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Biochemistry Flashcards

5091529480	first law of thermodynamics	total energy of a system and its surroundings is always constant; it is neither created or destroyed, but can change forms	0
5091532951	second law of thermodynamics	the total entropy of a system and its surroundings i.e. the universe, always increases	1
5091535994	entropy	a measure of the randomness or disorder of a system	2
5091538472	spontaneous process	a process that occurs in a system without any input of energy from the surroundings	3
5091579941	delta G < 0	the reaction is spontaneous from left to right. exergonic, or energy-releasing	4
5091582269	delta G > 0	non-spontaneous. endergonic, or energy-consuming	5
5091587304	delta G = 0	is at equilibrium	6
5091608748	monosaccharide	one monomeric unit. glucose, fructose, ribose, galactose	7
5091614579	polysaccharide	> 20 monosaccharides units, starch glycogen	8
5091619361	oligosaccharide	2- 20 monosaccharide units sucrose, lactose	9
5091621377	sugars	monosaccharides and disaccharides are commonly referred to as	10
5091630436	glycosidic bond	two simple sugar molecules can be joined in tandem, when a OH group of onesugardisplaces the OH group on the other sugar's anomeric carbon	11
5091632221	glycogen	animal storage form of glucose	12
5091632222	starch	plant storage form of glucose	13
5091634328	cellulose	constituent of plant cell walls	14
5091640864	catabolism	the degradative phase of metabolism	15
5091642371	anabolism	the synthesis phase of metabolism	16
5091672687	fermentation	the process that breaks down an energy-rich molecule	17
5091698124	reduction potential	a measure in volts of the affinity for electrons	18
5091701657	reductant	oxidant + e-	19
5091704592	rotenone	blocks electron transfer in complex I	20
5091707317	antimycin A	block e- transfer in complex II	21
5091710456	CN, CO	block e- transfer in complex IV	22
5091715548	reactions	light-dependant and Carbon- assimilation	23
5091719253	light-dependent reaction	results in the production of O2,NADPH,and ATP	24
5091723030	carbon-assimilation reaction	ATP and NADPH are used to convert CO2 to hexose phosphates	25
5091728914	thylakoid membrane	light reactions take place here	26
5091731807	chlorophyll	light harvesting pigments in plants	27
5091740463	photophosphorylation	the synthesis of ATP coupled to light-driven electron transport	28
5091752206	stroma	Carbon- assimilation reaction takes place in	29
5091757126	calvin cycle	carbon- fixation reactions	30
5091774597	cytosol	where sucrose is synthesized	31
5091776265	chloroplasts	where starch is synthesized	32
5091784224	reciprocal regulation	opposing pathways are regulated in inverse directions, stimulating one pathway inhibits the other	33
5091799112	glucagon	stimulates glycogen breakdown and inhibits glycogen synthesis	34
5091801439	high blood glucose	insulin stimulates glycogen synthesis and inhibits glycogen synthesis and inhibits glycogen breakdown	35

