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Biochemistry Flashcards

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5524684214Atombasic building block of matter0
5524684215Ionan atom with an excess charge; Na+, Cl-1
5524684216Isotopeatoms that differ only by the number of neutrons; C13, C14 (radioactive-carbon dating)2
5524684217Compoundtwo or more different kinds of atoms or elements combined; H2O, CO23
5524684218Carbohydrateorganic compound that contains CHO with hydrogen and oxygen in a 2:1 ratio; ring shaped; made of sugars, provides energy4
5524684219Monosaccharideone sugar molecule; ex. glucose5
5524684220Disaccharidetwo sugar molecules joined together; ex. maltose, lactose6
5524684221Amino acidbuilding blocks of proteins7
5524684222Dipeptideformed by joining two amino acids8
5524684223Polypeptidea chain of multiple amino acids joined together9
5524684224Proteinorganic compound that contains C,H,O,N; made of amino acids, cell repair and growth10
5524684225Covalent bondchemical bond formed by sharing electrons; ex. H2O, CO211
5524684226Organicany substance that contains the elements Carbon and Hydrogen together12
5524684227Inorganicany substance that does NOT contain Carbon and Hydrogen together, ex. H2O, CO213
5524684228Acida compound that produces excess Hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; pH less than 714
5524684229Basea compound that produces excess hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution; pH greater than 715
5524684230Neutrala molecule that contains no electrical charge or has equal H+ and OH- ions; pH 716
5524684231pH scalea unit of measure that determines the acidity of a solution17
5524684232Lipidorganic compound that contains C,H,O; made of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol, stores energy, protects organs18
5524684233Hydrolysisbreaking down large molecules by adding water19
5524684234Dehydration Synthesisbuilding large molecules by taking out water20
5524684235Catalystgets a chemical reaction started; ex. fire21
5524684236Enzymeorganic catalyst made out of protein; needed for all chemical reactions in an organism22
5524684237Productcreated as a result of a chemical reaction23
5524684238Reactants (Raw Materials)materials that are needed for or used in a chemical reaction24
5524684239Moleculesmallest amount of an element or compound capable of independent motion (ex. H2O, O2, H2)25
5524684243Chromatographya technique used to separate molecules such as plant pigments based on their chemical properties26
5524684244Photosynthesiscapturing light energy to make food (glucose) from CO2 and H2O; occurs in chloroplasts27
5524684245Cellular respirationreleasing the energy in chemical bonds to generate ATP; occurs in mitochondria28
5524684246ATPsource of energy used by all cells29
5524684247Glucosesimple sugar used in cellular respiration30
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Biochemistry Flashcards

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5738652569substances to dissolve least in water areoils and fats0
5738659045the number of bonds one carbon can formfour1
5738679315polysaccharide , proteins, and DNA arepolymers2
5738684448An enzyme is made up mostly ofprotein3
5738690470peptide bondO=C-N- H4
5738698600When an enzyme is no longer ale to work, it is said to bedenatured5
5738709108Amino acid is to protein asnucleotide is to DNA6
5738715905A monosaccharide is acarbohydrate7
5738736368Elements found in lipids and carbohydratesCHO8
5738768899Elements found in Nucleic AcidsCHON9
5738772434Elements found in proteinsCHONP10
5738807562A starch is acarbohydrate11
5738815272A muscle is aprotein12
5738817007DNA isNucleic Acid13
5738821696Cellulose iscarbohydrate14
5738825330Fat is alipid15
5738832356Cholesterol islipid16
5738841353Sucrase iscarbohydrate17
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Biochemistry Flashcards

