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Biochemistry Flashcards

5984827067	carboxyl group pKa	2	0
5984828214	amino group pKa	between 9 and 10	1
5984833541	nonpolar, nonaromatic amino acids	glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, proline	2
5984834954	aromatic amino acids	tryptophan, phenylalanine, tyrosine	3
5984837645	polar amino acids	serine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine, cysteine	4
5984840768	negatively charged (acidic) amino acids	aspartate, glutamate	5
5984842925	positively charged (basic) amino acids	lysine, arginine, histidine	6
5984844717	pKa	the pH at which half of the species is deprotonated; [HA] = [A-]	7
5984849304	pI without charged side chain	6	8
5984854445	pI of acidic amino acids	well below 6	9
5984855402	pI of basic amino acids	well above 6	10
5984857143	hydrolysis	reaction where peptide bonds are broken	11
5984858339	primary structure	linear sequence of amino acids in a peptide and is stabilized by peptide bonds	12
5984860712	secondary structure	the local structure of neighboring amino acids, and is stabilized by hydrogen bonding between amino groups and nonadjacent carboxyl groups	13
5984864408	alpha-helix	clockwise coils around central axis	14
5984865661	beta-pleated sheets	rippled strands that can be parallel or antiparallel	15
5984867315	proline	can interrupt secondary structure because of its rigid cyclic structure	16
5984869663	tertiary structure	the three-dimensional shape of a single polypeptide chain, and is stabilized by hydrophobic interactions, acid-base interactions (salt bridges), hydrogen bonding, and disulfide bonds	17
5984875064	disulfide bonds	occur when two cysteine molecules ore oxidized and create a covalent bond to form cystine	18
5984878226	quarternary structure	the interaction between peptides in proteins that contain multiple subunits	19
5984886304	oxidoreductases	catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions that involve the transfer of electrons	20
5984889533	transferases	move functional group from one molecule to another molecule	21
5984890780	hydrolases	catalyze cleavage without the addition of water	22
5984891683	lyases	catalyze cleavage without the addition of water and without the transfer of electrons.	23
5984894574	synthesis	reverse reaction of lyases	24
5984896016	isomerases	catalyze the interconversion of isomers, including both constitutional isomers and stereoisomers	25
5984897905	ligases	responsible for joining two large biomolecules, often of the same type	26

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AP Human Geography: Culture, Identity, Language and Religion Flashcards

