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AP Psychology Unit 7 - Cognition Flashcards

6684502069	cognition	all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.	0
6684502070	concept	a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.	1
6684502071	prototype	a mental image or best example of a category.	2
6684502072	algorithm	a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier—but also more error-prone—use of heuristics.	3
6684502073	heuristic	a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.	4
6684502074	insight	a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.	5
6684502075	creativity	the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.	6
6684502076	confirmation bias	a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.	7
6684502077	fixation	the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set.	8
6684502078	mental set	a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.	9
6684502079	functional fixedness	the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.	10
6684502080	representativeness heuristic	judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.	11
6684502081	availability heuristic	estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.	12
6684502082	overconfidence	the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.	13
6684502083	belief perseverance	clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.	14
6684502084	intuition	an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.	15
6684502085	framing	the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.	16
6684502086	language	our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.	17
6684502087	phoneme	in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.	18
6684502088	morpheme	in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix).	19
6684502089	grammar	in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.	20
6684502090	semantics	the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning.	21
6684502091	syntax	the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.	22
6684502092	babbling stage	babies spontaneously uttering a variety of words, such as ah-goo	23
6684502093	one-word stage	the stage in which children speak mainly in single words	24
6684502094	two-word stage	they start uttering two word sentences	25
6684502095	telegraphic speech	early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs.	26
6684502096	linguistic determinism	Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think.	27
6684502097	memory	the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.	28
6684502098	encoding	the processing of information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning.	29
6684502099	storage	the retention of encoded information over time.	30
6684502100	retrieval	the process of getting information out of memory storage.	31
6684502101	sensory memory	the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.	32
6684502102	short-term memory	activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten.	33
6684502103	long-term memory	the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.	34
6684502104	working memory	a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.	35
6684502105	parallel processing	the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.	36
6684502106	automatic processing	unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.	37
6684502107	effortful processing	encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.	38
6684502108	rehearsal	the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage.	39
6684502109	spacing effect	the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.	40
6684502110	serial position effect	our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.	41
6684502111	visual encoding	the encoding of picture images.	42
6684502112	acoustic encoding	the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words.	43
6684502113	semantic encoding	the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words.	44
6684502114	imagery	mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding.	45
6684502115	mnemonics	memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.	46
6684502116	chunking	organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.	47
6684502117	iconic memory	a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.	48
6684502118	echoic memory	A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.	49
6684502119	long-term potentiation (LTP)	an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.	50
6684502120	flashbulb memory	a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.	51
6684502121	amnesia	the loss of memory.	52
6684502122	implicit memory	retention independent of conscious recollection. (Also called non-declarative or procedural memory.)	53
6684502123	explicit memory	memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare." (Also called declarative memory.)	54
6684502124	hippocampus	a neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage.	55
6684502125	recall	a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.	56
6684502126	recognition	a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.	57
6684502127	relearning	a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time.	58
6684502128	priming	the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response.	59
6684502129	déjà vu	that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.	60
6684502130	mood-congruent memory	the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.	61
6684502131	proactive interference	the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.	62
6684502132	retroactive interference	the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.	63
