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AP World History Chapter 27 Flashcards

3995625267	1. Congress of Vienna	conservation, reactionary meeting, led by Prince Metternich, restore Europe to preRevolutionary time	0
3995625268	2. Holy Alliance	alliance between Russia, Prussia, and Austria in defense of the established order; formed by the most conservative monarchies of Europe during the Congress of Vienna	1
3995625269	3. Decembrist uprising	political revolt in Russia in 1825; led by middle-level army officers who advocated reforms; put down by Tsar Nicholas I	2
3995625270	4. Alexander I	1815; Russian tsar who supported conservatives and joined the Holy Alliance	3
3995625271	5. Nicholas I	1825-1855; Russian tsar who put down the Decembrist Uprising, expanded territory and crushed liberal ideas	4
3995625272	6. Alexander II	the son of Nicholas I who, as czar of Russia, introduced reforms that included limited emancipation of the serfs	5
3995625273	7. Crimean War	war between Russia and the Ottoman Empire aided by France and Britain over the Holy Land	6
3995625274	8. Emancipation of the serfs	Alexander II in 1861 ended serfdom in Russia; serfs did not obtain political rights and had to pay the aristocracy for lands gained	7
3995625275	9. Zemstvos	local political councils created as part of Alexander II's reforms; gave middle class professional experience in government but did not influence national policy	8
3995625276	10. Trans-Siberian railroad	constructed during the 1870s and 1880s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; increased the Russian role in Asia	9
3995625277	11. Count Witte	Russian minister of finance (1892-1903); economic modernizer responsible for high tariffs, improved banking system; encouraged Western investment in industry	10
3995625278	12. Intelligentsia	Russian term for articulate intellectuals as a class; desired radical change in the Russian political and economic system; wished to maintain a Russian culture distinct from the West	11
3995625279	13. Anarchists	political groups that thought the abolition of formal government as a first step to creating a better society; became important in Russia and was the modern world's first large terrorist movement	12
3995625280	14. Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov Lenin	Russian Marxist leader; insisted on the importance of disciplined revolutionary cells	13
3995625281	15. Bolsheviks	literally the majority party, but actually a minority group; the most radical branch of the Russian Marxist movement	14
3995625282	16. Russian Revolution of 1905	defeat by Japan resulted marked by strikes by urban workers and insurrections among the peasantry; resulted in temporary reforms	15
3995625283	17. Dutch studies	studies of Western science and technology beginning during the 18th century; based on texts available at the Dutch Nagasaki trading center	16
3995625284	18. Diet	legislative branch in Japan	17
3995625285	19. Duma	Russian national assembly created as one of the reforms following the Revolution of 1905; progressively stripped of power during the reign of Nicholas II	18
3995625286	20. Stolypin reforms	Russian minister who introduced reforms intended to placate the peasantry after the Revolution of 1905; included reduction of land redemption payments and an attempt to create a market- oriented peasantry	19
3995625287	21. Yellow Peril	U.S fear of Japan's imperialism	20
3995625288	22. Kulaks	agricultural entrepreneurs who utilized the Stolypin reforms to buy more land and increase production	21
3995625289	23. Terakoya	commoner schools founded during the Tokugawa shogunate to teach reading, writing, and Confucian rudiments; by mid- 19th century resulted in the highest literacy rate outside of the West	22
3995625290	24. Matthew Perry	American naval officer; in 1853 insisted under threat of bombardment on the opening of ports to American trade	23
3995625291	25. Meiji Restoration	power of the emperor restored with Emperor Mutsuhito in 1868; took name of Meiji, the Enlightened One; ended shogunate and began a reform period	24
3995625292	26. Zaibatsu	huge industrial combines created in Japan during the 1890s	25
3995625293	27. Sino-Japanese War	War fought between China and Japan; after Korea was opened to Japanese trade in 1876, it rapidly became an arena for rivalry between the expanding Japanese state and neighboring China	26
3995625294	28. Russo-Japanese War	Russia and Japan were fighting over Korea, Manchuria, etc.; began in 1904, but neither side could gain a clear advantage and win; both sent reps to Portsmouth, NH were TR mediated the Treaty of New Hampshire in 1905	27

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Chapter 17 AP World History Stearns Flashcards