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5031849870	culture	group of beliefs that certain people in a group will follow	0
5031849871	folk culture	incorporates a homogeneous population (culture) and follows after that culture's traits	1
5031849872	popular culture	includes a large heterogeneous population and experiences rapidly changing traits	2
5031849873	local culture	group of people who see themselves as a community with collective traits	3
5031849874	material culture	a group that is known for what they have created	4
5031849875	non-material culture	a group that is known for the beliefs and ideas that they have created	5
5031849876	independent innovation	when the same invention is created in 2 separate places that did not communicate	6
5031849877	culture systems	When 2 or more culture complexes are united by something, such as a trait or custom	7
5031849878	culture realm	set of culture showing unrelated culture complexes/landscape	8
5031849879	assimilation	adapting to a culture of a group or nation	9
5031849880	custom	universal practice that a group follows	10
5031849881	cultural appropriation	other cultures utilize one culture's trait(s) for their benefits	11
5031849882	neolocalism	regional culture that is reinvigorated in response to uncertainty of the modern world	12
5031849883	ethnic neighborhoods	neighborhoods that are located in a major city buy live apart from the rest of the population to practice their customs	13
5031849884	commodification	some aspect of a culture that wasn't an object now is being bought/sold/traded on world market as an object	14
5031849885	authenticity	having an origin supported by evidence	15
5031849886	time-space compression	explains how something will diffuse based on the connectivity of 2 places	16
5031849887	reterritorialization	pop culture will take on new forms when it encounters a new locality	17
5031849888	cultural landscape	visible imprint of human activity on a landscape	18
5031849889	placelessness	loss of uniqueness of place in a cultural landscape	19
5031849890	global-local continuum	cultural borrowing and mixing around the world	20
5031849891	glocalization	the process by which people in a local place alter regional, national, and global processes	21
5031849892	folk-housing regions	house types that simultaneously appear in a region	22
5031849893	diffusion routes	route that shows where ideas spread	23
5031849894	saltbox	housing type that is mainly found in New England has a slanted roof to knock snow off	24
5031849895	ranch	housing type that only has 1 level; typically very long	25
5031849896	acculturation	modification of a culture through the adoption of new cultural traits from a society with different traditions	26
5031849897	artifacts	material evidence of human substinence	27
5031849898	mentifacts	the world views, values, and beliefs such as those expressed in religion and art	28
5031849899	sociofacts	institutions that bind a society together	29
5031849900	identity	how we make sense of ourselves	30
5031849901	Gillian Rose	defined identity and sense of place	31
5031849902	identifying against	when one person is defined as being in one group, but identifies in another group	32
5031849903	race	constructed identity based on biological traits	33
5031849904	racism	discrimination based on race	34
5031849905	residential segregation	when 2 or more groups live in separate neighborhoods/cities from each other	35
5031849906	invasion and succession	new immigrants occupy older immigrant's areas	36
5031849907	ethnicity	people that are closely bounded in a certain place over time	37
5031849908	queer theory	theory that queers are discriminated against	38
5031849909	power relationships	one person in a relationship takes more control	39
5031849910	dowry deaths	problem in India where a bride may be killed by her husband if she does not fulfill his wants/needs	40
5031849911	language	a set of sounds and symbols used for communication	41
5031849912	standard language	language in a country that is widely used, published and taught	42
5031849913	dialects	variants of a standard language within a region, culture, or ethnic group	43
5031849914	isogloss	geographic boundary where a dialect or language is found	44
5031849915	mutual intelligibility	2 people can understand each other when speaking	45
5031849916	dialect chains	the idea that dialects closest to each other will be the most similar	46
5031849917	language families	languages that have a similar origin	47
5031849918	subfamilies	stems off of language families where the commonalities are more definite	48
5031849919	sound shift	slight change in words among similar languages	49
5031849920	Proto-Indo-European	ancestral Indo-European language	50
5031849921	backward reconstruction	tracking sound shifts to the hardening of consonants to find a language origin	51
5031849922	extinct language	language that has no native speakers	52
5031849923	deep reconstruction	recreating languages that preceded it through the hardening of consonants	53
