| 4386870306 | Important changes during the Paleolithic period | Development of spoken language, the ability to control and use fire, and the ability to make simple tools out of stone. | | 0 |
| 4386882215 | Foraging societies | Hunter-gatherers. Composed of small groups of people who traveled from place to place as the climate and availability of plants and animals dictated. Did not build permanent shelters, limited by the capacity of their surroundings, did not store food for the long-term. | | 1 |
| 4386902632 | Pastoral Societies | Characterized by the domestication of animals. Often found in mountainous regions with insufficient rainfall to support other forms of settlement. Small-scale agriculture and domesticated animals. Did not settle in towns because they had to search for grazing areas for their herds. | | 2 |
| 4386933935 | Neolithic Revolution | From 8000 BCE to 3000 BCE, groups of people moved from nomadic lifestyles to agricultural lifestyles and town and city life. | | 3 |
| 4386953415 | Real civilizations began... | Around 3000 BCE | | 4 |
| 4386963464 | How did the neolithic revolution work? | People figured out how to cultivate plants. Then they had a food supply so they could stay in one place if it had good soil and a water source. They also had domesticated animals so they had a varied and constant food supply. So why move? | | 5 |
| 4386988367 | Consequence of the neolithic revolution | Individual labor becomes specialized!! Super big deal because each person can get really good at one thing. You have really good farmers, artisans, merchants, and priests. Everybody has time to do their own thing because they're all working together. | | 6 |
| 4387007932 | Nomadic vs Agricultural Societies | When everyone moves a lot, the land belongs to everybody. But when you stay in one place forever, you think of it as your land. Agriculturalists think of new-coming nomads as intruders, not neighbors. This led to conflict. | | 7 |
| 4387033146 | Agricultural Revolution and the Enviornment | Agriculturalists diverted water, cleared land for farming, and created farmland. Stone was unearthed and cut, land was reconfigured to fit the rowing population. Animals were used not only for food and clothing, but as a source of labor. EXAMPLE: Oxen domesticated | | 8 |
| 4387058973 | Metal Working | The knowledge of how to use metals led to the development of tools and weapons. Later part of neolithic age called bronze age. | | 9 |
| 4387075841 | Where were almost all early civilizations located? | River Valleys | | 10 |
| 4387081080 | River Valleys | They had a regular supply of water, had soil with lots of nutrients, and were a vital means of transportation (via river). | | 11 |
| 4387093596 | What really is an early civilization? | A large area with a large population and a distinct, organized culture. | | 12 |
| 4387100736 | Most early civilizations were... | NOT headed by a central authority!! Most were loosely connected city states that shared a common culture but were also independent of each other. | | 13 |
| 4387115471 | Mesopotamia | The land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, also called the fertile crescent. Consisted of a series of ancient civilizations including Sumer, Babylon, and Persia. The flooding of the Tigris an Euphrates was unpredictable; early settlements washed away but people soon built canals and dikes. | | 14 |
| 4387143821 | Sumer | Major city states- Ur, Erech, and Kish. Rose in Southern Mesopotamia around 3000 BC. Had writing and a major trade system that connected them to other parts of the world. Invented the wheel. Had a 12 month calendar and math based on units of 60. | | 15 |
| 4387160654 | Cuneiform | A Sumerian form of writing used to set down laws, treaties, and important social and religious customs. | | 16 |
| 4387182545 | Sumerian religion | Polytheistic- believed in multiple gods. Each city state had its own god worshipped by only its people. In addition, there were gods that everyone worshipped. Built temples to appease their gods. Believed that gods sent natural disasters because they were angry. | | 17 |
| 4387202923 | Ziggurats | Terraced pyramid built by the Sumerians as temples. | | 18 |
| 4387216169 | Akkad | A city state in Mesopotamia that dominated the region and overthrew the Sumerians in 1700 BC. They developed the first code of laws and wrote in cuneiform, which they took from Sumer. | | 19 |
| 4387231128 | Babylon | Overtook Mesopotamia shortly after 1700 BC. King Hammurabi led the region a developed a codified law - The Code of Hammurabi. | | 20 |
| 4387246901 | The code of Hammurabi | An extensive legal code from babylon that set the stage for modern law. It differentiated between major a minor offenses (a big deal for the time) and applied the laws to nearly everyone. | | 21 |
