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Biochemistry Flashcards

7094753894	subatomic particles	protons, neutrons, electrons	0
7094754764	elemental state	has neutral charge, number of protons = number of electrons	1
7094758145	ground state	if all the electrons in an atom are in the lowest available energy levels	2
7094759087	excited state	when an atom absorbs energy and its electrons move to a higher energy level -exp: when a chlorophyll molecule in a photosynthetic plant cell absorbs light energy, the molecule becomes excited and electrons are boosted to a energy level	3
7094768321	isotopes	atoms of one element that vary only in the number of neutrons in the nucleus -exp: carbon-12 and carbon-14 *fun fact: chemically, all isotopes of the same element are identical because they have the same number of electrons in the same configuration	4
7094775217	half-life	enables us to measure the age of fossils or to estimate the age of the earth -exp: carbon-14 (used for carbon dating)	5
7094776964	radioisotopes (radioactive isotopes)	an isotope that has an unstable nucleus and undergoes radioactive decay	6
7094780370	radioactive iodine (I-131)	can be used both to diagnose and to treat certain diseases of the thyroid gland	7
7094780912	tracer	a radioisotope used to track a chemical reaction -exp: radioactive carbon (a type of tracer) can be incorporated into a molecule and used to trace the path of carbon dioxide in a metabolic pathway	8
7094786364	what is released during bond formation?	energy (because atoms acquire a more stable configuration by completing their outer shell; energy must be supplied to break a bond)	9
7094787531	ionic bonds	result from the transfer of electrons	10
7094790098	anion (a negative ion)	an atom that gains electrons	11
7094790881	cation (a positive ion)	an atom that loses an electron	12
7094791936	covalent bonds	when atoms share electrons	13
7094794131	molecule	resulting structure from a covalent bond formation	14
7094796113	double covalent bond v.s. triple covalent bond	double: 2 atoms share 2 electrons triple: 2 atoms share 3 electrons	15
7094797188	nonpolar bond	a covalent bond when electrons are shared equally between two identical atoms	16
7094874677	diatomic molecules	molecules made up of two atoms of the same element; balanced -exp: H2, O2	17
7094875382	polar covalent bond	a covalent bond when electrons are shared unequally; unbalanced *this is the case between any two different atoms	18
7094886569	why is water a polar molecule?	the oxygen atom exerts a greater pull on the shared electrons than do the hydrogen atoms, so one side of the molecule has a negative charge and the other side has a positive charge	19
7094888801	hydrogen bonding	when the positive hydrogen of one molecule is attracted to the negative oxygen of an adjacent molecule	20
7094901917	specific heat	the amount of heat a substance must absorb to increase 1 gram of the substance by 1°C	21
7094901916	water has a high specific heat, so...	... large bodies of water resist changes in temperature and provide a stable environmental temperature for the organisms that live there -moderate climate of nearby land	22
7094931176	water has a high heat of vaporiztion, so...	evaporating water requires the absorption of a relatively great amount of heat, so evaporation of sweat significantly cools the body surface	23
7094934187	water is the universal solvent	because water is a highly polar molecule, it dissolves all polar and ionic substances	24
7094936840	cohesion (transpirational-pull cohesion tension)	attraction between molecules of the same substance -property of water -exp: water moves up tree from roots to leaves without using energy	25
7094938969	capillary action	the attraction of the surface of a liquid to the surface of a solid -tendency of water to rise in a thin tube	26
7094942673	surface tension	a phenomenon at the surface of a liquid caused by inter-molecular forces -allows insects to walk on water	27
7094945878	spring overturn	the mixing of layers until the temperature is uniform throughout the lake explanation: 1. floating ice insulates liquid water below, allowing organisms to survive in winter 2. ice melts in spring, becomes denser, and sinks to bottom of lake 3. water circulates 4. oxygen from surface is returned to depths 5. nutrients released by bacteria at bottom in winter carried to upper layers of lake	28
7094956855	pH value	the value of the pH is the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration in moles per liter	29
7094957569	pH scale	measures acidity and alkalinity of a solution	30
7094958678	buffers	substances that resist changes in pH -works by either absorbing excess hydrogen ions or donating hydrogen ions when there are too few	31
7094960765	bicarbonate ion	most important buffer in human blood	32
7094964734	isomers	organic compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures; have different properties -3 types: structural, cis-trans, and enantiomers	33
7094965179	structural isomers	differ in arrangement of atoms	34
7094966435	cis-trans isomers	differ only in spatial arrangement around double bonds (since double bonds aren't flexible like single bonds)	35
7094970318	enantiomers	molecules that are mirror images of each other -mirror images are known as L- (left-handed) and D- (right-handed) versions	36
7094972936	organic compounds	make up all living things; compounds that contain carbon -4 classes of organic compounds: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids	37
7094975461	carbohydrates	CnH2O (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen) -body uses it for fuel and as building materials -ratio of the number of hydrogen atoms to the number of oxygen atoms in all carbs is always 2:1 -3 classes: monocaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccarides	38
7094983412	monocaccharides	have a chemical formula of C6H12O6 -exp: glucose, galactose, fructose (isomers of each other)	39
7123013722	disaccharides	have the chemical formula C12H22O11 -consist of two monosaccharides joined together, with the release of one molecule of water (dehydration synthesis)	40
7123015139	dehydration synthesis	condensation	41

