesin	motor protein - anterograde to microtubule	35
8505415791	Kartagener syndrome (primary ciliary dyskinesia)	AR dynein arm defect = immotile cilia results in infertility because of immotile sperm and fallopian tube cilia increased risk of ectopic pregnancy bronchiectasis, recurrent sinusitis, situs inversus	36
8505446414	type I collagen	most common type (90%) bone, skin, tendon dentin, fascia, cornea, late wound repair low in osteogenesis imperfecta type 1	37
8505448103	type II collagen	cartilage (hyaline), vitreous body, nucleus pulposus	38
8505448529	type III collagen	reticulin skin, blood vessels, uterus, fetal tissue, granulation tissue low in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome	39
8505453345	type IV collagen	basement membrane, basal lamina, lens low in Alport syndrome targeted by autoantibodies in Goodpasture syndrome	40
8505458560	collagen synthesis	synthesis > hydroxylation > glycosylation > exocytosis > proteolytic processing > cross-linking	41
8505464383	osteogenesis imperfecta	brittle bone disease AD low type I collagen multiple fractures with minimal trauma blue sclerae = translucency of connective tissue over choroidal veins hearing loss (abnormal ossicles) dental imperfections due to lack of dentin	42
8505467084	Ehlers-Danlos syndrome	AD or AR 1. hypermobility type - most common 2. classical type - joint/skin, type V collagen 3. vascular type - organ rupture, type III collagen hyperextensible skin tendency to bleed (easy bruising) hypermobile joints joint dislocation, berry and aortic aneurysms, organ rupture	43
8505474553	Menkes disease	impaired copper absorption defective Menkes protein (ATP7A) low lysyl oxidase activity brittle "kinky" hair growth retardation hypotonia	44
8505492942	Marfan syndrome	defect in fibrillin (glycoprotein that forms a sheath around elastin) - FBN1 gene on chr. 15 skeleton, heart, eyes tall with long extremities pectus excavatum hypermobile joints arachnodactyly cystic medial necrosis of aorta aortic incompetence dissecting aortic aneurysms floppy mitral valve upward/temporal subluxation of lenses	45
8505493705	alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency	excess elastase activity causes emphysema	46
8505506364	southern blot	DNA	47
8505506365	northern blot	RNA	48
8505506366	western blot	protein	49
8505508895	southwestern blot	DNA-binding proteins	50
8505584250	McCune-Albright syndrome	mutation in G-protein signaling unilateral cafe-au-lait spots, polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty, multiple endocrine problems only survivable if mutations in some cells (mosaicism)	51
8505613721	Prader-Willi syndrome	paternal gene deleted on chr. 15 hyperphagia, obesity, intellectual disability, hypogonadism, hypotonia	52
8505616705	Angelman syndrome	maternal gene deleted on chr. 15 inappropriate laughter (happy puppet), seizures, ataxia, severe intellectual disability	53
8505622013	hypophosphatemic rickets (vitamin D-resistant rickets)	phosphate wasting at proximal tubule	54
8505624649	mitochondrial myopathies	myopathy, lactic acidosis, CNS disease failure in oxidative phosphorylation muscle biopsy: ragged red fibers	55
8505628240	autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)	AD bilateral enlargement of kidneys mutation in PKD1 on chr. 16 mutation in PKD2 on chr. 4	56
8505630578	familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)	AD onset after puberty progresses to colon cancer if not resected mutations on chr. 5q	57
8505631868	familial hypercholesterolemia	AD high LDL because of defective LDL receptor severe atherosclerosis, corneal arcus, tendon xanthomas (Achilles tendon)	58
8505638625	hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome)	AD blood vessel disorder branching skin lesions (telangiectasias), recurrent epistaxis, skin discolorations, AVMs, GI bleeding, hematuria	59
8505644050	hereditary spherocytosis	AD spectrin/ankyrin defect hemolytic anemia, high MCHC, high RDW Tx: splenectomy	60
8505646805	Huntington disease	AD depression, progressive dementia, choreiform movements, caudate atrophy high DA, low GABA, low ACh in brain gene on chr. 4 - trinucleotide repeat (CAG) anticipation = more repeats - younger age of onset	61
8505718980	multiple endocrine neoplasias (MEN)	AD several distinct syndromes (1, 2A, 2B) pancreas, parathyroid, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal medulla MEN1: MEN1 gene MEN2A/MEN2B: RET gene	62
