| CourseNotes

AP Literature Vocabulary Flashcards

4939355650	Magnanimous	Generous in forgiving an insult or injury	0
4939355651	Impertinent	Intrusive; uncivil; insolently rude	1
4939355652	Antiquarian	Dealing in or interested in old/rare books	2
4939355653	Befuddle	To confuse	3
4939355654	Hermetic	Not affected by outward influence or power	4
4939355655	Felicity	The state of being happy	5
4939355656	Meager	Lacking fullness or richness; inadequate	6
4939355657	Frivolity	Lack of seriousness	7
4939355658	Tribulation	Severe trial or suffering	8
4939355659	Lament	Mourned; expressed sorrow	9
4939355660	Infamy	Extremely bad reputation; infamous conduct	10
4939355661	Caravan	A group of travelers	11
4939355662	Somber	Dark and dull	12
4939355663	Pall	A cloth (usually velevet) for spreading over a coffin, bier, or tomb	13
4939355664	Notion	Idea or general understanding	14
4939355665	Cross	Irritated or annoyed	15
4939355666	Juxtaposition	Side by side comparison	16
4939355667	Pragmatic	Practical point of view	17

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP World History 5 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

4265353953	socialist market economy	market economy that combines substantial state ownership of large industries with private enterprise, where both forms of ownership operate in a free-pricing market environment	0
4265353954	special economic zones	specific area within a country in which tax incentives and less stringent environmental regulations are implemented to attract foreign business and investment	1
4265353955	stateless nations	people groups without established sovereign borders; such as Kurds or Palestinians	2
4265353956	supranational organizations	cooperating groups of nations that operate on either a regional or international level.	3
4265353957	Tiananmen crisis	demonstration by students intellectuals criticizing corruption and demanding democratic reforms, government responded by sending army in to cease protests who killed hundreds of citizens	4
4265353958	Universal Declaration of Human Rights	A 1946 United Nations covenant binding signatory nations to the observance of specified rights.	5
4265353959	Weapons of Mass Destruction	nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons that can kill tens of thousands of people all at once	6
4265353960	World Bank	a United Nations agency created to assist developing nations by loans guaranteed by member governments	7
4265353961	Boris Yeltsin	president of the Russian Republic in 1991. Helped end the USSR and force Gorbachev to resign.	8
4265353962	abolish	do away with formally	9
4265353963	assembly line	production method that breaks down a complex job into a series of smaller tasks.	10
4265353964	cartel	a formal organization of producers that agree to coordinate prices and production	11
4265353965	communism	a form of socialism that abolishes private ownership	12
4265353966	constitution	law determining the fundamental political principles of a government	13
4265353967	corporation	a business firm whose articles of incorporation have been approved in some state	14
4265353968	doctrine	a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school	15
4265353969	domestic	produced in a particular country	16
4265353970	emancipation	the act of setting free	17
4265353971	enclosure	process of taking over and fencing off land once shared by peasant farmers	18
4265353972	Estates-General	assembly of the estates of all France	19
4265353973	factory	places that brought together workers and machines to produce large quantities of goods	20
4265353974	free market	economic system in which individuals decide for themselves what to produce and sell	21
4265353975	free trade	the removal of trade barriers so that goods can flow freely between countries	22
4265353976	immigration	movement of individuals into an area occupied by an existing population	23
4265353977	imperialism	a policy of extending your rule over foreign countries	24
4265353978	indemnity	legal exemption from liability for damages	25
4265353979	Industrial Revolution	change in technology, brought about by improvements in machinery and by use of steam power	26
4265353980	Laissez-Faire	idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs	27
4265353981	labor union	an organization of workers that tries to improve working conditions, wages, and benefits for its members	28
4265353982	Marxism	the theory created by Karl Marx and Frederich Engels that centers on communism and its inevitability.	29
4265353983	nationalism	loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality.	30
4265353984	natural resources	materials found in nature that are used by living things	31
4265353985	rural	living in or characteristic of farming or country life	32
4265353986	social class	a group of people with similar backgrounds, incomes, and ways of living	33
4265353987	social Darwinism	the belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.	34
4265353988	socialism	a political theory advocating state ownership of industry	35
4265353989	suffrage	the right to vote	36
4265353990	trade union	organization of workers with the same trade or skill	37
4265353991	universal suffrage	the right of all adults to vote for their representatives.	38
4265353992	wage labor	the arrangement by which workers get a regular paycheck in exchange for performing a specific task	39
4265353993	American Revolution	the war between Great Britain and its American colonies, 1775-83, by which the colonies won their independence.	40
4265353994	Berlin Conference	a meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa	41
4265353995	Bloody Sunday	1905, peaceful protest to czar Nicholas II palace, led by Father Gapon, fired on by palace guards, 100s died	42
4265353996	Boer Wars	a conflict, lasting from 1899 to 1902, in which the Dutch and the British fought for control of territory in South Africa.	43
4265353997	Boxer Rebellion	a 1900 uprising in China aimed at ending foreign influence in the country.	44
4265353998	British East India Company	joint stock company that obtained monopoly over trade in India; acted as virtually independent government in regions it claimed.	45
4265353999	Capitulations	agreements with European powers that gave European bankers and merchants unfair advantages in the Ottoan Empire	46
4265354000	Charles Dawin	In 1859, he published his book on the origin of species by means of natural selection.	47
4265354001	Communist Manifesto	a socialist manifesto written by Marx and Engels (1842) describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views	48
4265354002	Congress of Vienna	restored a balance of power to Europe after Napoleon's reign	49

