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AP Spanish Literature - Poetry Terminology Flashcards

555314305	Aliteración:	Repetition of a consonant in a series, either at the beginning of a word or of a stressed syllable. Example: "¿O cuál es más de culpar, / aunque cualquiera mal haga, / la que peca por la paga / o el que paga por pecar?" (Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz).	0
555314306	Anáfora:	Repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or sentences. Example: "Que por mayo era, por mayo, / cuando hace la calor, / cuando los trigos encañan / y están los campos en flor" ("Romance del prisionero").	1
555314307	Apóstrofe:	Figure of speech in which the poet speaks directly to someone or something with vehemence. Example: "¡Oh excelso muro, oh torres coronadas / de honor, de majestad, de gallardía! (Luis de Góngora, "A Córdoba").	2
555314308	Asonancia:	Repetition of a vowel in a series of words. Example: "Llora monótona / como llora el agua, / como llora el viento / sobre la nevada" (Federico García Lorca).	3
555314309	Carpe diem	Medieval motif or topos meaning 'make the best of the present moment'. A common theme in European lyric poetry, in which the speaker of a poem argues (often to a hesitant virgin) that since life is short, pleasure should be enjoyed while there is still time. Example: Robert Herrick's line "Gather ye rosebuds while ye may."	4
555314310	Consonancia:	Repetition of a consonantal sound within a line or series of lines. Example: "Suspiros de luz musical" (Salvador Díaz Mirón).	5
555314311	Enlace:	Act of linking a word ending with a vowel with a word which begins with a vowel, thus forming one syllable, even if the linked vowels are both strong (a, e, o). Example: "como llora el agua" = co-mo-llo-rae-la-gua.	6
555314312	Estrofa:	Stanza of a poem.	7
555314313	Falacia patética:	A form of personification by which the poet attributes human emotions or characteristics to inanimate objects or to nature. Examples: angry clouds, a cruel wind.	8
555314314	Hipérbole:	Use of exaggeration or overstatement for emphasis or poetic effect. Example: "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? / Thou art more lovely and more temperate" (Shakespeare).	9
555314315	Locus Amoenus	(Latin, peaceful place), Medieval motif or topos consisting of a natural scene described thus by E. R. Curtius: "a beautiful, shaded site. Its minimum ingredients comprise a tree (or several trees), a meadow, and a spring or brook. Birdsong and flowers may be added. The most elaborate examples also add a breeze" (European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages).	10
555314316	Metáfora:	Figure of speech which describes one thing in terms of another. Unlike simile, metaphor draws an implied rather than an expressed comparison and it fuses the two elements in a comparison, while simile usually keeps them distinct. Examples: "¡Día, redondo día! / luminosa naranja de veinticuatro gajos" (Octavio Paz); "El pájaro es el periódico / de la mañana en el campo" (Jorge Carrera Andrade).	11
555314317	Metonimia:	Technique of substituting one word for another with which it stands in close relationship. Example: "Mientras el corazón y la cabeza / Batallando prosigan" (Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer).	12
555314318	Onomatopeya:	Poetic device in which the sense is suggested by the sounds of the words used. Examples: "The moan of doves in immemorial elms, / And murmuring of innumerable bees" (Tennyson); "En el silencio sólo se escuchaba / Un susurro de abejas que sonaba" (Garcilaso).	13
555314319	Oxímoro:	Paradoxical statement which combines two words or phrases usually considered contraries. Example: "Parting is such sweet sorrow" (Shakespeare).	14
555314320	Personificación:	Figure of speech which attributes human qualities to inanimate or abstract things. Example: "El día se suicida / arrojándose al mar" (Vicente Huidobro).	15
555314321	Rima asonante:	Patterned repetition of vowels at the end of a poetic line, beginning with the last accented vowel. Examples: plácido <-> tocando <-> campanario; redondos <-> oro <-> olmo.	16
555314322	Rima consonante:	Patterned repetition of vowels and consonants at the end of a poetic line, beginning with the last accented vowel. Examples: tesoro <-> lloro; volver <-> querer.	17
555314323	Silepsis / Zeugma:	Construction in which one word is used to modify or govern two or more words, often so that its use is grammatically or logically correct with only one. Examples: "He lost his hat and his temper;" "Pasó un perro, pasó una monja, / pasó una semana y un año" (Neruda).	18
555314324	Símbolo:	Metaphor from which the first term has been omitted. The rose is a symbol if it represents a beautiful girl, but if we say that a girl is a rose, we are emphasizing metaphorical transfer from one object to another. Example: "And I have seen the eternal Footman hold my coat and snicker / And in short, I was afraid" (T. S. Eliot).	19
555314325	Símil:	Figure of speech which compares one thing directly with another, usually with the linking word como (like or as). Example: "El verano, redondo como una sandía" (Neruda).	20
555314326	Sílaba:	Syllable of a word.	21
555314327	Sinestesia:	Metaphorical description of one of the five senses by means of evoking another of those senses (dry martini, sweet smile, sour note, bitter sight, loud shirt, cold words, warm color). Example: "Y un horizonte de perros / ladra muy lejos del río" (García Lorca).	22
555314328	Ubi sunt?:	(Latin, where are they?), Medieval motif or topos used to convey sadness about the temporary nature of life and beauty. Example: "Where are the snows of yesteryear?" (Francois Villon).	23
555314329	Verso:	Verse in general, or an individual line of poetry.	24
555314330	Verso agudo:	Poetic line with stress on the last syllable. Example: "Onda de luz".	25
555314331	Verso esdrújulo:	Poetic line with stress on the third-to-last syllable. Example: "Cantan los pájaros"	26
555314332	Verso llano:	Poetic line with stress on the next-to-last syllable. Example: "Ya lo comprendo".	27
555314333	Versos impares:	Odd-numbered poetic lines (1, 3, 5, etc.).	28
555314334	Versos pares:	Even-numbered poetic lines (2, 4, 6, etc.).	29

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Terms - AP Language & Composition Flashcards

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4437580342	Allegory	Story or poem in which characters, settings and events stand for other people or events or for abstract ideas or qualities.	0
4437585333	Alliteration	Repetition of the same or similar consonant sounds in words that are close together.	1
4437591148	Allusion	Reference to someone or something that is known from history, literature, religion, politics, sports, science, or another brand of culture.	2
4437596054	Ambiguity	Deliberately suggesting two or more different, and sometimes conflicting, meanings in a work. An event or situation that may be interpreted in more than one way.	3
4437606344	Analogy	Comparison made between two things to show how they are alike.	4
4437609773	Anaphora	Repetition of a word, phrase or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences in a row.	5
4437617912	Anastrophe	Inversion of the usual, normal, or logical order of the parts of a sentence.	6
4437627471	Anecdote	Brief story, told to illustrate a point or serve as an example of something, often shows the character of an individual.	7
4437632163	Antagonist	Opponent who struggles against or blocks the hero, or protagonist, in a story.	8
4437637927	Antimetabole	Repetition of words in successive clauses in reverse grammatical order. In poetry, this is called a chiasmus.	9
4437645490	Antithesis	Balancing words, phrases or ideas that are strongly contrasted, often by means of grammatical structure.	10
4437649788	Antihero	Central character who lacks all the qualities traditionally associated with heroes.	11
4437654254	Anthropomorphism	Attributing human characteristics to an animal or inanimate object (personification).	12
4437659097	Aphorism	Brief, cleverly worded statement that makes a wise observation about life, or of an accepted general truth. Also called maxim or epigram.	13
4437667182	Apostrophe	Calling out to an imaginary, dead, or absent person, or to a place or thing, or a personified abstract idea.	14
4437672446	Apposition	Placing in immediately succeeding order of two or more coordinate elements, the latter of which is an explanation, qualification, or modification of the first.	15
4437682284	Assonance	The repetition of similar vowel sounds followed by different consonant sounds especially in words that are together.	16
4437685549	Asyndeton	Commas used without conjunction to separate a series of words, thus emphasizing the parts equally.	17
4437691764	Balance	Constructing a sentence so that both halves are the same length and importance.	18
4437696584	Characterization	The process by which the writer reveals the personality of a character.	19
4437706189	Chiasmus	In poetry, a type of rhetorical balance in which the second part is syntactically balanced against the first, but with the parts reversed.	20
4437717204	Cliche	A word or phrase, often a figure of speech, that has become lifeless because of overuse.	21
4437723922	Colloquialism	A word or phrase in everyday use in conversation and informal writing but is inappropriate for formal situations.	22
4437734177	Comedy	In general, a story that ends with a happy resolution of the conflicts faced by the main character or characters.	23
4437738839	Conceit	An elaborate metaphor that compares two things that are startlingly different.	24
4437747378	Conflict	The struggle between opposing forces or characters in a story.	25
4437749839	Connotation	The associations and emotional overtones that have become attached to a word or phrase, in addition to its strict dictionary definition.	26