8505725738	neurofibromatosis type 1 (von Recklinghausen disease)	AD - 100% penetrance, variable expression NF1 gene on chr. 17 neurocutaneous disorder cafe-au-lait spots cutaneous neurofibromas optic gliomas pheochromocytomas Lisch nodules (pigmented iris hamartomas)	63
8505734829	neurofibromatosis type 2	AD NF2 gene on chromosome 22 bilateral acoustic schwannomas juvenile cataracts meningiomas ependymomas	64
8505737635	tuberous sclerosis	AD - incomplete penetrance, variable expression neurocutaneous disorder numerous benign hamartomas	65
8505757045	von Hippel-Lindau disease	deletion of VHL gene (tumor suppressor) on chr. 3 numerous tumors (benign and malignant)	66
8505775239	cystic fibrosis	AR defect in CFTR gene on chr. 7 deletion of Phe508 most common lethal genetic disease in Caucasians CFTR: ATP-gated chloride channel - secretes chloride in lungs and GI tract, reabsorbs chloride in sweat glands thick mucus in lungs and GI tract increased sodium reabsorption causes more negative transepithelial potential difference Dx: sweat chloride > 60 mEq/L, immunoreactive trypsinogen recurrent pulmonary infections (Pseudomonas) chronic bronchitis/bronchiectasis reticulonodular pattern on CXR pancreatic insufficiency malabsorption = steatorrhea nasal polyps meconium ileus in newborns male infertility (absent vas deferens) female subfertility (amenorrhea, thick cervical mucus) fat-soluble vitamin deficiency - ADEK Tx: NAC to loosen mucus plugs, dornase alfa to clear leukocytic debris	67
8505828167	X-linked recessive disorders	Be Wise, Fool's GOLD Heeds HOpe. Bruton agammaglobulinemia Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome Fabry disease G6PD deficiency Ocular albinism Lesch-Nyhan syndrome Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy Hunter syndrome Hemophilia A/B Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency	68
8505833649	autosomal recessive diseases	albinism autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) cystic fibrosis glycogen storage diseases hemochromatosis Kartagener syndrome mucopolysaccharidoses (exception: Hunter syndrome) phenylketonuria sickle cell anemia sphingolipidoses (exception: Fabry disease) thalassemias Wilson disease	69
8506218392	myotonic muscular dystrophy (type 1)	AD CTG trinucleotide repeat in DMPK gene myotonia, muscle wasting, cataracts, testicular atrophy, frontal balding, arrhythmia My Tonia, My Testicles, My Toupee, My Ticker.	70
8506223944	fragile X syndrome	FMR1 gene - trinucleotide repeat (CGG) post-pubertal macroorchidism, long face with large jaw, large everted ears, autism, mitral valve prolapse	71
8506230740	trinucleotide repeat expansion diseases	Try hunting for my fried eggs. Huntington disease (CAG) myotonic dystrophy (CTG) Friedreich ataxia (GAA) fragile X syndrome (CGG) Ex-Girlfriend's First Aid Helped Ace My Test.	72
8506377669	DiGeorge syndrome	chr. 22q11	73
8506423172	cri-du-chat syndrome	microdeletion of short arm of chr. 5 microcephaly, moderate/severe intellectual disability, high-pitched crying (meowing), epicanthal folds, VSD	74
8506426672	Williams syndrome	microdeletion of long arm of chr. 7 (elastin gene) elfin facies intellectual disability hypercalcemia (sensitivity to vitamin D) well-developed verbal skills extreme friendliness with strangers cardiovascular problems	75
8506434222	22q11 deletion syndromes (CATCH-22)	cleft palate abnormal facies T-cell deficiency (thymic aplasia) cardiac defects hypocalcemia (parathyroid aplasia) DiGeorge syndrome: thymic, parathyroid, cardiac velocardiofacial syndrome: palate, facial, cardiac	76
8506464919	vitamin A (retinol)	visual pigments (retinal) differentiates epithelial cells into pancreatic cells and mucus-secreting cells prevents squamous metaplasia used for measles and AML (subtype M3) deficiency: night blindness, dry scaly skin, corneal degeneration (keratomalacia), spots on conjunctiva, immunosuppression	77
8506478667	vitamin B1 (thiamine)	thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) cofactor for dehydrogenase enzyme reactions: - pyruvate dehydrogenase - alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase - transketolase - branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase deficiency: Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome: ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, confusion, confabulation, personality change, memory loss (permanent) - damage to medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus and mammillary bodies dry beriberi: polyneuritis, symmetrical muscle wasting wet beriberi: high-output cardiac failure (dilated cardiomyopathy), edema	78