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Biochemistry Flashcards

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6115498563	Inorganic compounds	compounds that do not contain carbon; water, salts, and many acids and bases	0
6115500999	Organic compounds	compounds that contain carbon; form macromolecules	1
6115507022	Anion	atom that gained electrons (net negative charge)	2
6115508098	Cation	atom that lost electrons (net positive charge)	3
6115509220	Ions	charged particles with unequal numbers of protons and electrons	4
6115514561	Acids	release H+; proton donors	5
6115514907	Bases	release OH-; proton acceptors	6
6115515529	pH values of Acids	0 - 6.99	7
6115516444	pH values of Bases	7.01 - 14	8
6115517560	Neutral pH value	7	9
6115518734	polymers	molecules made of repetitive series of identical or similar subunits; "multiple legos"	10
6115520069	monomers	an identical or similar subunit; "one lego"	11
6115523651	Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids	organic compounds, they contain carbon	12
6115525927	carbohydrates	contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen; CH2O	13
6115528089	carbohydrates are hydrophobic or hydrophilic	hydrophilic, they like water	14
6115530067	sacchar-, ose-	sugar or sweet (suffixes)	15
6115530807	3 types of carbohydrates	monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides	16
6115534299	dehydration synthesis	lose water when two sugars are put together	17
6115535917	hydrolysis	make water when two sugars are separated	18
6115537951	3 major disaccharides	sucrose, lactose, maltose	19
6115538888	sucrose	glucose + fructose	20
6115539553	lactose (general makeup)	galactose + glucose	21
6115540480	maltose	glucose + glucose	22
6115543700	polysaccharides	polymers of simple sugars	23
6115544785	glycogen	polysaccharide; important storage form of glucose in the human body	24
6115546440	starch (amylose)	polysaccharide; main storage form of glucose in plants	25
6115548163	cellulose	polysaccharide; important structural molecule in plants; a dietary fiber when found in food	26
6115557954	carbohydrates (function)	supply a source of cellular food; converted into glucose; quick energy source	27
6115569206	Lipids are hydrophilic or hydrophobic?	hydrophobic; water and fats do not mix	28
6115572438	Lipids (examples)	fatty acids, neutral fats (triglycerides), phospholipids, steroids, eicosanoids	29
6115797782	Neutral Fats (Triglycerides)	Glycerol (head) + 3 fatty acids (tail)	30
6115799323	Neutral Fats (Triglycerides) (function)	energy storage, insulation, shock absorption (adipose tissue)	31
6115806581	Phospholipids	modified triglyceride; Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + 1 phosphate group; polar head and nonpolar tails	32
6115815017	Phospholipids are hydrophobic, hydrophilic, or both (amphiphilic)	Amphiphilic; fatty acid tails are hydrophobic and phosphate head is hydrophilic	33
6115821073	Phospholipids (location)	the structural basis of cell membranes	34
6115833651	Proteins	organic macromolecule composed of combinations of 20 types of amino acids bound together with peptide bonds	35
6115838215	Amino acid (general makeup)	central carbon with 3 attachments: amino group (NH2), carboxyl group (COOH), and radical group (R group)	36
6115843849	Properties of amino acid is determined by?	Radical Group (R Group)	37
6115858174	Amino acids (what is it?)	building block of proteins; made up of carboxyl group (COOH), amino group (NH2), and side chain (R Group)	38
6115869934	Peptide (what is it?)	any molecule composed of two or more amino acids joined by peptide bonds	39
6115874187	Peptide bond (what is it)	joins the amino group of one amino acid to the carboxyl group of the next; formed by dehydration synthesis	40
6115915888	Enzymes	proteins that act as catalysts (speeds a process up)	41
6115924695	Nucleic acids	bipolymers made up of nucleotides	42
6115931281	nucleotides (what is it)	building blocks of nucleic acids	43
6115933834	nucleotides (general makeup)	3 components: nitrogenous base, sugar, and one or more phosphate groups	44
6115941401	ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) (what is it)	source of immediately usable energy for the cell; best known nucleotide	45
6115949116	ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) (make up)	Adenine (nitrogenous base) + ribose (sugar) + phosphate group (3)	46
6115957967	Nitrogen bases for nucleotide structures	Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), Thymine (T), Uracil (U)	47
6115969459	Types of ATP	DNA & RNA	48
6116093927	DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) (what is it)	double stranded helical molecule found in the nucleus of the cell	49
6116098764	DNA (what it contains)	Deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous bases (Thymine, Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine)	50
6116110159	DNA (nitrogenous bases)	Thymine (T), Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G)	51
6116118236	RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)	single stranded molecule found in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of a cell	52
6116122162	RNA	uses the nitrogenous base uracil instead of thymine	53
6116124625	DNA	uses the nitrogenous base thymine instead of uracil	54
6116126385	Types of RNA	messenger RNA, transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA	55
6116129877	Nitrogenous Bases of RNA	Adenine (A), Uracil (U), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G)	56

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Biochemistry Flashcards

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5532062449	Atom	Basic unit of matter	0
5532062450	Nucleus	The center of an atom	1
5532062451	Electron	Negative charged particle	2
5532062452	Molucle	Smallest unit	3
5532062453	Cohesion	Attraction between molecules of the same type	4
5532062454	Adhesion	Attraction between molecules of different types	5
5532062455	Ph scale	Measurement system in the acidity of water	6
5532062456	Acid	Compound that forms hydrogen ions	7
5532062457	Base	Compound	8
5532062458	Monomer	Smallest unit that can join together	9
5532062459	Polymer	Large compound	10
5532062460	Carbohydrates	Major source of energy for humans	11
5532062461	Monosaccharides	Single auger molocule	12
5532062462	Polysaccharide	Large macromolecule	13
5532062463	Lipid	Macromolecule made of carbon	14
5532062464	Nucleic acid	Macromolecule containing hydrogen	15
5532062465	Nucleotide	Monomer of nucleic acid	16
5532062466	Dna	Nucleic acid that has suger	17
5532062467	Protein	Macromolecule that contains carbon	18
5532062468	Amino acid	Compound that contains amino	19
5532062469	Reactant	Compound that enters a chemical reaction	20
5532062470	Product	Compound that is produced by a chemical reaction	21
5532062471	Activation energy	The energy that is required to get a reaction	22
5532062472	Catalyst	Speeds up a chemical reaction	23
5532062473	Enzyme	Protien	24
5532062474	Substrate	Reactant of an enzyme	25