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Biochemistry Flashcards

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7651797894	a, an	not; without	0
7651797895	adip	fat	1
7651797896	amyl	starch	2
7651797897	ase	enzyme	3
7651797898	ate, a/tion	condition of being	4
7651797899	cata	breakdown	5
7651797900	chemo	chemical	6
7651797901	de	away from; down	7
7651797902	di	two	8
7651797903	equi	equal	9
7651797904	esis	process of	10
7651797905	gluc; glyc	sugar	11
7651797906	hydro	water	12
7651797907	ion	process of	13
7651797908	ism	state or condition	14
7651797909	iso	equal; same	15
7651797910	lact	milk	16
7651797911	lip/o	fat	17
7651797912	lys/t; lyt	break down; split	18
7651797913	mer	part; unit	19
7651797914	nuc	center	20
7651797915	ose	sugar	21
7651797916	sacchar	sugar	22
7651797917	synth	to make or build	23

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6750300535	Purine	PRPP Plus THF, CO2, GLY, GLU	0
6750311325	Ribavarin Mycophenylate	Inhibits IMP -> GMP conversion	1
6750316594	HGPRT	Enzyme lacking in Lesch Nyhann	2
6750321722	XO	Enzyme for conversion of Hypoxanthine to Xanthine	3
6750329796	Pyrimidine	GLU + CO2 -> Carbamoyl Phosphate -> Orotic Acid Orotic Acid + PRPP	4
6750333397	Orotic Aciduria	Disease due to inhibition of pyrimidine synthesis...UMP synthase lacking	5
6750341413	Thymidylate Synthase	Enzyme blocked by 5FU	6
6750346262	MTX TMP Pyramethamine	Drugs that block DHF Reductase	7
6750348506	B12	This catalyzes: Homocystine->Methionine N5M THF -> THF	8
6750355523	GLUT1	Insulin independent glucose transporter in the brain	9
6750355524	GLUT4	Insulin dependent glucose transporter in the fat/muscle	10
6750359849	GLUT2	Insulin independent glucose transporter that is bi-directional - intestine, liver, pancreas	11
6750365455	GLUT 5	Glucose transporter for fructose	12
6750369602	Cytoplasm	Location of Glycolysis	13
6750374705	Cytoplasm	Location of FA Synthesis	14
6750376445	Cytoplasm	Locatino of HMP SHunt	15
6750376446	Mitochondria	Location of FA Oxidation	16
6750378977	Mitochondria	Location of TCA cycle	17
6750378978	Mitochondria	Location of Ketogenesis	18
6750382268	Heme Synthesis Urea Cycle Gluconeogenesis	Pathways that occur in both the cytoplasm and mitochondria	19
6750390500	Lysosomal Alpha 1,4 Glucosidase	Enzyme deficiency in Pompe Disease	20
6750392913	G6 Phosphatase (liver)	Enzyme deficiency in Von Gierke	21
6750397891	Debranching Enzyme	Enzyme deficiency in Cori Disease	22
6750401575	Glycogen Phospholylase (Muscle)	Enzyme deficiency in McArdle Disease	23
6750401576	Von Gierke	Fasting w/o Gluconeogenesis Fasting Hypoglycemia Hepatomegally Lactic Acidosis	24
6750408460	Pompe Disease	Normal Blood Glucose Large Tongue Heart Failure Death in Infancy/childhood	25
6750413622	Cori Disease	Mild Fasting Hypoglycemia Cardiomyopathy Hepatomegally Hypotonia	26
6750416936	McArdle	High glycogen in muscle Cramping w/ exercise Normal blood glucose	27
6750422865	Fructokinase	Cause of essential fructosuria (benign fructose in urine)	28
6750425726	Aldolase B	Cause of hereditary fructose intolerance	29
6750428579	Hereditary Fructose Intolerance	No Gluconeogenesis No Glycogen Breakdown Post-Meal S/S Hypoglycemia Vomiting Hepatosplenomegally Ketosis Lactic Acidosis Normal Eyes	30
6750437719	G1P Uridyltransferase	Cause of Classic Galactosemia	31
6750440281	Classic Galactosemia	No Gluconeogenesis No Glycogen Breakdown Post-Meal S/S Hypoglycemia Vomiting Hepatosplenomegally Ketosis Lactic Acidosis Cataracts	32
6750447360	Arsenic	Inhibits Lipoic Acid Block Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Garlic Smell	33
6750451432	PDH Deficiency	Increased Lactate Increased Alanine X Linked Tx - low carb high fat diet	34
6750459721	Malate	This brings NADH electrons from the cytosol to the mitochondria	35
6750462283	Complex I	ETC location of NADH Dehydrogenase	36
6750465350	Complex II	ETC location of Cuccinate Dehydrogenase (FADH2 enter)	37
6750467960	Complex IV	ETC location of H20 Generation	38
6750475264	Transketolase	Enzyme that converts Ribose 5P to Ribulose 5P	39
6750478348	NADPH	This is required for FA Synthesis and respiratory burst	40
6750481339	NADPH Oxidase Deficiency - CGD	Enzyme responsible for converstion of O2 to free radical oxygen	41
6750487181	SOD	Enzyme for conversion of free radical O2 to H2O2	42
6750489023	X linked	Inheritance of G6PD Deficiency	43
6750494641	Staph Aureus Pseudomonas Serratia Nocardia Aspergillus	Bugs in CGD	44
6750499922	Carnitine	Deficiency in this prevents movement of Fatty Acyl CoA's into the mitochondria	45
6750506158	MCAD	Deficiency in this leads to high acyl carnitine and decreased blood glucose	46
6750510675	ODD CHAIN FA AA Cholesterol	These molecules are converted into propinoyl coA and brought into the TCA via conversion to methylmalonyl CoA	47
6750520172	Propinoyl CoA Acidemia Methylmalonic Acidemia	AG Acidosis High NH3 Vomiting Hypotonia	48
6750521779	Fabry Disease	Alpha Galactosidase A Deficiency Buildup of Ceramides	49
6750523950	Fabry Disease	Slowly progressive disease Hand/Foot Neuropathy Angiokeratomas Renal Failure Hypertrophic CM	50
6750527729	Gaucher Disease	Glucocerbrosidase Deficiency Buildup Glucocerebrosides	51
6750530337	Gaucher	Hepatosplenomegally Pancytopenia Bruising Avascular Necrosis Bone Crisis	52
6750532768	Gaucher Cell	Disease	53
6750535350	Nieman Pick	Shingomyelinase Deficiency	54
6750537369	Nieman Pick	Neuro Degeneration Cherry Red Spot Hepatosplenomegally	55
6750537370	Tay Sachs	Neuro Degeneration Cherry Red Spot Lysosome w/ Onion Skinning	56
6750541184	Krabbes	Galactocerebrisidase Deficiency	57
6750543141	Tay Sachs (Buildup GM2 Gangliosides)	Hexosaminidase A Deficiency	58
6750546050	Metachomatic Leukodystrophy	Arylsulfatase A Deficiency	59
6750549518	Metachomatic Leukodystrophy	Ataxia Hypotonia Dementia Lysosomal Storage Disease	60
6750552020	B100	Signal necessary for binding to LDL receptor	61
6750556045	C2	Singal necessary for activation of LPL	62
6750557912	B48	Signal necessary for release of chylomicron from enterocyte	63
6750562998	Hyper-Chylomicronemia	Disease due to LPL deficiency or bad APOC2	64
6750564756	HyperCholesterolemia	AD disease due to decreased LDL Receptors	65
6750570984	Alcohol Dehdydrogenase	Enzyme that converts ethanol to acetylaldehyde	66
6750574919	Phenylalanine	AA from which tyrosine is made	67
6750578643	DOPA Dopamine/NE/EPI Melatonin Thyroxin	Products of tyrosine	68
6750583279	Monoamines	Breakdown product of this is HMA/VMA	69
6750585750	Breakdown product of tyrosine	What is homogentisic acid?	70
6750590477	Buildup of Homogentisitc Acid Dark urine Arthritis Brown sclarae/cartilage	Alkaproteinuria	71
6750593474	Tryptophan	Precursor AA for 5HT and Niacin	72
6750596836	5HT breakdown product	What is 5HIAA	73
6750601306	Loss of tryptophan in urine leading to niacin deficiency (pellegra)	What is Hartnup Disease	74