| 4387262720 | Hittites | By 1500 BC the Hittites dominated Mesopotamia because of their use of iron in their weapons. | | 22 |
| 4387278309 | Assyrians | Learned how to use iron from the Hittites and defeated them. They established a capital at Nineveh. Were really cruel and people hated them. Thus, there were tons of uprisings so they exiled large groups of people. This led to cultural diffusion!! | | 23 |
| 4387304073 | Nebuchadnezzar | A Chaldean king who defeated the Assyrians with the Medes. He rebuilt Babylon as a showplace of architecture and culture. Defeated by the Persians. | | 24 |
| 4387320526 | ****Continuity through Change | As civilizations were conquered, their cultural heritage, religion, laws, customs, and technologies were rarely lost. Commonly, conquering civilizations adopted and adapted the customs and technologies of those who they defeated. | | 25 |
| 4387413265 | Egyptian Civilization | Developed along the Nile River. People clustered around the riverbanks because further inland the land was un-farmable. They constructed towns and cities. The Nile foods at predictable times which allowed the Egyptians to follow a very stable agricultural cycle and compile food surpluses. | | 26 |
| 4387436071 | King Menes | A king of Egypt who built the capital at Memphis and led efforts to manage the floodwaters and built drainage and irrigation systems. | | 27 |
| 4387444331 | Pharohs | Rulers of Egypt who directed the construction of obelisks and the pyramids, enormous tombs for the afterlife. | | 28 |
| 4387459488 | Hieroglyphics | An Egyptian system of writing consisting of a series of pictures that represented letters and words. | | 29 |
| 4387465026 | Egyptians and Trade | The Egyptians were dependent on trade because they needed timber and stone for building projects and their culture valued luxuries such as gold and spices. Trading brought Egypt into contact with other civilizations. | | 30 |
| 4387481508 | Egyptian Religion | They were polytheistic. They had a major focus on life after death. Convinced they could take earthly possessions with them into the afterlife. This led to mummification. Only the rich could afford this. | | 31 |
| 4387502180 | Queen Hatshepsut | She ruled for 22 years during the New Kingdom. The first recorded female ruler. | | 32 |
| 4387507745 | Women in Egypt | Had more rights than most women at the time. Could buy and sell property, inherit property, and will their property as they pleased, and could dissolve their marriages. Were still expected to be subservient to men and not educated as much as boys. | | 33 |
| 4387524168 | Egyptian Social Pyramid | Less on top, more on bottom
Pharaoh, priests, nobels, merchants and skilled artisans, peasants, slaves. | | 34 |
| 4387536174 | Egypt in decline | Declined around 1100 BC. Assyrians and Persians conquered parts of the empire. Later, so did Greece and Rome. | | 35 |
| 4387588089 | Indus Valley civilization | Built along a river bank. Surrounded by high mountains and relatively cut off from the rest of the world. Had limited contact with the outside world. A polytheistic society with a strong central gov. and a priest-king | | 36 |
| 4387598196 | Khyber Pass | The pass through the Hindu Kush mountains that gave the Indus Valley a connection to the outside world. This pass also let invaders in. | | 37 |
| 4387612671 | Harrapa and Mohenjo-Daro | Major cities in the Indus Valley. Each held perhaps 100,000 people (super big for the time). Th cities seem to be master-planned because they have uniform construction and sophisticated waterway systems. This indicated a strong central government. | | 38 |
| 4387640769 | Decline of the Indus Valley | Indus Valley cities were abandoned around 1900 BC for unknown reasons. | | 39 |
| 4387645312 | Aryans | They arrived in the Indus Valley around 1500 BC. They were nomadic tribes from north of the Caucasus region. They had horses and advanced weaponry. They settled in the Indus Valley and gave up their nomadic lifestyles. | | 40 |
| 4387661051 | Aryan effect of Hinduism | Aryans believed in reincarnation and were polytheistic. They wrote the Vedas and the Upanishads. They also had a caste system that became more rigid over time. These beliefs formed Hinduism. | | 41 |
| 4387682439 | **** Decline of Civilization | Whenever a civilization becomes prosperous, it attracts attention and envy from its neighbors. Then the neighbors invade. By this time, the wealthy civilization is so big it can't adequately protect its borders from attacks so it begins to weaken. | | 42 |