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Biochemistry Flashcards

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7356195455	Biology	The study of life.	0
7356199022	Cell	The basic unit of all forms of life.	1
7356200209	Reproduce	ability to produce new similar organisms	2
7356205872	Adaptation	any inherited structure, behavior, or process that allows an organism to respond to their environment and survive.	3
7356212243	Homeostasis	the relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions that organisms maintain.	4
7356217675	Metabolism	the combination of chemical reactions that build up or breaks down materials into usable components inside a cell.	5
7356226406	Proton	positively charged subatomic particle.	6
7356228800	Neutron	neutral subatomic particle.	7
7356230784	Electron	negatively charged subatomic particle.	8
7356232521	Isotope	atoms that have the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons.	9
7356238464	Ion	an atom with a charge; an atom that has gained or lost electrons.	10
7356241690	Ionic Bond	a bond formed when an electron is transferred from one atom to another.	11
7356245526	Covalent Bond	a bond formed when an electron is shared between two atoms.	12
7356250953	Cation	A positively charged atom; formed when an atom loses an electron.	13
7356253746	Anion	A negatively charged atom; formed when an atom gains an electron.	14
7356257530	Polar Molecule	A molecule with a slightly positive and negative charge due to unequal sharing of electrons.	15
7356266804	Nonpolar Molecule	A neutral molecule formed when atoms share electrons equally.	16
7356274000	Carbohydrate	A macromolecule formed from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Functions in energy storage.	17
7356279198	Nucleic Acid	a macromolecule that functions in carrying genetic information.	18
7356284122	Enzyme	proteins that catalyze (speed up) the rate of a chemical reaction.	19
7356289627	Substrate	a molecule that attaches to an enzymes active site.	20
7356300175	Denatured	an enzyme whose shape has been altered so that the substrate no longer fits into the active site.	21