5031849924	Nostratic	Original Proto-Indo-European language	54
5031849925	language divergence	when a language breaks into a dialect	55
5031849926	language convergence	when 2 dialects collapse into one	56
5031849927	Renfrew hypothesis	hypothesis the first language hearth was agricultural and it diffused around from there	57
5031849928	conquest theory	theory that early speakers traveled on horseback west of the hearth	58
5031849929	dispersal hypothesis	hypothesis that language carried eastward into Southwest Asia	59
5031849930	Romance languages	language family where all of the areas were once controlled by the Roman empire	60
5031849931	Germanic languages	language family that reflects the expansion of Northern Europe to the west and the south	61
5031849932	Slavic languages	language family that was formed from the Slavic people migrating from a base into present day Ukraine	62
5031849933	lingua franca	language used among different language speakers for trade	63
5031849934	pidgin language	combination of 2 languages	64
5031849935	Creole language	when a pidgin language becomes someone's native tongue	65
5031849936	monolingual states	countries with one language spoken	66
5031849937	multilingual states	countries with multiple languages spoken	67
5031849938	official language	language that is adopted by a country to tie people together	68
5031849939	global language	a language that is the most commonly used in trade and commerce	69
5031849940	toponym	the name of a place	70
5031849941	religion	system of beliefs and practices that attempts to put someone's life in order by their culture's priorities	71
5031849942	secularism	religion is not significant to some people	72
5031849943	monotheistic	belief of one god	73
5031849944	polytheistic	belief of two or more gods	74
5031849945	animistic	worshiping of inanimate objects	75
5031849946	universal religion	religion that is very common because many people are converted to it	76
5031849947	ethnic religion	religion practiced by one culture or ethnic group	77
5031849948	Hinduism	3rd most popular religion worldwide that believes in Vedas, karma, and reincarnation	78
5031849949	caste system	social class system	79
5031849950	Buddhism	religion created from those who questioned Hinduism created by Siddhartha	80
5031849951	Shintoism	Japanese religion that is related to Buddhism	81
5031849952	Taoism	Chinese philosophy created by Lao-Tsu	82
5031849953	Feng Shui	art and science of organizing living spaces to channel natural life forces	83
5031849954	Confucianism	philosophy of life	84
5031849955	Judaism	belief system of the Jews	85
5031849956	diaspora	spatial dispersion of an ethnic group	86
5031849957	Zionism	belief that Jews shouldn't absorb into other societies	87
5031849958	Christianity	most popular religion worldwide that is stemmed off of Jesus in the Mediterranean	88
5031849959	Eastern Orthodox	Stem of Christianity created when the Ottoman Turks defeated the Serbs	89
5031849960	Roman Catholic	stem of Christianity that is the most dominant which was caused by the division in Western and Eastern Roman empire	90
5031849961	Islam	2nd most popular religion worldwide that is followed by Muslims who believe in Allah. This religion was created by Muhammad	91
5031849962	Sunni	greater majority of Muslims	92
5031849963	Shi'ite (pronounced "Shia")	Muslims concentrated in Iran	93
5031849964	Shamanism	African religion that follows Shaman	94
5031849965	pilgrimage	travelling to a religious site to pay respect	95
5031849966	sacred sites	places that are infused with religious meaning	96
5031849967	minaret	tower where prayers are made for Muslims	97
5031849968	hajj	Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca	98
5031849969	interfaith boundaries	boundaries between the world's major faiths	99
5031849970	intrafaith boundaries	boundaries within a major faith	100
5031849971	genocide	attempts to destroy an ethnic group	101
5031849972	ethnic cleansing	to cleanse a territory of an ethnic group	102
5031849973	religious fundamentalism	wanting to return to the basics of their faith	103
5031849974	religious extremism	violent religious fundamentalism	104
5031849975	Vedas	sacred text of Hinduism is _____	105
5031849976	Ganges River	sacred site of Hinduism is ______	106
5031849977	Cambodia	Hindu temple location	107
5031849978	stupas	sacred sites of Buddhism	108
5031849979	Torah	sacred text of Judaism	109
5031849980	Abraham	founder of Judaism	110
5031849981	Jerusalem	sacred site of Christianity, Islam, and Judaism	111
5031849982	bible	sacred text of Christianity	112
5031849983	Bethlehem	other sacred site of Christianity besides Jerusalem	113
5031849984	Protestant	3rd split of Christianity in the 1400's	114
5031849985	Qu'ran	sacred text of Islam	115
5031849986	Muhammad	founder of Islam	116
5031849987	Mecca and Medina	sacred sites of Islam	117
5031849988	Sikhism	the doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam	118