6684502133	repression	in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.	64
6684502134	misinformation effect	incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.	65
6684502135	source amnesia	attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. (Also called source misattribution.) Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories.	66

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Ap Psychology Unit 3 Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology All terms from Myers

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6580710895	Cerebral Cortex	the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information processing center.	0
6580710896	Glial Cells	cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons; may play a role in learning and thinking.	1
6580710897	Frontal Lobes	the portion of the cerebral cortex lying just be the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments.	2
6580710898	Parietal Lobes	the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top the head and towards the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position.	3
6580710899	Occipital Lobes	the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of head; includes the visual areas, which receive visual information from the opposite visual field.	4
6580710900	Temporal Lobes	the portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly between the ears; includes the auditory areas, each of which receives auditory information primarily from the opposite ear.	5
6580710901	Motor Cortex	an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements	6
6580710902	Sensory Cortex	the area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations.	7
6580710903	Association Areas	areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remember thinking, and speaking.	8
6580710905	Broca's Area	control's language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.	9
6580710906	Wernicke's Area	controls language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression, usually in the left temporal lobe.	10
6580710908	Plasticity	the brain's capacity for modification, as evident in brain reorganization following damage (especially in children) and in experiments on the effects of experience on brain development.	11
6580710909	Brainstem	the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it ens the skull; responsible for automatic survival functions.	12
6580710910	Medulla	the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing.	13
6580710911	Reticular Formation	between your ears; a finger-shaped network of neurons from the spinal cord to the thalamus; plays an important role in controlling arousal and filtering incoming stimuli.	14
6580710912	Thalamus	the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it conducts messages to the sensory receiving areas in cortortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla; deals with all senses except smell.	15
6580710913	Cerebellum	"little brain, attached to the rear of the brainstem; its functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance; helps us judge time, modulate emotions, and discriminate sounds and textures.	16
6580710914	Limbic System	a donut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and drives such as those for food and sex; includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus.	17
6580710915	Amygdala	two lima bean-sized neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to aggression and fear.	18
6580710916	Hypothalamus	part of the limbic system; directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion; it is the reward center in many species' brains.	19
6580710917	Left Hemisphere	the conscious mind; the 'interpreter' that tries to explain our behavior, and attempts to explain the decisions of the unconscious mind; calclation, speech etc; Controls Speech	20
6580710918	Right Hemisphere	the unconscious mind; it runs our life (like an autopilot), and intuits things; involved with perceptual (brain waves, bloodflow, etc) tasks.	21
6580710919	Corpus Callosum	the large band of neural fibers connecting two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them.	22
6580710920	Split Brain	a condition in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (mainly of the corpus callosum) between them.	23
6580710922	Pons	located just above the medulla; helps coordinate movement.	24
6580710923	Neuron	a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system.	25
6580710924	Dendrite	the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body.	26
6580710925	Axon	the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands.	27
6580710926	Myelin Sheath	a layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next.	28
6580710927	Action Potential	a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon	29
6580710928	Threshold	the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.	30
6580710929	Synapse	the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron.	31
6580710930	Neurotransmitters	chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons; travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether the neuron will generate a neural impulse.	32
6580710931	Acetylcholine	a neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction; also regulates dreaming.	33
6580710932	Dopamine	a neurotransmitter that influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion; excess linked to schizophrenia, a dearth linked to Parkinson's disease; part of pleasure/rewards system.	34
6580710933	Seretonin	a neurotransmitter that affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal; undersupply linked to depression.	35
6580710934	Norepinephrine	a neurotransmitter/hormone that helps control alertness and arousal.	36