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AP world history Flashcards

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4844760925	Political	Government or public affair of a country	0
4844760926	Social	Socity or organization	1
4844760927	Economic	Is a production, development and managment of material	2
4844760928	Culture	Way of peoples life, their behavior belife and symbol	3
4844760929	Civilization	High leval of culture,science industry and government has been reached	4
4844760930	Agriculture	Is science or study of farming	5
4844760931	Polytheism	Beliving in more then one god	6
4844760932	Monotheism	Beliving in only one god	7
4844760933	Bureaucracy	System of government where most of the decisions are mad by the state officals	8
4844760934	Divine	Relating to or coming for god	9
4844760935	Impose	Establishement of unwanted things in forceful or harmful way	10
4844760936	Monastic	Relating to people in religious vows	11
4844760937	Discourse	Written or spoken communication	12
4844760938	Advent	Arrival of an notable person,things or events	13
4844760939	Confluence	Jumction of two rivers or an act of merging	14
4844760940	Egalitarian	Means to belive that everyone is equal and deserves equal opportunity	15
4844760941	Matriarchal	Oldest femal runs the house	16
4844760942	Patriarchal	Socity ruled by mens	17
4844760943	Diaspora	Group of people dispersed form their own homeland	18
4844760944	Dissemination	Spread something widely	19
4844760945	Indigenous	Occure naturally	20
4844760946	Pangan	Person Holding religious beliefs	21
4844760947	Empire	State or countries under a single authority	22
4844760948	Mediate	To settle dispute as intermediary between parties	23
4844760949	Urban	Means to live in cities	24
4844760950	Rural	Means to live in countries	25
4844760951	Suburban	Town or other areas where people live in houses near a large city	26
4844760952	Precipitated	To cause something happen suddenly or quickly	27
4844760953	Succession	A number of things sharing a specified charcteristic and following one after another	28
4844760954	Systematic	Things done they way it was fixed	29
4844760955	Peasant	A poor farmer of low status who owns or rents a small piece of land for cultivation	30
4844760956	Aristocrat	A member of an aristocracy	31
4844760957	Noble	Belonging to a hereditary class with high social or politocal status	32
4844760958	Reciprocal	Given,felt or done in return	33
4844760959	Import	Bring goods or services into a contry from aboard for sale	34
4844760960	Export	Send goods or services into another country	35
4844760961	Imperial	Relating to an empire	36
4844760962	Eradicate	Destroy completely put a end to it	37
4844760963	Elite	A selection part of a group that is superior to the rest in term of ability or qualities	38
4844760964	Provincial	Concerning a province of a country or empire	39
4844760965	Assimilate	Take in information,ideas or cultures and understand fully	40
4844760966	Suppression	To put an end to the activities of a person	41
4844760967	Demographic	Statistical date relating to the population and particular group within	42
4844760968	Nuclear family	A couple and their dependent childern,regarded as a basic social unit	43
4844760969	Extended family	Including grandparents,aunt,uncles and other relatives who live in the same house	44
4844760970	Propaganda	Information, especially of a biased or misleading nature used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view	45
4844760971	Subsequent	Coming after something in time	46
4844760972	Repression	The action of subduing someone or something by force	47
4844760973	Diplomatic	Concerning tje profession,activity or skill of managing international relations	48
4844760974	Consequence	Result or effect of an action or condition	49
4844760975	Abdicate	Fail to fulfil or undetake a responsibility or duty	50
4844760976	Proletariat	Worker or working class people regarded collectively(often used with refrence to marxism).	51
4844760977	Mercenary	Primarly concerned worh making money at the expense of ethics	52
4844760978	Surpluse	Amount of something left over when requirement have been met	53
4844760979	Espouse	Adpot or suppport a case, belief, or way of life.	54
4844760980	Consensus	General agreement	55
4844760981	Parliamentary	Relating to enacted by or suiteable for a parliament	56
4844760982	Bourgeoisie	The middle class tipically with reference to its preceived materialistic values or conventional attitudes.	57
4844760983	Coercive	Means to force someone or theat	58
4844760984	Emancipation	Fact or process of being free from legal, social or polotical restriction liberation	59
4844760985	Liberation	The act from setting someone free from improsion or slavery	60
4844760986	Expulsion	The process of forcing someone to leave a place	61
4844760987	Consolidation	Something that is or has been consolidated	62
4844760988	Persecution	Hoslitity and ill-treatment expecially because of race or political religious beliefe	63
4844760989	Sedentary	Tending to spend much time	64

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AP World History - Period 3 Flashcards

The Post-Classical World, 500-1450

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6800451375	Seljuk Turks	nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids	0
6800451376	Crusades	invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291	1
6800451377	Mongols	central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph	2
6800451378	Chinggis (Ghengis) Khan	(1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms	3
6800451379	Arabic numerals	Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West	4
6800451380	Malacca	flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya	5
6800451381	Mali	state of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers	6
6800451382	Mansa	title of the ruler of Mali	7
6800451383	Ibn Battuta	Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world	8
6800451385	Songhay	successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao	9
6800451386	East African trading ports	urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar	10
6800451387	Great Zimbabwe	with massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa	11
6800451388	Greek Fire	Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; used to drive back the Arab fleets attacking Constantinople	12
6800451393	Kiev	commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c	13
6800451394	Vladmir I	ruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity	14
6800451395	Russian Orthodoxy	Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire	15
6800451396	Middle Ages	the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c	16
6800451397	Gothic	an architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls	17
6800451398	Vikings	seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily	18
6800451399	Manorialism	rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection	19
6800451400	Serfs	peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system	20
6800451401	Three-field system	practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure	21
6800451402	Clovis	King of the Franks; converted to Christianity circa 496	22
6800451407	Feudalism	personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service	23
6800451408	Vassals	members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty	24
6800451409	William the Conqueror	invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England	25
6800451410	Magna Carta	Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law	26
6800451420	Black Death	bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia	27
6800451421	Period of the Six Dynasties	era of continuous warfare (220-589) among the many kingdoms that followed the fall of the Han	28
6800451423	Shamanistic religion	Mongol beliefs focused on nature spirits	29
6800451424	Golden Horde	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c	30
6800451426	Kubilai Khan	grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271	31
6800451428	Ottoman Empire	Turkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire	32
6800451431	Muhammad's primary historical achievement	spread of Islam	33
6800451432	Silk Road Trade system		34
6800451433	Kingdom of Mali		35
6800451434	Inca and Rome both had	extensive road systems	36
6800451435	Important continuity in social structure of states and empires 600-1450	land holding aristocracies, patriarchies, peasant systems still in place	37
6800451436	Trans Saharan trade	Dominated my Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates..	38
6800451437	Indian Ocean Maritime Trade		39
6800451438	Cities that rose during this time due to increased trade	Novgorod, Constantinople, Timbuktu	40
6800451439	Timbuktu	trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people	41
6800451441	Bantu Migrations		42
6800451442	Marco Polo	traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan	43
12073950636	Mrs. Duclos	AP World History Teacher who we all appreciate!	44
12073953267	Lecanto High School	Home of the Panthers	45
12073954414	December 21st	LAST DAY BEFORE BREAK!!!	46
12073957815	"We are all in this together"	High School Musical song often used by Mrs. Duclos for Friday song	47
12073960367	UWF Baby Onesie	Excellent example of a luxury item that shows the unique and special times when paying $8 in shipping is warranted.	48
12073975319	18	The number of days you have off for break to read your AP World History book from start to finish!!!	49