6750604866	NO Synthesis Creatinine Urea Cycle	What is arginine used for?	75
6750608240	Maple Syrup Urine Disease	Alpha Ketoacid Dehydrogenase deficiency	76
6750610248	Homocystinuria	Lens Dislocation Long Arms/Legs Chest Wall Abnormalities Blood Clots Decreased Folate/B12	77
6750619933	OTC Deficiency	High NH3 Seizure Somnolence N/V High Orotic Acid	78
6750622305	B1 - Thiamine	Deficiency in this leads to Beri Beri	79
6750635255	B2 - Riboflavin	Deficiency in this leads to dermatitis, glossitis, cheilitis, corneal vascularization	80
6750638002	B3 - Niacin	Deficiency in this leads to diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia	81
6750642999	Niacin - B3	This is decreased w/ isoniazid use and hartnup disease	82
6750646086	B6 - Pyridoxime	This is used as a cofactor for aminotransferases, NT synthesis, histamine synthesis, glycogen breakdown, B3 synthesis, and heme synthesis	83
6750660748	Vitamin A	Deficiency in this can cause night blindness, keratization of cornea, and squamous metaplasia	84
6750664226	Vitamin D	OD of this can cause dry skin and liver toxicity	85
6750666886	Vitamin C	This is important for collagen sytehsis, dopamine synthesis, and iron absorption (convert FE+ to FE3+)	86
6750671501	Vitamin D	This vitamin increases with sarcoidosis	87
6750674673	Vitamin E	This is an antioxidant that, when deficient, leads to ataxia, loss of proprioception, and weakness	88
6750680335	Vitamin K	This vitamin is given at birth	89
6750682021	Zinc	Deficiency in this causes poor wound healing, immune dysfunction, hair loss, and anosmia	90
6750701076	Adenosine Deaminase (SCID cause)	This enzyme is important for DNA synthesis...loss will cause low lymphocyte count	91
6750711298	DNA POL 1	Degrades RNA Primer Replace w/ DNA	92
6750715372	DNA POL 3	Elongation of leading strand	93
6750730524	1. GTP -> 40S + tRNA 2. mRNA and 60S	Initiation of protein synthesis	94
6750741576	G1->S	Job of p53	95
6750744155	G1->S	Job of phosphorylated RB	96
6750747191	Rough ER	Site of addition of N-linked oligosaccharides to proteins	97
6750749250	Smooth ER	Site of steroid synthesis	98
6750750944	Lysosome	What does a mannose 6 phosphate tag added in the Golgi lead to	99
6750756355	Golgi	Where are O-oligosaccharides added	100
6750761296	I cell Disease	Defect in ability of golgi to phosphorylate mannose residues - cannot tag w/ Mannose 6 Phosphate leading to secretion of proteins rather than lysosomal destruction	101
6750770421	I cell Disease	Coarse Facial Features Clouded Cornea Restricted Joints High plasma lysosomal levels	102
6750773607	COPI	Signals Golgi to ER Trafficking	103
6750775844	Clathrin	Golgi -> Lysosome Plasma Membrane -> Endosome	104
6750781338	Peroxisome	Catabolism of very long chain FA	105
6750787175	Proteosome	Degrades ubiquitin tagged proteins	106
6751027306	Actin	Microfilaments are composed of what?	107
6751030606	Intermediate Filaments	Vimentin, Desmin, Lamins, GFAP make up what?	108
6751032766	Microtubules	Cilia, Flagella, Mitotic Spindle, Centrioles make up what?	109
6751034963	CT	Tissue from which Vimentin is found	110
6751034965	Muscle	Tissue from which Desmin is found	111
6751037574	Epithelial Cells	Tissue from which Cytokeratin is found	112
6751040151	Nueroglia	Tissue from which GFAP is found	113
6751043094	Dynein	Retrograde movement in microtubule	114
6751043095	Kinesin	Anterograde movement in microtubule	115
6751051001	Type I	Collagen Tendon	116
6751051002	Type I	Collagen Late wound repair	117
6751053920	Type I	Collagen Dentin/Fascia	118
6751053921	Type II	Collagen cartilage	119
6751056886	Type II	Collagen Nucleus Pulposus	120
6751060801	Type III	Collagen Uterus and Fetal Tissue	121
6751060802	type III	Collagen granulation tissue	122
6751062881	Type IV	Collagen BM	123
6751062882	Type IV	Collagen Lens	124
6751068068	Glycine	Collagen is composed 1/3 of this?	125
6751069906	Vitamin C	What is required for RER Collagen Hydroxylation	126
6751072263	OI	Defect in glycosylation of collagen	127
6751082257	Collagen Fibrils DEFECT - ED and Menkes Disease	Covalent lysine-hydroxylysine cross-linking via copper containing lysyl oxidase makes what?	128
6751091306	Menkes Disease	X Linked Imparied copper absorption Decreased lysyl oxidase (copper cofactor) MR, Hypotonia, Brittle Hair	129
6751095868	Elastin	Protein rich in nonhydroxylated proline, glycine and lysine	130
6751102565	Marfan (defect in fibrilin)	Defect in a glycoprotein that forms the sheath around elastin	131
6751108182	Southern	Blot for DNA	132
6751108183	Norther	Blot for RNA	133
6751108184	Western	Blot for Protein	134
6751111234	Microarray	Nucleic aid sequences on grid DNA/RNA probe hybridized to chip Scanner detects complementary binding	135
6751116806	Microarray	Test for SNP for genetic testing, cancer mutation, genetic linkage	136
6751119820	ELISA	Test to detect presense of specific antigen or AB in blood - especially for HIV	137
6751126606	Heteroplasmy	Presense of both normal and mutated mitochondrial DNA	138
6751129883	McCune Albright	Mosaicism Disease G-protein signaling Cafe Au Lait Polyostotic Fibrous Dysplasia Preccoious Puberty	139
6751140848	Loss of Heterozygosity	Patient inherits or develops a mutation in tumor suppressor, the complementary allele must be deleted/mutated before cancer	140
6751144372	Pleiotropy	One gene contributes to multiple phenotypic effects (i.e. PKU causes MR, must odor, light skin)	141
6751163491	Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia	Epistaxis AVM GI Bleed	142
6751167166	CAG CH 4	Chromosome/Repeat Huntingtons	143
6751175774	Cystic Fibrosis	Deletion of PHE508	144
6751175775	ATP Gated Cl Channel Cl into Lungs/GI Absorb Cl in Sweat	CFTR Codes for what	145
6751184975	Na reabsorption	What causes the negative transepithelilal potential difference in CF	146
6751192036	No vas deferens	Cause of infertility in CF	147
6751197959	Frameshift deletion Dystrophin X Linked	Cause of Duchenne	148
6751204054	Connect actin to trannsmembrane protein that are linked to ECM	Job of dystrophin	149
6751204055	Becker	Non-frameshift mutation dystrophin at early adulthood	150
6751209117	Myotonic Dystrophy Type I	AD CTG Repeat expansion DMPK Myotonia Cataracts Frontal Balding Arrhythmia Testicular Atrophy	151
6751221311	Edwards (18)	MR Rocker Bottom Feet Micrognathia Clenched Hands heart Disease Decreased AFP	152
6751224715	Patau (13)	Cleft Lip Holoprosencephaly Microcephaly Rocker Bottom Feet MR	153
6751236753	Hexokinase Most Body Cells	1st Glycolytic Enzyme Low Km and Low Vmax No insulin effect	154
6751243028	Glucokinase Liver/Beta Cells	1st Glycolytic Enzyme High Km and Vmax Insulin Induced	155
6751252473	Complex V	Location of ATP oxidative phosphorylation in the ETC	156
6751254814	Complex IV	Location of CN/CO action in the ETC	157
6751289756	MOA - Block Complex IV TX - Nitrites convert FE2+ to FE3+ which bind CN		158