4437755779	Couplet	Two consecutive rhyming lines of poetry.	27
4437758203	Dialect	A way of speaking that is characteristic of a certain social group or of the inhabitants of a certain geographical area.	28
4437763519	Diction	A speaker or writer's choice of words.	29
4437766183	Didactic	A form of fiction or nonfiction that teaches a specific lesson or moral or provides a model of correct behavior or thinking.	30
4437771448	Elegy	A poem of mourning, usually about someone who has died.	31
4437775966	Epanalepsis	Device of repetition in which the same expression is repeated both at the beginning and end of the line, clause or sentence.	32
4437782026	Epic	A long narrative poem, written in heightened language, which recounts the deeds of a heroic character who embodies the values of a particular society.	33
4437787228	Epigraph	A quotation or aphorism at the beginning of a literary work, suggestive of the theme.	34
4437791583	Epistrophe	Device of repetition in which the same expression is repeated at the end of two or more lines, clauses or sentences.	35
4437798049	Fable	A very short story told in prose or poetry that teaches a practical lesson about how to succeed in life.	36
4437806043	Flashback	A scene that interrupts the normal chronological sequence of events in a story to depict something that happened at an earlier time.	37
4437810896	Foil	A character who acts as contrast to another character. Often a funny sidekick to the dashing hero, or a villain contrasting the hero.	38
4437820495	Foreshadowing	The use of hints and clues to suggest what will happen later in a plot.	39
4437830338	Free Verse	Poetry that does not conform to a regular meter or rhyme scheme.	40
4437833522	Hyperbole	Figure of speech that uses an incredible exaggeration or overstatement, for effect.	41
4437837044	Hypotactic	Sentence marked by the use of connecting words between clauses or sentences, explicitly showing the logical or other relationships between them.	42
4437844763	Imagery	The use of language to evoke a picture or concrete sensation of a person, a place, a thing, or an experience.	43
4437849368	Inversion	The reversal of the normal word order in a sentence or phrase.	44
4437852045	Irony	A discrepancy between appearances and reality.	45
4437854763	Juxtaposition	Poetic and rhetorical device in which normally unassociated ideas, words, or phrases are placed next to one another, creating an effect of surprise and wit.	46
4437868556	Litotes	A form of understatement in which the positive form is emphasized through the negation of a negative form.	47
4437876157	Loose Sentence	One in which the main clause comes first, followed by further dependent grammatical units.	48
4437882239	Lyric Poem	A poem that does not tell a story but expresses the personal feelings or thoughts of the speaker.	49
4437889502	Metaphor	A figure of speech that makes a comparison between two unlike things without the use of specific words of comparison, such as like, as, than or resembles.	50
4437897650	Metonymy	A figure of speech in which a person, place, or thing, is referred to by something closely associated with it.	51
4437902687	Mood	An atmosphere created by a writer's diction and the details selected.	52
4437906171	Motif	A recurring image, word, phrase, action, idea, object, or situation used throughout a work, unifying the work by tying the current situation to previous ones, or new ideas to the theme.	53
4437916653	Onomatopeia	The use of words whose sounds echo their sense. "Pop" or "Zap!"	54
4437921991	Oxymoron	A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase.	55
4437927396	Parable	A relatively short story that teaches a moral, or a lesson about how to lead a good life.	56
4437932003	Paradox	A statement that appears self-contradictory, but that reveals a kind of truth.	57
4437939277	Parallelism	The repetition of words or phrases that have similar grammatical structures.	58
4437945093	Paratactic	Sentence that juxtaposes clauses or sentences.	59
4437947932	Parody	A work that makes fun of another work by imitating some aspect of the writer's style.	60
4437952340	Pedantic	An adjective that describes words, phrases or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or "bookish".	61
4437972515	Periodic	Sentence that places the main idea or central complete thought at the end of the sentence, after all the introductory elements.	62
4437977425	Personification	A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts or attitudes.	63
4437983693	Plot	The series of related events in a story or play, sometimes called the storyline.	64
4437988211	Exposition	Introduces characters, situation, and setting.	65
4437990085	Rising Action	Complications in conflict and situations.	66
4437995673	Climax	The point in a plot that creates the greatest intensity, suspense, or interest.	67
4437998258	Resolution	The conclusion of a story, when all or most of the conflicts have been settled.	68
4438002117	Point of View	The vantage point from which the writer tells the story.	69
4438005873	Polysendeton	Sentence which uses a conjunction with no commas to separate the items in a series.	70
4438012176	Protagonist	The central character in a story, the one who initiates or drives the action.	71
4438014960	Pun	A play on words.	72
4438018989	Quatrain	A poem consisting of four lines, or four lines in a poem that can be considered as a unit.	73
4438023848	Refrain	A word, phrase, line, or group of lines that is repeated, for effect, several times in a poem.	74
4438027661	Rhythm	A rise and fall of the voice produced by the alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables in language.	75
4438033107	Rhetoric	Art of effective communication, especially persuasive discourse.	76
4438038833	Rhetorical Question	A question asked for an effect, and not actually requiring an answer.	77
4438041983	Romance	In general, a story in which an idealized hero or heroine undertakes a quest and is successful.	78
4438047138	Satire	A type of writing that ridicules the shortcomings of people or institutions in an attempt to bring about change.	79
4438051846	Simile	A figure of speech that makes an explicit comparison between two unlike things, using words such as like, as, than, or resembles.	80
4438059355	Soliloquy	A long speech made by a character in a play while no other characters are on stage.	81
4438063788	Stereotype	A fixed idea or conception of a character or an idea which does not allow for any individuality, often based on religious, social, or racial prejudices.	82
4438071757	Stream of Consciousness	A style of writing that portrays the inner workings of a character's mind.	83
4438074273	Style	The distinctive way in which a writer uses language: a writer's distinctive use of diction, tone and syntax.	84
4438079650	Suspense	A feeling of uncertainty and curiosity about what will happen next in a story.	85
4438088518	Syllogism	A deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises (the first one called "major" and the second called "minor") that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion.	86
4438097326	Symbol	A person, place, thing, or event that has meaning in itself and that also stands for something more than itself.	87
4438102782	Synecdoche	A figure of speech in which a part represents the whole.	88
4438105465	Syntax	The way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses and sentences.	89
4438109750	Tall Tale	An outrageously exaggerated, humorous story that is obviously unbelievable.	90
4438115726	Theme	The insight about human life that is revealed in a literary work.	91
4438119459	Thesis	The sentence or group of sentences, in expository writing, that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or position.	92
4438129238	Tragedy	In general, a story in which a heroic character either dies or comes to some other unhappy end.	93
4438134222	Tricolon	Sentence of three parts of equal importance and length, usually three independent clauses.	94
4438137892	Understatement	A statement that says less than what is meant.	95
4438140978	Vernacular	The language spoken by the people who live in a particular locality.	96

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AP Literature Vocabulary Flashcards

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6700178171	Allusion	an expression designed to call something to mind without mentioning it explicitly; an indirect or passing reference.	0
6700180640	Allegory	a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one.	1
6700180641	Analogy	a comparison between two things, typically for the purpose of explanation or clarification.	2
6700180642	Aubade	a poem or piece of music appropriate to the dawn or early morning.	3
6700182394	Imagery	visually descriptive or figurative language, especially in a literary work.	4
6700182395	Euphemism	a mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing.	5
6700183873	Apostrophe (rhetorical device, not punctuation)	In literature, apostrophe is a figure of speech sometimes represented by exclamation "O". A writer or a speaker, using an apostrophe, detaches himself from the reality and addresses an imaginary character in his speech.	6
6700183874	Hyperbole	exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally.	7
6700183875	Personification	the attribution of a personal nature or human characteristics to something nonhuman, or the representation of an abstract quality in human form.	8
6700185285	Pastoral	a work of literature portraying an idealized version of country life.	9
6700185286	Iambic meter (pentameter, tetrameter)	The word "iambic" refers to the type of foot that is used, known as the iamb, which in English is an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. The word "pentameter" indicates that a line has five of these "feet".	10