Powered by Quizlet.com

Campbell Biology Chapter 19 Flashcards

Viruses

Terms : Hide Images

6247510540	virus	not cells, however, but infectious particles consisting of nucleic acid encased in a protein coat and, in some cases, a membranous envelope can be a DNA virus or an RNA virus, tiniest as small as ribosome	0
6247510541	viruses part 2	Lack metabolic enzymes, ribosomes, and other equipment for making proteins, obligate intracellular parasites ( can only reproduce in host cell)	1
6247510542	capsid	the outer covering of protein surrounding the nucleic acid of a virus built from capsomeres	2
6247510543	viral envelope	A membrane, derived from membranes of the host cell, that cloaks the capsid, which in turn encloses a viral genome.	3
6247510544	helical viruses icosahedral viruses.	rod-shaped, tobacco virus Adenoviruses have 252 identical proteins arranged into a polyhedral capsid with 20 triangular facets—an icosahedron.	4
6247510545	bacteriophage	a virus that infects bacteria	5
6247510546	host range	The limited range of host cells that each type of virus can infect and parasitize.	6
6247510547	lytic cycle	a method of viral replication that results in the destruction of a host cell and the release of many new virus particles	7
6247510548	virulent phage	A phage that reproduces only by a lytic cycle.	8
6247510549	restriction enzymes	enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides	9
6247510550	lysogenic cycle	a phage replication cycle in which the viral genome becomes incorporated into the bacterial host chromosome as a prophage and does not kill the host	10
6247510551	temperate phages	Phages that are capable of using either the lytic or lysogenic cycle. The switch from the lysogenic to lytic mode may be triggered by an environmental signal such as certain chemicals or high-energy radiation.	11
6247510552	prophage	the viral DNA that is embedded in the host cell's DNA during lysogenic cycle	12
6247510553	retrovirus	An RNA virus that reproduces by transcribing its RNA into DNA and then inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome; an important class of cancer-causing viruses.	13
6247510554	reverse transcriptase	An enzyme encoded by some certain viruses (retroviruses) that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis.	14
6247510555	HIV	Human Immunodeficiency Virus, the virus that causes AIDS retrovirus	15
6247510556	provirus	Viral DNA that is integrated into a host cell's chromosome and replicated each time the host cell replicates	16
6247510557	transposon	genetic element that moves from one location to another in a genome Candidate for the original source of viral genomes include plasmids and transposons Plasmids, transposons, and viruses are all mobile genetic elements.	17
6247510558	mimivirus	a double-stranded DNA virus, the largest virus yet discovered, is the size of a small bacterium; there is controversy about whether this virus evolved before or after cells	18
6247510559	viroid	in plants, infectious disease agent composed of a single strand of RNA with no capsid	19
6247510560	vaccine	immunogen consisting of a suspension of weakened or dead pathogenic cells injected in order to stimulate the production of antibodies	20
6247510561	emerging viruses	viruses that appear suddenly or are new to medical scientists	21
6247510562	epidemic	a widespread outbreak of an infectious disease	22
6247510563	pandemic	an epidemic that is geographically widespread	23
6247510564	horizontal transmission	plant is infected from an external source of the virus	24
6247510565	vertical transmission	a plant inherits a viral infection from a parent	25
6247510566	viriod	smaller and simpler than even viruses, consist of tiny molecules of naked circular RNA that infect plants do not encode proteins but can replicate in host plant cells, apparently using host cell enzymes. cause errors in plant growth	26
6247510567	prion	an infectious particle that consists only of a protein and that does not contain DNA or RNA appear to cause a number of degenerative brain diseases in various animal species. T	27

Powered by Quizlet.com

Campbell Biology Chapter 20 pglynn Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