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AP World History Chapter 4 Vocab Flashcards

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5005890729	Polis	City-state form of government used in Greece 800-400BCE	0
5005890730	Socrates	Late 5th cBCE Athenian philosopher; Urged rational reflection of moral decisions; Condemned to death for corrupting minds of Athenian young	1
5005890731	Plato	Socrates' greatest pupil; Suggested humans could approach understanding of perfect forms of truth, good, and beauty that he thought underlay nature	2
5005890732	Aristotle	384 - 322 BCE, Greek philosopher; Alexander the Great's teacher; Knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world	3
5005890733	Sophocles	494-406 BCE, Greek writer of tragedy Oedipus Rex	4
5005890734	Iliad and Odyssey	Homer's Greek epic poems that defined god and human nature that shaped Greek myths	5
5005890735	Pythagoras	Hellenistic mathematician who developed many basic geometric theories which are still used today	6
5005890736	Galen	Hellenistic physician/writer who wrote many medical treaties that formed the basis for modern political practices	7
5005890737	Euclid	Hellenistic mathematician who wrote what was the world's most widely used geometry compendium for a long time	8
5005890738	Ptolemy	Hellenistic astronomer who produced an elaborate theory of the sun's motion around the Earth	9
5005890739	Sappho	One of the greatest ancient Greek poets; Her poetry developed the complexities of inner workings of humans and love	10
5005890740	Battle of Marathon	490 BCE, Persians who invaded Greece were defeated on the Plain of Marathon by an Athenian army led by the general Militades	11
5005890741	King Xerxes	486-465 BCE, Persian king who invaded Greece in retribution for earlier Persian defeats; Forces defeated by the Greeks in the battles of Salamis and Platea	12
5005890742	Themistocles	Athenian leader who advocated for Athenian navy during the Persian Wars, which led to defeat of large Persian fleet at battle of Salamis by the Athenian army	13
5005890743	Battle of Thermopylae	480 BCE, Spartan King Leonidas and his army of 300 Spartans and 700 Thespians refused to surrender to the numerically superior Persian army at the Pass of Thermopylae; Annihilated, but allowed other Greek armies to prepare for Persian Invasion	14
5005890744	Pericles	Athenian political leader during 5th century BCE; Guided development of Athenian Empire; Died during early Peloponnesian War	15
5005890745	Peloponnesian Wars	431-404 BCE wars between Athens and Sparta for dominance in southern Greece; Spartan victory, but no political unification of Greece	16
5005890746	Cyrus the Great	By 550BCE, established huge Persian Empire	17
5005890747	Zoroastrianism	Animist religion that saw material existence as battle between forces of good and evil; Stressed importance of moral choice; Righteous lived on after death in "House of Song"; Chief religion of Persian Empire	18
5005890748	Philip II of Macedon	Ruled from 359-336 BCE; Founder of centralized kingdom; Later conquered rest of Greece, which was subjected to Macedonian authority	19
5005890749	Alexander the Great	Philip II's successor; Successfully conquered Persian Empire prior to death in 323 BCE; Tried to combine Greek and Persian culture	20
5005890750	Hellenistic Period	Culture associated with spread of Greek influence because of Macedonian conquests; Seen as combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms	21
5005890751	Alexandria, Egypt	Founded and named for Alexander the Great; Site of ancient Mediterranean's greatest library; Center of literary studies	22
5005890752	Julius Caesar	Roman general, conquered Gaul; Brought army back to Rome and overthrew republic; Assassinated in 44 BCE by conservative senators	23
5005890753	Diocletian	284-305CE, Roman emperor who improved admin and tax collection	24
5005890754	Constantine	312-337CE Roman emperor; Established second capital at Constantinople; Tried to use Christianity to unite empire	25
5005890755	Cicero	Conservative Roman senator, Stoic philosopher; Killed in reaction to assassination of Julius Caesar	26
5005890756	Roman Republic	510-47 BCE, Rome had aristocratic Senate, magistrate panel, and popular assemblies	27
5005890757	Senate	Assembly of Roman aristocrats; Advised on policy within the republic; Early element of Roman constitution	28
5005890758	Consuls	2 chief executives or magistrates of Roman Republic; Elected by an annual assembly dominated by aristocracy	29
5005890759	Twelve Tables	450 BCE, Roman law code developed in response to democracy of Roman republic	30
5005890760	Carthage	Originally Phoenician colony in northern Africa; Became major port and commercial power in the western Mediterranean; Won by Rome after 3 Punic Wars	31
5005890761	Punic Wars	Fought between Rome and Carthage to dominate western Mediterranean; Rome won after 3 separate conflicts	32
5005890762	Hannibal	Great Carthaginian general during Second Punic War; Successfully invaded Italy but failed to conquer Rome; Finally defeated at Battle of Zama	33
5005890763	Augustus Caesar	Name given to Octavian after his defeat of Mark Anthony and Cleopatra; First Roman emperor	34
5005890764	Vergil	One of greatest Roman poets during "Golden Age" of Latin literature; Author of the Aeneid	35
5005890765	Olympic games	Pan-Hellenic ritual observed by all Greek city-states; Involved athletic competitions and ritual celebrations	36
5005890766	Tyranny	Gov't based on rule of absolute ruler	37
5005890767	Aristocracy	Form of government where the rich rule over everyone	38
5005890768	Direct democracy	People participate directly in assemblies that make laws and select leaders rather than electing representatives	39
5005890769	Stoics	Hellenistic group of philosophers; Emphasized inner moral independence cultivated by strict discipline of body and personal bravery	40
5005890770	Doric		41
5005890771	Ionic		42
5005890772	Corinthian		43
5005890773	Herodotus	Greek historian called the "Father of History" who wrote Persian Wars account in "Histories"	44