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7387311003	Sugars and Starches	Carbohydrates	0
7387317040	Carbon:Hydrogen:Oxygen 1:2:1	Carbohydrate	1
7387319696	Genetic Information	Nucleic Acid	2
7387324357	Provide Long Term Energy	Lipids	3
7387326594	Provide Short Term Energy	Carbohydrates	4
7387331083	Organic Molecule - Fried Food	Lipids	5
7387333074	Monomer - Amino Acids	Proteins	6
7387337677	Removal of Water - Monomers Combine	Dehydration Synthesis	7
7387341484	Monomer - Nucleotides	Nucleic Acids	8
7387349708	DNA and RNA	Nucleic Acids	9
7387358804	Sugar, Glycogen, Cellulose, Starch	Carbohydrates	10
7387363466	Enzymes and Muscles	Proteins	11
7387368677	Elements of Organic Compounds	Carbon and Hydrogen	12
7387373166	Water is Added - Polymer are split apart.	Hydrolysis	13
7387375937	Muscles, Hair and Nails	Proteins	14
7387378799	Oil, Wax and Fat	Lipids	15
7387386167	Where is the Dependent Variable on a graph?	Y - axis	16
7387393778	CHON	Protein	17
7387395718	CHONP	Nucleic Acid	18
7387398853	CHO in Chains	Lipids	19
7387400570	CHO in Rings	Carbohydrates	20
7387410763	Group that does not receive the Independent Variable	Control	21
7387414940	Things that stay the same in all experimental groups	Constants	22
7387418818	Variable that is changed by the experimenter	Independent	23
7387422495	Variable that is measured as the experiment progresses	Dependent	24