8016744191	recombinant DNA	A DNA molecule made in vitro with segments from different sources.	0
8016744192	genetic engineering	The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes.	1
8016744193	biotechnology	The manipulation of living organisms or their components to produce useful products.	2
8016744194	plasmid	A small ring of DNA that carries accessory genes separate from those of a bacterial chromosome; also found in some eukaryotes, such as yeast.	3
8016744195	gene cloning	The production of multiple copies of a gene.	4
8016744196	restriction enzymes	A degradative enzyme that recognizes and cuts up DNA (including that of certain phages) that is foreign to a bacterium; an important tool in biotechnology	5
8016744197	restriction sites	A specific sequence on a DNA strand that is recognized as a cut site by a restriction enzyme.	6
8016744198	sticky end	A single-stranded end of a double-stranded DNA restriction fragment.	7
8016744199	DNA ligase	A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3' end of a new DNA fragment to the 5' end of a growing chain; useful in forming recombinant DNA	8
8016744200	cloning vector	An agent used to transfer DNA in genetic engineering. A plasmid that moves recombinant DNA from a test tube back into a cell is an example of a cloning vector, as is a virus that transfers recombinant DNA by infection.	9
8016744203	complementary DNA	A DNA molecule made in vitro using mRNA as a template and the enzyme reverse transcriptase. this DNA molecule therefore corresponds to a gene, but lacks the introns present in the DNA of the genome.	10
8016744205	nucleic acid probe	In DNA technology, a labeled single-stranded nucleic acid molecule used to tag a specific nucleotide sequence in a nucleic acid sample. Molecules of the probe hydrogen-bond to the complementary sequence wherever it occurs; radioactive or other labeling of the probe allows its location to be detected.	11
8016744206	nucleic acid hybridization	Base pairing between a gene and a complementary sequence on another nucleic acid molecule.	12
8016744208	electroporation	A technique to introduce recombinant DNA into cells by applying a brief electrical pulse to a solution containing cells. The electricity creates temporary holes in the cells' plasma membranes, through which DNA can enter.	13
8016744209	polymerase chain reaction (PCR)	A technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating with special primers, taq polymerase molecules, and nucleotides.	14
8016744210	gel electrophoresis	The separation of nucleic acids on the basis of their size and electrical charge, due to their different rate of movement through an electrical field in a gel.	15
8016744211	restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)	Differences in DNA sequence on homologous chromosomes that result in different patterns of restriction fragment lengths (DNA segments resulting from treatment with restriction enzymes); .	16
8016744212	Southern Blotting	A hybridization technique that enables researchers to determine the presence of certain nucleotide sequences in a sample of DNA.	17
8016744213	dideoxy chain termination method	a DNA sequencing method in which target DNA is denatured and annealed to an oligonucleotide primer, which is then extended by DNA polymerase using a mixture of deoxynucleotide triphosphates (normal dNTPs) and chain-terminating dideoxynucleotide triphosphates (ddNTPs)	18
8016744215	reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)	a variant of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), is a technique commonly used in molecular biology to detect mRNA expression; useful for studying gene expression during development	19
8016744216	northern blotting	an adaptation of the Southern blot procedure used to detect specific sequences of RNA by hybridization with complementary DNA.	20
8016744218	DNA microarray assay	A method to detect and measure the expression of thousands of genes at one time. Tiny amounts of a large number of single-stranded DNA fragments representing different genes are fixed to a glass slide. These fragments, ideally representing all the genes of an organism, are tested for hybridization with various samples of cDNA molecules.	21
8016744219	in vitro mutagenesis	The creation of mutations in genes; used to knock out genes and then determine their function	22
8016744220	RNA interference	A technique to silence the expression of selected genes in nonmammalian organisms. The method uses synthetic double-stranded RNA molecules matching the sequence of a particular gene to trigger the breakdown of the gene's messenger RNA or block its translation;useful for determining gene function	23
8016744221	single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)	One base-pair variation in the genome sequence; useful as markers for diseases in the human population	24
8016744222	reverse transcriptase	An enzyme encoded by some certain viruses (retroviruses) that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis.	25
8016856339	CRISPR-cas 9	a system used by bacteria to defend against bacteriophage infections; used in genetic engineering to target and disable genes and thereby determine their function	26
8016882401	totipotent	a cell that can give rise to all specialized cell types; in animals that includes the placenta	27
8016885766	pluripotent	embryonic stem cells from the blastocyst that can give rise to all specialized cell types but not the placenta	28
8016892226	induced pluripotent cells	iPS differentiated cells that are reprogrammed to become pluripotent that can be used to study and treat disease	29
8016898364	somatic cell nuclear transfer	used in organismal cloning; nucleus of a somatic cell replaces the nucleus of an enucleated egg	30
8016906806	epigenetic changes	methylation of DNA and histones and other types of chromatin modification that need to be reversed in reprogramming of a differentiated cell for organismal cloning to be successful	31

Powered by Quizlet.com

Campbell Biology Chapter 20 DNA technology Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