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AP Language Tone Words Fall 2016 Flashcards

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4906246854	Acerbic	harsh or severe, as of temper or expression	0
4906246855	Admiring	to regard with wonder, pleasure, or approval	1
4906246856	Admonishing	cautioning, advising, or counseling against something; reproving or scolding, especially in a mild and good-willed manner; reminding	2
4906246857	Ambivalent	uncertainty or fluctuation, esp. when caused by inability to make a choice or by a simultaneous desire to say or do two opposite or conflicting things	3
4906246858	Anxious	full of mental distress or uneasiness because of fear of danger or misfortune; greatly worried; solicitous/ earnestly desirous; eager	4
4906246859	Apathetic	having or showing little or no emotion/ not interested or concerned; indifferent or unresponsive	5
4906246860	Apologetic	containing an apology or excuse for a fault, failure, insult, injury	6
4906246861	Ardent	characterized by intense feeling; passionate; fervent; intensely devoted, eager, or enthusiastic; zealous; vehement; fierce	7
4906246862	Biting	nipping; smarting; keen/ cutting; sarcastic	8
4906246863	Bold	not hesitating or fearful in the face of danger or rebuff; courageous and daring; not hesitating to break the rules of propriety; forward; impudent	9
4906246864	Bombastic	high-sounding; high-flown; inflated; pretentious	10
4906246865	Bored	disinterested; not entertained	11
4906246866	Candid	frank; outspoken; open and sincere/free from reservation, disguise, or subterfuge; straightforward	12
4906246867	Childish	of, like, or befitting a child/ puerile; weak; silly	13
4906311235	Clinical	efficient and unemotional; coldly detached	14
4906246868	Commanding	appreciably superior or imposing; winning; sizable	15
4906246869	Complex	characterized by a very complicated or involved arrangement or parts, units, etc...	16
4906246870	Complimentary	of the nature of, conveying, or expressing a compliment, often one that is politely flattering	17
4906246871	Condescending	showing or implying a usually patronizing descent from dignity or superiority	18
4906246872	Confident	having strong belief or full assurance; sure/ sure of oneself; having no uncertainty about one's own abilities, correctness, successfulness, etc.; self-confident; bold	19
4906246873	Contemptuous	showing or expressing contempt or disdain; scornful	20
4906246874	Cynical	scornful of the motives or virtues of others; bitterly or sneeringly distrustful, contemptuous, or pessimistic	21
4906246875	Detached	impartial or objective; disinterested; unbiased/ not involved or concerned; aloof	22
4906246876	Didactic	intended for instruction; instructive	23
4906246877	Disdainful	expressing extreme contempt	24
4906246878	Dogmatic	asserting opinions in a doctrinaire or arrogant manner; opinionated	25
4906246879	Dramatic	of or pertaining to the drama/ arresting or forceful in appearance or effect	26
4906246880	Evasive	deliberately vague or ambiguous/ tending or seeking to evade; characterized by evasion	27
4906246881	Exhilarated	to enliven; invigorate; stimulate/ to make cheerful or merry	28
4906246882	Fearful	feeling fear, dread, apprehension, or solicitude/ full of awe or reverence/ extreme in size, intensity, or badness	29
4906246883	Flippant	frivolously disrespectful, shallow, or lacking in seriousness; characterized by levity	30
4906246884	Frivolous	characterized by lack of seriousness or sense/ self-indulgently carefree; unconcerned about or lacking any serious purpose/ of little or no weight, worth, or importance; not worthy of serious notice.	31
4906246885	Happy	delighted, pleased, or glad, as over a particular thing	32
4906246886	Impish	mischievous	33
4906246887	Incisive	penetrating; cutting; biting; trenchant/ remarkably clear and direct; sharp; keen; acute	34
4906246888	Insolent	boldly rude or disrespectful; contemptuously impertinent; insulting	35
4906246889	Lurid	gruesome; horrible; revolting	36
4906246890	Melancholy	characterized by or causing or expressing sadness	37
4906246891	Nonchalant	coolly unconcerned, indifferent, or unexcited; casual	38
4906246892	Nostalgic	unhappy about being away and longing for familiar things or persons	39
4906246893	Objective	not influenced by personal feelings, interpretations, or prejudice; based on facts; unbiased	40
4906246894	Peaceful	not disturbed by strife or turmoil or war; quiet; calm; without worry or disturbance	41
4906246895	Pensive	dreamily or wistfully thoughtful; expressing or revealing thoughtfulness, usually marked by some sadness	42
4906246896	Pompous	characterized by an ostentatious display of dignity or importance	43
4906246897	Pragmatic	of or relating to a practical point of view or practical considerations	44
4906246898	Provocative	serving or tending to provoke, excite, or stimulate, tending or serving to provoke; inciting, stimulating, irritating, or vexing	45
4906246899	Recalcitrant	resisting authority or control; not obedient or compliant; refractory (stubborn and unmanageable)	46
4906246900	Reticent	disposed to be silent or not to speak freely; reserved; restrained	47
4906246901	Sardonic	characterized by bitter or scornful derision; mocking; cynical; sneering	48
4906246902	Satirical	ridiculing human folly	49
4906246903	Scholarly	concerned with academic learning and research	50
4906246904	Sentimental	weakly emotional; mawkishly susceptible or tender	51
4906246905	Skeptical	marked by or given to doubt; questioning	52
4906246906	Somber	gloomy, depressing, or dismal; extremely serious; grave	53
4906246907	Straightforward	direct; not roundabout; free from crookedness or deceit; honest	54
4906246908	Subdued	quiet; inhibited; repressed; controlled	55
4906246909	Sympathetic	characterized by, proceeding from, exhibiting, or feeling sympathy; sympathizing; compassionate	56
4906246910	Urgent	compelling or requiring immediate action or attention; imperative; pressing	57
4906246911	Vibrant	full of energy and enthusiasm; full of quick movement	58