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3827999926	Niccolo Machiavelli	realistic discussions of how to seize and maintain power; Italian Renaissance; The Prince	0
3828002994	Leonardo Da Vinci	advanced realistic portrayal of human body	1
3828005949	Humanism	focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor	2
3828009136	Petrarch	inspired less religious spirit, not totally abandoning it	3
3828011158	Northern Renaissance	classical renaissance styles in art and architecture in France, Germany, England, the Low Countries	4
3828014245	Shakespeare in England, Rabelais in France, Cervantes in Spain	renaissance writers that mixed classical themes with earthiness	5
3828015000	Francis I	King Of France; patron of arts, imported Italian architects to create classical style palaces	6
3828019864	Johannes Gutenburg	introduced movable type-innovated on chinese printing technology; caused literacy to gain ground; encouraged spread of religion	7
3828023579	15th century European-Style Family	a) later marriage age b) nuclear-smaller families c) married more for love than financial benefit	8
3828025800	Martin Luther	German monk who nailed 95 theses to church door protesting the selling of salvation and indulgences for money-began lutheran version of protestantism	9
3828031934	Lutheran Protestant values	against selling indulgences, monasticism was wrong, princes should marry, bible should be translated from Latin, state control of church, faith alone gained salvation, special vocations were not especially holy	10
3828035194	Anglican Church	set up by King Henry VIII to be able to divorce	11
3831372246	Jean Calvin	Frenchman who established based in Geneva, Switzerland; God's predestination; ministers were moral guardians and preachers of God's word; promoted broader education so more people could read Bible; exiled in 17th century	12
3831395213	Catholic Reformation	church revived Catholic doctrine and rejected all Protestant ideas; attacked superstitions	13
3831418844	Jesuits	religious order became active in politics, education, missionary work, sponsored catholic missionary activity in Asia and Americas	14
3831428212	Edict of Nantes; 1598	granted tolerance of Protestants in France; ignored by most French kings in the next century	15
3831455178	Thirty Years' Wars; 1618	German Protestants and Lutheran Sweden vs. Holy Roman emperor and Spain; devastated Germany; ended in 1648	16
3831469909	Treaty of Westphalia; 1648	ended Thirty Years' War through territorial tolerance: some princes and cities chose their own religions; gave Netherlands independence	17
3831490965	English Civil War	parliament rights vs. absolute authority; religious conflicts	18
3831520353	Cause of Inflation	gold and silver from Spain; Western production could not keep pace; encouraged merchants to take risks through loans because money was losing value	19
3831536474	Proletariat	West; people without access to wealth-producing property; rising food prices forced poor people to sell land, some went to manufacturing or paid laborers or into city as beggars	20
3831552948	witchcraft persecution	poor, old women were persecuted as witches; blamed for their poverty	21
3831561119	Scientific Revolution	affected formal intellectual life and popular outlook	22
3831570038	Copernicus	Polish monk; heliocentric theory; stifled by Church	23
3831576668	Johannes Kepler	planetary motion; advanced knowledge and implied scientific research's power to test and prove	24
3831590853	Galileo	telescope; publicized Copernicus;l heliocentric theory; scientific method of experimenting	25
3831600544	William Harvey	English physician; circular movement of blood; heart as central pumping station`	26
3831619316	Francis Bacon	value of careful empirical research; predicted improvement of scientific knowledge and in tech	27
3831637438	Rene Descartes	importance of a skeptical review of wisdom; human reason could develop laws to explain workings of nature	28
3831645665	Isaac Newton	Principia Mathematica; basic principles of all motion; defined forces of gravity; stated scientific method;	29
3831850677	Deism	divinity but its job was to set laws in motion	30
3831852483	John Locke	faith was irrelevant; people could learn everything through senses and reason	31
3831865494	Absolute monarchy	french political system where monarch has absolute power by divine right	32
3831870699	Louis XIV	absolute monarch; palace at Versailles kept nobles busy; worked to standardize French language; mercantilism; tariff on imported goods	33
3831887229	Glorious Revolution	political settlement of English civil war where parliament won basic sovereignty over king;	34
3831899598	Frederick the Great	Prussian King; greater freedom of religion;better agricultural methods; greater commercial coordination; harsh punishments cut back; enlightened despot	35
3831911722	Enlightenment	from Scientific Revolution; applied scientific methods to the study of human society; social science; basic human rights	36
3831926912	Adam Smith	Wealth of Nations; principles of economic behavior; people act according to self-interest; promote general economic advance through competition; government should avoid regulation of market	37
3831943196	Denis Diderot	Encylopedia; scientific and social scientific knowledge	38
3831948098	Mary Wollstonecraft	feminist thinker, new political rights and freedoms to be extended toward women; England	39

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AP Language and Composition Tool Box Words Flashcards

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3596006611	Apostrophe	A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction	0
3596006612	Antecedent	The word, phrase, or clause, referred to by a pronoun	1
3596006613	Oxymoron	Figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox	2
3596006614	Didactic	Literally means "teaching"	3
3596006615	Mood	The prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work	4
3596006616	Extended Metaphor	A metaphor developed to great length, occurring frequently in or through out a work	5
3596006617	Imagery	The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions	6
3596006618	Polysyndeton	The use of several conjunctions in close succession, especially where some might be omitted	7
3596006619	Colloquial	The use of slang or in-formalities in speech or writing	8
3596006620	Generic conventions	This term describes traditions in each genre	9
3596006621	Metonymy	A figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it.	10
3596006622	Alliteration	The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words	11
3596006623	Homily	Literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk , speech or lecture with it	12
3596006624	Figurative Language	Writing or Speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid.	13
3596006625	Parallelism	Refers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity.	14
3596006626	irony	The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant or the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true.	15
3596006627	Allegory	The device of using character and?or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning	16
3596006628	Conceit	A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or a surprisingly analogy seemingly dissimilar objects	17
3596006629	Invective	An emotionally violent, verbal enunciation or attack using strong abusive language	18
3596006630	Denotation	The strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude or color.	19
3596006631	Figure of Speech	A device used to produce figurative language	20
3596006632	Isocolon	A succession of clauses of approximately equal length and corresponding structure	21
3596006633	Diction	Refers to the writer's choice	22
3596006634	Analogy	A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them	23
3596006635	Verbal irony	Intended meaning of a statement differs from the meaning that words appear to express	24
3596006636	Situational Irony	Involves an incongruity between what is expected ot intended and what actually occurs	25
3596006637	Ambiguity	The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.	26
3596006638	Euphorism	From the Greek word for "good speech," a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept	27
3596006639	Clause	Contains subject and verb	28
3596006640	Paradox	A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity.	29
3596006641	Aphorism	Terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or moral principal	30
3596006642	Connotation	The non-literal associative meaning of a word; the implies, suggested meaning	31
3596006643	Hyperbole	A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement	32
3596006644	Dramatic Irony	The audience knows more about present or future circumstances than a character in the story	33
3596006645	genre	The major category into which a literary work fits	34
3596006646	Allusion	A direct or indirect reference something which is presumably commonly known	35
3596006647	Asyndeton	Lack of conjunction	36
3596006648	Anaphora	The exact repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of successive lines or sentences	37
3596006649	Onomatopoeia	A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words	38
3596006650	Sarcasm	Involves bitter, caustic language that is mean to hurt or ridicule someone or something	39
3596006651	Point of View	In literature, the perspective from which a story is told	40
3596006652	Prose	One of the major divisions of genre, prose refers to function and non-fiction, including all its forms. In prose the printer determines the length of the line; in poetry, the poet determines the length of the line.	41
3596006653	Rhetoric	From the Greek word for "orator," this term describes the principals governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively	42
3596006654	Epistrophe	The opposite of anaphora, repetition at the end of successive clauses.	43
3596006655	Satire	A work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule. Is though provoking and insightful about the human conditions	44
3596006656	Semantics	The branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another.	45
3596006657	Syllogism	From the Greek word for "reckoning together," a syllogism is a deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises (the first one called "major: and the second "minor:) that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion	46
3596006658	Trope	An artful variation form expected modes of expression of though and ideas, use of the word in a sense other that its proper or literal one.	47
3596006659	Understatement	The ironic minimizing of fact, presents something as less significant than it is.	48
3596006660	Antithesis	the opposition or contrast ideas; the direct opposite	49
3596006661	Caricature	A verbal description, the purpose of which is to exaggerate or distort, for comic effect, a person's distinctive physical features or other characteristics	50
3596006662	Litote (Little Tree)	A form of understatement that involves making an affirmative point by denying its opposite. Litote is the opposite of Hyperbole	51
3596006663	Synecdoche	A figure of speech in which a part of something is used to represent the whole or, occasionally, the whole is used to represent a part.	52
3596006664	Synesthesia	When one kind of sensory stimulus evokes the subjective experience of another.	53
3596006665	Wit	In modern usage, intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights. A witty statement is humorous, while suggesting the speaker's verbal power in creating ingenious and perceptive remarks	54
3596006666	Pun	A play on words that often has a comic effect. Associated with wit and cleverness. The multiple meanings , either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence or passage.	55
3596006667	Bathos	Insincere or overly sentimental quality of writing/speech intended to invoke pity	56
3596006668	Chiasmus	A statement consisting of two parallel parts in which the second part is structurally reversed.	57
3596006669	Epithet	A term used to point out a characteristic of a person. Can be abusive, or offensive, but are not so by definition.	58
3596006670	Zeugma	The use of a word to modify or govern two or more words when it is appropriate to only one of them or is appropriate to each but in a different way.	59