8506496568	vitamin B2 (riboflavin)	found in FAD and FMN - cofactors in redox reactions (succinate dehydrogenase reaction in TCA cycle) deficiency: cheilosis, corneal vascularization	79
8506508619	vitamin B3 (niacin)	constituent of NAD+/NADP+ derived from tryptophan requires vitamins B2 & B6 for synthesis lowers VLDL, raises HDL deficiency: glossitis pellagra = diarrhea, dementia, dermatitis caused by: Hartnup disease, malignant carcinoid syndrome, isoniazid dermatitis - "broad collar" rash in C3 and C4 dermatomes excess: facial flushing	80
8506522459	vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)	part of coenzyme A (CoA) and fatty acid synthase	81
8506529598	vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)	converted to pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) cofactor used in transamination (ALT/AST) deficiency: convulsions, irritability, peripheral neuropathy, sideroblastic anemia	82
8506555064	vitamin B7 (biotin)	cofactor for carboxylation enzymes: - pyruvate carboxylase - acetyl-CoA carboxylase - propionyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency caused by excessive egg whites	83
8506568496	vitamin B9 (folate)	converted to tetrahydrofolate (THF) leafy green vegetables absorbed in jejunum stored in liver deficiency: macrocytic megaloblastic anemia hypersegmented PMNs glossitis increased homocysteine normal methylmalonic acid deficiency caused by: phenytoin sulfonamides methotrexate most common deficiency in U.S. (alcoholism and pregnancy)	84
8506594155	vitamin B12 (cobalamin)	cofactor for homocysteine methyltransferase deficiency: degeneration of: dorsal columns, lateral corticospinal tracts, spinocerebellar tracts irreversible nerve damage high homocysteine and MMA	85
8506617930	vitamin C (ascorbic acid)	reduces iron (Fe3+ to Fe2+) good for methemoglobinemia hydroxylation of proline and lysine needed for dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DA to NE) deficiency: scurvy = swollen gums, bruising, petechiae, hemarthrosis, anemia, poor wound healing, perifollicular/subperiosteal hemorrhages, corkscrew hair excess leads to risk of iron toxicity	86
8506646521	vitamin D	D2 = ergocalciferol D3 = cholecalciferol 25-OH D3: storage form 1,25-(OH)2 D3: calcitriol - active form increases absorption of calcium/phosphate deficiency: rickets in children osteomalacia in adults hypocalcemic tetany	87
8506657763	vitamin E (tocopherol/tocotrienol)	protects RBCs and membranes from free radical damage deficiency: hemolytic anemia, acanthocytosis, muscle weakness, posterior column and spinocerebellar tract demyelination	88
8506710278	zinc	important for zinc finger motif deficiency: poor wound healing, hypogonadism, decreased adult hair, dysgeusia, anosmia, acrodermatitis enteropathica	89
8506723518	Kwashiorkor	protein malnutrition MEAL: malnutrition, edema, anemia, liver (fatty)	90
8506723946	Marasmus	total calorie malnutrition: tissue and muscle wasting, loss of subcutaneous fat, variable edema	91
8508094750	fomepizole	blocks alcohol dehydrogenase antidote for methanol and ethylene glycol NAD+ is limiting reagent	92
8508095318	disulfiram	blocks acetaldehyde dehydrogenase NAD+ is limiting reagent	93
8508101178	by-products of ethanol metabolism	lactate, malate (prevents gluconeogenesis), glycerol-3-phosphate (combines with fatty acids to make triglycerides) increased NADH:NAD ratio disfavors TCA cycle and favors ketogenesis/lipogenesis	94
8508112112	metabolic processes in mitochondria	fatty acid oxidation (beta-oxidation) acetyl-CoA production TCA cycle oxidative phosphorylation ketogenesis	95
8508112726	metabolic processes in cytoplasm	glycolysis fatty acid synthesis HMP shunt protein synthesis (RER) steroid synthesis cholesterol synthesis	96
8508116437	metabolic processes in both mitochondria and cytoplasm	heme synthesis urea cycle gluconeogenesis	97
8508155736	rate-limiting step: glycolysis	phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)	98
8508156329	rate-limiting step: gluconeogenesis	fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase	99
8508157263	rate-limiting step: TCA cycle	isocitrate dehydrogenase	100
8508159385	rate-limiting step: glycogenesis	glycogen synthase	101
8508169551	rate-limiting step: HMP shunt	G6PD	102
8508170074	rate-limiting step: de novo pyrimidine synthesis	CPS-2 (carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 2)	103