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Biochemistry Flashcards

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4758984804	Carbohydrate	Macromolecule, C,H,O, H:o = 2:1	0
4758984805	Protein	Macromolecule, C,H,O, N and sometimes S	1
4758984806	Lipids	Macromolecule, C,H,O, many more H than O	2
4758984807	Nucleic Acids	Macromolecule, C,H,O, N, and P	3
4758984808	Monosaccharides	Monomers of Carbohydrates	4
4758984809	Amino Acids	Monomers of Proteins	5
4758984810	Nucleotides	Monomers of Nucleic Acids	6
4758984811	Bread, pastas, fruits, vegetables, beans	Sources of Carbohydrates	7
4758984812	Dairy products, meats, eggs, oils	Sources of lipids	8
4758984813	Dairy products, meats, eggs, beans	Sources of protein	9
4758984814	Glucose, Fructose, Amylose, Cellulose, Glycogen	Examples of Carbohydrates	10
4758984815	Enzymes, collagen, keratin, actin, myosin, hemoglobin	Examples of Proteins	11
4758984816	Oils, waxes, phospholipids	Examples of lipids	12
4758984817	DNA, RNA	Examples of Nucleic Acids	13
4758984818	Enzymes	Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in cells	14
4758984819	Substrate	The compound with which an enzyme interacts	15
4758984820	Active site	Where the enzyme interacts with its specific substrate	16
4758984821	Water	Most common compound in living things	17
4758984822	Water molecule	2 hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to an oxygen atom	18
4758984823	Hydrogen	Type of bonds that connect 2 water molecules	19
4758984824	Polar	A compound that has different charges at opposite ends	20
4758984825	Cohesion	Force of attraction between 2 water molecules	21
4758984826	Adhesion	Force of attraction between a water molecule and another type of molecule	22
4758984827	Surface tension	Property created by cohesion that allows objects with greater density than water to sit on top of water	23
4758984828	Capillary action	Property created by cohesion and adhesion that causes water to move upward in tiny tubes.	24
4758984829	High Heat Capacity (High Specific Heat)	Property of water that makes it difficult to change the temperature of water.	25
4758984830	Hydrogen	Most common element in living things	26
4758984831	Oxygen	Element that creates most of the mass of a human	27
4758984832	Carbon	All organic compounds have this element bonded to hydrogen	28
4758984833	Nitrogen	78% of the atmosphere, found in proteins and DNA	29
4758984834	Saturated fat	A lipid with only single bonds between carbon atoms in its fatty acid tails (hydrocarbon chains)	30
4758984835	Unsaturated fat	A lipid with at least one double bond between carbon atoms in its fatty acid tails (hydrocarbon chains)	31
4758984836	-ose	ending associated with carbohydrates	32
4758984837	-ase	ending associated with proteins that are enzymes	33
4758984838	Long term energy storage, Padding and Insulation	Function of Lipids	34
4758984839	Immediate energy source, structure	Function of carbohydrates	35
4758984840	Catalysts in chemical reactions, move substances, move cells, create structure, coordinate cell and body functions	Function of proteins	36
4758984841	Store genetic information	Function of nucleic acids	37
4758984842	Covalent	Type of bond that shares electrons	38
4758984843	Water	Most common compound in living things	39
4758984844	Denature	When the shape of an enzyme changes	40
4758984845	pH and temperature	Things that cause enzymes to denature	41
4758984846	Solid	When water has the most hydrogen bonds	42
4758984847	Glycogen	Stored carbohydrate in animals	43
4758984848	Starch (amylose)	Stored carbohydrate in a plant	44
4758984849	Cellulose	Structural carbohydrate in plant cell walls	45
4758984850	Inorganic	Type of compound that typically lacks carbon.	46
4758984851	Organic	Type of compound that always has carbon	47
4758984852	Monomers	Smaller compounds used to build large compounds	48
4758984853	Disaccharide	Two monosaccharides	49
4758984854	Polymer	A large compound made of many repeating monomers	50
4758984855	Polysaccharide	A complex carbohydrate made of many monosaccharides	51
4758984856	Hydrolysis	A reactions that combines monomers to form a polymer and uses water.	52
4758984857	Dehydration synthesis	A reaction that produces water by breaking apart polymers.	53
4758984858	Solvent	Water can dissolve many things. It is an excellent _?_	54
4758984859	Iron	Needed to make hemoglobin so red blood cells can carry oxygen.	55