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Biochemistry Flashcards

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5093594188	atom	the smallest basic unit of matter	0
5093596986	element	one particular type of atom; it cannot be broken down into a simpler substance	1
5093620105	compound	a substance made of atoms of different elements bonded together in a certain ratio	2
5093622856	ion	an atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons	3
5093624497	ionic bond	bond formed between a positively charged ion and a negatively charged ion	4
5093628118	covalent bond	bond formed when atoms share a pair of electrons	5
5093630686	molecule	two or more atoms held together held together by covalent bonds	6
5093634685	cohesion	the attraction among molecules of the same substance	7
5093636158	adhesion	the attraction between molecules of different substances	8
5093637928	solution	mixture of substance that is equally mixed throughout	9
5093640051	solvent	the substance in a solution that there is more of; it dissolves the other substance	10
5093643261	solute	the substance in a solution that there is less of; it gets dissolved	11
5093647481	carbohydrates	molecules that are made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and oxygen	12
5093653318	lipids	molecules that include fats, oils and cholesterol	13
5093654770	protein	a polymer made of monomers	14
5093660815	amino acid	molecules that contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and sometimes sulfur; the building blocks of protein	15
5093666336	nucleic acid	polymers that contain instructions to build proteins	16
5093668003	catalyst	substance that decreases the activation energy needed for a chemical reaction to start	17
5093670249	enzyme	catalysts for chemical reactions on living things(organisms need them to break down food, build proteins, and for your immune system to work)	18

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Biochemistry Flashcards

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5166257634	Atom	The smallest unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical element.	0
5166257635	Molecule	The smallest particle in a chemical element or compound. These particles are made up of two or more atoms that are held together by chemical bonds.	1
5166257636	Covalent bond	A chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.	2
5166257637	Ionic bond	A type of chemical bond that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.	3
5166257638	Hydrogen bond	The attractive force between the hydrogen attached to an electronegative atom of one molecule and an electronegative atom of a different molecule.	4
5166257639	Macromolecule	A very large molecule, such as protein, commonly created by polymerization of smaller subunits (monomers). They are sometimes composed of thousands or more atoms.	5
5166257640	Organelle	Structures with specialized functions suspended in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell.	6
5166257641	Tissue	Distinct types of material which make up organisms and consist of specialized cells and their products.	7
5166257642	Carbohydrate	A biological molecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms. Examples are sugar, cellulose, chitin and starch.	8
5166257643	Nucleic acid	A large biological molecule made up of nucleotides. Examples are DNA and RNA.	9
5166257644	Protein	A large biological molecule composed of one or more long chains of amino acids. Examples include all enzymes, collagen, keratin, insulin, immunoglobulins, muscle fibers.	10
5166257645	Lipid	A large biological molecule made up of fatty acids that are not soluble water. Examples include fats, waxes, and cholesterol.	11
5166257646	Isotope	each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, and hence differ in relative atomic mass but not in chemical properties; in particular, a radioactive form of an element.	12
5166257647	Isomer	each of two or more compounds with the same formula but a different arrangement of atoms in the molecule and different properties.	13
5166257648	Enzyme	a protein produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction.	14
5166257649	Monomer	a subunit of a bigger molecule, a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.	15
5166257650	Polymer	a substance that has a molecular structure consisting chiefly or entirely of a large number of similar units bonded together, e.g., many synthetic organic materials used as plastics and resins.	16
5166257651	Element	each of more than one hundred substances that cannot be chemically interconverted or broken down into simpler substances.	17