| 4387770664 | Shang China | Rose in the Yellow River Valley. Used agricultural surpluses to make a trade-based society. They controlled large parts of china and were quite powerful. They had limited contact with the rest of the world but did trade with Mesopotamia. They had a ethnocentric attitude and thought that they were the center of the world. They were accomplished bronze workers and were good with pottery, silk, and had a decimal system and calendar. | | 43 |
| 4387805136 | Family in Shang China | There was a focus on the family in Shang China. Multiple generations lived in the same household. It was patriarchal (led by the oldest male). They believed that dead ancestors could intercede with the gods on their descendants behalf. | | 44 |
| 4387822381 | Zhou | Ousted the Shang in 1100 BC. Ruled for nearly 900 years. Believed in the Mandate of Heaven. Developed a feudal system. Since the empire was so big, nobles were given smaller portions to rule. The nobles got protection as long as they were loyal. Some nobles got really powerful and made their own kingdoms. | | 45 |
| 4387845928 | Bureaucracies | When you organize government tasks by department, or bureau, so that different parts of the government can specialize and stabilize. | | 46 |
| 4387873627 | Bantu Migrations | Starting around 1500 BC, farmers in west Africa began migrating south and east bringing with them their language and knowledge of agriculture and metallurgy. | | 47 |
| 4387885994 | Why did the Bantu migrate? | Its generally believed that the migration was spurred by climate changes, which made the area now known as the Sahara Desert too dry to live in. People moved out of the Sahara into the Bantu's homeland, then the forests of Central Africa, then beyond to the east and south. | | 48 |
| 4387902275 | Jenne-Jeno | The first city in sub-saharan Africa. Although it reached urban density, it was not hierarchically organized. It was a unique form of urbanism comprising a collection of individual communities. | | 49 |
| 4387915842 | **** Migrations | People migrate to find food and a hospitable environment to live in. People migrate for environmental reasons: following agricultural cycles and avoiding natural disasters or climate changes. They also migrate because of problems caused by people: overpopulation, politics, genocide, and discrimination. | | 50 |
| 4387945771 | Olmec | An urban society in modern-day Mexico from 1500-400 BC. They had good irrigation, large-scale buildings, were polytheistic, and developed writing and a calendar. | | 51 |
| 4387957619 | Chavin | An urban civilization in the Andes from 900-200 BC. They were mostly agricultural but also fished and used metal fro tools and weapons. They also used llamas as beasts of burden. | | 52 |
| 4387967317 | What makes the Olmec and Chavin special? | 1. They demonstrate that the same pattern of development occurred in an entirely different part of the globe, a part that had no contact with the other areas of the world that formed civilizations.
2. ***** THEY WEREN'T IN A RIVER VALLEY | | 53 |
| 4387986067 | Why should I care that the olmec and Chavin weren't in a river valley? | It disproves the hypothesis that river valleys are essential for the emergence of early civilizations. Also, they are unique in that they are the only major early civilizations to not develop in a river valley. | | 54 |
| 4388003031 | Metallurgy | Super important. It created tools and weapons. This allowed people to farm effectively. Copper was the 1st metal to be used. | | 55 |
| 4388012360 | Irrigation | These were often the first major projects of civilizations because they were super important. This created a steady supply of water and a sewage and plumbing system. | | 56 |
| 4388022225 | Women until 600 BC | They were more important in paleolithic societies because they were the gatherers. They also nurtured children. They were responsible for the socialization of children and taught infants how to speak. This helped form the verbal language that humanity uses. | | 57 |
| 4388042589 | **** Civilizations | Agriculture, written language, and the use of metals contributes to the growth of early civilizations. The specialization of labor allows people to focus on culture and business rather than food production because when you live in a community you can have 20% focus on agriculture and the rest do other things. When a civilization has no rivals, it thrives and develops arts and technology and expands borders. This makes other civilizations jealous so they attack. The big civilization can't defend its large borders and collapses. | | 58 |
| 4388076918 | **** Cultural Diffusion | Trade spread culture, technology and beliefs peacefully. Conquest also spread these things because the conquering would often take aspects of the conquered society and use them. | | 59 |