8508170760	rate-limiting step: de novo purine synthesis	glutamine PRPP amidotransferase	104
8508171653	rate-limiting step: urea cycle	CPS-1 (carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1)	105
8508172128	rate-limiting step: fatty acid synthesis	acetyl-CoA carboxylase	106
8508173315	rate-limiting step: fatty acid oxidation	carnitine acyltransferase 1	107
8508173548	rate-limiting step: ketogenesis	HMG-CoA synthase	108
8508174075	rate-limiting step: cholesterol synthesis	HMG-CoA reductase	109
8508353081	pyruvate dehydrogenase complex	links glycolysis and TCA cycle pyruvate + NAD + CoA > acetyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH cofactors required: pyrophosphate (vit. B1) FAD (vit. B2) NAD (vit. B3) CoA (vit. B5) lipoic acid activated by exercise - rise in Ca, ADP, NAD:NADH	110
8508377289	ketogenic amino acids	lysine and leucine	111
8508447558	irreversible enzymes in gluconeogenesis	pyruvate carboxylase phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase glucose-6-phosphatase	112
8508522827	GP6D deficiency	Heinz bodies Bite cells NADPH is necessary to keep glutathione reduced, which detoxifies free radicals and peroxides.	113
8508539711	essential fructosuria	AR defect in fructokinase fructose in blood/urine	114
8508542395	fructose intolerance	AR deficiency of aldolase B fructose-1-phosphate accumulates - inhibits glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis urine dipstick will be negative (neg. for glucose) hypoglycemia, jaundice, cirrhosis, vomiting Tx: avoid fructose and sucrose	115
8508549998	galactosemia	AR no galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (G1PUT) accumulation of galactitol in lens of eye failure to thrive, jaundice, hepatomegaly, infantile cataracts, intellectual disability E. coli susceptibility in babies Tx: avoid galactose and lactose	116
8508758366	N-acetylglutamate synthase deficiency	required cofactor for carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 leads to hyperammonemia	117
8508889372	maple syrup urine disease	AR can't break down branched amino acids (isoleucine, leucine, valine) increased alpha-ketoacids in blood Tx: thaimine supplements, avoid branched aa's I Love Vermont maple syrup from branched trees.	118
8508910276	alkaptonuria	AR deficiency of homogentisate oxidase homogentisic acid accumulates in tissue dark connective tissue, brown pigmented sclerae, urine turns black, arthralgia	119
8508975548	cystinuria	AR can't reabsorb cysteine/ornithine/lysine/arginine precipitation of hexagonal cystine stones Tx: urinary alkalinization and chelating agents	120
8509032206	glycogen storage diseases	Von Gierke disease (type I) Pompe disease (type II) Cori disease (type III) McArdle disease (type V)	121
8509040469	von Gierke disease	AR severe fasting hypoglycemia high glycogen, high lactate, high triglycerides, high uric acid, hepatomegaly deficient glucose-6-phosphatase Tx: frequent oral glucose and cornstarch, avoid fructose/galactose	122
8509044739	Pompe disease	AR trashed pumps - heart, liver, muscle deficient in lysosomal alpha-1,4-glucosidase cardiomegaly, HCM, exercise intolerance, systemic findings leading to early death	123
8509084489	Cori disease	milder form of Von Gierke disease	124
8509085024	McArdle disease	increased glycogen in muscle muscle cannot break down - painful muscle cramps, myoglobinuria, arrhythmia deficient in skeletal muscle glycogen phosphorylase Tx: vitamin B6	125
8509113782	Fabry disease	peripheral neuropathy of hands/feet angiokeratomas cardiovascular/renal disease deficiency of alpha-galactosidase A	126
8509116758	Gaucher disease	deficiency in glucocerebrosidase most common hepatosplenomegaly pancytopenia osteoporosis aseptic necrosis of femur bone crises Gaucher cells (lipid-laden macrophages) Tx: recombinant glucocerebrosidase	127
8509118925	Niemann-Pick disease	deficiency of sphingomyelinase progressive neurodegeneration hepatosplenomegaly foam cells (lipid-laden macrophages) cherry-red spot on macula No man picks his nose with his sphinger.	128
8509121636	Tay-Sachs disease	deficiency in hexosaminidase A progressive neurodegeneration developmental delay cherry-red spot on macula lysosomes with onion skin no hepatosplenomegaly! Tay-SaX lacks heXosaminidase.	129
8509133710	Krabbe disease	deficiency in galactocerebrosidase peripheral neuropathy, developmental delay, optic atrophy, optic atrophy, globoid cells	130