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AP World History MUST KNOW DATES Flashcards

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4370177044	8000 B.C.E.	Beginnings of agriculture	0
4370177045	3000 B.C.E.	Beginnings of Bronze Age-early civ's	1
4370177046	1300 B.C.E.	Iron Age	2
4370177047	6th century B.C.E.	life of Buddha, Confucius, Lao Tsu(beginnings of Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism)	3
4370177048	5th century B.C.E.	Greek Golden Age-philosophers	4
4370177049	323 B.C.E.	Alexander the Great	5
4370177050	221 B.C.E.	Qin unified China	6
4370177051	32 C.E.	Beginnings of Christianity	7
4370177052	180 C.E.	end of Pax Romana	8
4370177053	220 C.E.	end of Han Dynasty	9
4370177054	333 C.E.	Roman capital moved to Constantinople	10
4370177055	4th Century C.E.	Beginnings of Trans-Saharan Trade Routes	11
4370177056	476 C.E.	Fall of Rome	12
4370177057	527 C.E.	Justinian rule of Byzantine Empire	13
4370177058	622	Founding of Islam	14
4370177059	732	Battle of Tours (end of Muslim move into France)	15
4370177060	1054	Great Schism in Christian Church (Roman Catholic & Eastern Orthodox)	16
4370177061	1066	Norman conquest of England	17
4370177062	1071	Battle of Manzikert (Seljuk Turks defeat Byz)	18
4370177063	1095	1st crusade	19
4370177064	1258	Mongols sack Baghdad	20
4370177065	1271-1295	Marco Polo travels	21
4370177066	1324	Mansa Musa's pilgrimage	22
4370177067	1325-1349	travels of Ibn Battuta	23
4370177068	1347-1348	Bubonic Plague in Europe	24
4370177069	1433	end of Zheng He's voyages/Rise of Ottomans	25
4370177070	1453	Ottomans capture Constantinople- Change name to Istanbul	26
4370177071	1488	Dias rounded Cape of Good Hope- connecting Portuguese to Indian Ocean Trade	27
4370177072	1492	Columbus sailed the ocean blue/Reconquista of Spain	28
4370177073	1502	1st slaves to Americas	29
4370177074	1517	Martin Luther/95 theses- start of Protestant Reformation	30
4370177075	1521	Cortez conquered Aztecs	31
4370177076	1533	Pizzaro toppled the Inca	32
4370177077	1571	Battle of Lepanto (naval defeat of Ottomans)	33
4370177078	1588	defeat of the Spanish Armada by the British- opened up seas to exploration by Northern European nations (England, French, Dutch)	34
4370177079	1600	Battle of Sekigahara - beginning of Tokugawa period	35
4370177080	1607	founding of Jamestown	36
4370177081	1618-1648	30 years war- Protestant vs. Catholic- ends with Treaty of Westphalia	37
4370177082	1683	unsuccessful Ottoman siege of Vienna	38
4370177083	1689	Glorious Revolution/English Bill of Rights	39
4370177084	1756-1763	7 years war/French and Indian war	40
4370177085	1776	American Revoluion/Smith writes Wealth of Nations	41
4370177086	1789	French Revolution	42
4370177087	1804	Haitian independence	43
4370177088	1815	Congress of Vienna	44
4370177089	1820s	Independence in Latin America	45
4370177090	1839	1st Opium war in China	46
4370177091	1848	European revolutions/Marx & Engles write Communist Manifesto	47
4370177092	1853	Commodore Perry opens Japan	48
4370177093	1857	Sepoy Mutiny	49
4370177094	1861	end of Russian serfdom/Italian unification	50
4370177095	1863	Emacipation Proclamation in US	51
4370177096	1871	German unification	52
4370177097	1885	Berlin Conference - division of Africa	53
4370177098	1898	Spanish-American war - US acquires Philipphines, Cuba, Guam, & Puerto Rico	54
4370177099	1899	Boer war - British in control of South Africa	55
4370177100	1905	Russo-Japanese war- Japanese victory over Russians	56
4370177101	1910-1920	Mexican Revolution	57
4370177102	1911	Chinese Revolution- overthrow of last Chinese Emperor ( Qing Dynasty)	58
4370177103	1914	WW1	59
4370177104	1917	Russian Revolution- start of Communism in Russia	60
4370177105	1919	Treaty of Versailles - end of WW1	61
4370177106	1929	stock market crash- worldwide depression	62
4370177107	1931	Japanese invasion of Manchuria in China- leads of "Rape of Nanking"	63
4370177108	1935	Italian invasion of Ethiopia	64
4370177109	1939	German blitzkrieg in Poland	65
4370177110	1941	Pearl Harbor, entry of US into WW2	66
4370177111	1945	end of WW2	67
4370177112	1947	independence & partition of India	68
4370177113	1948	birth of Israel	69
4370177114	1949	Chinese Communist Revolution	70
4370177115	1950-1953	Korean War	71
4370177116	1954	Vietnamese defeat French at Dien Bien Phu	72
4370177117	1956	de-Stalinization/nationalization of Suez Canal	73
4370177118	1959	Cuban Revolution	74
4370177119	1962	Cuban missile crisis	75
4370177120	1967	6 day war - Israel vs. Palestine/Chinese Cultural Revolution	76
4370177122	1979	Iranian Revolution	77
4370177123	1987	1st palestinian Intifada- PLO attempt at creating an independent Palestine	78
4370177124	1989	Tiananmen Square/fall of Berlin wall	79
4370177125	1991	fall of USSR/1st Gulf war	80
4370177126	1994	genocide in Rwanda/1st all race elections in South Africa	81
4370177127	2001	9/11 attacks	82