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5060941608atomthe building blocks of matter0
5060941609nucleuspart of atom where protons/neutrons are located1
5060942203protonpositively charged particles in an atom2
5060942204neutronparticles of an atom with no charge3
5060943255electronnegatively charged particles in an atom4
5060943771elementpure substance which cannot be broken down into other substances5
5060944904isotopeatoms of the same element that have different # of neutrons6
5060944905compoundpure substance formed from two or more different elements7
5060945660covalent bondchemical bond formed from the sharing of electrons8
5060946244moleculecompound formed by covalent bonds between its atoms9
5060946245ioncharged particle formed when an atom loses or gains electrons10
5060947088ionic bondelectrical attraction between two oppositely charged ions11
5060947926chemical reactionprocess by which atoms or groups of atoms in substances are reorganized into different substances12
5060947927reactantstarting substances of a chemical reaction13
5060948649productsubstances formed during a chemical reaction14
5060949941catalystsubstance which lowers the activation energy15
5060949942enzymespecial proteins; biological catalysts16
5060951728acidsubstances which release hydrogen ions when dissolved in water17
5060951729basesubstances which release hydroxide ions when dissolved in water18
5060953159macromoleculelarge molecules formed by joining smaller organic molecules together19
5060953160polymermolecules made from repeating units of identical or nearly identical compounds called monomers20
5060954073carbohydratecompounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen21
5060954660lipidmolecules which make up fats, oils, & waxes22
5060954661proteincompound made of small carbon compounds called amino acids23
5060956211amino acidbuilding blocks of proteins which are made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, & nitrogen24
5060959083nucleic acidcomplex macromolecules that store genetic information25
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Biochemistry Chapter 10 Flashcards

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6232044713Carbohydrate composition(CH2O)n0
6232194744Carbohydrate major functionsenergy storage; cell recognition and identification signals1
6232196167Types of carbohydratesmonosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides2
6232200209Monosaccharidessimple sugars, a monomer unit3
6232201287Disaccharidesconsist of two simple sugars4
6232202349Polysaccharidesconsist of sometimes millions of monomer units5
6232205284Aldehydecarbonyl carbon is bound to H6
6232205285Aldosesmonosaccharides with an aldehyde group7
6232206963Ketonecarbonyl carbon is not bound to H8
6232207024Ketosesmonosaccharides with a ketone group9
6232255152IsomersHave the same molecular formula but different structures10
6232276981Constitutional isomersdiffer in the order of attachments of atoms11
6232279863Stereoisomersatoms are connected in the same order but differ in spatial arrangments12
6232321319EnantiomersNonsuperimposable mirror images13
6232338161DiastereoisomersIsomers that are not mirror images14
6232350691Epimersdiffer at one of several asymmetric carbon atoms15
6232377228Glycosyltransferasescatalyze glycosidic bond formation via condensation reaction16
6232385627Glycosidea sugar with a glycosidic bonds17
6232393438Amyloseunbranched starch consisting of glucose in alpha-1,4-glycosidic linkages18
6232399994Amylopectinbranched starch consisting of glucose with alpha-1,4-glycosidic linkages and branching alpha-1,6-glycosidic linkages every ~30 units19
6232408652Cellulosea polysaccharide of gluose that is the major structural components of plants (cell wall)20
6232413396beta-1,4-glycosidic linkagesconnect glucose residues21
6232418356beta configurationenables cellulose to form fibrils formed by repeating intrachain hydrogen bonds22
6232419639Glycoproteinsa protein with a covalently attached carbohydrate group; protein > carbohydrate23
6232421153Three classes of glycoproteinsglycoproteins, proteoglycans, mucins (mucoproteins)24
6232422928proteoglycanscarbohydrate > protein25
6232425564Mucins (mucoproteins)carbohydrate > protein26
6232435255Glycoprotein functionscell membrane components, participate in cell adhesion, soluble forms are important blood serum components27
6232437024glycosylationproteins undergo ______ at asparagine (N-linkage), and serine or threonine (O-linkage) side chains28
6232439513ProteoglycanThese are glycoproteins in which a protein is attached to glycosaminoglycan polysaccharides; glycosaminoglycan can represent up to 95% of mass29
6232444319Proteoglycan functionsdetermined by glycosaminoglycan component; lubricants and structural ocmponents and connective tissue, cell adhesion, bind factors that regulate cell proliferation30
6232459271Mucinsglycoproteins in which the protein component is extensively glycosylated at serine and threonine residues by N-acetylgalactosamine; The protein component has a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) region containing Ser and Thr residues31
6232474753Mucin functionslubricants, for instance in saliva; protective barriers (stomach acid, bacteria); hydrating underlying cells; roles in fertilization and immune response32
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Biochemistry Flashcards