8509140050	Hurler syndrome	developmental delay gargoylism airway obstruction corneal clouding hepatosplenomegaly deficiency in alpha-L-iduronidase	131
8509140954	Hunter syndrome	X-linked recessive mild form of Hurler syndrome aggressive behavior no corneal clouding deficiency in iduronate sulfatase Hunters see clearly and aggressively aim for the X.	132

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8541523740	coagulation factors I and V	what are the coagulation factors released on platelet activation	0
8541523680	erythropoietin - kidney	what regulates RBC production - where is it released from?	1
8541523681	O2 levels	what is the most important regulator of RBC production?	2
8541523682	low O2	what level, high or low, of O2 stimulates RBC production through the action of erythropoietin	3
8541523683	low blood volume, anemia, low Hb, poor blood flow, pulmonary disease, altitude	what are some things that decrease O2 levels, thus causing increased RBC production	4
8541523684	increased RBC production	what is polycthemia	5
8541523685	too little O2 in the air	what is physiologic polycythemia	6
8541523686	mutation that doesn't stop RBC production when there is enough - therefore there are too many RBC made patients have reddened appearance of the skin	what is polycythemia vera	7
8541523687	vitamin B12, folic acid, intrinsic factor (allows B12 to cross ileum)	what vitamins are necessary for RBC production	8
8541523688	pernicious anemia -failure to absorb vitamin B12 from the GI tract	lack in intrinsic factor is called what?	9
8541523689	stimulates release of oxygen (to the left)	how does 2,3-BPG shift the Hb curve?	10
8541523690	spleen	where do RBC self-destruct?	11
8541523691	defective synthesis of membrane cytoskeletal proteins and makes the RBC susceptible to mechanical stress - cells become spherical	what is spherocytosis	12
8541523692	glucose	what does the RBC use as energy?	13
8541523693	lactate dehydrogenase	what enzyme in the RBC converts pyruvate into lactate?	14
8541523694	glycolysis	what is the only metabolic pathway in RBCs?	15
8541523695	pentose phosphate pathway	G6PD is important in what offshoot pathway in the RBC?	16
8541523696	methemoglobin	what is another name for Fe3+?	17
8541523697	caused by ROS	what causes methemoglobin?	18
8541523698	decreased O2 delivery	what is bad about methemoglobin	19
8541523699	NADH	what is used to regenerate Fe2+ from Fe3+?	20
8541523700	increases O2 delivery to tissues	what does the 2,3-BPG shunt do?	21
8541523701	decreased ATP production -RBC ion transporters are affected and this causes hemolytic anemia -can be masked by effects of 2,3BPG	what happens in pyruvate kinase deficiency?	22
8541523702	gain Ca, lose K, lose H2O	what changes in Ca, K, H2O in pyruvate kinase deficiency?	23
8541523703	cannot protect membrane proteins against oxidation	what happens in G6PD deficiency?	24
8541523704	RBC have shorter lifespan	what happens to RBC in G6PD deficiency?	25
8541523705	more resistant to malaria	what is one "benefit" of G6PD deficiency?	26
8541523706	iron	what ion is required for heme synthesis?	27
8541523707	transferrin	what protein does iron bind with to be transported throughout the body?	28
8541523708	ferritin	what is the name of the iron storage molecule in the liver?	29
8541523709	complex of ferritin molecules	what is hemosiderin	30
8541523710	microcytic and hypochromic anemia	what is the anemia in iron deficiency anemia?	31
8541523711	iron deficiency anemia		32
8541523712	bilirubin	the porphyrin part of Hb is converted into what?	33
8541523713	high - patient often presents with jaundice	in hemolytic anemia, what are the bilirubin levels like?	34
8541523714	hemolytic anemia		35
8541523715	porphyrias	what are deficiencies of any enzyme in the heme synthesis pathway called?	36
8541523716	gamma-aminolevulinic acid synthase	what is the main regulatory enzyme of the heme synthesis pathway	37
8541523717	heme (decreases enzyme activity)	gamma-aminolevulinic acid synthase is regulated by what molecule? what change?	38
8541523718	uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase	porphyria cutanea tarda is a deficiency in what enzyme?	39
8541523719	scarring and increased facial hair growth	porphyria cutanea tarda has what s/s	40
8541523720	gamma is swapped for beta	post-natal, what is the change in globulin chains?	41
8541523721	large excess of 1 subunit of Hb	what are the thalassemias	42
8541523722	beta chain deficiency	what is the most severe thalassemia?	43