| 4405414224 | Mauryan Empire | 321-180 BC. Founded by Chandragupta Maurya who unified smaller Aryan kingdoms into a civilization. It was very powerful and wealthy because of its trade. Indian merchants traded silk, cotton, and elephants with Mesopotamia and ancient Rome. It also had a very powerful military. | | 60 |
| 4405433880 | Ashoka | Chandragupta Maurya's grandson and ruler of the Mauryan Empire. Ashoka was filled with remorse at a bloody victory in war and thus converted to Buddhism. He preached nonviolence and moderation. He is known for his Rock and Pillar Edicts which reminded Mauryan's to live righteous lives. Ashoka's conversion spread Buddhism through India and beyond into Southeast Asia. | | 61 |
| 4405459591 | Decline of the Mauryan Empire | After Ashoka's death, the empire began to collapse. This was due to economic problems and attacks from the northeast. | | 62 |
| 4405454412 | Gupta Dynasty | 320-550 AD. Founded by Chandra Gupta the Great. It was small and decentralized. Nevertheless, India experience a golden age under Gupta rule. There was relative peace and mathematical advances. Pi and the concept of zero were invented along with Arabic numerals (a decimal system that used the numbers 1-9). Hinduism was reinstated during this time and there was a rigid caste system. | | 63 |
| 4405495928 | Women in the Gupta Dynasty | Women increasingly lost their rights. They could not own or inherit property, participate in sacred rituals, or study religion. Child marriage involving girls as young as 6 or 7 was the norm. | | 64 |
| 4405511800 | The Qin Dynasty | 221-209 BC. It developed a strong agricultural economy, organized a powerful army with iron weapons, conquered the surrounding territory, and unified under a single emperor. The created the Great Wall of China. - this shows that they were incredibly well organized, centralized, and territorial. The only ruler was Qin Shi Huang- he recentralized feudal kingdoms, standardized the law, and refused to tolerate dissent. He practiced legalism. The peasants resented the harshness of the Qin dynasty and rebelled after Qin Shi Huang's death. | | 65 |
| 4405563589 | Xiongnu | A large nomadic group in Asia related to the Huns who invaded the area from China to eastern Europe during the Han Dynasty. | | 66 |
| 4405572069 | The Han Dynasty | Created by Wu Ti, a Hun, who enlarged the empire. The Hun created the Silk Road, which carried goods and culture (including religion) across Europe and Asia. Under the Han, a civil service exam was created. This contributed to the stability of the government. Paper, sundials, compasses, and calculators, were also invented. | | 67 |
| 4405595392 | Persian Empire | They had a huge empire and conquered multiple peoples. They delegated authority to governors, or satraps, in different provinces, or Satrapies. As long as the governors paid taxes and contributed soldiers, they had a lot of self-rule. This kept the people satisfied and was vital to keeping a far-flung empire of so many different cultures together. They created the Great Royal Road to connect their empire. | | 68 |
| 4405626412 | The Lydians | Conquered by the Persian Empire. They came up with using coins for money instead of a barter system. This was popular because it allowed people to save up money. This idea spread around the world through trade routes. | | 69 |
| 4405634961 | Phoenicians | Conquered by the Persians. They established powerful naval city states. They also developed a simple alphabet of 22 letters instead of a cuneiform system. The Greeks later adopted this. | | 70 |
| 4405643466 | The Hebrews | Conquered by literally everyone. They were monotheistic, which was unusual. They were freed from captivity under the Persians and developed a distinct culture. | | 71 |
| 4405652622 | Ancient Greece | Greece is mountainous so there wasn't much agricultural potential. So, Greece traded instead. They started with a barter system but converted to a money system. They were a collection of culturally similar city states, or polises, | | 72 |
| 4405663268 | Athens | The political, commercial, and cultural center of Greek Civilization. Athens had the first form of democracy (but it was only open to free adult males) all citizens were expected to vote and engage in civic debates. Athens started out as a monarchy and eventually became an aristocracy. Then, two aristocrats, Draco and Solon, made Athens into a democracy. | | 73 |
| 4405680562 | Sparta | Agricultural and highly militaristic. Every male had to join the military. Women had more rights in Sparta than in Athens and were seen as strong and capable. | | 74 |
| 4405690760 | Greek Religion | The greeks were polytheistic. They believed that their gods were human-like and had human faults. This made Greek religion unique to teh an | | 75 |