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AP Statistics Flashcards

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4880611178	categorical data	Data are categorical if they are in the form of names or labels, rather than numbers.	0
4880613375	continuous data	Measured data that can be whole numbers, fractions, or decimals of any length. Continuous data are always numeric.	1
4880613376	data	The plural form of the word datum. A collection of pieces of information.	2
4880613377	data collection	Gathering information for selected population members through telephone surveys, written questionnaires, or other methods.	3
4880613378	data organization and analysis	Statistical techniques that allow us to describe characteristics of a data set. Examples include calculating statistics (such as a mean) and making graphs and charts that show the shape of a data distribution.	4
4880615217	descriptive statistics	The process of describing the characteristics of a group (a sample) for which we have data	5
4880615218	discrete data	Counted or tallied data, which can only be whole numbers or names. Discrete data can be numeric or categorical.	6
4880616463	inferential statistics	The process of comparing, testing assertions, or predicting something about a population, given what we know about a sample from that population.	7
4880617107	probability- based inference	Statistical techniques that allow us to draw objective conclusions based on probability theories about populations from which we have sampled.	8
4880699798	History of Statistics	3 subjects come together to create this Field of Mathmatics -staatenkunde: collecting information from different countries. -political arithmetic: creating tables of dates and births -calculus of probability: mathematical theorms and techniques to solve problems of uncertainty.	9
4880748184	The Phases of a Statictical Study	1.) Data Gathering 2.) Data Organization and Analysis 3.) Probability - based Inference	10
4880764874	Exponential	Increasing at an increasing rate	11
4880769151	Exploratory Data Analysis	When a study proceeds without trying to answer any particular question	12
4880775137	Probability	Mathematical rules about chance that tell us how likely or unlikely something is	13
4880799935	Measured vs. Counted Data	Measured: gathered by measuring (continuous data; height, weight, length) counted: gathered by counting (anything that can be counted; people, animals, buildings)	14
4880866786	Bar Graph	A bar graph displays the values associated with each level of the independent variable	15
4880870728	Class	A range into which numerical data can be grouped	16
4880870729	Class Boundaries	The maximum and minimum values within each class in a histogram or frequency table.	17
4880872020	Class Interval	The distance between two successive class minimums in a histogram or frequency table	18
4880873134	Class Limits	The upper and lower boundaries of a class.	19
4880873135	Class Width	The distance between the maximum and minimum values of a given class in a histogram or frequency table.	20
4880874396	Cumulative Frequency	The sum of a series of frequencies in a data set, in which the frequency from one class is added to the sum of the frequencies of all the classes below it.	21
4880874397	Cumulative Frequency Graph	A line graph that shows cumulative frequencies on the vertical axis and data values (divided into classes) on the horizontal axis.	22
4880876365	Cumulative Relative Frequency Graph	A line graph that shows cumulative relative frequencies on the vertical axis and data values (divided into classes) on the horizontal axis.	23
4880876366	DIstribution	The pattern of variation in a numeric or categorical variable.	24
4880876374	Dot Plot	A dot plot displays the number of observations with a particular value; each observation is shown as a dot.	25
4880877494	Frequency	The number of observations within a range of data.	26
4880877495	Frequency Plot	plot (or graph) that shows frequencies.	27
4880878451	Frequency Table	A table that shows the number of observations in each of the classes, categories, or levels of a variable.	28
4880878452	Gap	A class with a frequency of zero, or no obersvations.	29
4880878453	Histogram	A frequency plot that shows the number of observations within each class.	30
4880880498	Level ( of a catergorical variable)	The value, or label, taken on by a categorical variable	31
4880880499	Line Graph	A line graph is similar to a histogram and a bar chart, except that the values are shown as points and a line connects the points	32
4880881608	Midpoint (in a histogram)	The middle number of each class. The mean of the class maximum and minimum. On a histogram, the midpoints lie at the center of the bottom of each bar.	33
4880881609	Numerical Data	Data that appear as numbers that can be manipulated mathematically.	34
4880883432	Numerical Variable	A variable containing numerical data.	35
4880883433	Observation	A single person, thing, or unit in a data set.	36
4880884867	Pie Chart	they show the amounts or the number of observations in each level of a given categorical variable	37
4880886408	Relative Frequency	The number of observations within a given class or category, divided by the total number of observations.	38
4880887676	Relative Frequency Histogram	A histogram in which each bar shows relative frequency. A relative frequency histogram will show the same pattern (the bars will look the same) as a frequency histogram for the same data; only the vertical axis will be different. In a relative frequency histogram, the size of the bars is expressed in decimal values or percentages that represent the proportion of observations for a given class, category, or level of a variable.	39
4880888399	Stem-and-Leaf Plot	A plot that allows you to display the shape of a distribution of a numerical variable while including the actual values in the graph	40
4880888400	Value	A number or label taken on by a variable.	41
4880891543	Variable	A varying characteristic being studied.	42
5018158812	Box-and-whisker plot	A plot showing the center and spread of a data set on a number line. A box is drawn around the middle 50% of the data (ranging from the lower quartile to the upper quartile), and a vertical line is drawn at the median. In a regular (unmodified) box-and-whisker plot, whiskers (horizontal lines) extend from the box to the minimum and maximum numbers.	43
5018169103	Five-Number summary	A summary of a variable from a data set, given as a series of five numbers: 1. The minimum, or the smallest observation in the data set. 2. The lower quartile (Q1), which is the median of the lower half of the data set, or the number above 25% of the observations. 3. The median (Q2). 4. The upper quartile (Q3), which is the median of the upper half of the data set, or the number above 75% of the observations. 5. The maximum, or the greatest observation in the data set.	44
5018173662	Interquartile Range (IQR)	The range between the upper and lower quartiles; Q3 - Q1. This range contains the middle 50% of the observations in the data set.	45
5018175984	Lower quartile (Q1)	The number that is greater than or equal to 25% of the observations in a numeric data set. (25% is an approximation if the number of observations is not divisible by 4; the definition is based on a theoretical distribution with an infinite number of observations.) This term usually refers to only one number, but sometimes statisticians refer to the lower quartile as the lower 25% of a data set. The lower quartile can also be described as the median of the lower 50% of a sorted list of numbers.	46
5018179325	Outlier	An individual observation falling well outside the overall pattern of the data. For data described with a median-based five-number summary, an outlier is defined as an observation that is more than 1.5 IQRs below Q1 or above Q3.	47
5018179326	skew	A characteristic of the shape of a distribution in which a larger proportion of the observations have values at either the upper or lower end of the distribution, and a smaller percentage of observations have values that extend toward the opposite end of the distribution.	48
5018179373	upper quartile (Q3)	The number that is above or equal to 75% of the observations in a numeric data set.	49