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6600519383Water PropertiesHigh heat Capacity- protects from rapid temp loss High Heat of Vaporization- used to cool organisms Solvent- Speeds up chemical reactions High Surface Tension- hydrogen bonds help organisms walk across water Frozen water is less dense than liquid- freezes from top down0
6600529819Dehydration SynthesisA chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.1
6600530423HydrolysisBreaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water (to monomers)2
6600531953Glucose Structure + FormulaC6H12O6 Carbon backbone3
6600544719Dissacharide (forms, sucrose, lactose)Two monosaccharides bonded together by dehydration synthesis. Sucrose + Lactose gives the body energy4
6600560937Polysaccharide (forms + examples)Chain of monosaccharides bonded together by dehydration synthesis Cellulose- Cell wall for plants Chitin- cell wall for fungi peptidoglycan- cell wall for bacteria5
6600583687Triglyceride (structure + sat vs unsat)Triglyceride- Glycerol + 3 fatty acid tails Saturated has no double bond in the tail while unsaturated does6
6600598310Phospholipids (structure + function)-Head is polar and hydrophilic while the tail is non-polar and hydrophobic -Makes up cell membrane7
6600608436Steroids and Waxes (function)Cell to Cell communication8
6600613123Function of Proteins-Motion -Transport -Defense -Speeds up chemical reactions9
6600614911Amino Acid StructureAmino-Group R-group Carboxylic acid Group Carbon10
6600627948Polypeptidelong chain of amino acids that makes proteins11
6600627949peptide bondThe chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid12
6600628434Shapes of protein13
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Biochemistry Flashcards

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7145652181food processingThe cooking, canning, drying, freezing, and packaging of foods for market0
7145652182fertilized egg cellwhat is produced when a sperm cell fuses with an egg cell1
7145652183Gene transferWhen a gene from one organism is inserted into the genome of another organism2
7145652184Fusionunion; synthesis3
7145652185HIVhuman immunodeficiency virus (AIDS virus)4
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Biochemistry Flashcards

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7894402625biochemistrythe chemistry of life0
7879231250moleculetwo or more atoms joined by covalent bonds1
7879234261covalent bonda bond (connection) made when two atoms share electrons2
7879236816ionic bonda bond (connection) made when one atom gives an electron to another atom3
7879241734hydrogen bondthe attraction between a hydrogen atom on one water molecule and the oxygen atom on another4
7879250512adhesionwater molecules stick to other types of molecules5
7879248529cohesionwater molecules stick to other water molecules6
7879280815solutiona mixture of substances that are equally distributed throughout the mixture7
7879291670solventthe substance there is more of, that dissolves in the other substance8
7879298563solutethe substance that dissolves in the solvent9
7879302149acidhas more H+ ions, lower number on the pH scale10
7894185330basehas fewer H+ ions, higher number on the pH scale11
7879224210monomersmall unit that can join together with other small units to make polymers12
7879216220polymera large molecule that is formed by more than five monomers, or small units (parts)13
7879210904macromoleculea large molecule made of smaller molecules joined together14
7894194617carbohydratessugars and starches that are broken down to make energy, in plants they give cell structure15
7894210265monosaccharidesimple sugar (example: glucose)16
7894219257polysaccharidecomplex sugar (example: cellulose or starch)17
7894230270lipidsnonpolar molecules such as fats, oils and cholesterol, provide energy storage, cell structure and insulation (staying warm)18
7894273604fatty acidsmonomers that are chains of carbon atoms attached to hydrogen atoms19
7894336234proteinstiny machines to get things done in your body, found in food like meats, nuts, beans20
7894349443amino acidsmonomers that join together to make proteins21
7894354831nucleic acidsDNA or RNA, polymers made from nucleotides22
7894363114nucleotidesmonomers that join together to make nucleic acids23
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Biochemistry Flashcards