| 4405887216 | Persian War | 499-449 BC. The Greek city states United to fight Persia, a mutual enemy. Athens was destroyed, but Greece held on and the war ended in a stalemate. Greek victories at Marathon and Salamis allowed the Greeks to maintain control of the Aegean Sea. | | 76 |
| 4405887217 | Golden Age of Pericles | King Pericles rebuking Athens after the Persian War. Athens then became a cultural powerhouse. Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle became fathers of rational thought during this time. Athens formed the Delian League with other city states as an alliance against aggression. This golden age inspired the Renaissance and the Enlightenment. | | 77 |
| 4405887218 | Delian League | Led by Athens. This league had a powerful navy. | | 78 |
| 4405887219 | Peloponnesian League | Formed by Sparta, fought the Delian League. | | 79 |
| 4405887220 | Peloponnesian War | Fought between Athens and Sparta. The catalyst was a trade dispute over Cornith but the cities were jealous of each other for years. Athens attempted a defensive strategy but was defeated by a great plague and a defeat at Sicily. Sparta won the war. | | 80 |
| 4405887221 | Consequence of the Peloponnesian War | Sparta and Athens were both greatly weakened. They were vulnerable to outside aggression and were taken over by Phillip 2 of Macedonia in 359 BC. Phillip respected Greek culture and thus encouraged it to flourish. | | 81 |
| 4405887222 | Alexander the Great | Greatly expanded the Macedonian Empire to modern day India. He created the largest empire of the time. He spread Greek customs to the rest of the world and this connected the world under a uniform law and common trade practices. | | 82 |
| 4405887223 | Hellenism | The culture, ideas, and pattern of life of Classical Greece. Spread by Alexander the Great. | | 83 |
| 4405887224 | Ptolemaic Dynasty | Alexander the Great's legacy in Egypt. They had Alexandria as their capital. They did not interfere with Egyptian society. | | 84 |
| 4405887225 | Ancient Rome | Well situated geographically, alps to protect them in the north. The Patricians were the nobleman, the Plebeians were the other free men, and the slaves were at the bottom. Rome was initially a republic governed by the senate mad assembly with two consuls. | | 85 |
| 4405887226 | 12 Tables of Rome | Rome's codified legal system to protect individual rights. The concept of innocent until proven guilty originated here. | | 86 |
| 4405887227 | Carthage | A powerful city state in modern day Tunisia. Rome's number one enemy. | | 87 |
| 4405887228 | 1st Punic War | Fought between Rome and Carthage and over the Island of Sicily. Rome won. | | 88 |
| 4405887229 | 2nd Punic War | Hannibal- a great Carthage general- used elephants to cross the Italian alps and surprise attack Rome from the North. He was forced to return to Africa to defend Carthage when Rome sent troops there. Carthage agreed to peace. This made time the undisputed power of the Mediterranean. | | 89 |
| 4405887230 | 3rd Punic War | Rome burned Carthage to the ground. | | 90 |
| 4405887231 | The Start of the Roman Empire | There was dissatisfaction in Rome. Large landowners started using more slaves. This displaced small farmers. These farmers moved to cities and couldn't get jobs. The Roman currency devalued causing inflation. The plebs couldn't buy many goods. Finally, political leaders began fighting. | | 91 |
| 4405887232 | First Triumvirate | Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus took control of the senate. Caesar was given power over Gaul, and became a famed military leader. He marched on Rome and took complete control. He was soon assassinated by senators in 44 BC. | | 92 |
| 4405887233 | 2nd Triumvirate | Composed of Octavius , Marc Anthony, and Lepidus. They came into power after Caesar died. Octavius, who called himself Augustus Caesar, took control and Rome officially became an empire. | | 93 |
| 4405979827 | Rome under Augustus | Rome became the capital of the western world. They had law, common coinage, civil service, and secure travel. This time is known as Pax Romana. Traditional customs of the conquered people's survived a s Rime expanded its territory. Arts and sciences flourished. | | 94 |
| 4405979828 | **** Golden Ages | When a major empire greatly expands its territory, it become the center of artistic and scientific energy. This is because it has a tremendous amount of wealth flowing into its capital from conquered regions, and because the people have freedom and confidence to pursue goals other than military protection. | | 95 |