6700185287	Ballad	a poem or song narrating a story in short stanzas. Traditional ballads are typically of unknown authorship, having been passed on orally from one generation to the next as part of the folk culture.	11
6700187384	Blank Verse	verse without rhyme, especially that which uses iambic pentameter.	12
6700187385	Free Verse	poetry that does not rhyme or have a regular meter.	13
6700187386	Juxtaposition	the fact of two things being seen or placed close together with contrasting effect.	14
6700189454	Cacophony/euphony	Euphony and cacophony, sound patterns used in verse to achieve opposite effects: euphony is pleasing and harmonious; cacophony is harsh and discordant. Euphony is achieved through the use of vowel sounds in words of generally serene imagery.	15
6700189455	Characterization (round, flat, static, dynamic)	the creation or construction of a fictional character. a description of the distinctive nature or features of someone or something.	16
6700191007	Chiasmus	a rhetorical or literary figure in which words, grammatical constructions, or concepts are repeated in reverse order, in the same or a modified form; e.g. 'Poetry is the record of the best and happiest moments of the happiest and best minds.'.	17
6700191008	Colloquialism	a word or phrase that is not formal or literary, typically one used in ordinary or familiar conversation.	18
6700191009	Types of Comedy	low comedy lacks seriousness of purpose or subtlety of manner and has little appeal--quarrelling, fighting, noisy singing, boisterous conduct in general, boasting, burlesque, trickery, buffoonery, clownishness, drunkenness, coarse jesting, wordplay, and scolding dirty jokes, dirty gesture, sex and elimination are subjects of the humor; exaggeration or understatement are the extremes of the humor with a focus on the phsical like long noses, cross eyes, humped back, and deformities; slapstick, pratfalls, loud noises, physical mishaps, collisions are a part of the humor of man encountering an uncooperative universe high comedy pure or serious comedy--appeals to the intellect and arouses thoughtful laughter by exhibiting the inconsistencies and incongruities of human nature and by displaying the follies of social manners burlesque form of comedy characterized by ridiculous exaggeration and distortion. The sublime may be absurd, honest emotions may be turned to sentimentality, a serious subject may be treated frivolously or a frivolous subject seriously farce a light dramatic work in which highly imprbable plot, exaggerated character, and oftern slapstick elements are used for humerous effect plot is full of coincidences, mistimings, mistaken identities; characters are puppets of fate--they are twins, born to the wrong class, unable to marry, too poor, too rich; loss of identity because of birth fate, or accident; sometimes they are twins sperated unaware of their double parody a composition imitating or burlesquing another, usually serious, piece of work. Designed to ridicule in nonsensical fashion an original piece of work. It is in literature what the caricature and cartoon are in art satire holding up to ridicule the follies and vices of a people or time slapstick boisterous form of comedy marked by chases, collisions, and crude practical jokes	19
6700192880	Couplet	two lines of verse, usually in the same meter and joined by rhyme, that form a unit.	20
6700206861	Dramatic Monologue	a poem in the form of a speech or narrative by an imagined person, in which the speaker inadvertently reveals aspects of their character while describing a particular situation or series of events.	21
6700206862	Sonnet	a poem of fourteen lines using any of a number of formal rhyme schemes, in English typically having ten syllables per line.	22
6700206863	Ode	a lyric poem in the form of an address to a particular subject, often elevated in style or manner and written in varied or irregular meter.	23
6700206864	Sestina	a poem with six stanzas of six lines and a final triplet, all stanzas having the same six words at the line-ends in six different sequences that follow a fixed pattern, and with all six words appearing in the closing three-line envoi.	24
6700209582	Symbol	a mark or character used as a conventional representation of an object, function, or process, e.g., the letter or letters standing for a chemical element or a character in musical notation.	25
6700209583	Foil	prevent (something considered wrong or undesirable) from succeeding.	26
6700209584	Oxymoron	a figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms appear in conjunction (e.g., faith unfaithful kept him falsely true ).	27
6700211286	Paradox	a seemingly absurd or self-contradictory statement or proposition that when investigated or explained may prove to be well founded or true.	28
6700211287	Protagonist/antagonist	In literature, an antagonist is a character or a group of characters which stand in opposition to the protagonist or the main character. The term antagonist comes from Greek word "antagonistēs" that means opponent, competitor or rival.	29
6700211288	Alliteration	the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words.	30
6700212576	Rhyme (types of, and rhyme scheme)	Rhyme scheme is a poet's deliberate pattern of lines that rhyme with other lines in a poem or a stanza. The rhyme scheme, or pattern, can be identified by giving end words that rhyme with each other the same letter.	31
6700212577	Satire	the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues.	32
6700212578	Irony	the expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect.	33
6700212579	Elegy	a poem of serious reflection, typically a lament for the dead.	34
6700214028	Diction	the choice and use of words and phrases in speech or writing.	35
6700214029	Metaphor and simile	A simile is where two things are directly compared because they share a common feature. The word AS or LIKE is used to compare the two words. Eg. As cold AS a dog's nose. A metaphor also compares two things, but it does so more directly WITHOUT using as or like.	36
6700214030	Soliloquy	an act of speaking one's thoughts aloud when by oneself or regardless of any hearers, especially by a character in a play.	37
6700215898	Point of View (1st person, 3rd person limited, 3rd person omniscient)	The third-person omniscient point of view is a method of storytelling in which the narrator knows the thoughts and feelings of all of the characters in the story, as opposed to third-person limited, which adheres closely to one character's -- usually the main character's -- perspective.	38
6700215899	Antecedent	a thing or event that existed before or logically precedes another.	39
6700215900	Tone	the general character or attitude of a place, piece of writing, situation, etc.	40
6700217546	Syntax	the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.	41
6700217547	Theme	the subject of a talk, a piece of writing, a person's thoughts, or an exhibition; a topic.	42
6700217548	Tragedy	an event causing great suffering, destruction, and distress, such as a serious accident, crime, or natural catastrophe.	43
6700219168	Villanelle	a nineteen-line poem with two rhymes throughout, consisting of five tercets and a quatrain, with the first and third lines of the opening tercet recurring alternately at the end of the other tercets and with both repeated at the close of the concluding quatrain.	44

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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6693496108	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
6693496109	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
6693496110	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
6693496111	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
6693496112	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
6693496113	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
6693496114	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
6693496115	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
6693496116	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
6693496117	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
6693496118	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
6693496119	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
6693496120	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
6693496121	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
6693496122	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
6693496123	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
6693496124	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
6693496125	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
6693496126	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
6693496127	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
6693496128	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
6693496129	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
6693496130	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
6693496131	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
6693496132	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
6693496133	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
6693496134	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
6693496135	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
6693496136	theory	general idea being tested	28
6693496137	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
6693496138	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
6693496139	mode	appears the most	31
6693496140	mean	average	32
6693496141	median	middle	33
6693496142	range	highest - lowest	34
6693496143	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
6693496144	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
6693496145	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