8461803944	recombinant DNA	A DNA molecule made in vitro with segments from different sources.	0
8461803945	genetic engineering	The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes.	1
8461803946	biotechnology	The manipulation of living organisms or their components to produce useful products.	2
8461803947	plasmid	A small ring of DNA that carries accessory genes separate from those of a bacterial chromosome; also found in some eukaryotes, such as yeast.	3
8461803948	gene cloning	The production of multiple copies of a gene.	4
8461803949	restriction enzymes	A degradative enzyme that recognizes and cuts up DNA (including that of certain phages) that is foreign to a bacterium; an important tool in biotechnology	5
8461803950	restriction sites	A specific sequence on a DNA strand that is recognized as a cut site by a restriction enzyme.	6
8461803951	sticky end	A single-stranded end of a double-stranded DNA restriction fragment.	7
8461803952	DNA ligase	A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3' end of a new DNA fragment to the 5' end of a growing chain; useful in forming recombinant DNA	8
8461803953	cloning vector	An agent used to transfer DNA in genetic engineering. A plasmid that moves recombinant DNA from a test tube back into a cell is an example of a cloning vector, as is a virus that transfers recombinant DNA by infection.	9
8461803954	complementary DNA	A DNA molecule made in vitro using mRNA as a template and the enzyme reverse transcriptase. this DNA molecule therefore corresponds to a gene, but lacks the introns present in the DNA of the genome.	10
8461803955	nucleic acid probe	In DNA technology, a labeled single-stranded nucleic acid molecule used to tag a specific nucleotide sequence in a nucleic acid sample. Molecules of the probe hydrogen-bond to the complementary sequence wherever it occurs; radioactive or other labeling of the probe allows its location to be detected.	11
8461803956	nucleic acid hybridization	Base pairing between a gene and a complementary sequence on another nucleic acid molecule.	12
8461803958	polymerase chain reaction (PCR)	A technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating with special primers, taq polymerase molecules, and nucleotides.	13
8461803959	gel electrophoresis	The separation of nucleic acids on the basis of their size and electrical charge, due to their different rate of movement through an electrical field in a gel.	14
8461803960	restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)	Differences in DNA sequence on homologous chromosomes that result in different patterns of restriction fragment lengths (DNA segments resulting from treatment with restriction enzymes); .	15
8461803962	dideoxy chain termination method	a DNA sequencing method in which target DNA is denatured and annealed to an oligonucleotide primer, which is then extended by DNA polymerase using a mixture of deoxynucleotide triphosphates (normal dNTPs) and chain-terminating dideoxynucleotide triphosphates (ddNTPs)	16
8461803965	DNA microarray assay	A method to detect and measure the expression of thousands of genes at one time. Tiny amounts of a large number of single-stranded DNA fragments representing different genes are fixed to a glass slide. These fragments, ideally representing all the genes of an organism, are tested for hybridization with various samples of cDNA molecules.	17
8461803967	RNA interference	A technique to silence the expression of selected genes in nonmammalian organisms. The method uses synthetic double-stranded RNA molecules matching the sequence of a particular gene to trigger the breakdown of the gene's messenger RNA or block its translation;useful for determining gene function	18
8461803968	single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)	One base-pair variation in the genome sequence; useful as markers for diseases in the human population	19
8461803969	reverse transcriptase	An enzyme encoded by some certain viruses (retroviruses) that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis.	20
8461803975	epigenetic changes	methylation of DNA and histones and other types of chromatin modification that need to be reversed in reprogramming of a differentiated cell for organismal cloning to be successful	21

Powered by Quizlet.com

Campbell Essential Biology- Chapter 20 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

6643031354	abiotic reservoir	Where a chemical accumulates or is stockpiled outside of living organisms (the atmosphere is an abiotic reservoir for carbon).	0
6643031355	biodiversity	The number of species within a specific habitat.	1
6643031356	biodiversity hot spot	A relatively small area with numerous endemic species and a large number of endangered and threatened species.	2
6643031357	biogeochemical cycles	Movement of abiotic factors such as water, carbon and nitrogen within an ecosystem.	3
6643031358	biological magnification	Toxins become more concentrated in successive trophic levels.	4
6643031359	biomass	The total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level.	5
6643031361	bioremediation	The use of living organisms to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems	6
6643031362	carnivores	Eat meat	7
6643031363	chemical cycling	The use and reuse of a chemical element, such as carbon, within an ecosystem	8
6643031364	community	All the different populations that live together in an area	9
6643031365	competitive exclusion principle	Ecological rule that states that no two species can occupy the same exact niche in the same habitat at the same time	10
6643031366	conservation biology	A branch of biology that studies why many species are in trouble and what can be done to save them	11
6643031367	cryptic coloration	camouflage	12
6643031368	decomposers	Break down and recycle organic matter	13
6643031369	detritivores	Eat dead organic matter	14
6643031370	detritus	Dead organic matter	15
6643031371	disturbances	Events that change communities, remove or destroy organisms from communities, or alter resource availability	16
6643031372	ecological niche	The specific role played by an organism or a population of organisms in the ecosystem	17
6643031373	ecological succession	gradual change in living communities that follows a disturbance	18
6643031374	ecosystem	A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.	19
6643031375	ecosystem services	An essential service an ecosystem provides that supports life and makes economic activity possible.	20
6643031376	endemic species	species that are native to and found only within a limited area	21
6643031377	energy flow	The passage of energy through the components of an ecosystem	22
6643031378	food chain	A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten	23
6643031379	food webs	A complex diagram representing the many energy pathways in an ecosystem	24
6643031380	herbivores	Eat plants	25
6643031382	host	An organism on which a parasite lives.	26
6643031383	interspecific competition	competition between members of different species	27
6643031384	interspecific interactions	A relationship between individuals of two or more species in a community.	28
6643031385	keystone species	A species that has an unusually large effect on its ecosystem	29
6643031386	landscape	Mosaic of connected ecosystems	30
6643031387	landscape ecology	focuses on the factors controlling exchanges of energy, materials, and organisms across multiple ecosystems	31
6643031388	movement corridor	a series of small clumps or a narrow strip of quality habitat that connects otherwise isolated patches of quality habitat	32
6643031389	mutualism	A relationship between two species in which both species benefit	33
6643031390	nitrogen fixation	The process of changing free nitrogen gas into a usable form	34
6643031391	omnivores	Eat both plants and animals	35
6643031392	parasite	An organism that feeds on a living host	36
6643031393	pathogen	An organism that causes disease	37
6643031394	predation	An interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism	38
6643031395	primary consumers	animals that feed on producers- herbivores	39
6643031396	primary production	Amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs.	40
6643031397	primary succession	Succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists.	41
6643031398	producers	Make their own food	42
6643031399	pyramid of production	shows the loss of energy at each trophic level	43
6643031400	quaternary consumers	An organism that eats tertiary consumers	44
6643031401	relative abundance	The proportion each species represents of all individuals in the community	45
6643031402	restoration ecology	the study and implementation of restoring damaged ecosystems	46
6643031403	scavenger	A carnivore that feeds on the bodies of dead organisms	47
6643031404	secondary consumers	eat primary consumers	48
6643031405	secondary succession	The series of changes that occur in an area where the ecosystem has been disturbed, but where soil and organisms still exist	49
6643031406	species diversity	The variety of species per unit area. This includes both the number of species present (richness) and their relative abundance.	50
6643031407	species richness	The number of different species in a community	51
6643031408	sustainable development	A way of using natural resources without depleting them, and of providing for human needs without causing more long term environmental harm	52
6643031409	tertiary consumers	eat secondary consumers	53
6643031410	trophic structure	Feeding relationships between organisms in a community.	54
6643031411	warning coloration	An adaptation of bright coloring on some animals of prey to advertise that they are poisonous	55