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7743649908	enzymes	special proteins that speed up chemical recations	0
7743693402	active site	its where the substrate binds and the reaction takes place	1
7743712244	acidic	a ph lower than7	2
7743712245	basic	a ph bigger than 7	3
7743744034	neutral	a ph of 7	4
7743781663	product	what the enzyme help to produce from the reaction	5
7743815326	denature	when a protein unfolds or loses its shape .If this happens the protein cant do its job	6
7743865675	substrate	molecule that enzymes work on	7
7743918074	carbs	sugars & starches	8

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Biochemistry Chapter 1 Flashcards

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3903226058	Geometric isomer	Defines the position of chemical groups with respect to one another across a double bond.	0
3903226059	Stereoisomer	Defines the position of chemical groups with respect to one another within a chiral molecule.	1
3903226060	Isomer	Defines the 3D spatial arrangement of atoms within molecules that have the same chemical makeup.	2
3903226061	Enthalpy	A thermodynamic value related to the breaking and forming of bonds in a chemical reaction	3
3903226062	Free energy	A thermodynamic value related to both reaction spontaneity and the amount of available work.	4
3903226063	Given the figure below which of the following statements is true? Wells on the curve represent the thermodynamically favored conformation for the molecule. Peaks on the curve represent the thermodynamically favored configuration for the molecule. This data illustrates the thermodynamic preference for different configurations of some simple molecule. The torsion angle of 120° can never be adopted by this molecule. The 180° torsion angle would be the trans configuration whereas the 360° angle would be the cis configuration	Wells on the curve represent the thermodynamically favored conformation for the molecule.	5
3903226064	Molecular configurations: only occur on atoms with four different groups covalently bonded to them. are only found in molecules that are considered stereoisomers of one another. are only D/L or R/S. define molecules with different spatial arrangements but the same chemical makeup. All of the above.	define molecules with different spatial arrangements but the same chemical makeup.	6
3903226065	Mitochondria: are double membrane organelles found in both plant and animal cells. have two separate lumens, the matrix and intermembrane space, due to the presence of an inner and outer membrane. have an elaborate inner membrane that demonstrates drastic infoldings called cristae. carry out a host of reactions that produce ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. All of the above.	All of the above.	7
3903226066	If we were to consider the transformation of water vapor to ice on a humid and freezing night in the winter where the system is comprised entirely of water molecules which of the following statements is true? The formation of hydrogen bonds between water molecules constitutes an endothermic reaction and thus the process must be nonspontaneous under these conditions. The formation of crystalline ice represents a negative change in entropy for the system and thus the process must be nonspontaneous under these conditions. The process is exothermic due to an increase in hydrogen bonds within the system allowing for the spontaneous formation of ice under these conditions. The formation of crystalline ice under these conditions is spontaneous due to an increase in entropy for the system.	The process is exothermic due to an increase in hydrogen bonds within the system allowing for the spontaneous formation of ice under these conditions.	8
3903226067	Macromolecule	A molecule with a molecular mass exceeding 10000 g/mol.	9
3903226068	Supramolecular complex	A biological structure consisting of two or more different macromolecules.	10
3903226069	Conformation	Molecules are free to interconvert between these without breaking covalent bonds.	11
3903226070	Configuration	Molecules are free to interconvert between these provided that a covalent bond is broken.	12
3903226071	Open system	Collection of matter that exchanges energy and matter with the surroundings.	13
3903226072	Closed system	Collection of matter that exchanges only energy with the surroundings.	14
3903226073	Isolated system	Collection of matter that does not exchange either energy or matter with the surroundings.	15
3903226074	Equilibrium	The rate of the forward reaction matches the rate of the backward reaction.	16
3903226075	Entropy	A thermodynamic value related to the number of degrees of freedom for each molecule in the system.	17
3903226076	To be defined as a living organism something must: consist of at least half of the elements found on the periodic table of elements. be complex with a high degree of organization. utilize two of the four different classes of macromolecules. be made of only C, P, S, N, O, and H. None of the above are a key attribute to a living system.	be complex with a high degree of organization.	18
3903226077	Carbon: has three valence shell electrons. is sp2 hybridized when it forms single covalent bonds to four different groups. is chiral when it forms single covalent bonds to four different groups. cannot form triple bonds. adopts a trigonal planer structure when sp3 hybridized.	is chiral when it forms single covalent bonds to four different groups.	19
3903226078	Within living systems we find a host of molecules some of which are so large that they are commonly referred to as macromolecules. Which of the following statements regarding macromolecules is correct? Nucleic acids are information rich polymers comprised of nucleotides. Lipids are amphipathic molecules and polymers of monosaccharide's. Macromolecules come in three main classes. Carbohydrates are used only in energy conservation and utilization processes such as metabolism. All of the above.	Nucleic acids are information rich polymers comprised of nucleotides.	20
3903226079	The plasma membrane: defines the size of the cell that is limited by the surface area to volume ratio. is found only in eukaryotic organisms. is a supramolecular complex comprised of only lipids and proteins. allows for the passage of only small nonpolar molecules like O2 and CO2. None of the above.	defines the size of the cell that is limited by the surface area to volume ratio.	21