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AP World History Foundations Flashcards

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4317912951	8000 B.C.E.	Beginnings of agriculture	0
4317912952	221 BCE	Qin unified China	1
4317912953	356- 323 BCE	Alexander the Great	2
4317912954	330 CE	Roman capital moved to Constantinople	3
4317912955	500- 300 BCE	Greek golden age	4
4317912956	32 CE	Beginnings of Christianity	5
4317912957	3000- 2400 BCE	Beginnings of Bronze Age	6
4317912958	180 CE	End of Pax Romana	7
4317912959	476 CE	Fall of Rome	8
4317912960	1200- 500 BCE	Iron Age	9
4317912961	527- 565 CE	Justinian rule in Byzantine empire	10
4317912962	220 CE end of Han dynasty	end of Han dynasty	11
4317912963	6th Century	Life of Buddha, Confucius, Lao Tzi	12
4317912964	4th century	Beginning of trans- Saharan trade routes	13

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AP World History Princeton Review Key Terms Section 4 Flashcards

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4288642626	Humanism	focus on human endeavors (art, science, architecture etc.)	0
4288642627	Moveable Type Printing Press	allowed for mass productiovn of books, increased literacy rates, invented by Song dynasty, invented in Europe by Johannes Gutenberg	1
4288642628	Indulgences	people would give the church money in order to erase their sins	2
4288642629	Atheists	people who believe no god exists	3
4288642630	Enlightenment	series of thinkers who focused on government, society in seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, impact on government today	4
4288642631	Divine Right	the belief that monarch have a god-given right to rule	5
4288642632	Enlightened Monarchies	Monarchs who believed in enlightenment Ideas, such as Joseph II of Austria and Fredrick II of Prussia	6
4288642633	Neoclassical Period	imitated Greek and Roman architecture, began in mid-eighteenth century, buildings in Washington DC	7
4288642634	Treaty of Tordesillas	divided world between Spain and Portugal, did not realize how big Western Spanish side, Portugal got Angola (in Africa) and Brazil, Spain got Central and the rest of South America, did not end up mattering the for rest of the world	8
4288642635	Peninsulares	people born in Spain who lived in the American colonies	9
4288642636	Viceroys	governors of each of the five regions of New Spain (Spanish colonies in Americas)	10
4288642637	Encomienda System	forced labor of American Natives for Spanish Peninsulas	11
4288642638	Hacienda	large American estates owned by Spaniards, worked by American natives in Encomienda system	12
4288642639	Middle Passage	route of African slaves to Americas	13
4288642640	Age of Exploration	period of European Exploration and start of colonization	14
4288642641	Joint-Stock Company	pool of resources of many merchants, origins of stock market	15
4288642642	Dutch East India Company	controlled trade routes to spice islands (modern Indonesia)	16
4288642643	Muscovy Company (British)	first joint stock company, monopolized trade routes to Russia	17
4288642644	British East India Company	managed India for British until Sepoy mutiny	18
4288642645	Mercantilism	countries tried to trade as much as possible without importing more than they exported	19
4288642646	Spanish Inquisition	murder of heretics (mostly Jews and Muslims) in Spain starting in 1492	20
4288642647	Act of Supremecy	1534, King Henry VIII declares Englands protestant so that he can get a divorce to try to havee a male hier, declares himself head of Church,	21
4288642648	Petition of Right (England)	document limiting taxes and forbidding unlawful imprisonment signed by Charles I because he was desperate for money from parliament, was ignored, parliament was not called to meet for another eleven years	22
4288642649	Long Parliment	sat for twenty years after Scotish Puritans invaded England because they hated Charles I who never called for parlament to meet	23
4288642650	Habeas Corpus Act (England)	protects people from arrests without due process	24
4288642651	English Bill of Rights	signed by William and Mary in 1689, ensured English monarchs would be Anglicans with limited power	25
4288642652	Huguenots	protestant minority in France	26
4288642653	National Seclusion Policy	Japan cuts itself of from rest of world for two hundred years, culture flourishes, kabuki theatre, haiku poems	27
4288642654	Haiku	3 line Japanese poem, flourished under national seclusion policy, 5 syllables in first and last lines, 7 in middle	28
4288642655	Tokugawa (Edo) Period	Tokugawa shogunate rules Japan, last traditional Japanese government, 1603-1867, creates national seclusion policy in 1630's	29
4288642656	Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Donatello, Brunnelleschi, Raphael	Italian Renaissance men	30
4288642657	Machiavelli	wrote The Prince, a book about harsh, ruthless, and immoral leadership	31
4288642658	Erasmus	counseled kings and popes; wrote In Praise of Folly, a book which satirized foolish political decisions which had been made in the past	32
4288642659	Sir Thomas More (British)	wrote Utopia, a book which described an ideal society where wealth was shared and everyone's needs were met	33
4288642660	William Shakespeare	English writer, humanism	34
4288642661	Martin Luther	started protestant reformation, founder of Lutheranism (first branch of Protestant Christianity), created 95 Theses which was a list of 95 things wrong with the Catholic Church, excommunicated by Pope Leo X, was allowed to speak at assembly in Worms in 1521 and after not abandoning his conviction he was not arrested only due to protection of nobleman from hometown, Germany became Lutheran	35
4288642662	John Calvin (French)	founded Calvanism, stated that god predetermined an ultimate destiny (heaven or hell) for everyone, only a few, the elect, would be saved	36
4288642663	King Henry VIII	could not have male hier, pope denied anullment of marrage wife (Catherine of Aragon) so he started the Church of England/Anglican Church, appointed himself as the head of the church, allowed himself to divorce	37
4288642664	Catholic Reformation (counter-reformation)	reforms made by the Catholic Church in order to resist the Protestant Reformation, banned indulgances	38
4288642665	Ignatius Loyala (Spanish)	founded the society of Jesuits: practiced self-control, moderation; strict training and high morality expectations for clergy; many appointed to high political positions	39
4288642666	Council of Trent	series of meetings from 1545 to 1563, to guide Catholic reformation	40
4288642667	Galileo	invented telescope, in 1632 wrote Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Systems of the World which promoted heliocentric theory, arrested and book placed on The Index (list of banned heretical works)	41
4288642668	Sir Isaac Newton	in 1697 wrote The Mathematical Principals of Natural Philosophy, invented calculus, three laws, law of gravity	42
4288642669	Thomas Hobbes	wrote Leviathan, people are greedy and prone to violent warfare, government should preserve peace of stability, wanted all powerful ruler	43