8541523723	heterozygous	what type of thalassemia is more resistant to malaria?	44
8541523724	Glu6Val on β-globin	most common mutation causing sickle cell disease	45
8541523725	more likely to aggregate in deoxygenated state	when are HbS (sickle cell anemia) most likely to aggregate?	46
8541523726	heterozygous form	what form of sickle cell disease is more resistant to malaria?	47
8541523727	increase EPO release	how does anemia increase RBC production	48
8541523728	5 days	how long does it take to see an increase in RBC/increase in hematocrit?	49
8541523729	impaired Hb synthesis	microcytic, hypochromic anemia - cause?	50
8541523730	red cell loss	normocytic, normochromic anemia - cause?	51
8541523731	macrocytic, normochromic anemia (megaloblastic anemia)	what type of red cell morphology anemias do vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiencies cause?	52
8541523732	O - bc have no antigens (cannot be attacked by host cell)	Which blood type is aka the "universal donor" and why?	53
8541523733	AB - bc it doesn't produce Ab that attack incoming blood	Which could be called the "universal acceptor" and why?	54
8541523734	A+ or O	What type(s) of blood can someone with A+ blood receive in a transfusion?	55
8541523735	dad is Rh+ and mom is Rh- and baby is Rh+...but this happens after the moms first kid because mom created Rh factor bc of exposure to kid's Rh+	erythroblastosis fetalis happens with what combination of Rh?	56
8541523736	rhogam	what drug is used to prevent erythroblastosis fetalis?	57
8541523737	Rh+ RBCs in fetus attacked by mother's antibodies	what happens in erythroblastosis fetalis?	58
8541523741	promotes vasoconstriction	what does 5-OH tryptamine (serotonin) do when released on platelet activation	59
8541523742	stimulates repair of damaged tissues	what does platelet-derived growth factor do?	60
8541523743	aspirin	what inhibits the production of thromboxin A2	61
8541523744	plavix (clopidogrel) - blocks the effects of ADP	what is one name for an ADP receptor antagonist?	62
8541523745	pleckstrin	what molecule, activated by PKC, causes aggregation and release of contents of platelet granules?	63
8541523746	stimulation of the polyphosphoinositide pathway	how are prostacyclin, collagen, TxA2, thrombin, and ADP activated (in the platelet activation pathway)?	64
8541523747	intrinsic pathway (contact factor) extrinsic factor (tissue factor)	what are the two pathways for clot formation	65
8541523748	contact factor	what factor in the intrinsic clotting pathway	66
8541523749	tissue factor	what factor in the extrinsic clotting pathway	67
8541523750	-formation of prothrombin -prothrombin to thrombin (by factor X) -conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin (by thrombin) -forms insoluble mesh -cross-linking of polymers	pathway of clot formation from prothrombin --> clot	68
8541523751	glycoproteins - synthesized in the liver circulate in the plasma	what are clotting factors (type of molecule), where are they made, and where do they go?	69
8541523752	Christmas factor	what is factor IX also called?	70
8541523753	XII, XI, IX, VII, X, and prothrombin	what factors are serine proteases and are activated in a cascade	71
8541523754	factors V, VIII, III	what factors are cofactors that bind to other factors?	72
8541523755	cross-linking of fibrin monomers	what process forms the "hard" clot?	73
8541523756	free (NOT fibrin bound) plasmin inactivates it	what does alpha-2 antiplasmin bind to? and what does it do?	74
8541523757	plasmin	what degrades the clot?	75
8541523758	tissue plasminogen activator (released from vascular endothelium)	what activates plasminogen (bound to fibrin in the clot) to create plasmin that eventually breaks down fibrin?	76
8541523759	antithrombin III (MOST IMPORTANT) alpha-1 antiprotease alpha-2 macroglobulin	what are the three molecules that inactive thrombin that is NOT localized to the clot and prevent inappropriate clotting?	77
8541523760	antithrombin III	what is the most important plasma inhibitor of thrombin (not localized to the clot)	78
8541523761	heparin	what activates antithrombin III?	79
8541523762	binds thrombin and activates protein C (makes thrombin change from a procoagulant to an anticoagulant at sites where clots shouldn't form)	what does thrombomodulin do?	80
8541523763	activates antithrombin III to prevent inappropriate clotting	what does heparan sulphate do?	81
8541523764	inhibits platelet activation	what does prostacyclin do?	82