6693496146	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
6693496147	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
6693496148	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
6693496149	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
6693496150	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
6693496151	neuron		43
6693496152	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
6693496153	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
6693496154	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
6693496155	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
6693496156	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
6693496157	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
6693496158	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
6693496159	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
6693496160	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
6693496161	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
6693496162	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
6693496163	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
6693496164	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
6693496165	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
6693496166	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
6693496167	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
6693496168	master gland	pituitary gland	60
6693496169	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
6693496170	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
6693496171	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
6693496172	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
6693496173	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
6693496174	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
6693496175	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
6693496176	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
6693496177	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
6693496178	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
6693496179	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
6693496180	hippocampus	process new memory	72
6693496181	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
6693496182	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
6693496183	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
6693496184	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
6693496185	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
6693496186	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
6693496187	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
6693496188	occipital lobe	vision	80
6693496189	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
6693496190	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
6693496191	Broca's area	speaking words	83
6693496192	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
6693496193	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
6693496194	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
6693496195	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
6693496196	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
6693496197	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
6693496198	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
6693496199	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
6693496200	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
6693496201	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
6693496202	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
6693496203	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
6693496204	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
6693496205	rods	night time	97
6693496206	cones	color	98
6693496207	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
6693496208	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
6693496209	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
6693496210	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
6693496211	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
6693496212	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
6693496213	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
6693496214	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
6693496215	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
6693496216	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
6693496217	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
6693496218	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
6693496219	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
6693496220	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
6693496221	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
6693496222	perception =	mood + motivation	114
6693496223	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
6693496224	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
6693496225	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
6693496226	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
6693496227	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
6693496228	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
6693496229	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
6693496230	insomnia	can't sleep	122
6693496231	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
6693496232	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
6693496233	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
6693496234	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
6693496235	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
6693496236	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
6693496237	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
6693496238	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
6693496239	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
6693496240	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
6693496241	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
6693496242	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
6693496243	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
6693496244	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
6693496245	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
6693496246	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
6693496247	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
6693496248	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
6693496249	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
6693496250	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
6693496251	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
6693496252	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
6693496253	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
6693496254	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
6693496255	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
6693496256	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
6693496257	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
6693496258	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
6693496259	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
6693496260	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
6693496261	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
6693496262	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
6693496263	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
6693496264	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
6693496265	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
6693496266	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
6693496267	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
6693496268	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
6693496269	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
6693496270	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
6693496271	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
6693496272	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
6693496273	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
6693496274	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
6693496275	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
6693496276	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
6693496277	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
6693496278	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
6693496279	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
6693496280	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
6693496281	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
6693496282	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
6693496283	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
6693496284	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
6693496285	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
6693496286	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
6693496287	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
6693496288	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
6693496289	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
6693496290	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
6693496291	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
6693496292	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
6693496293	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
6693496294	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
6693496295	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
6693496296	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
6693496297	encoding	information going in	189
6693496298	storage	keeping information in	190
6693496299	retrieval	taking information out	191
6693496300	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
6693496301	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