4288642670	John Locke	wrote Two Treatises of Government; mankind is good; all men are equal; have rights to life, liberty, and property; people can revolt if government denies them of rights	44
4288642671	Jean-Jacques Rousseau	wrote The Social Contract, people should vote	45
4288642672	Voltaire	enlightenment thinker, believed in religious tolerance	46
4288642673	Montesqieu	enlightenment thinker, believed in three branches of government	47
4288642674	Prince Henry the Navigator	Portugese prince who supported exploration	48
4288642675	Vasco de Gama	rounded Cape of Good Hope (tip of Africa), explored East African Kingdoms, established trade relations with India	49
4288642676	Christopher Columbus	underestimated size of world, discovered West Indies and Cuba, started exploration of Americas	50
4288642677	Hernan Cortes	conquered Aztecs (ruled by King Montezuma) with help of neighboring tribes	51
4288642678	Francisco Pizzaro	conquered Inca Empire with mere 200 men, happened to land after a very destructive civil war	52
4288642679	Elizabeth I / Elizabethan Age (England)	made commercial expansion, exploration, and colonization of the new world	53
4288642680	James I	King after Elizabeth, reign united England and Scotland	54
4288642681	Oliver Crommwell	leader of Roundheads, overthrew Charles I in second English civil war, appointed himself Lord Protector of the English Commonwealth, executed Charles I, hated Catholics, encouraged protestants to settle in Northern Ireland	55
4288642682	Stuart Restoration	after Cromwell dies, parliament invites exiled Charles II (closet Catholic and son of executed Charles I) to become a limited Monarch, religiously tolerant, succeeded by James II	56
4288642683	Glorious Revolution	James II driven from power by parlament for being Catholic and believing in divine right of monarchs, replaced by William and Mary (daughter) of the Netherlands	57
4288642684	Cardinal Richelieu	chief advisor to Bourbons, role to strengthen French crown, compromised with Hugonauts, establish noblesse de la robe class, succeeded by Cardinal Mazarin	58
4288642685	Louis XIV	called himself "Sun King", patron of French culture, absolute monarch, revoked Edict of Nantes	59
4288642686	War of Spanish Succession	1701-1714; Phillip V, grandson of Louis IV, inherits Spanish throne; fears Spain and and France would unite to be unstoppable; England, Holy Roman Empire, and German princes unite against them and win; Phillip V stays king but cannot unite with France; France gives up territory to England	60
4288642687	Peace of Augsburg	1555, intended to stop fighting between Catholics and Protestants in Germany	61
4288642688	Thirty Years' War	1618-1648, protestant territories in Bohemia (ruled by Catholic Hapsburg clan) challenged Holy Roman Catholic emperor, France (under Richelieu) Denmark and Sweden joined, fighting stayed in Holy Roman Empire and third of population died (7 million people), ended with peace of Westphalia, France and Prussia benefited greatly	62
4288642689	Ivan III	made Russia completely independent of Mongols in by refusing to pay tribute in 1480	63
4288642690	Time of Troubles	1604-1613, no clear Czar, feudal lords fought and killed eachother for it, ended when Michael Romanov was elected by lords, Romanov dynasty lasted until 1917	64
4288642691	Peter the Great	westernnized Russia built Russia's first navy, founded St. Petersberg on Baltic Sea built by sserfs turned slaves, recruited people from Western Europe, western fashion enforced, ruled in 1682-1725	65
4288642692	Catherine the Great	westernized Russia, limited merchants, enforced repressive serfdom, conquered land, ruled in 1762-1796	66
4288642693	Osman Bey	founded Ottoman Empire in 1450, conquered Constantinople in 1453, tolerant of non-Muslims but took Christians as Janissaries (slave warriors who could achieve high positions	67
4288642694	Mughal Empire	founded by Babur, defeated Delhi Sultanate	68
4288642695	Akbar	1556-1605, grandson of Babur, leader of Mughal Empire, made Hindus completely equal, married a Hindu, tried to eliminate Sati, religious tolerance ended and Europeans arrived after rule	69
4288642696	Songhai and Kongo and Angola	West and South African kingdoms during era 4, traded slaves to Europe	70
4288642697	Zheng He	Ming dynasty navy general, sailed southeast Asia and Indian Ocean displaying dominance, castrated, new emperor stopped him and destroyed ships	71
4288642698	Medici family	ruled Florence, gave money to artists	72
4288642699	Renaissance	comeback of art and science in Europe, means "rebirth", started in Italy	73
4288642700	Van Eych brothers (Dutch), and Albrecht Durer (German)	portratists, adopted Italian naturalism	74
4288642701	Nicolaus Copernicus	developed heliocentric theory	75
4288642702	Tycho Brache (1546-1601) and Francis Bacon (1561-1626)	asserted that all scientists should amass all data possible through experimentation and observation	76
4288642703	Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)	developed laws of planetary motion	77
4288642704	Diests	people who believe god plays a passive role in life	78
4288642705	The Social Contract	governments have a responsibility to the people, emerged during enlightenment	79
4288642706	Amerigo Vespucci	realized America was not part of Asia, America was named for him	80
4288642707	Henry Hudson	sailed for Holland starting in 1609, looked for Northwest Passage to Asia, explored Hudson River, claimed land for Holland	81
4288642708	Ferdinand Magellan	crew were first to sail around globe, he died in the middle at the Phillipenes	82
4288642709	Creoles	Spanish people born in the American colonies	83
4288642710	Mestizos	those with European and Native American ancestry	84
4288642711	Mulattos	those with European and African ancestry	85
4288642712	Columbian Exchange	trade triangle between Europe, Africa, and Americas initiated after Columbus	86
4288642713	King Ferdinand (Aragon) and Queen Isabel (Castile)	united Spain with marriage in 1469, started Spanish Inquisition, sent Columbus	87
4288642714	Charles V	from Hapberg family, through series of arranged marraiges held control of Spain and Holy Roman Empire, defended Catholosism during Protestant revolution, grew the importance of Spain, retired to monastery in 1556: gave Holy Roman Empire to brother Fernindand I, gave Spain to son Philip II	88
4288642715	Charles I (England)	signed and ignored petition of right, called long parliment, army called cavaliers, overthrown by roundheads	89
4288642716	Edict of Nantes	stopped fighting between Catholics and Hugenots in France	90
4288642717	Bourbans	ruled France from Henry IV until 1792	91
4288642718	Jean Baptiste Colbert	managed French royal funds under Louis XIV, mercantilism, wanted to enlarge France to increase business and taxes, constantly at war, stopped at War of Spanish Succession,	92
4288642719	Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible)	took title of Czar, executed tons of people including his own son	93