8541523765	becomes anticoagulant after binding thrombomodulin on the cell surface	after binding thrombomodulin, what happens to thrombin?	83
8541523766	DVT	mutations in proteins C and S can cause what?	84
8541523767	protein S	what is the cofactor for protein C?	85
8541523768	V and VIII	when thrombin becomes an anticoagulant, what factors does it work on? to prevent clotting?	86
8541523769	X Linked recessive	inheritance pattern of hemophilia A	87
8541523770	deficiency of factor VIII (intrinsic pathway)	what is the deficiency in hemophilia A	88
8541523771	spontaneous bleeding into joints and soft tissues	what happens in hemophilia A	89
8541523772	replacement therapy of factor VIII	treatment of hemophilia A	90
8541523773	x linked recessive	inheritance pattern of hemophilia B	91
8541523774	deficiency of factor IX (intrinsic pathway)	what is the deficiency in hemophilia B	92
8541523775	replacement therapy	treatment of hemophilia B	93
8541523776	autosomal dominant	inheritance pattern of hemophilia C	94
8541523777	deficiency in factor XI	deficiency in what for hemophilia C	95
8541523778	autosomal dominant	von willebrand disease	96
8541523779	deficiency of von willebrand factor	deficiency in what for von willebrand disease	97
8541523780	reduced platelet recruitment and reduced delivery of factor VIII (which is stabilized by binding to vWF)	what happens in vWB disease?	98
8541523781	desmopressin to promote vWF levels and replacement therapy of vWF and VIII	treatment of vWB disease	99
8541523782	factor V	leiden mutation is a mutation in what factor?	100
8541523783	caucasian european	population commonly affected with leiden mutation	101
8541523784	factor V is resistant to inactivation by protein S/C complex which increases the risk of DVT	what does the mutation in leiden mutation cause?	102
8541523785	-maintenance of plasma pressure -binding and transport of small molecules and ions -defense against infection -blood clotting -inhibition of proteolytic enzymes	functions of plasma proteins	103
8541523786	albumin (most common), globulins (a1, a2, b, y), clotting factors	what are the classifications of plasma proteins	104
8541523787	liver	where is albumin synthesized?	105
8541523788	liver	where are alpha and beta globulins synthesized?	106
8541523789	liver	where are clotting factors synthesized?	107
8541523790	plasma cells	where are gamma globulins synthesized?	108
8541523791	albumin	what is the major protein in human plasma	109
8541523792	albumin	what is responsible for the osmotic pressure of plasma	110
8541523793	decreases	the serum albumin level __________ in edema	111
8541523794	albumin	what plasma protein is important when considering drug dosing?	112
8541523795	transports retinol and thyroxine (T4) - important because retinol is small enough for excretion so this saves it from excretion another name - prealbumin	what does transthyretin transport? and what is another name for it?	113
8541523796	inhibits serum proteases and protects degeneration of alveolar tissue	alpha-1-antitrypsin does what?	114
8541523797	emphysema	deficiency of A1AT causes what?	115
8541523798	fetal liver - small amounts in adult blood	where is alpha-fetoprotein made?	116
8541523799	hepatocellular carcinoma and testicular teratoma	alpha-fetoprotein increases in what two diseases?	117
8541523800	fetal body wall defects	alpha-FP is used as a marker for what?	118
8541523801	protease inhibitor, transports Zn2+, binds cytokines	what does alpha-2-macroglobulin do?	119
8541523802	haptoglobin	what is the major component of alpha-2 globulin fraction?	120
8541523803	haptoglobin	what binds hemoglobin released during hemolysis	121
8541523804	haptoglobin	what prevents loss of free hemoglobin into the kidney and conserves iron	122
8541523805	hemolytic anemia	haptoglobin levels are depleted in what disease?	123
8541523806	binds heme and hematin and conserves iron beta 1-globulin	what does hemopexin do? and what is it?	124
8541523807	HB released from RBC Hb divides into dimers and the dimers are picked up by haptoglobin OR the dimers break down even further and they are bound to hemopexin	how do haptoglobin and hemopexin conserve iron?	125
8541523808	transports iron in plasma	what does transferrin do?	126
8541523809	total iron binding capcity	plasma transferrin concentration is measured by what?	127
8541523810	ferritin appears in plasma	when there is excess iron, what do you see?	128
8541523811	Hb and Mb	where is most iron in the body found?	129