Powered by Quizlet.com

Campbell Biology Chapter 16 Terms Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

7677978725	Transformation	change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell. Griffith discovered that killing pathogenic Streptococcus pneumoniae and mixing the remains with non-pathogenic bacteria caused this	0
7684034734	Avery, MacLeod, McCarty	discovered that DNA was the transforming agent, not RNA or protein	1
7677978726	Bacteriophages (phages)	viruses that infect bacteria	2
7684310426	virus	dna in a protective coat, often protein	3
7684310427	Hershey and Chase	discovered that DNA is the genetic material of T2 phage. showed that only dna entered the e coli cell, protein stayed behind. radioactive sulfur tagged the protein and radioactive phosphorus tagged the dna	4
7684310428	T2 Phage	phage of e coli used in hershey chase experiment	5
7684310429	Erwin Chargaff	Determined that the levels of A and T, and C and G are always equal in normal DNA. "chargaff's rules" base composition and a-t c-g	6
7684310430	"handedness" of dna	right-handed	7
7684310431	word describing the directional behavior of the two backbones of dna	antiparallel	8
7684310432	purines	Adenine and Guanine 2 rings	9
7684310433	Pyrimidines	thymine and cytosine and uracil 1 ring like the base of a pyramid	10
7684310434	Adenine-thymine h bonds	2 between A and T	11
7684310435	cytosine-guanine h bonds	3 between c and g	12
7685048106	semiconservative	describes replication in which one strand is newly synthesized and one represents part of the original strand	13
7685048107	Meselson and Stahl	proved semiconservative replication pretty much	14
7685048108	origins of replication	short stretches of DNA having a specific sequence of nucleotides at which replication of the dna molecule begins	15
7685048109	replication fork	A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where parental strands of dna are being unwound	16
7685048110	helicases	unwind DNA strands at replication forks by breaking hydrogen bonds	17
7685048111	single-strand binding proteins	while helicase is doing its thing, these bind to the unpaired DNA strands, keeping them from re-pairing	18
7685048112	Topoisomerase	an enzyme that alters the supercoiled form of a DNA molecule. relieves strain due to dna unwinding by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining dna strands	19
7685048113	primer	a short segment of DNA that acts as the starting point for a new strand. initial nucleotide chain during dna synthesis. synthesized by enzyme called primase. generally 5-10 rna nucleotides long	20
7685048114	primase	An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make the primer. starts a complementary rna chain from a single rna nucleotide, adding more rna nucleotides 1 at a time	21
7685048115	where does replication begin after the synthesis of the primer	at the 3' end of the rna primer	22
7685048116	DNA polymerase	catalyze the synthesis of new dna by adding nucleotides to existing chain. dna pol 3 and 1 are the most important ones in e coli, but eukaryotes have like 11	23
7685048117	direction of dna polymerase strand elongation	5' -> 3' direction, can only attach to 3' end	24
7685048118	Leading strand synthesis	dna polymerase remains in the replication fork and continuously adds nucleotides as the fork progresses	25
7685048119	lagging strand synthesis	dna pol works along the other template strand in the direction away from the fork. synthesized discontinuously, in a series of segments, called Okazaki fragments	26
7685048120	Okazaki fragments	discontinuous segments of the lagging strand	27
7685048121	dna pol 1 role in lagging strand synthesis	replaces the primers of the leading strand with DNA. these new strands are then joined to existing ones by ligase	28
7685048122	primase as a molecular break	coordinates placement of lagging primers and rates of replication on leading and lagging strands	29
7685048123	error rate in new completed dna molecule	1 in 10 billion or 10^10 nucleotides	30
7685048124	initial pairing errors between incoming nucleotidss and those in template strand	1 in 10^5 nucleotides	31
7685369997	mismatch repair	repair enzymes correct errors in base pairing from replication errors not caught by the dna polymerase	32
7685369998	nuclease	DNA cutting enzyme	33
7685369999	nucleotide excision repair	enzymes cut out incorrect bases and fill in correct bases. consists of nuclease, polymerase, and ligase action	34
7685370000	thymine dimers	caused by UV radiation - adjacent thymine molecules in a dna strand becomes covalently bonded	35
7685370001	Xeroderma pigmentosum	inherited defect in nucleotide excision repair enzyme. mutations in skin cells go uncorrected.	36
7685370002	human telomere sequence	TTAGGG	37
7685370003	telomerase	catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in germ cells. not usually active in somatic cells	38
7685370004	Nucleoid	area in a prokaryotic cell that contains a large, circular chromosome. dense dna, coiled and supercoiled. no membrane	39
7685370005	Chromatin	complex of DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells	40
7685370006	heterochromatin	hetero is more compacted, similar to a metaphase chromosome. visible as irregular clumps under light microscope. largely inaccessible to cellular machinery due to compaction	41
7685370007	euchromatin	The less condensed form of eukaryotic chromatin that is available for transcription. more dispersed.	42
7685523499	histone	~100 amino acid proteins. more than a fifth of histone amino acids are positively charged lysine or arginine, bind well to negatively charged dna.	43
7685523500	nucleosome	repeating subunit of chromatin fibers, consisting of DNA coiled around histones - beads on a string. the string between the beads is called linker DNA. consists of dna wound around a protein core of 8 histones, 2 of each of the 4 main histone types. n-terminus histone tail extends out from the nucleosome.	44
7685523501	levels of dna packing	the double helix, 10-nm fibers, 30-nm fibers, looped domaons (300-nm fibers), metaphase chromosome	45
7685523502	30-nm fiber	linker dna and histone tails interact. this level contains the 5th type of histone	46
7685523503	looped domains	300nm fibers. 30nm fibers wrap around a protein scaffold. the scaffold is rich in one type of topoisomerase	47
7685523504	metaphase chromosome	one chromatid is 700nm wide. genes always end up in the same place at this level btw.	48
7685523505	10-nm fiber	nucleosome beads on a string	49