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AP Psychology: Sensation and Perception Flashcards

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4275753548	sensation	the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment	0
4275753549	perception	the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events	1
4275753550	bottom up processing	analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information	2
4275753551	top down processing	information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations	3
4275753552	psychophysics	the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them it can concern how sensitive we are to changing stimulation	4
4275753553	absolute threshold	the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time; illustrated by our awareness of faint stimuli such as seeing a candle flame atop another mountain 30 miles away or smelling a single drop of perfume in a three-room apartment	5
4275753554	signal detection theory	a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus ("signal") amid background stimulation ("noise"); assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and level of fatigue	6
4275753555	subliminal	below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness	7
4275753556	priming	the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response	8
4275753557	difference threshold	the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time; we experience this as a just noticeable difference	9
4275753558	Weber's law	the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount) For example, you are more likely to notice the cost of a cheeseburger going from $5 to $6 rather than the price of a car going from $20,000 to $20,001 because the cost of the cheeseburger has a lower difference threshold.	10
4275753559	sensory adaptation	diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation Ex. Enter an unfamiliar room and it smells weird. Spend five minutes in there and you won't be able to smell anything weird. Ex. Enter a cold pool. Five minutes later you're "used to" the water.	11
4275753560	transduction	conversion of one form of energy into another; in sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret	12
4275753561	wavelength	the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next; electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission	13
4275753562	hue	the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, etc.	14
4275753563	intensity	the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude	15
4275753564	pupil	the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters	16
4275753565	iris	a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening	17
4275753566	lens	the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina	18
4275753567	accommodation	the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina	19
4275753568	retina	the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information	20
4275753569	acuity	the sharpness of vision	21
4275753570	nearsightedness	a condition in which nearby objects are seen more clearly than distant objects because distant objects focus in front of the retina	22
4275753571	farsightedness	a condition in which faraway objects are seen more clearly than near objects because the image of near objects is focused behind the retina	23
4275753572	rods	retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond -helps with seeing in the dark -120 million of them in the eye -location in retina: periphery -not color sensitive -not detail sensitive	24
4275753573	cones	retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions; the cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations -fovea contains only these -helps with seeing in light -6 million of them in the eye -location in retina: center -color sensitive -detail sensitive	25
4275753574	optic nerve	the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain	26
4275753575	blind spot	the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there	27
4275753576	fovea	the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster	28
4275753577	feature detectors	nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement	29
4275753578	parallel processing	the processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions including vision; contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving	30
4275753579	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	the theory that the retina contains three different color receptors-- one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue-- which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color	31
4275753580	opponent process theory	the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision; for example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red (and vice versa)	32
4275753581	color constancy	perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object	33
4275753582	audition	the sense or act of hearing	34
4275753583	frequency	the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time (for example, per second)	35
4275753584	pitch	a tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency	36
4275753585	decibel	the measuring unit for sound energy	37
4275753586	outer ear	the visible part of the ear that channels the sound waves through the auditory canal to the eardrum	38
4275753587	eardrum	a tight membrane in the inner ear that vibrates with the sound waves	39
4275753588	middle ear	the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window	40
4275753589	cochlea	a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses	41
4275753590	inner ear	the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs	42
4275753591	basilar membrane	a structure separating two liquid-filled tubes that runs the length of the cochlea in the inner ear and holds the auditory receptors, called hair cells	43
4275753592	hair cells	the hairlike sensory receptors for sound, which are embedded in the basilar membrane of the cochlea damage to these accounts for most hearing loss	44
4275753593	place theory	in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated presumes that we hear different pitches because different sound waves trigger activity at different places along the cochlea's basilar membrane	45
4275753594	frequency theory	in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch	46
4275753595	volley principle	the principle that groups of neural cells respond to a sound by firkin slightly out of sync; by firing in rapid succession, they can achieve a combined frequency above 1000 times per second	47
4275753596	conduction hearing loss	hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea If the eardrum is punctured of if the tiny bones of the middle ear lose their ability to vibrate, the ear's ability to conduct vibrations diminishes.	48
4275753597	sensorineural hearing loss	hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; also called nerve deafness causes include: disease, heredity, aging, prolonged exposure, to ear-splitting noise or music	49
4275753598	cochlear implant	a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea	50
4275753599	gate control theory	the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain; the gate is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve gibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain	51
4275753600	sensory interaction	the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste	52
4275753601	kinesthesis	the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts	53
4275753602	vestibular sense	the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance	54
4275753603	selective attention		55
4275753604	cocktail party effect		56
4275753605	inattentional blindness		57
4275753606	pop out phenomenon		58
4275753607	visual capture		59
4275753608	Gestalt		60
4275753609	figure ground		61
4275753610	grouping		62
4275753611	depth perception		63
4275753612	visual cliff		64
4275753613	binocular cues		65
4275753614	retinal disparity		66
4275753615	convergence		67
4275753616	monocular cues		68
4275753617	Phi phenomenon		69
4275753618	perceptual constancy		70
4275753619	shape constancy		71
4275753620	size constancy		72
4275753621	lightness constancy		73
4275753622	relative luminance		74
4275753623	perceptual adaptation		75
4275753624	perceptual set		76
4275753625	human factors psychology		77
4275753626	extrasensory perception		78
4275753627	parapsychology		79

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Pre-AP World History Chapter 8 Part 1 Vocab Flashcards