3903226080	Which of the following statements regarding the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is most accurate? Eukaryotes contain cytoskeletal elements, organelles, cell walls, and ribosomes whereas prokaryotes do not. Prokaryotes contain cell walls, a nucleoid, and a periplasmic space whereas eukaryotes do not. The cytoplasm of prokaryotes does not contain membrane bound organelles but is equipped with cytoskeletal elements and a densely packed DNA molecule. Chromatin is a unique feature of eukaryotic organisms. Prokaryotes, to ensure energy production, must contain mitochondrion.	Chromatin is a unique feature of eukaryotic organisms.	22
3903226081	Which of the following statements regarding the implications of the 1st and 2nd law of thermodynamics is correct? The 1st law predicts the direction and amount of energy flow. Heat and work added to or taken away from a system constitute a change in entropy. The total amount of energy in the universe is changing. Spontaneous direction of energy flow is always toward a state of maximal total entropy. None of the above are correct.	Spontaneous direction of energy flow is always toward a state of maximal total entropy.	23
3903226082	The formation of water vapor from hydrogen gas (H2) and oxygen gas (O2) is a reaction whose change in entropy is negative for the system. Given this information which of the following statements is correct? The formation of water from hydrogen gas and oxygen gas must be endergonic. The production of hydrogen gas and oxygen gas from water must be exergonic. If the reaction is sufficiently exothermic it could also be exergonic. Considering that more bonds are broken in reactants than formed in product the reaction must be endothermic. All of the above are correct.	If the reaction is sufficiently exothermic it could also be exergonic.	24
3903226083	Two different drug companies produce the exact same drug (chemical makeup is identical) that hit the market within months of each other. The drug has a single chiral center and one of the drugs typically requires a dose that is twice as large as the other. Assuming that the drugs half-lives and packaging are identical what is a possible explanation for this data?	Considering that the drug has a chiral center it is reasonable to believe that the production of the drug lead to a racemic mixture. The drug company whose drug required a lower dose must have developed a technology allowing them to separate the stereoisomers. The biologically active drug was then packaged and sold on the market. If this technology was not used then only half of the drug in a given dose was the biologically active stereoisomer and thus will require two times the amount of drug.	25
3903226084	Compare and contrast prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Which features are found in both? Which features are unique?	Found in both: DNA, Plasma membrane, ribosomes, cytosol, cytoplasm, cell wall. Unique to eukaryotes: Membrane bound organelles, cytoskeleton, nucleus, extracellular matrix. Unique to prokaryotes: nucleoid.	26
3903226085	Define the endomembrane system. If a protein is destined to be implanted into a eukaryotic cells plasma membrane define its path through the endomembrane system. Where will it start? Where will it end? What organelles is it likely to progress through in the process?	The endomembrane system consists of several organelles within the eukaryotic cell including the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the golgi apparatus. Within these organelles many cellular products destined for excretion or the plasma membrane are produced and modified and shipped from one location to another via vesicles that travel on cytoskeletal elements within the cell, in particular microtubules. A protein destined for the plasma membrane will begin its journey at the rough ER from which it will bud off in a transport vesicle heading toward the cis golgi. Upon making its way through the golgi the protein will once again bud off in a transport vesicle and be carried to the plasma membrane.	27
3903226086	The production of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) from glucose and inorganic phosphate (Pi) is shown below: Glucose + Pi <> G6P ΔG´° = +13.8 kJ/mol Is this reaction spontaneous? This reaction is coupled to the reaction below by the enzyme hexokinase in the first step of glycolysis. Write out a complete equation for the coupled process. Is the new reaction spontaneous? ATP + H2O <> ADP + Pi + H+ ΔG´° = -30.5 kJ/mol	a) No it is not as it is endergonic. b) Glucose + ATP + H2O <> ADP + G6P + H+ ΔG´° = -16.7 kJ/mol. Yes the coupled process is exergonic and spontaneous due the exergonic hydrolysis of ATP	28
3903226087	Cold packs are often used by sports trainers to "ice" the injury of a player when ice-packs are not readily available. The cold pack consists of crystalline ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) isolated from a compartment of water. To initiate the cooling process the compartment of water is ruptured exposing it to the ammonium nitrate. The cold pack is then applied to the player's injury. Given this information predict the sign on each of the following thermodynamic quantities and give a brief explanation as to why the signs are as you stated: ΔG, ΔH, and ΔS.	ΔG is negative as the dissolution and hydration of ammonium nitrate is a spontaneous. ΔH is positive and endothermic. If this were not the case then the "cold" pack would not become "cold". The sign on enthalpy is an indication that the ionic bonds holding the crystalline solid together are lost and are not replaced by a set of stronger interactions in the aqueous product. ΔS is positive. Mathematically this must be the case if ΔG is negative and ΔH is positive. Furthermore the dissolution of a crystalline solid will naturally lead to a drastic increase in entropy as the degrees of freedom of both ammonium and nitrate increase in the liquid phase relative to the solid phase.	29
3903226088	Predict the sign for ΔS for each of the following systems: Water freezing. Water evaporating. Crystalline urea dissolving. Assembly of the plasma membrane from individual lipids. Assembly of a protein from individual amino acids.	Negative. Positive. Positive. Negative IF only the lipids are considered and not the solvent molecules. A further discussion for this type of process is covered in chapter 2. Negative.	30
3903226089	To avoid dehydration during or after a long distance athletic event many athletes suggest sponging down with isopropanol. Why would this procedure help avoid the loss of water?	Isopropanol is an alcohol that in the liquid phase will have a large number of hydrogen bonds. Upon application to the skin isopropanol will begin to evaporate breaking the hydrogen bonds between each individual molecule. This process will be endothermic and thus will cool your skin and subsequently the capillary beds next to the surface of the skin. This will in turn cool your blood accomplishing what your body will naturally due through sweating.	31