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AP Language - Vocab 3 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

4870185729	bucolic	charmingly rural	0
4870191011	pretentious	making ridiculous claims	1
4870191914	gullible	easily deceived	2
4870274113	convival	fond of partying	3
4870275300	discreet	sneaky	4
4870275301	discrete	unconnected	5
4870276376	fabricate	to lie	6
4870278693	prevaricate	to lie	7
4870279474	gesticulate	to make gestures when speaking	8
4870298697	laud	praise; applaud	9
4870299441	belabor	to go over repeatedly to an absurd extent	10
4870300184	reiterate	to repeat	11
4870301375	conflagration	a huge fire	12
4870301376	induce	cause to happen	13
4870302260	soporific	causing sleep; very boring	14
4870303220	anarchy	lawlessness; absence of government	15
4870345630	strident	shrill; high pitched	16
4870347496	nonchalant	not showing concern or worry	17
4870351508	malleable	easy to shape	18
4870351509	ludicrous	absurd; ridiculous	19
4870352309	abridge	to shorten or condense	20

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AP Literature Words Flashcards

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4794185061	Abjure	to renounce under oath	0
4794185062	abrogate	to abolish by formal address	1
4794185063	abstemious	sparing	2
4794185064	acumen	keen insight	3
4794185065	antebellum	existing before war	4
4794185066	auspicious	promising success	5
4794185067	belie	to contradict	6
4794185068	bellicose	eager to fight	7
4794185069	churlish	boorish, rude, mean	8
4794185070	deleterious	injurious to health	9
4794185071	diffident	lacking confidence	10
4794185072	enervate	to deprive of force or strength	11
4794185073	enfranchise	to liberate (slavery)	12
4794185074	epiphany	appearance or manifestation , intuitive perception into reality	13
4794185075	evanescent	vanishing or fading away	14

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AP Literature Terms Flashcards