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4144734462	Warring States Period (403 BCE - 221 CE)	Turbulent time period between Zhou and Qin marked by civil war and disunity	0
4144758012	Era of Division (221-589 CE)	Turbulent time period between Han and Sui marked by civil war and disunity (6 weak dynasties)	1
4144768421	Sui Dynasty (581-618 CE)	First politically centralized dynasty following the fall of the Han and Era of Division	2
4144778062	Li Yuan	Duke of Tang, first Tang emperor 618 CE	3
4144792815	Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE)	Politically centralized powerful medieval Chinese dynasty following the collapse of the Sui; capital at Chang'an	4
4144799182	Chang'an	Capital city of Han, Sui, and Tang dynasties	5
4144808708	Tang Taizong	Tang ruler known for empire's expansion	6
4144822215	scholar-gentry	Educated, upper-class elite who worked for the government in China	7
4144828183	civil service exam system	Examinations based on Confucianism, needed to be passed in order to obtain a government job	8
4144834159	tributary system	Process through which China forced less powerful kingdoms/tribes into a subservient relationship	9
4144849732	the "Middle Kingdom"	Nickname for China reflecting the ethnocentric belief that China was in the center of the universe	10
4144854589	kowtow	Ceremonial ritual that tributary delegations had to perform while presenting tribute to the Chinese emperor	11
4144877441	equal-field system	Land redistribution system began by the Tan in order to limit the power of aristocratic land-owning families	12
4144883125	Grand Canal	1100 mile, man-made water way linking the Yangtze and Huang He rivers for trade and transportation purposes	13
4144901286	Li Bo	Tang dynasty poet whose writings reflected his free spirit and love of nature	14
4144907798	Du Fu	Tang dynasty poet whose writings were formal and concerned with social justice	15
4144917919	Chan (Zen)	Buddhism sect, developed in east Asia, strong emphasis on meditation	16
4144921458	Uighurs	Nomadic Turkish people, helped Tang emperor put down rebellion in 750s, attacked and stole from Chang'an	17
4147802933	Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE)	Politically centralized, powerful medieval Chinese dynasty following the collapse of the Tang	18
4147810162	Khitan	Pastoral nomads who set up the Liao Empire in China's northern frontier	19
4147815731	Minyak	Pastoral nomads who set up the Xi Fa Empire in China's western lands	20
4147821665	Jurchen	Northern nomadic group who forced the Song into a reverse tributary relationship	21
4147825156	Kaifeng	Original capital city of the Song dynasty; given up after invasion by the Jurchen	22
4147830103	Neo-Confucianism	New interpretation of Confucianism, developed in the Middle Ages, based on teachings of Mencius and Buddhism	23
4147836106	Mencius (370 BCE - 290 BCE)	Confucian contemporary scholar who combined Buddhism and Confucianism	24
4147841155	Wu Zhao	Female Tang empress, legitimized her rule by claiming to be an incarnation of Buddha	25
4147846995	foot-binding	Process of breaking and binding young girls feet in order to produce a socially desired look of small feet; became a status symbol for upper class	26
4147859152	Li Qingzhao	Song dynasty female poet	27
4147860483	"The Three Kingdoms"	Three political organizations of early Korea - Koguryo, Paekche, and Silla	28
4147872027	Silla Dynasty	First politically unified Korean dynasty	29
4147875604	Koryo Dynasty	Second politically unified Korean dynasty	30
4147878114	celadon	Green-glazed porcelain, became a highly valued art form in Korea	31
4147882999	Viets	Early agricultural settlers in the Red River delta of modern Vietnam	32
4147890607	Shintoism	Japanese indigenous religion based on spirits in nature known collectively as the kami	33
4147893381	kami	Polytheistic Shinto gods and goddesses	34
4147901586	Fujiwara family (794-1185 CE)	Medieval shogunate family who ruled Japan during the Heian Era	35
4147911740	Nara & Kyoto	Capitals of Japan during the Heian Era, ruled over by Fujiwara Shogunate	36
4147917586	Heian Era (794-1185 CE)	Rule of Fujiwara Shogunate in Japan	37
4147919078	The Tale of Genji	Novel written by Murasaki Shikibu, fictional tale, loosely based on the Fujiwara clan	38
4147925355	Minamoto family	Second medieval shogunate family who ruled after the collapse of the Fujiwara	39
4147929968	shogun	Supreme military ruler, held most semi-centralized political authority	40
4147933437	bakufu	"tent"/military government ran by a shogun, emperor has no real political power	41
4147936712	samurai	Japanese warriors who protect the daimyo (local warlord families) and owed loyalty to the shogun	42
4147940158	Todaji Temple	Buddhist temple built near Nara, largest wooden building built in history	43
4147943515	bushido code	Code of conduct followed by Japanese samurai warriors, involved piety, respect for the enemy in battle and ritual suicide	44
4147948296	seppuku	Ritual suicide performed by a samurai warrior who broke the code of Bushido in order to atone for his sins and bring honor back to his family	45

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ap Flashcards

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3978995822	tenements	crowded apartments (poorly equip)	0
3978995823	redlining	policy to hand out loans (illegal)	1
3978995824	blockbusting	segregating communities	2
3978995825	counter urbanization	more people moving to the country (sprawling; spreading out)	3
3978995826	culture	specialize behavioral patterns, understandings, adaptations, and social systems that summarize a group of people's learned ways of life	4
3981140444	culture complex	individual cultural traits that are functionally interrelated ( american football-- sports culture)	5
3981140445	culture region	portion of the earth's surface occupied by populations sharing recognizable distinctive cultural characteristics (economic type)	6
3981140446	culture realm	a set of cultural regions showing related cultural complexes and landscapes	7
3981140447	custom	frequent repetition of an act until it becomes characteristics of a group of people	8
3981140448	habit	repetitive act performed by an individual	9
3981140449	folk culture	traditionally practiced by a small homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation	10
3981140450	pop culture	found in large heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in person characteristics	11
3981140451	material culture	the physical objects produced by a culture in order to meet its material needs:food, clothing, shelter, arts, and recreation	12
3981140452	wide distribution	differences from place to place, uncommon, more likely differences at one place over time	13
3981140453	pollution	waste from generation and discarded products	14
3981140454	taboo	a restriction on behavior imposed by social customs	15
3981140455	assimilation	when two cultures meet and there's a total absorption of minority culture	16
3981140456	acculturation	minority culture begins to blend with the majority	17
3981140457	maladaptive diffusion	not practical diffusion	18
3981140458	sequent occupancy	theory that overtimed different people conquer an area	19
3981140459	political ecology	interaction between the government and economy	20
3981140460	cultural convergence	when two cultural groups interact with eachother	21
3981140461	cultural divergence	cultures isolate themselves from each other	22
3981140462	transculturation	equal sharing of cultural traits	23
3981140463	ethnocentrism	view of the world from your ethnicity	24
3981140464	dialect	local form of a language	25
3981140465	ideograms	symbols represent an idea or concept rather than a specific sound (used in china and east asian countries)	26
3981140466	linguna franca	a language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages	27
3981140467	pidgin	a form of speech that adopts simplified grammar and limited vocabulary from a linguna franca (speakers of two different languages)	28
3996989024	creole	a language that results from the mixing if a colonize's language with an indigenous language	29