6693496302	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
6693496303	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
6693496304	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
6693496305	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
6693496306	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
6693496307	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
6693496308	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
6693496309	implicit memory	naturally do	201
6693496310	explicit memory	need to explain	202
6693496311	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
6693496312	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
6693496313	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
6693496314	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
6693496315	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
6693496316	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
6693496317	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
6693496318	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
6693496319	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
6693496320	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
6693496321	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
6693496322	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
6693496323	priming	association (setting you up)	215
6693496324	context	environment helps with memory	216
6693496325	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
6693496326	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
6693496327	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
6693496328	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
6693496329	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
6693496330	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
6693496331	children can't remember before age __	3	223
6693496332	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
6693496333	prototypes	generalize	225
6693496334	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
6693496335	against problem-solving	fixation	227
6693496336	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
6693496337	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
6693496338	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
6693496339	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
6693496340	grammar is _________	universal	232
6693496341	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
6693496342	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP Exam Review Flashcards

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6682389215	Articles of Confederation: Weaknesses	Government didn't have power to tax; one vote per state; one branch of gov't; no army	0
6682389216	Great Compromise	bicameral legislature with upper house (Senate) based on equal representation and lower house (House of Representatives) based on population	1
6682389217	principles of the Consitution	separations of power- legislative, executive, and judicial; checks and balances	2
6682389218	Amendment process	A change to the Constitution must be proposed by 2/3 of Congress OR 2/3 of the state legislatures and THEN ratified by ¾ of the states *Every amendment but 1 was done the first way	3
6682389219	informal amendment	A change made in Constitution not by actual written amendment, but by the experience of government under the Constitution; the methods include: (1) legislation passed by Congress; (2) actions taken by the President; (3) decisions of the Supreme Court; (4) the activities of political parties; and (5) custom	4
6682389220	formal amendment	change or addition that becomes part of the written language of the Constitution itself through one of the methods set forth in the Constitution *there are only 27 formal amendments	5
6682389221	Types of powers	Expressed, Implied, Reserved Concurrent	6
6682389222	Federalism	A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments; power is shared, but ultimately the national government is supreme	7
6682389225	Pluralist Theory	Belief that American political system basically works; competing interest groups all get heard at different times and places in government. Federalism helps (more layers of government).	8
6682389226	Elitist Theory	a small number of very wealthy individuals, powerful corporate interest groups, and large financial institutions dominate key policy areas	9
6682389227	Hyper-pluralist theory	The theory that government policy is weakened and often contradictory because there are so many competing interest groups	10
6682389228	Tenth Amendment	The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.	11
6682389229	Fiscal Federalism	The pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system; it is the cornerstone of the national government's relations with state and local governments.	12
6682389230	block grants	Grants ($) given to the states by the federal government for a general purpose (like education or road-building). Unlike categorical grants, states have discretion to decide how to spend the money. Example = Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) (States develop and implement welfare programs using federal money).	13
6682389231	categorical grants	Federal grants that can be used only for specific purposes or "categories," of state and local spending. They come with strings attached, such as nondiscrimination provisions.	14
6682389232	formula grants	Federal categorical grants distributed according to a formula specified in legislation or in administrative regulations.	15
6682389233	dual federalism	A system of government in which both the states and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies.	16
6682389234	cooperative federalism	A system of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government. They may also share costs, administration, and even blame for programs that work poorly.	17
6682389235	devolution	An effort to shirft responsibility of domestic programs to the states in order to decrease the size & activites of the federal government; some states have attempted to shift responsibilities further to local govts	18
6682389236	full faith and credit clause	Constitution's requirement that each state accept the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state	19
6682389237	necessary and proper clause	Clause of the Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 3) setting forth the implied powers of Congress. It states that Congress, in addition to its express powers, has the right to make all laws necessary and proper to carry out all powers the Constitution vests in the national government	20
6682389238	Political Socialization	process by how people acquire their political orientation: views and beliefs. Sources: family, life experiences, media, school, religion, race, ethinicity	21
6682389239	Political Ideology	set of values and beliefs about the purpose of government held by groups and individuals	22
6682389240	Political efficacy	belief that one's political participation matters- one vote can make a difference	23
6682389241	Divided government	one party controls the White House and one party controls one or both houses of government.	24
6682389242	Forms of participation	Lobbying, Litigation, Grass Roots activities, Interest groups, Electioneering	25
6682389243	Voter Turnout	Voter turnout is low because people believe their votes don't matter, uneducated, elderly, too busy, registration process, mobility	26
6682389244	Obstacles to participation	voter apathy, having to register in advance, minorities have a lack of access, greater youthfulness	27
6682389245	Demographics	The area you live in can contribute to your participate in politics	28
6682389246	Mass Media	television, radio, newspapers, magazines, the Internet, and other means of popular communication	29
6682389247	Political Parties	A group of people seeking to control the government apparatus by gaining office in a duly constituted election.	30
6682389248	Issue Generalists	generalists vs specialist parties have their opinions on certain things	31
6682389249	Third Parties-	a person or group besides the two primarily involved in a situation, especially a dispute.	32
6682389250	Elections	to choose the candidate to represent the country or a political party	33
6682389251	Nominations	the person selected by the delegates of a political party to be the party's nominee for President of the United States, typically at the party's national nominating convention.	34
6682389252	Primaries	a preliminary election to appoint delegates to a party conference or to select the candidates for a principal, especially presidential, election.	35
6682389253	Electoral College	a body of people representing the states of the US, who formally cast votes for the election of the president and vice president.	36
6682389254	Campaign Finance Reform	Legislation aimed at placing limits on political candidates accepting money and gifts from individuals and special interest groups	37
6682389255	Voter Turnout	voter turnout continues to decrease. It is higher in older americans than younger and more whites vote.	38
6682389256	Intrest Groups	encourage or prevent changes in public policy without trying to be elected. (Lobbying, litigating, and electionering)	39
6682389257	Federalist #10	essay written by James Madison as the tenth of The Federalist Papers, a series arguing for the ratification of the United States Constitution.	40
6682389258	Issue Specialist	inform the buisness community about key topics	41
6682389259	Pluralism	A conviction that various religious, ethnic, racial, and political groups should be allowed to thrive in a single society.	42
6682389260	Hyperpluralism	A state in which many groups or factions are so strong that a government is unable to function.	43