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Biochemistry Flashcards

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6989037524	Hydroxyl		0
6989040113	Carbonyl		1
6989040616	Carboxyl		2
6989041092	Amino		3
6989041923	Phosphate		4
6989043171	Methyl		5
6989043731	Hydrophillic	Attracted to water	6
6989044469	Hydrophobic	Repelled by water	7
6989045059	Macromolecule	A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction: a protein, carbohydrate, or nucleic acid	8
6989049231	Monomer	The subunit that serves as a building block of a polymer	9
6989053485	Polymer	A large molecule consisting of many identical or similar monomers linked together by covalent bonds	10
6989057322	Dehydration synthesis	A chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule	11
6989095658	Hydrolysis	A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; process by which polymers are broken down and an essential part of digestion	12
6989098979	Carbohydrate	Member of the class of biological molecules consisting of single-monomer sugars (monosaccharides), two monomer sugars (disaccharides), and polymers (polysaccharides)	13
6989104458	-ose	suffix for sugars e.g. glucose	14
6989105879	Starch	A storage polysaccharide in plants; a polymer of glucose	15
6989110276	Sugar	Glucose	16
6989120924	Glycogen	An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in liver and muscle cells; animal equivalent of starch	17
6989122852	Cellulose	A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls compose of glucose monomers. Cellulose molecules are linked by hydrogen bonds into cable-like fibrils	18
6989123290	Chitin	A structural polysaccharide found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeleton of arthropods	19
6989129582	Lipids	Organic compounds consisting mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by nonpolar bonds, making the compound mostly hydrophobic. Lipids include fats, phospholipids, and steroids and are insoluble in water	20
6989134730	Fat	A lipid composed of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; a triglyceride. Most fats function as energy storage molecules	21
6989139525	Saturated fatty acid	A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds and the maximum number of hydrogen atoms are attached to the carbon skeleton. Saturated fats and fatty acids solidify at room temperature	22
6989147192	Unsaturated fatty acid	A fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail and thus lacks the maximum number of hydrogen atoms. Unsaturated fats and fatty acids do not solidify at room temperature.	23
6989149645	Phospholipid	A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group, giving the molecule two nonpolar hydrophobic tails and a polar hydrophillic head. Phospholipids form bilayers that function as biological membranes	24
6989162311	Steroid	A type of lipid whose carbon skeleton is in the form of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached.	25
6989166074	Anabolic steroid	A synthetic variant of the male hormone testosterone that mimics some of its effects	26
6989168415	Proteins	Functional biological molecules consisting of one of more polypeptides folded into a specific three dimensional structure	27
6989170921	Amino acids	Organic molecules containing a carboxyl group and an amino group; serves as the monomer of proteins	28
6989189833	Peptide bond	The covalent bond between two amino acid unites in a polypeptide, formed by a dehydration reaction`	29
6989433479	Polypeptide	A chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds	30
6989469822	Enzyme	A macromolecule, usually a protein, that serves as a biological catalyst, changing the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed by the reaction	31
6989478771	Substrate	A specific substance (reactant) on which an enzyme acts	32
6989483687	Active site	The part of an enzyme where a substance molecule attaches; typically, a pocket or groove in the enzyme's surface	33
6989498321	Induced fit	The change in shape of the active site of an enzyme, caused by entry of the substrate so that it binds the substrate snugly	34
6989507690	Activation energy	The required amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction can start	35
6989509230	-ase	The suffix for enzymes e.g. lactase	36
6989510852	Denaturation	A process in which a protein unravels, losing its specific structure and hence function	37
6989598839	Protein structure	Four protein structures: Primary Secondary Tertiary Quarternary	38
6989603984	Nucleic acid	A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular structures and activities. Two types: DNA and RNA	39
6989624228	DNA	A double-stranded helical nucleic acid molecule consisting of nucleotide monomers with deoxyribose sugar and nitrogenous bases (A, C, G, T). Capable of replicating, and is an organism's genetic material	40
6989648285	RNA	A type of nucleic acid with nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases (A, C, G, U). Single stranded, functions in protein synthesis, gene regulation, and as the genome of some viruses.	41
6989653399	Nucleotides	A building block of nucleic acids, consisting of a 5 carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups	42

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Biochemistry Flashcards

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6644328265	Organic chemistry	the study of compounds containing carbon	0
6644362538	Carbohydrate	"Compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the approximate ratio of C:2H:O (e.g., sugars, starches, and cellulose)"	1
6644374228	Carbohydrate indicator	Iodine become black	2
6644382077	Lipids	Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.	3
6644422677	Proteins	Any of a group of complex organic molecules that are composed of one or more chains of amino acids.	4
6644509316	Enzyme	A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body -ase	5

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