Powered by Quizlet.com

Campbell Biology Chapter 18 Flashcards

Regulation of Gene Expression

Terms : Hide Images

8560359305	operator	region of DNA within the promoter that controls RNA polymerase's access to a set of genes with related functions	0
8560359306	operon	a unit of gene regulation and transcription in bacterial DNA that consists of a promoter, an operator, and one or more structural genes	1
8560359307	repressor	a protein that binds to an operator and physically blocks RNA polymerase from binding to a promoter site. is specific to the operator it binds.	2
8560359308	regulatory gene	a gene that produces a repressor substance that inhibits an operator	3
8560359313	corepressor	a small molecule that cooperates with a repressor protein to switch an operon off for tryptophan, tryptophan is actual corepressor	4
8560359314	repressible operon	transcription is usually on, but can be inhibited (repressed) when a specific small molecule binds allosterically to a regulatory protein (example tryptophan)	5
8560359315	inducible operon	usually off, but can be stimulated (induced) when a specific small molecule interacts with a regulatory protein (example lac operon)	6
8560359316	lac operon	lac Z cleaves lactose lac Y permease -faciliates lactose into cell lac A function unknown always off unless allolactose	7
8560359318	inducer	A specific small molecule that inactivates the repressor in an operon.	8
8560359319	allolactose	induces LAC operon	9
8560359321	CAP-cAMP	stimulatory protein, activator of transcription when cAMP binds to CAP stimulates higher production of lac genes	10
8560359322	activator	A protein that binds to DNA and stimulates transcription of a specific gene.	11
8560359323	differential gene expression	The expression of different sets of genes by cells with the same genome.	12
8560359324	histone acetylation	the attachment of acetyl groups (-COCH3) to certain amino acids of histone proteins, the chromatin becomes less compact, and the DNA is accessible for transcription lysine preferred	13
8560359326	DNA methylation	addition of methyl group to DNA (usually to Cytosine), associated with decreased transcription (permanent deactivation)	14
8560359328	epigenetic inheritance	Inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly involving the nucleotide sequence.	15
8560359330	specific transcription factors	Increase the level of transcription in certain cell types or in response to signals	16
8560359334	alternative RNA splicing	different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns	17
8560359335	proteasome	A giant protein complex that recognizes and destroys proteins tagged for elimination by the small protein ubiquitin.	18
8560359336	protein-coding DNA	~1.5% of human genome	19
8560359337	noncoding RNA	ncRNA - forms an extensive and sophisticated genome regulatory network	20
8560359338	microRNAs	small single stranded RNA molecules that bind to mRNA and can degrade mRNA or block its translation - miRNAs	21
8560359339	RNA interference	Blocking gene expression by means of an miRNA silencing complex	22
8560359340	small interfering RNAs	length of 21-23 nucleotides double-stranded inhibit gene expression by degrading homologous mRNA	23
8560359357	oncogenes	cancer causing genes causes by translocation; point mutation or gene amplification causes excess proteins (that stimulate growth)	24
8560359359	tumor-surpressor genes	code for proteins that prevent the uncontrolled rate of cell division, a gene that normally functions to inhibit cell division; prevents development of mutated cells and tumors.	25
8560394369	epigenetics	the study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself.	26