8541523812	autosomal recessive	inheritance pattern of hemochromatosis	130
8541523813	defective HFE gene on chromosome 6	what and where is the defect in primary hemochromatosis	131
8541523814	-binds transferrin receptor and decreases its affinity for transferrin -upregulates the expression of hepcidin (a peptide that down-regulates iron release and inhibits iron absorption)	what does the HFE protein NORMALLY do?	132
8541523815	bronze diabetes or the celtic curse	other names for hemochromatosis	133
8541523816	--high blood iron levels because there is loss of regulation of absorption of iron in the small intestine --HFE gene (think High, FE (iron) levels)	what is the major problem seen in hemochromatosis - how can you remember the gene	134
8541523817	binds plasma copper	what does ceruloplasmin do?	135
8541523818	mutation in gene encoding hepatic Cu-binding ATPase so there is defective excretion of copper into the bile with accumulation of copper in liver, brain, and kindney	what is wilson's disease	136
8541523819	penicillamine	treatment of wilson's disease	137
8541523820	xlinked recessive defect in Cu binding ATP ase causes fatality in childhood	what is menkes disease	138
8541523821	wilson disease	kaiser-fleischer ring in what disease?	139
8541523822	increase in gamma globulin band	what change in electrophoresis of plasma proteins in chronic conditions	140
8541523823	increased alpha 1, 2, and beta 2 bands	what change in electrophoresis of plasma proteins in inflammation or after trauma	141
8541523824	gamma globulin band	what change in electrophoresis of plasma proteins in monoclonal gammopathy (like multiple myeloma)	142

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Biochemistry Flashcards

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6003354026	Organic chemistry	study of molecules that have carbon in them	0
6003354027	Hydroxyl	one of the functional groups	1
6003354028	Carbonyl	one of the functional groups	2
6003355608	Carboxyl	one of the functional groups	3
6003357556	Phosphate	one of the functional groups	4
6003357557	Amine	one of the functional groups	5
6003357558	Carbohydrates	food that gives us energy	6
6003359352	Lipid	Fats	7
6003359353	Unsaturated fat	a type of fat, liquid at room temp	8
6003360907	Saturated fat	a type of fat, solid at room temp	9
6003362389	Steroid	A type of lipid that affects your horomones	10
6003365604	Triglyceride	A type of lipid	11

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biochemistry Flashcards

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7840314647	biochemistry	the science concerned with the chemical reactions and processes that occur within living organisms	0
7840393470	atom	the smallest part of a matter that contains protons, neutrons, and electrons	1
7840399599	element	a pure substance that contains atoms. It is made up on only one kind of atom	2
7840412855	compound	a substance where two or more elements combine to form a material EXAMPLE: h20 /water, NaCl / sodium chloride / table salt	3
7840422130	neutron	location; nucleus, charge; neutral or no charge or 0, mass; 1	4
7840428922	proton	location; nucleus, charge; positive or +, mass; 1	5
7840433197	electron	location; electron cloud, charge; negative or -, mass; 1/2000	6
7840450840	atomic number	number of protons in the nucleus	7
7840459312	atomic mass	number of protons and neutrons in nucleus	8
7840465810	how to find the number of neutrons in an atom	atomic mass - atomic number	9
7840475745	the number of protons	the number of electrons is equal to ...	10
7853678814	acid	a substance which when added to water produces hydrogen ions (h+)	11
7853681549	4 characteristics of acids	1. reacts with metals to form hydrogen gas 2. corrosive to body tissue 3. tastes sour 4. conducts electricity	12
7853694322	base/alkaline	a substance which when added to water produces hydroxide ions (OH-)	13
7853705011	4 characteristics of bases	1. tastes bitter 2. conducts electricity 3. feels soapy/slippery 4. corrosive to body tissue	14
7853768775	pH scale		15
7970343023	4 macromolecules	carbohydrates, lipids/fats, proteins, and nucleic acids	16
7970353391	functions of carbohydrates	fuel the body and create the structure of plant cellulose	17

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Biochemistry Flashcards

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Biochemistry Flashcards

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biochemistry Flashcards

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