6682389261	Elite Theories	theory of the state which seeks to describe and explain the power relationships in contemporary society.	44
6682389262	Linkage Institutions	Institutions that connect citizens to government. The mass media, interest groups, and political parties are the three main linkage institutions.	45
6682389263	PACs	Political Action Committees, raise money for candidates &/or parties	46
6682389264	Political Efficacy	The belief that one's political participation really matters - that one's vote can actually make a difference	47
6682389265	Roles of the Presidency	Chief of State:making speeches, award medals, greet people, and be the living symbol of the nation. Chief Executive: Decide how laws of the U.S. should be enforced, and choose officials and advisors to help run the Executive Branch. Chief Diplomat: with the help of advisors he makes foreign policy of the United States, and decides what ambassadors and diplomats shall say to foreign government. Commander-in-Chief: he is in charge of the armed forces, and determines where and when to send them. Chief Legislator: he influences Congress in its lawmaking, and may also urge Congress to pass new laws or veto bills that they do not favor. Chief of Party: The president helps members of his political party get elected or appointed in to office. Chief Guardian of the Economy: He's concerned with unemployment, taxes, high prices, etc.	48
6682389266	Vetoes	The constitutional power of the president to send a bill back to congress and with reasoning for rejecting it. A two-thirds vote in house can override it.	49
6682389267	25th Amendment	If the president dies, resigns or is impeached then the Vice President will be President. The Vice President will also become President if the President is no longer able to execute the duties	50
6682389268	Presidential Powers	Sign/veto legislation, command the armed forces, adjourn/convene Congress, grant/receive pardons, and appoint/receive ambassadors.	51
6682389269	Cabinet	A group of advisors that the President chooses to help aid in making decisions	52
6682389270	War Powers Resolution	A law that requires the President to consult with Congress whenever it is possible before using the military and after 60 will have to withdraw unless Congress decides to declare war or grant an extension.	53
6682389271	Checks and balances		54
6682389272	Original Jurisdiction	the power to hear a case for the first time	55
6682389273	Appellate Jurisdiction	when a court has the power to review a lower court's decision	56
6682389274	Precedent	the Supreme Court looks at the ruling of a previous court case to help decide the ruling of the case they are dealing with.	57
6682389275	Amicus Curiae briefs	"Friend of the court", a person or group who is not a party to a lawsuit, but has a strong interest in the matter, will petition the court for permission to submit a brief in the action with the intent of influencing the court's decision.	58
6682389276	Writ of Certiorari	"To be informed of, or to be made certain in regard to." Also, the name given to certain appellate proceedings for re-examination of actions of a trial court, or inferior appeals court.	59
6682389277	14th Amendment	due process Amendment and Equal Protection under the law; states that no one shall be denied a job or opportunity based on	60
6682389278	Civil Rights Act of 1964	states that no one should be denied a job or opportunity based on sex or race	61
6682389279	Affirmative Action	due process Amendment; states that no one shall be denied a job or opportunity based on race or sex, without due process of law	62
6682389280	Supreme Court Appointments	The President appoints the justices,and the Senate approves them. Congress can also impeach them.	63
6682389281	Judicial Activism	judicial rulings suspected of being based on personal or political considerations rather than on existing law, the opposite of judicial restraint	64
6682389282	Judicial Restraint	a theory of judicial interpretation that encourages judges to limit the exercise of their own power. It asserts that judges should hesitate to strike down laws unless they are obviously unconstitutional, though what counts as obviously unconstitutional is itself a matter of some debate.	65
6682389283	Judicial Review	the power may invalidate laws and decisions that are incompatible with a higher authority, such as the terms of a written constitution.Also, a procedure by which a court can review an administrative action by a public body and in secure a declaration, order, or award.	66
6682389284	Civil Liberties	Personal freedoms that the government can't take away or inerfere with	67
6682389285	Types of Speech	Pure Speech which is verbal, Speech Plus which verbal but also action, and Symbolic Speech using a symbol.	68
6682389286	Establishment Clause	a clause that placed a limitation on Congress preventing it from passing legislation repcecting an establishment of religion	69
6682389287	Free Exercise Clause	in the First Amendment, states that Congress shall make no law using a religion as a basis	70
6682389288	Limitations of 1st Amendment Freedoms	First amendment freedoms are limited when they interfere with someone else's rights ex: free exercise clause for religions (Wisconsin v. Yoder) and clear and present danger (Gitlow v. New York)	71
6682389289	Rights of the Accused	right to a fair trial, trial by jury, right against self-incrimination	72
6682389290	What is the Equal Protection Amendment?	the Fourteenth Amendment	73
6682389291	Right to Privacy	A citizens protection of their personal information from public judgment, established under Griswold v. Conneticut court case	74
6682389292	Selective Incorporation	The application of the BIll of Rights to the states, established under Gitlow v. New York court case	75
6682389293	iron triangle	A close relationship between an agency, a congressional committee, and an interest group	76
6682389294	bureacracy	A system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by government officials rather than by elected representatives	77
6682389295	federal agencies	Enact policy, make budget requests, can prosecute in order to enforce policies, establish official guidelines for policies	78
6682389296	entitlements	Programs such as unemployment insurance, disaster relief, or disability payments that provide benefits to all eligible citizens.	79
6682389297	merit system	A system of public employment in which selection and promotion depend on demonstrated performance rather than political patronage.	80
6682389298	patronage	The dispensing of government jobs to persons who belong to the winning political party.	81

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AP Spanish Language Vocabulary Words Flashcards

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6624341951	Abastecer	to supply	0
6624341952	Abrazar	to embrace	1
6624341953	Acostumbrarse	to get used to	2
6624341954	Adivinar	to guess	3
6624341955	Advertir	to warn	4
6624341956	Afianzarse	to fasten	5
6624341957	Afligirse	to grieve	6
6624341958	Agarrar	To grab	7
6624341959	Agotarse	to run out	8
6624341960	Aguantar	to tolerate	9
6624341961	Alejarse	to move away	10
6624341962	Alquilar	to rent	11
6624341963	Amenazar	to threaten	12
6624341964	Apoderarse	to seize	13
6624341965	Aprovechar	to take advantage of	14
6624341966	Arrepentirse	to repent	15
6624341967	Arrojar	to throw	16
6624341968	Asegurar	to ensure	17
6624341969	Atropellar	to run over	18
6624341970	Aumentar	to increase	19
6624341971	Brotar	to sprout	20
6624341972	Calentar	to heat	21
6624341973	Capturar	to capture	22
6624341974	Carecer	to lack	23
6624341975	Cazar	to hunt	24
6624341976	Ceder	to yield	25
6624341977	Combatir	to combat	26
6624341978	Compartir	to share	27
6624341979	Comprobar	to prove	28
6624341980	Confiar	to trust	29
6624341981	Convertirse	to turn into	30
6624341982	Criar	to raise	31
6624341983	Cumplir	to comply	32
6624341984	Debilitar	to weaken	33
6624341985	Demandar	to sue	34
6624341986	Derrotar	to defeat	35
6624341987	Derrumbarse	to collapse	36
6624341988	Desarrollar	to develop	37
6624341989	Desempeñar	to play	38
6624341990	Desgastar	to wear out	39
6624341991	Desilusionar	to disappoint	40
6624341992	Deslizar	to slide	41
6624341993	Despejarse	to clear up	42
6624341994	Desplazarse	to travel	43
6624341995	Desprenderse	to take off	44
6624341996	Destacarse	to stand out	45
6624341997	Devolver	to return	46
6624341998	Disparar	to shoot	47
6624341999	Echar	to throw	48
6624342000	Emocionarse	to get excited	49
6624342001	Empacar	to pack	50
6624342002	Empeorar	to worsen	51
6624342003	Empujar	to push	52
6624342004	Enamorarse de Encerrarse	to fall in love	53
6624342005	Enfrentarse	to face	54
6624342006	Enterarse	to find out	55
6624342007	Entrenar	to train	56
6624342008	Entrevistar	to interview	57
6624342009	Esforzarse	to strive	58
6624342010	Esparcir	to spread	59
6624342011	Evitar	to avoid	60
6624342012	Exigir	to require	61
6624342013	Florecer	to flourish	62
6624342014	Fomentar	to promote	63
6624342015	Fortalecer	to strengthen	64
6624342016	Gozar	to enjoy	65
6624342017	Helar	to freeze	66
6624342018	Impedir	to prevent	67
6624342019	Imponer	to impose	68
6624342020	Indagar	to inquire	69
6624342021	Inscribirse	to register	70
6624342022	Invertir	to invest	71
6624342023	Jubilarse	to retire	72
6624342024	Lastimarse/Lesionar	to be injured	73
6624342025	Mejorar	to improve	74
6624342026	Permanecer	to remain	75
6624342027	Perseguir	to pursue	76
6624342028	Prevenir	to prevent	77
6624342029	Quejarse	to complain	78
6624342030	Reclamar	to claim	79
6624342031	Remontarse	to go back in time	80
6624342032	Rendir/Rendirse	to surrender	81
6624342033	Reposar	to rest	82
6624342034	Reprobar	to fail	83
6624342035	Reginarse	to resign	84
6624342036	Sobrar	to be left over	85
6624342037	Sobresalir	to excel	86
6624342038	Sobrevivir	to survive	87