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4900906435CarbohydrateMajor source of energy for the body0
4900906436LipidMacromolecule made of carbon and hydrogen; includes fats, oils, and waxes1
4900908383ProteinNeeded by the body for growth and major repair and to make up enzymes2
4900908384Amino AcidCompound with an amino group and a carboxyl group; building block for proteins3
4900910345Nucleic AcidMacromolecule used to store genetic material4
4900910346DNANucleic acid that contains the sugar deoxyribose; contains genetic material5
4900910347Double HelixA pair of parallel helices intertwined about a common axis, especially that in the structure of the DNA molecule6
4900912574RNASingle stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose7
4900912575Enzyme/ Biological CatalystProtein that acts as a biological catalyst; lowers the activation energy for reactions8
4900912576ReactantsElement or compound that enters into a chemical process9
4900914772ProductsElement or compound that is produced by a chemical process10
4900914773Active SiteThe location on an enzyme where a substrate binds to bind or split a compound11
4900917123Activation EnergyThe energy needed to get a reaction started12
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Biochemistry Flashcards

Full Barron's Biochemistry study guide (quiz, September 24th, 2012)

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5253873350CarbohydratesOrganic molecules with a ratio 1C:2H:1O Supply quick energy or storage of sugar or structure0
5253873351MonosaccharideHave chemical formula of C6H12O6. Examples: glucose, galactose, fructose. Energy1
5253873352DisaccharidesConsist of 2 monosaccharides joined by a process known as condensation2
5253873353PolysaccharidesMacromolecules. Chains of two or more monosaccharides.3
5253873354Dehydration Synthesis or CondensationThe joining of 2 monomers to form a larger molecule by removal of water4
5253873355ChitinPolysaccharides that make up the exoskeleton of arthropods and cell walls in mushrooms.5
5253873356Amino AcidsThe building blocks of Proteins.6
5253873357EnzymesVery big proteins, reduce the amount of energy for a chemical reaction, act as biological catalysts7
5253873363Temperature and pHThe factors that affect the efficiency of an enzyme.8
525387336437 degrees CelsiusThe point at which the efficiency of enzymes in the human body is at the highest.9
5253873365pHThe measure of the acidity and alkalinity (basic) of a solution.10
5253873369Nucleic AcidsInside the nucleus of the cells. Store and transmit hereditary information. Types include DNA and RNA.11
5253873370DNADeoxyribonucleic Acid. Double stranded chain. Deoxygenated (deoxyribose) 5 carbon sugar. Blueprint of life and proteins needed for a cell12
5253873371RNARibonucleic Acid. Single stranded chain. Oxygenated (ribose), 5 carbon sugar. Protein Synthesis13
5253873372NucleotidesBuilding units (monomers) of nucleic acids. Each ____ is composed of 5 carbon sugar, Phosphate, and a Nitrogenous base.14
5253873373Nitrogenous bases in DNAAdenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine. (ACGT)15
5253873374Nitrogenous bases in RNAAdenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil. (ACGU)16
5254011909organicCarbon-containing, from the bodies of living things17
5254015534MacromoleculesA very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules18
5254015535monomerA simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers19
5254017373polymerA long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.20
5254019419hydrolysisBreaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water21
5254022434ATP(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work22
5254024947starchA storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose.23
5254027152glycogenA form of stored glucose; primarily found in skeletal muscle and the liver or animal cells24
5254029033cellulosepolysaccharide component of plant cell walls.25
5254034002sucroseglucose and fructose table sugar26
5254036265lactoseglucose + galactose milk sugar27
5254042343proteinsChains of amino acids, polypeptides enzyme - control chemical reactions structures of cell - cytoskeleton28
5254053994denatureA change in the shape of a protein (such as an enzyme) that can be caused by changes in temperature or pH (among other things).29
5254056733optimalbest30
5254058463lipidsEnergy-rich organic compounds (storage), such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.31
5254060360triglyceridesComposed of three molecules of fatty acids joined to one molecule of glycerol Fats and Oils32
5254066328phospholipidsA lipid made up of a glyerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group; has two hydrophobic tails and a polar, hydrophilic head, makes up the cell membrane33
5254070668waxesA type of lipid molecule consisting of one fatty acid linked to an alcohol; functions as a waterproof coating on many biological surfaces such as apples and other fruits.34
5254072865SteroidsA type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various functional groups attached. Hormones, cholesterol35
5254085758isomersCompounds with the same formula but different structures.36
5254097164fatty acidBuilding Blocks of Lipids chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms unsaturated or saturated37
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