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Ap Flashcards

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3967826468	Movement	Mobility of people foods and ideas across the surface of a planet	0
3967826469	Migration	A change in residence intended to be permanent	1
3967826470	Emigration	Movement of people away from a place	2
3967826471	Immigration	Movement of people to a place	3
3967826472	International migration/transnational migration	Movement across country borders	4
3967826473	Internal migration	Migration occurring within a single country's borders	5
3968617980	Demographic equation	The formula that calculates population change. The formula finds the increase (or decrease) in a population. The formula is found by doing births minus deaths plus (or minus) net migration. This is important because it helps to determine which stage in the demographic transition model a country is in.	6
3968623693	global population accounting equation	P1 = P0 + B - D	7
3968630907	Sub global population		8
3968635604	accounting equation	An equation showing the relationship among assets, liabilities, and owner's equity	9
3968640337	Linearly growth		10
3968645162	compounding/GEOMETRICALLY growth		11
3968659768	J curve	a growth curve that depicts exponential growth	12
3968659769	S curve	population when reached carrying capacity	13
3968671866	Thomas Malthus	Author of "Essay on the Principal of Population" (1798) who claimed that population grows at an exponential rate while food production increases arithmetically, and thereby that, eventually, population growth would outpace food production.	14
3968676661	Positive Checks	famines, wars, natural disasters that reduce human population	15
3968681599	Negative Checks	Decreased birth rate limit population growth Abstinence, later marriage	16
3968977042	neo malthusians	Advocacy of population control programs to enough resources for current and future populations Group who built on Malthus' theory and suggested that people wouldn't just starve for lack of food, but would have wars about food and other scarce resources.	17
3969007336	karl marx	Father of Communism, when society is ordered, it should lead to wealth not hunger, belived capatalists were the problem...	18
3969052174	william catton	Coined the tern "carrying capacity" + claimed the earth had been exceeding its carrying capacity for yrs at the expense of environmental damage but is going to go doun w/ war&famine -	19
3969348263	Esther Boserup	belived Agricultueal meathoods depend on size of population -when food is not suffecient, exess population will die	20
3969370683	Julian simon	argued that population growth stimulated economic growth	21
3969386536	demography	Scientific study of human populations.	22
3969390855	Arithmetic population density	the population of a country divided by its total land area	23
3969396641	Physiological population density	The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture	24
3969400910	Agricultural population density	Number of farmers per area of arable land	25
3969404879	Population distrubution	the arrangement or spread of people living in a given area	26
3969408658	Ecumene	The proportion of the earth inhabited by humans.	27
3977901594	The Human Development index	an index of development, which takes into account economic, social and demographic factors, using GNI per capita, literacy, amount of education, and life expectancy.	28
3977905076	Standard of living	Quality of life based on ownership of necessities and luxuries that make life easier.	29
3977909072	Natality	Birth rate	30
3977912732	Crude birth rate	The number of live births per year per 1,000 people.	31
3977916517	Rate of natural increace	the annual rate of population growth. This percentage is calculated by subtracting the death rate from the birth rate. It does not include people moving into or out of a country.	32
3977922394	Total fertility rate	The average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years.	33
3978020778	population explotion	rapid increase in population	34
3978025204	zero population growth	when the birth rate equals the death rate	35
3978038913	Stationary Population Level	The level at which a national population ceases to grow	36
3978043922	Mortality	death	37
3978047116	Crude death rate	The number of deaths per year per 1,000 people.	38
3978050865	Infant mortality rate	The percentage of children who die before their first birthday within a particular area or country.	39
3978053255	Child mortality rate	Number of deaths per thousand children within the first five years of life.	40
3978055662	Life expectancy	A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live	41
3978058369	Immigration	Migration to a new location	42
3978060521	Emigration	Migration from a location	43
3978066241	The epidemiological transition model	Abdel Omran developed a system of three stages of epidemiological transition: age of pestilence and famine, age of receding pandemics and finally age of degenerative and human-made transitions. It was later expanded to five stages.	44
3978076713	Pronatalist policies	policies that encourage fertility	45
3978893358	Antinatalist Population Policies	Restrictive policy that discourages people from having babies	46
3978897293	Population composition	Structure of a population in terms of age, sex and other properties such as marital status and education	47
3978902575	Child Dependency ratio	number of persons under age 18 relative to those of working age	48
3978909667	Old age dependency ratio	the ratio of the number of people over 65 (retirees) to every 100 people between 20 and 65 (workers)	49
3978932395	Cyclic Movement	movement that has a closed route and is repeated annually or seasonally	50
3978937054	Activity spaces	the space within which daily activity occurs	51
3978940815	Periodic movement	motion that recurs over and over and the period of time required for each recurrence remains the same	52
3978942908	Net migration	The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration.	53
3978946497	International Migration	Permanent movement from one country to another.	54
3978950650	Refugees	People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion.	55
3978954704	Laws of migration	1) Net migration amounts to a fraction of the gross migration.2) The majority of migrants move a short distance.3) Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big cities.4) Urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas. 5) Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults.	56
3978960009	Gravity model of Migration	Larger places attract more immigrants than smaller ones. Destinations that are more distant have a weaker pull (distance decay).	57
3978963954	Push factors	Incentives for potential migrants to leave a place, such as a harsh climate, economic recession, or political turmoil.	58
3978967429	Pull factors	Attractions that draw migrants to a certain place, such as a pleasant climate and employment or educational opportunities.	59
3978972288	Arithmetic population density	the population of a country or region expressed as an average per unit area	60
3978982958	Physiological population density	The number of people per unit area of arable land.	61
3978988707	Agricultural population density	measure of total farmer relative to arable land	62

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