Powered by Quizlet.com

Campbell Biology Chapter 17 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

6895213247	A Site	one of a ribosome's three binding sites for tRNA during translation; the A site holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain. (A stands for aminoacyl tRNA.)	0
6895213248	Alternative RNA Splicing	a type of eukaryotic gene regulation at the RNA-processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns	1
6895213249	Anticodon	a nucleotide triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that base-pairs with a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule	2
6895213250	Codon	a three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code	3
6895213251	Exon	a sequence within a primary transcript that remains in the RNA after RNA processing; also refers to the region of DNA from which this sequence was transcribed	4
6895213252	Frameshift Mutation	A mutation occurring when nucleotides are inserted in or deleted from a gene and the number inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three, resulting in the improper grouping of the subsequent nucleotides into codons	5
6895213253	Gene Expression	the process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNAs	6
6895213254	Insertion	a mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene	7
6895213255	Intron	a noncoding, intervening sequence within a primary transcript that is removed from the transcript during RNA processing; also refers to the region of DNA from which this sequence was transcribed	8
6895213256	Messenger RNA (mRNA)	a type of RNA, synthesized using a DNA template, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein. (In eukaryotes, the primary RNA transcript must undergo RNA processing to become mRNA.)	9
6895213257	Missense Mutation	a nucleotide-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid	10
6895213258	Mutagen	a chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and can cause a mutation (Ex: UV light, tanning bed)	11
6895213259	Mutation	a change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's DNA or in the DNA or RNA of a virus	12
6895213260	Nonsense Mutation	a mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein	13
6895213261	Nucleotide-Pair Substitution	a type of point mutation in which one nucleotide in a DNA strand and its partner in the complementary strand are replaced by another pair of nucleotides	14
6895213262	P Site	one of a ribosome's three binding sites for tRNA during translation; the P site holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain. (P stands for peptidyl tRNA.)	15
6895213263	Point Mutation	a change in a single nucleotide pair of a gene	16
6895213264	Poly-A Tail	a sequence of 50-250 adenine nucleotides added onto the 3′ end of a pre-mRNA molecule	17
6895213265	Polyribosome (Polysome)	a group of several ribosomes attached to, and translating, the same messenger RNA molecule The whole picture is a polyribosome	18
6895213266	Primary Transcript	an initial RNA transcript from any gene; also called pre-mRNA when transcribed from a protein-coding gene. This is what you get right after the slicing occurs.	19
6895213267	Promoter	a specific nucleotide sequence in the DNA of a gene that binds RNA polymerase, positioning it to start transcribing RNA at the appropriate place	20
6895213268	Reading Frame	on an mRNA, the triplet grouping of ribonucleotides used by the translation machinery during polypeptide synthesis	21
6895213269	Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)	RNA molecules that, together with proteins, make up ribosomes; the most abundant type of RNA	22
6895213270	Ribosome	a complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of a large and a small subunit. In eukaryotic cells, each subunit is assembled in the nucleolus; see also nucleolus	23
6895213271	RNA Processing	modification of RNA primary transcripts, including splicing out of introns, joining together of exons, and alteration of the 5′ and 3′ ends	24
6895213272	RNA Splicing	after synthesis of a eukaryotic primary RNA transcript, the removal of portions of the transcript (introns) that will not be included in the mRNA and the joining together of the remaining portions (exons)	25
6895213273	Signal Peptide	a sequence of about 20 amino acids at or near the leading (amino) end of a polypeptide that targets it to the endoplasmic reticulum or other organelles in a eukaryotic cell	26
6895213274	Signal-Recognition Particle (SRP)	a protein-RNA complex that recognizes a signal peptide as it emerges from a ribosome and helps direct the ribosome to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by binding to a receptor protein on the ER	27
6895213275	Silent Mutation	a nucleotide-pair substitution that has no observable effect on the phenotype; for example, within a gene, a mutation that results in a codon that codes for the same amino acid	28
6895213276	Start Point	in transcription, the nucleotide position on the promoter where RNA polymerase begins synthesis of RNA	29
6895213277	TATA Box	a DNA sequence in eukaryotic promoters crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex	30
6895213278	Template Strand	the DNA strand that provides the pattern, or template, for ordering, by complementary base pairing, the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript	31
6895213279	Terminator	In bacteria, a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene and signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule and detach from the DNA. Same as STOP but for Bacteria	32
6895213280	Transcription	the synthesis of RNA using a DNA	33
6895213281	Transcription Factor	a regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes	34
6895213282	Transcription Unit	a region of DNA that is transcribed into an RNA molecule	35
6895213283	Transfer RNA (tRNA)	an RNA molecule that functions as a translator between nucleic acid and protein languages by carrying specific amino acids to the ribosome, where they recognize the appropriate codons in the mRNA	36
6895213284	Translation	The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule; there is a change of "language" from nucleotides to amino acids	37
6895213285	Triplet Code	a genetic information system in which sets of three-nucleotide-long words specify the amino acids for polypeptide chains	38
6895213286	Wobble	flexibility in the base-pairing rules in which the nucleotide at the 5′ end of a tRNA anticodon can form hydrogen bonds with more than one kind of base in the third position (3′ end) of a codon	39