6580710935	Agonists	excite neurons; may be similar enough to a neurotransmitter to mimic its effects, or it may block the reuptake.	37
6580710936	Antagonists	inhibit neurotransmitters' release; may be similar enough to a natural neurotransmitter to occupy its receptor site and block its effect, but not similar enough to stimulate the receptor.	38
6580710937	Nervous System	the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all of the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems.	39
6580710938	Central Nervous System	the brain and the spinal cord.	40
6580710939	Peripheral Nervous System	the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body.	41
6580710940	Nerves	neural "cables" containing many axons; these bundled axons, which are a part of the peripheral nervous system, connect the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs.	42
6580710941	Sensory Neuron	neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system	43
6580710942	Motor Neuron	neurons that carry outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands.	44
6580710943	Interneuron	central nervous system neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs.	45
6580710944	Somatic Nervous System	the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles; also called the skeletal nervous system.	46
6580710945	Sympathetic Nervouse System	the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations.	47
6580710946	Parasympathetic Nervous System	the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy.	48
6580710947	Autonomic Nervous System	the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart).	49
6580710949	Neural Network	interconnected neural cells. with experience, networks can learn, as feedback strengthens or inhibits connections that produce certain results.	50
6580710950	Endocrine System	the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.	51
6580710951	Hormone	chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands that are produced in one tissue and affect another.	52
6580710952	Adrenal Gland	a pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys; they secrete hormones which help arouse the body in times of stress.	53
6580710953	Pituitary Gland	the endocrine system's most influential gland; under the influence of the hypothalamus, it regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.	54
6580710954	Lesion	naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue.	55
6580710955	EEG	an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface; these waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.	56
6580710956	PET Scan	a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task.	57
6580710957	MRI	a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain.	58
6580710958	fMRI	a technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans; shows brain function.	59
6580710961	Synaptic Gap	the tiny gap between the dendrite and axon.	60
6580710962	Refractory Period	the process in which excess neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the sending neuron.	61
6580710963	Hippocampus	a structure in the forebrain associated with the formation of new memories	62
6580710968	All-or-none Response	the neuron will iether fire or not, depending on the stimulus	63

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AP English Terms for Pre-AP Flashcards

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7076901011	metaphor	comparison of two seemingly unlike things	0
7076901012	simile	comparison using like or as	1
7076901013	personification	characteristics of humans given to non-humans	2
7076901014	synecdoche	giving the part for the whole	3
7076901015	metonymy	substitution of associated word for word itself	4
7076901016	allusion	reference to well-known being or event	5
7076901017	symbol	is what it is and something more	6
7076901018	image	sensory detail	7
7076901019	archetype	recurrent image that touches collective subconscious, appears in cultures around the world	8
7076901020	abstract	language that represents emotions or experiences with no physical parallel	9
7076901021	concrete	language that describes sensory images	10
7076901022	motif	recurrent image, idea, or theme in a specific piece of literature	11
7076901023	verbal irony	say one thing, mean another	12
7076901024	dramatic irony	audience knows, character doesn't	13
7076901025	situational irony	unexpected result	14
7076901026	understatement	making big things seem small/saying less than you mean	15
7076901027	hyperbole	exaggeration	16
7076901028	paradox	an apparent or seeming contradiction, that is somehow true- long style	17
7076901029	oxymoron	an apparent or seeming contradiction, that is somehow true- short style	18
7076901030	litotes	affirmation from negative	19
7076901031	ambiguity	purposeful multiple meanings as in pun and double entendre	20
7076901032	diction	word choice	21
7076901033	syntax	sentence and phrase structure	22
7076901034	antithesis	balancing of contrasting ideas	23
7076901035	polysyndeton	stringing a sentence out with conjunctions	24
7076901036	anacoluthon	breaking off a sentence...	25
7076901037	parallelism	repetition of similar syntactical structure	26
7076901038	point of view	narrative perspective- 1st, 2nd, or 3rd person	27
7076901039	apostrophe	addressing a person or entity not present	28
7076901040	analogy	extended comparison of similar things	29
7076901041	colloquialism	informal diction	30
7076901042	alliteration	repetition of consonant sound in initial position	31
7076901043	assonance	repetition of vowel sound	32
7076901044	consonance	repetition of consonant sound in any position	33
7076901045	euphony	soft, pleasing sounds	34
7076901046	cacophony	harsh sounds	35