| 4405979829 | Religion in Rome | Paganism was the early state religion. Shortly after the reign of Augustus, Christianity developed. Initially it was tolerated by the Romans but as Hewish leaders began to rebel against Rome and apostles and missionaries spread the world of the Lord, Rome saw Christianity as a threat. They killed Christians in the colosseum. Emperor Constantine eventually became Christian and made cHristianity the official religion of Rome with the Edict of Milan. | | 96 |
| 4405979830 | The maya | 300 BC- 800 AD. A collection of city states ruled by one King. They built pyramids and wrote using hieroglyphics. They had a complex calandra system. Their major city was Tikal. Mayans did not go to war to gain land but rather to gain slaves. They had no beasts of burden so humans were the primary source of labor. | | 97 |
| 4405979831 | Mayan Religion | Mayans believe the world was divided into three parts: heaven then humans then underworld. They practiced bloodletting rituals and believed the gods would stop agricultural cycles without rituals. | | 98 |
| 4413022930 | Collapse of the Maya | No one really knows why the Maya collapsed. It might have been disease, internal unrest, or warfare. It was probably that the Maya exhausted their environment and resources and had to move. | | 99 |
| 4413027578 | Collapse of the Han | Wang Mang used the mandate of heaven to undermine the Han Dynasty and start the Xin Dynasty. He attempted to reform currency and land distribution which undermined the economy. He also waged war which led to conscription. Famine and flooding added to the peasants resentment and they started uprising. The Xin dynasty was ousted and for the next 400 years China was divided and in constant warfare. | | 100 |
| 4413045100 | Collapse of the Gupta Empire | The Gupta were invaded by the White Huns who overthrew them. | | 101 |
| 4413050418 | Fall of the Western Roman Empire | Diocletian became emperor in 284 AD. He attempted to deal with the empires problems by dividing it into two regions run by co-emperors. Civil War erupted upon his retirement.
In 306, Constantine took control over the entire empire and built the city of Constantinople at Byzantium. The problems of shrinking income and increased external pressures proved impossible to overcome. After his death the empire was once again divided. The eastern half thrived but the western half collapsed.
The Sassanid Persians and the Germanic tribes attacked Rome and by 476, the emperor was disposed. | | 102 |
| 4413069993 | **** Fall of Empires | Two major causes of decline threaten any empire: internal (economic depression, natural disasters, and social unrest) and external (invading armies). | | 103 |
| 4413075580 | The Silk Road | A road from China to the Roman empire that took months to traverse. Pastoral communities along the way provided shelter food and supplies for merchants. Thus, merchants not only interacted with people at their destination but on their journey. Not only goods and people traveled on the Silk Road, disease and religion also traveled on it too. | | 104 |
| 4413088858 | Women from 600 BC to 600 AD | Women tend to lose power as people settle down and women's roles in high-status food production become more limited. Upper-class women were often more restricted in appearance whereas lower-class women continued to work outside the home.
In both Buddhism and Christianity, women were considered equals in their ability to achieve salvation or nirvana. Women in Hindu or Confucianist societies had little rights and were considered inferior. Thus, the first two religions were very attractive to women. | | 105 |
| 4413099674 | Polytheism | Most civilizations were polytheistic. They believed in multiple gods who could be good, evil, human-like, or divine, depending on the culture. Many works of art and architecture were devoted to these many gods. Since many city-sates in civilization shad different gods for each city-state, the rise and fall of city-states seemed dependent on the gods' powers. | | 106 |
| 4413111608 | Confucianism | It was practiced in China from 400 BC onward. It is a philosophy, not a religion, that deals with the relationships between people. One person must be subordinate to the other in order for society to function. Women were considered second-class citizens. Since it was not a religion, it was compatible with Buddhism which allowed it to spread throughout China. It was popular with the government who wanted an orderly society. | | 107 |
| 4413121369 | Daoism | It was practiced in parts of China from 500 BC onward. Daoists believe that everyone is one with nature and that one should go with the flow and not cause any trouble. | | 108 |
| 4413129574 | Legalism | The Chinese, notably the Qin Dynasty practiced this. Legalists believed everyone was naturally bad and that harsh punishments were the only way to create an orderly society. The Qin used this to unify China. Everyone hated it because it was so harsh. So, legalism led to a widespread acceptance of Confucianism and Daoism. | | 109 |