Powered by Quizlet.com

Ap world history Vocabulary Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

5826138348	Tokugawa Shogunate	shogun held all the power.	0
5826139048	Silver drain	china taxes	1
5826140280	Soft gold	Nickname for animal furs which were highly valued for their warmth and as symbols of elite status.	2
5826140986	Wahhabi islam	islamic movement led by muslim teologian abd al wahhab that advocated an austeve lifestyle and strict adherence to sharia (islamic law) PURIFICATION.	3
5826143449	Newton	English scientist; drew together astronomical and physical observations of natural laws: principles of motion/ defined forces of gravity.	4
5826145267	Voltaire	French philosopher who wrote against religious intolerance.	5
5826146328	Galileo	astronomer and mathmetician who invented an improved telescope.	6
5826147315	Napoleon Bonaparte	Overthrew french directory in 1799. Became emperor of french in 1804. Died in exile.	7
5826150440	Nationalism	The loyalty of people to their common culture, traditions, ethnicity, geographic territory, and the idea of self-rule.	8
5826151640	Trading post empire	Empire established by portuguese. Portuguese sought to control the commerce in the area, not control large areas of land.	9
5826153678	Daimyo	Individuals controlling an area and samurai worked for them.	10
5826155096	Samurai	A japanese warrior who was a member of the feudal military aristocracy. (leaders of the military emperor) <---- Signifigance	11
5826158362	Shogun	A hereditary military dictator of Japan. (established in place of an emperor; fractioned imperial rule.) <---- Signifigance	12
5826160837	Middle Passage	The part of the Atlantic circut involving the transportation of enslaved Africans across the atlantic to the americas	13
5826162012	Kaozheng	A notion of "researched based evidence" that occurred in china as a foil to Neo-Confucian orthodoxy.	14
5826163612	Descartes	Established importance of skeptical review of all recieved wisdom; argued human reson could develop laws to explain the workings of nature.	15
5826168306	Kant	German philosopher who argued that enlightenment was the ability to know something without another's guidance. (believed in freedom of the press as a means to exercise reason publicly). METAPHYSICAL!	16
5826169795	Hobbes	Believed people by nature were greedy and prone to violent welfare. Believed in absolute monarch rule. wrote leviathan.	17
5826170844	Locke	English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract". (people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.)	18
5826173960	Rousseau	French man who believed human beings are naturally good, free and can rely on their instincts. Believed government should protect common good and be democracy.	19
5826175104	Darwin	Biologist that developed theory of evolution of species. argued that all living species evolved into their present form to survive.	20
5826175908	Marx	German philosopher who wrote the communist manifesto and Das Kapital	21
5826176654	Popular sovereignty	People hold the final authority in all matters of government.	22
5826178096	Bolivar	Leader of revolt of south american colonies against spanish rule.	23
5826178589	Estates General	French Represenative assembly caled into session to address pressing provlems caused by the french revolution. 3 estates: Clergy, nobility and the commoners.	24
5826180329	Feminist movement	Sought legal and democratic gains for women such as equal access to education, right to vote, and professions in workplace.	25
5826182232	Gens de couleur Libres	"free people of color" term used to describe freed slaves and people of mixed racial background in saint domingue. (Haitian Revolution)	26
5826187289	Maroons	Slaves who ran away from their masters.	27
5826187290	Abolition	The legal prohibition and ending of slavery.	28
5826187883	Russian Decembrist revolt	Political revolt in Russia in 1825; led by middle-level army officers who advocated reforms; put own by Tsar Nicholas.	29
5826189247	Zionist Movement	Jews allowed in palistine	30

Class Notes

Social Science

Math

Science

Fine Arts

Test Prep

Textbook Notes

Members Only

Forum

Blogs

Textbook Request

AP Literature Vocabulary Flashcards

AP World History 5 Flashcards

Campbell Biology Chapter 19 Flashcards

Campbell Biology Chapter 20 pglynn Flashcards

Campbell Biology Chapter 20 DNA technology Flashcards

Campbell Essential Biology- Chapter 20 Flashcards

Campbell Biology Chapter 16 Terms Flashcards

Campbell Biology Chapter 18 Flashcards

Campbell Biology Chapter 17 Flashcards

Ap world history Vocabulary Flashcards

Pages

Need Help?

Need Notes?

About Course-Notes.Org

You are here

Pages

Need Help?

Need Notes?

About Course-Notes.Org