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4747040512	Abstract	as a noun, a short summary or outline of a longer work; as an adjective, to name things not known through the five senses	0
4747040513	Allegory	extending a metaphor so that objects, persons, and actions in a text are equated with meanings that lie outside the text	1
4747041331	Allusion	a brief, usually indirect reference to a person, place, or event - real or fictional	2
4747041332	Ambiguity	presence of two or more possible meanings in a passage	3
4747041333	Analogy	reasoning or arguing from parallel cases	4
4747041829	Anecdote	short and interesting story or an amusing event often proposed to support or demonstrate some point	5
4747045421	Antagonist	character or a group of characters which stand in opposition to the protagonist or the main character	6
4747045670	Achetype	typical character, action or situation that seems to represent such universal patterns of human nature; universal symbol shown through a character, theme, or setting	7
4747045671	Atmosphere	the feeling, emotion, or mood a writer conveys to a reader through the description of setting and objects	8
4747045672	Cliche	an expression that has been overused to the extent that it loses its original meaning or novelty	9
4747045673	Colloquial	characteristic of writing that seeks the effect of informal spoken language as distinct from formal or literary English; slang	10
4747047469	Concrete	constituting an actual thing or instance; real	11
4747047470	Connotation	emotional implications and associations of a word	12
4747047471	Denotation	direct dictionary definition of a word	13
4747047472	Dialect	regional or social variety of a language distinguished by pronunciation, grammar, and/or vocabulary	14
4747047479	Diction	choice and use of words in speech or writing; way of speaking, usually assessed in terms of prevailing standards of pronunciation and elocution	15
4747047748	Epic	a long narrative poem written in elevated style, in which heroes of great historical or legendary importance perform valorous deeds, in a vast setting, covering great nations, the world, or the universe, with actions important to the history of a nation or people	16
4747049072	Euphemism	substitution of an inoffensive term for one considered offensively explicit	17
4747049073	Exposition	statement or type of composition intended to give information about an issue, subject, method, or idea	18
4747049074	Extended Metaphor	comparison between two unlike things that continues throughout a series sentences in a paragraph or lines in a poem	19
4747050263	Figurative Language	language in which figures of speech (metaphor, simile, hyperbole) freely occur	20
4747051825	First Person Point of View	story told from the perspective of a main character, using the first person pronouns and speaking of personal events or experiences	21
4747051826	Foil	a character who contrasts with another character (usually the protagonist) in order to highlight particular qualities of the other character; a bad character who's bad qualities are highlighted to show the good qualities in the protagonist	22
4747051827	Footnote	a note of reference, explanation, or comment usually placed below the text on a printed page	23
4747051828	Genre	category of artistic composition marked by a distinctive style, form, or content	24
4747052428	Hyperbole	figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect	25
4747052726	Inference	literary device used commonly in literature and in daily life where logical deductions are made based on premises assumed to be true; making a conclusion from known ideas	26
4747052727	Imagery	vivid descriptive language that appeals to one or more of the sense	27
4747052728	Irony	use of words to convey the opposite of its literal meaning; statement when the meaning is directly contradicted by the appearance of the idea	28
4747052729	Jargon	specialized language for a specific group or occupation	29
4747053180	Juxtaposition	literary technique in which two or more ideas, places, characters and their actions are placed side by side in a narrative or a poem for the purpose of developing comparisons and contrasts	30
4747053181	Limited Point of View	third person narration in which the narrator only knows the thoughts and feelings of one character, usually the main character	31
4747053182	Metaphor	figure of speech when an implied comparison is made between two unlike thinks that actually have something important in common	32
4747053640	Metonymy	figure of speech when one word or phrase is substituted for another that it is closely associated; "crown" for "royalty"	33
4747053641	Mood	emotion invoked by text; reader's attitude	34
4747053642	Motif	any recurring element that has symbolic significance in a story; helps establish the theme or mood through repetition	35
4747053643	Narrator	the person who tells the story	36
4747054399	Omniscient Point of View	when the narrator knows the thoughts and feelings of all of the characters in the story and told through the third person	37
4747054400	Onomatopoeia	formation of words that imitate a sound; boom!	38
4747054401	Oxymoron	figure of speech in which incongruous or contradictory terms appear side by side	39
4747054960	Paradox	statement that appears to contradict itself	40
4747054961	Personification	figure of speech in which an inanimate object or abstraction is given human qualities or abilities	41
4747054962	Persuasion	literary technique in which writers present their ideas through reasons and logic to influence the audience	42
4747054963	Plot	literary term used to describe the events that make up a story or the main part of a story; relate in a pattern or sequence; used to develop the structure of a story	43
4747055293	Protagonist	central character or leading figure in poetry, narrative, novel or any other story; sometimes called a "hero"	44
4747055294	Repetition	an instance of using a word, phrase, or clause more than once in a short passage-dwelling on a point	45
4747055295	Rhetoric	study and practice of effective communication	46
4747055922	Round Character	complex characters who undergo development throughout the story; opposite of static character	47
4747055923	Satire	text or performance that uses irony, derision, or wit to expose or attack human vice, foolishness, or stupidity	48
4747055924	Simile	figure of speech in which two fundamentally unlike things are explicitly compared, usually in a phrase introduced by "like" or "as"	49
4747056472	Slang	words that are not a part of standard vocabulary or language and are used informally	50
4747056473	Speaker	voice behind a story	51
4747056474	Static Character	a literary character who undergoes little or no inner change and does not grow or develop; opposite of a round character	52
4747056865	Style	narrowly interpreted as those figures that ornament speech or writing; representing a manifestation of the person speaking or writing	53
4747056866	Symbol	person, place, action, or thing that represents something other than itself	54
4747056867	Syncedoche	figure of speech in which a part is sued to represent the whole or the whole for a part	55
4747056868	Syntax	study of the rules that govern the way words combine to form phrases, clauses, or sentences; arrangement of words in a sentence	56
4747057155	Theme	the central topics within a story; main idea or underlining ideas	57
4747057156	Tone	writer's attitude toward the subject and audience	58
4747057157	Understatment	figure of speech in which a writer deliberately makes a situation seem less important or serious than it is	59

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Literary Genres--AP Language and Composition Flashcards

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4722318216	allegory	Describes any writing in verse or in prose that has a double meaning; a narrative that acts as an extended metaphor.	0
4722318217	fable	A short fictional narrative that teaches a lesson.	1
4722318218	farce	A form of low comedy designed to provoke laughter through highly exaggerated caricatures of people in improbable or silly situations.	2
4722318219	parable	A story or short narrative designed to reveal through common, familiar events, a religious principle, moral lesson, psychological reality, or general truth.	3
4722318220	parody	Literature that intentionally uses comic effect to mock a serious literary work or style.	4
4722318221	romance	A term that refers to a variety of fictional works involving some combination of the following: high adventure, thwarted love, mysterious circumstances, arduous quests, and improbable triumphs.	5
4722318222	satire	A novel, play, etc. in which topical issues, such as man's follies or evil, are held up to scorn by means of ridicule and irony.	6
4722318223	tragedy	A literary work in which a hero is destroyed by some character flaw or by forces beyond his or her control.	7
4722318224	elegy	A poem that deals with complaints about love, sustained formal lamentation, or somber meditations.	8
4722318225	epistolary novel	A type of literature that is written through letters.	9

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