| 4413140350 | Hinduism | It was as is practiced in India. It was started by Aryan invaders. They believe in rebirth and a strict caste system. The caste system stopped social mobility and created a society complacent with poverty | | 110 |
| 4413144107 | Buddhism | It was practiced in many Asian civilizations, notably China. Buddhist believe that life is full of pain and suffering that is caused by desire and that to eliminate pain and suffering one must eliminate desire. Buddhists believe that anyone can achieve Nirvana and don't believe in a caste system. Buddhists split into two movements Theravada (Buddha is a normal person) and Mahayana (Buddha is a god). Since there was no caste system, Buddhism appealed to lower classes and women. | | 111 |
| 4413159496 | Zoroastrianism | Practiced by the Persians, especially under the Sassanid Empire. They believe that there is a good god and a bad god and that the two are constantly fighting for power. They believe that good god, Ahura Mazda, will eventually triumph and that those who follow him will be good. | | 112 |
| 4413167026 | Judaism | Practiced by the Hebrews. The hebrews believe they are God's people, and have a unique relationship with God. THIS WAS THE FIRST MONOTHEISTIC FAITH. Judaism is both a culture and a religion | | 113 |
| 4413172520 | Christianity | Founded by Jesus Christ, the son of God, who was sent to the earth to save everyone from sin. He was crucified but rose to the dead then ascended into Heaven. He opened up Christianity to everyone, gentiles included. Christianity emphasizes love for one another. Christianity was spread by Christ's disciples, and by Paul (formerly Saul, who persecuted Christians before being shown the way by God). With emphasis on compassion, grace through faith, and eternal salvation regardless of current circumstances, Christianity appealed to lower classes and women. It became the most important religion in the world in a short time. | | 114 |
| 4413708136 | Islam | Began in the middle east, monotheistic, Prophet Muhammad, holy book Quran. They believe in the 5 pillars of Islam and jihad. They believe that all people are equal before God. | | 115 |
| 4413719969 | Origins of Islam | Muhammad grew up in the city of Mecca where he claimed to hear God's word. He is considered a great prophet by muslims. Mecca was a center for polytheistic pilgrimages so the city leaders were economically threatened by Muhammad's teachings of monotheism. Muhammad and his followers fled to Medina and Islam became a major religion. | | 116 |
| 4413731029 | Islamic Caliphate | Islam was originally both a religion and an empire header by a religious leader or caliph. After Muhammad, this leader was Abu Bakr. This empire was a theocracy. The growth of Islam was linked to the growth of the empire. | | 117 |
| 4413740733 | Umayyad Dynasty | They were an Islamic Caliphate with a capital at Damascus, Syria. Conquered subjects had to convert to Islam or pay a tax and Arabic became the official language. The Umayyads expanded into North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula. Charles Martel prevented the Umayyads from spreading further into Europe at the Battle of Tours. The Umayyads were eventually defeated by the Abbasids in 750 in all areas except Spain. | | 118 |
| 4413752287 | Sunni | They believe that the most capable person should rule the caliphate | | 119 |
| 4413752288 | Shite | They believe that Muhammad's son-in-law, Ali, was the rightful heir to the caliphate | | 120 |
| 4413760432 | The Abbasid Dynasty | The Abbasid Dynasty range from 750 1258 until the Islamic empire was defeated by the Mongols. They the Golden Age and built the capital of Baghdad. They depended on trade. They came up with the idea of credit and developed a system of itemized receipts and bills. The monopolize trade routes. They played a significant role in preserving Western culture they kept the Western Heritage of the region alive. For example, when the Muslims and counted the classic writings of Athens and Rome including those of Plato and Aristotle the translated them into Arabic. They were tolerant of local customs in the areas they conquered and converted large numbers of people to Islam. | | 121 |
| 4413779181 | Women in Islam | Women had a little more rights in Islamic societies, Infanticide was prohibited and women were treated with some dignity. However, they had to wear veils and were considered to be subservient. | | 122 |
| 4413783487 | Decline of the Abbasid Dynasty | In 1258, the Mongols sacked Baghdad and destroyed the Caliphate. The muslim world was not reunited again until the Ottoman Empire. | | 123 |