6624342039	Solicitar	to request	88
6624342040	Solucionar	to solve	89
6624342041	Soñar	to dream	90
6624342042	Soplar	to blow	91
6624342043	Soportar	to tolerate	92
6624342044	Sostener	to hold	93
6624342045	Subastar	to auction	94
6624342046	Tallar	to carve	95
6624342047	Tambalearse	to stagger	96
6624342048	Trasladarse	to move	97
6624342049	Triunfar	to succeed	98
6624342050	Tropezarse	to trip	99
6624342051	Turbar	to disturb	100
6624342052	Velar	to guard	101
6624342053	Vislumbrar	to glimpse	102

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AP Macro Review Flashcards

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6599920122	Aggregate Spending (GDP)	The sum of all spending from four sectors of the economy. GDP = C+I+G+Xn	0
6599920123	Aggregate Income (AI)	The sum of all income earned by suppliers of resources in the economy. AI=GDP	1
6599920124	Nominal GDP	the value of current production at the current prices	2
6599920125	Real GDP	the value of current production, but using prices from a fixed point in time	3
6599920126	Base year	the year that serves as a reference point for constructing a price index and comparing real values over time.	4
6599920127	Price index	a measure of the average level of prices in a market basket for a given year, when compared to the prices in a reference (or base) year.	5
6599920128	Market Basket	a collection of goods and services used to represent what is consumed in the economy	6
6599920129	GDP price deflator	the price index that measures the average price level of the goods and services that make up GDP	7
6599920130	Real rate of interest	the percentage increase in purchasing power that a borrower pays a lender.	8
6599920131	Expected (anticipated) inflation	the inflation expected in a future time period. This expected inflation is added to the real interest rate to compensate for lost purchasing power.	9
6599920132	Nominal rate of interest	the percentage increase in money that the borrower pays the lender and is equal to the real rate plus the expected inflation	10
6599920133	Business cycle	the periodic rise and fall (in four phases) of economic activity	11
6599920134	Expansion	a period where real GDP is growing.	12
6599920135	Peak	the top of a business cycle where an expansion has ended.	13
6599920136	Contraction	the period where real GDP is falling	14
6599920137	Recession	two consecutive quarters of falling real GDP.	15
6599920138	Trough	the bottom of the business cycle where a contraction has stopped.	16
6599920139	Depression	a prolonged, deep contraction in the business cycle	17
6599920140	Consumer Price Index (CPI	the price index that measures the average price level of the items in the base year market basket. This is the main measure of consumer inflation.	18
6599920141	Inflation	the percentage change in the CPI from one period to the next.	19
6599920142	Wealth effect/Real Balance Effect	as the avg. PL rises, the purchasing power of wealth and savings begins to fall. High prices therefore tend to reduce the quantity of domestic output purchased.	20
6599920143	Determinate of AD:	Ad is a function of the four components of domestic spending (C+I+G+Xn) If any of these components increases or decreases, holding the others constant, AD shifts right or left.	21
6599920144	Aggregate Supply AS:	the positive relationship between the level of domestic output produced and the avg. price level of that output.	22
6599920145	Macroeconomic short run:	a period of time during which the prices of goods and services are changing their respective markets, but the input prices have not yet adjusted to those changes in the product markets. During the SR, the AS curve has three stages - horizontal, upward sloping and vertical.	23
6599920146	Macroeconomic long run:	a period of time long enough for input prices to have fully adjusted to market forces. In this period, all product and input markets are in a state of equilibrium and the economy is operating at FE. Once all markets in the economy have adjusted and there exists this long-run equilibrium, the AS curve is vertical at GDPr.	24
6599920147	Determinates of AS:	(RAP) Resource Prices, Actions of Government, Productivity If these factors make it easier, or less costly, for a nation to produce, AS shifts to the right. If these factors make it more difficult, or more costly, for a nation to produce, then AS shifts to the left.	25
6599920148	Macroeconomic Equilibrium:	occurs when the Q of real output demanded is equal to the Q of real output supplied. Graphically this is at the intersection of AD and AS.	26
6599920149	Recessionary Gap:	The amount by which full-employment GDP exceeds equilibrium GDP	27
6599920150	Inflationary Gap:	the amount by which equilibrium GDP exceeds full-employment GDP.	28
6599920151	Demand-pull inflation:	this inflation is the result of stronger C from all sectors of AD as it continues to increase in the upward sloping range of AS. The PL begins to rise and inflation is felt in the economy.	29
6599920152	Deflation:	a sustained falling PL, usually due to weakened AD and a constant AS.	30
6599920153	Recession:	in the AD and AS model, this is described as falling AD with a constant AS curve. GDPr falls far below FE levels and the U% rises.	31
6599920154	Circular Flow of Economic Activity:	a model that shows how households and firms circulate resources, goods and incomes though the economy. This basic model is expanded to include the G and Foreign sector.	32
6599920156	Aggregate	AMOUNTING TO A WHOLE; TOTAL, V. TO COLLECT INTO A MASS, N. COLLECTIVE MASS OR SUM	33
6599920157	Gross Domestic Product:	the market value of the final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year.	34
6599920158	Final goods:	goods that are ready for their final use by consumers and firms.	35
6599920159	Intermediate goods:	goods that require further modification before they are ready for final use.	36
6599920161	Second hand sales:	final goods and services that are resold. Even if they are resold many times, final goods and services are only counted once, in the year in which they were produced.	37
6599920162	Non-market transactions:	household work or do-it-yourself jobs are missed by GDP accounting. The same is true of G transfer payments and purely financial transactions.	38
6599920163	Underground economy:	these include unreported illegal activity, bartering, or informal exchange of cash.	39
6599920164	Balance sheet	a tabular way to show the assets and liabilities of a bank	40
6599920165	Asset of a bank	anything the bank owans	41
6599920166	liability of a bank	anything owned by depositors or lenders (things the bank owes)	42
6599920167	money multiplier	this measures the maximum amount of new checking deposits that can be created by a single dollar of excess reserves. 1/required reserve	43
6599920168	expansionary monetary policy	designed to fix a recession and increase AD, lower the U%, and increase GDPr	44
6599920169	contractionary monetary policy	designed to avoid inflation by decreasing AD, which lowers the PL and GDPr	45
6599920170	open market operrations	a tool of monetary policy, it involves the Fed'S buying or selling of securities/bonds to or from commercial banks	46
6599920171	Federal funds rate:	the interest rate paid on short terms loans made from one bank to another.	47
6599920172	Discount rate	the interest rate commercial banks pay on short term loans from the Fed	48
6599920173	Quantity Theory of money	a theory that asserts that the Q of money determines the PL and that the growth rate of money determines the rate of inflation. (explains why inflation is caused by printing money)	49
6599920175	Velocity of money	the average number of times that a dollar is spent in a year. V is defined as PQ/M.	50
6599920176	Stock	a certificate that represents a claim to, or share of, the ownership of a firm	51
6599920177	Fiscal Policy	Deliberate changes in government spending and net tax collection to affect economic output, unemployment, and the price level. Fiscal policy is typically designed to manipulate AD to "fix' the economy.	52
6599920178	Expansionary Fiscal Policy	Increases in government spending or lower net taxes meant to shift the aggregate expenditure function upward and shift AD to the right.	53
6599920179	Contractionary fiscal policy	Decreases in government spending or higher net taxes meant to shift the aggregate expenditure function downward and shift AD to the left.	54
6599920180	Sticky prices	If price levels do not change, especially downward, with changes in AD, then prices are thought of as sticky or inflexible. Keynesians believe the price level does not usually fall with Contractionary policy.	55
6599920181	Budget deficit	Exists when government spending exceeds the revenue collected from taxes.	56
6599920182	Budget surplus	Exists when government spending is less than revenue collected from taxes.	57
6599920183	Automatic stabilizers	Mechanisms built into the tax system that automatically regulate, or stabilize, the macroeconomy as it moves through the business cycle by changing net taxes collected by the government. These stabilizers increase a deficit during a recessionary period and increase a budget surplus during an inflationary period, without any discretionary change on the part of the government.	58
6599920184	Crowding out effect	When the government borrows funds to cover a deficit, the interest rate increases and causes Investment to decrease, causing AD to decrease	59
6599920185	Net export effect	A rising interest rate increases foreign demand for U.S. dollars. The dollar then appreciates in value, causing net exports from the U.S. to fall. Falling net exports decreases AD, which lessens the impact of the expansionary fiscal policy.	60
6599920186	Productivity	The quantity of output that can be produced per worker in a given amount of time.	61
6599920187	Human capital	The amount of knowledge and skills that labor can apply to the work they do and the general level of health that the labor force enjoys.	62
6599920190	Technology	A nation's knowledge of how to produce goods in the best possible way.	63
6599920193	Aggregate Demand AD	The inverse relationship between all spending on domestic output and the average price level of that output. AD measures the sum of consumption spending by households, investment spending by firms, government purchases of goods and services, and the net exports bought by foreign customers.	64
6599920194	Foreign sector substitution effect	When the avg. price of U.S. output increases, consumers naturally begin to look for similar items produced elsewhere.	65
6599920195	Interest rate effect	If the avg. price level rises, consumers and firms might need to borrow more money for spending and capital investment, which increases the interest rate and delays current consumption. This postponement reduces current consumption of domestic production as the price level rises.	66
6599920197	Demand curve	A graphical depiction of the D schedule.	67
6599920198	Determinates of demand	The external factors that shift D to the left or right.	68
6599920199	Normal goods	A good for which higher income increases D.	69
6599920200	Inferior goods	A good for which high income decreases D.	70
6599920201	Substitute goods	Two goods are consumer substitutes if they provide essentially the same utility to the consumer.	71
6599920202	Opportunity Cost	The value of the sacrifice made to pursue a course of action.	72
6599920203	Marginal	The next unit or increment of an action.	73
6599920204	Marginal Benefit (MB)	The additional benefit received from the consumption of the next unit of a good or service	74
6599920205	Marginal Cost (MC)	The additional cost incurred from the consumption of the next unit of a good or service.	75
6599920206	Marginal Analysis	Making decisions based up weighing the marginal benefits and costs of that action.	76
6599920207	Production Possibilities	Different quantities of goods that an economy can produce with a given amount of scarce resources.	77
6599920208	Nominal Income	Today's income measured in today's dollars. These are dollars unadjusted by inflation.	78
6599920209	Real Income	Today's income measured in base year dollars.	79
6599920215	Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC)	The change in consumption caused by a change in disposable income, or the slope of the consumption function. MPC = ▲C/▲DI.	80
6599920216	Marginal Propensity to Save (MPS)	The change in saving caused by a change in disposable income, or the slope of the saving function. MPS = ▲S/▲DI	81
6599920219	Real Rate of Interest	The cost of borrowing to fund an investment. This can be thought of as the marginal cost of an investment project.	82
6599920221	Investment Demand	The inverse relationship between the real interest rate and the cumulative dollars invested. Like any demand curve, this is drawn with a negative slope.	83
6599920223	Market for Loanable Funds	The market for dollars that are available to be borrowed for investment projects. Equilibrium in this market is determined at the real interest rate where the dollars saved (supply) is equal to the dollars borrowed (demand)	84
6599920224	Demand for Loanable Funds	The negative relationship between the real interest rate and the dollars invested by firms.	85
6599920227	Supply of Loanable Funds	The positive relationship between the dollars saved and the real interest rate.	86
6599920228	Law of increasing opportunity costs	the more of a good that is produced, the greater the opportunity cost of producing the next unit of that good.	87
6599920229	Absolute Advantage	exists if a producer can produce more of a good than all other producers.	88
6599920230	Comparative Advantage	a producer has comparative advantage if he can produce a good at lower opportunity cost than all other producers.	89
6599920231	Specialization	when firms focus their resources on production of goods for which they have comparative advantage, they are said to be specializing.	90
6599920232	Productive Efficiency	production of maximum output for a given level of technology and resources. All points on the PPF are productively efficient.	91
6599920233	Allocative Efficiency	production of the combination of goods and services that provides the most net benefit to society.	92
6599920234	Economic Growth	occurs when an economy's production possibilities increase.	93
6599920235	Market Economy (Capitalism)	an economic system based upon the fundamentals of private property, freedom, self-interest, and prices.	94
6599920250	Stagflation	a situation in the macroeconomy when inflation and the unemployment rate are both increasing.	95
6599920251	Supply shocks	a supply shock is an economy-wide phenomenon that affects the costs of firms, and the position of the AS curve, either positively or negatively.	96
6599920252	Phillips curve	A graphical device that shows the relationship between inflation and the unemployment rate.	97

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AP World History 5.3 Flashcards

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6404893080	Muhammad Ali	Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952.	0
6404893081	Selim III	Sultan who ruled Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807; aimed at improving administrative efficiency and building a new army and navy; toppled by Janissaries in 1807.	1
6404893082	Mahmud II	Ottoman sultan; built a private, professional army; fomented revolution of Janissaries and crushed them with private army; destroyed power of Janissaries and their religious allies; initiated reform of Ottoman Empire on Western precedents.	2
6404893083	Empress Cixi	Ultraconservative dowager empress who dominated the last decades of the Qing dynasty; supported Boxer Rebellion in 1898 as a means of driving out Westerners.	3
6404893084	Emperor Mutshito	Young emperor of Japan who took control of the nation's government from the shogun in 1867. He led a reform and modernization movement in Japan that resulted in it being a world power. The Meiji Era began under this Emperor.	4
6404893085	Conscription	A compulsory contribution of money or service to a government during a time of war.	5
6404893086	Tanzimat	'Restructuring' reforms by the nineteenth-century Ottoman rulers, intended to move civil law away from the control of religious elites and make the military and the bureaucracy more efficient.	6
6404893087	Congress of Berlin	A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa.	7
6404893088	Russo-Turkish War	This war had its origins in a rise in nationalism in the Balkans as well as in the Russian goal of recovering territorial losses it had suffered during the Crimean War, reestablishing itself in the Black Sea, and following the political movement attempting to free Balkan nations from the Ottoman Empire.	8
6404893089	Opium War	War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories. The victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China.	9
6404893090	Taiping Rebellion	The most destructive civil war before the twentieth century. A Christian-inspired rural rebellion threatened to topple the Qing Empire.	10
6404893091	Self-Strengthening Movement	Late 19th century movement in China to counter the challenge from the West; led by provincial leaders.	11
6404893092	The Three People's Principles	Liberal principles of nationalism, democracy, and the livelihood of the people that was supported by Sun Yat-sen that were very democratic and western in heritage.	12
6404893093	Chinese Nationalist Party	This party ruled much of China for decades in the 20th century.	13
6404893094	Sino-Japanese War	Japan's imperialistic war against China to gain control of natural resources and markets for their goods. It ended with the Treaty of Portsmouth which granted Japan Chinese port city trading rights, control of Manchuria, the annexation of the island of Sakhalin, and Korea became its protectorate.	14
6404893095	Turkification	A process of cultural change designed to make all citizens of the empire feel a part of a common Turkish heritage and society.	15
6404893096	Boxer Rebellion	Popular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreigners from china; failed because of intervention of armies of western powers in china; defeat of Chinese enhanced control by Europeans and the power of provincial officials.	16
6404893097	Millenarian Movement	A belief that after a sudden and violent change, a golden age will emerge.	17
6404893098	Bushido	The Samurai code of conduct.	18
6404893099	Opium	A drug that became popular in China and gained lots of profit for Britain	19
6404893100	Treaty of Nanking	Treaty that concluded the Opium War. It awarded Britain a large indemnity from the Qing Empire, denied the Qing government tariff control over some of its own borders, opened additional ports of residence to Britons, and ceded Hong Kong to Britain.	20
6404893101	Spheres of Influence	Areas controlled by countries within other countries.	21
6404893102	Open Door Policy	A policy which said all powers involved with the treaty would have equal trading rights in China.	22
6404893103	Commodore Matthew Perry	A navy commander who, on July 8, 1853, became the first foreigner to break through the barriers that had kept Japan isolated from the rest of the world for 250 years. He delivered a letter from the US president, demanding that Japan open its ports to foreign trade. A year later, he returned for their reply, bringing some Western technology.	23
6404893104	Zaibatsu	A large family-controlled banking and industrial groups that owned many companies in Japan before World War II.	24

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