7076901047	onomatopoeia	word whose sound suggests meaning	36
7076901048	metric feet	iamb, trochee, anapest, dactyl, pyrrhic, spondee	37
7076901049	amphibrach	unaccented, accented, unaccented, syllable	38
7076901050	metric lines	lines in a poem that can be divided into feet: eg. hexameter, pentameter	39
7076901051	stanzas	The division of lines in a poem. Some examples are couplet, quatrain, octave	40
7076901052	ballad stanza	abcb, alternating tetrameter and trimeter	41
7076901053	rhyme scheme	end rhyme expressed alphabetically (ex. abbacdcd)	42
7076901054	naturalism	extreme realism in literature	43
7076901055	existentialism	a form of literature where humans inadequate to explain complex world	44
7076901056	magical realism	a form of literature that begins real, gets weird	45
7076901057	expressionism	a form of literature that objectifies inner experience	46
7076901058	tragedy	a story that starts good, gets bad, hero destroyed	47
7076901059	comedy	a story that starts bad, gets good, hero triumphs	48
7076901060	comedy of manners	elevated, often satirical, piece of literature from Restoration Period	49
7076901061	farce	crude, often obscene, work of literature	50
7076901062	melodrama	an excessive appeal to emotions	51
7076901063	bildungsroman	novel about young person's maturation- Coming of Age	52
7076901064	allegory	persons equated with meanings beyond the narrative	53
7076901065	satire	improving human conditions through exaggeration, comedy	54
7076901066	novel	extended fictional narrative	55
7076901067	novella	Fictional narrative longer than a short story	56
7076901068	novelette	fictional narrative longer than a short story	57
7076901069	parody	ridicule of a serious work by exaggerated imitation	58
7076901070	Picaresque Novel	The life story of a rascal or scoundrel	59
7076901071	short story	brief fictional narrative in prose	60
7076901072	essay	prose discussion of a limited topic	61
7076901073	Horatian Satire	gentle ridicule	62
7076901074	Juvenalian Satire	Angry ridicule	63
7076901075	Myth	traditional story explaining natural phenomena or cultural practice	64
7076901076	didactic literature	a work on literature that seeks to instruct	65
7076901077	hook	initial attention grabber	66
7076901078	central idea	core of a writer's assertion	67
7076901079	thesis	outline of writer's proofs	68
7076901080	topic sentence	focus of paragraph	69
7076901081	structure	introduction, body and conclusion	70
7076901082	expository essay	presentation of information, facts, ideas	71
7076901083	persuasive essay	presentation to convince reader	72
7076901084	descriptive essay	single clear picture of person, place, thing or idea	73
7076901085	narrative essay	tells a story	74
7076901086	literary criticism	analyzes and comments on literature	75
7076901087	formalist criticism	emphasizes the work as an independent creation utilizing personal response and close examination of the work.	76
7076901088	deconstructive criticism	opposite of formalist criticism; seeks to reveal author's social, cultural, or philosophical assumptions by close examination of the text	77
7076901089	historical criticism	works are studies within historical context	78
7076901090	psychological criticism	utilizes Freudian theories and psychoanalytic interpretations	79
7076901091	gender criticism	feminist and gay criticism reflecting cultural framework	80
7076901092	blank verse	unrhymed iambic pentameter	81
7076901093	free verse	poetry with no regular rhyme or rhythm	82
7076901094	heroic couplet	two rhymed lines in iambic pentameter- a complete thought	83
7076901095	lyric poetry	short verse stressing emotional over story	84
7076901096	epic poetry	long story in verse	85
7076901097	canto	A division within a long poem- made up of multiple stanzas	86
7076901098	English sonnet	fourteen line poem with three quatrains and a couplet	87
7076901099	Italian sonnet	fourteen line poem with octave and sestet	88
7076901100	epigram	witty poem or saying	89
7076901101	epitaph	memorial poem (on gravestone sometimes)	90
7076901102	enjambment	running over of a sentence from one line or stanza to another	91
7076901103	refrain	repetition of line or phrase at regular intervals	92
7076901104	atmosphere	effect of physical environment	93
7076901105	tone	author or speaker's attitude	94
7076901106	conflict	interplay of oppssing forces	95
7076901107	comic relief	lightens narrative	96
7076901108	complication	plot reversals	97
7076901109	Deus ex Machina	contrived ending- ending where a supernatural force helps the hero	98
7076901110	epiphany	sudden awareness	99
7076901111	flashback	device to supply background	100
7076901112	foreshadowing	hints at coming events	101
7076901113	stream of consciousness	thoughts and feelings recorded as they occur	102
7076901114	theme	central idea	103
7076901115	plot	exposition, rising action, climax, falling action	104
7076901116	denouement	resolution, outcome replicating thought	105
7076901117	in media res	beginning in the middle of things	106
7076901118	Round character	complex, multi=faceted, not predictable	107
7076901119	flat character	recognizable type; lacks complexity	108
7076901120	confidant	protagonists's intimate	109
7076901121	foil	character's illuminator through contrast	110
7076901122	protagonist	character around which the action is centered	111
7076901123	antagonist	person or force working against the protagonist	112
7076901124	omniscience	narrator knows all about everyone	113
7076901125	limited omniscience	narrator knows all about one character	114
7076901126	dramatic perspective/objective	narrator presents just the facts	115
7076901127	doppelganger	mysterious double of a character	116
7076901128	antihero	an ordinary, modern man/woman groping through life	117
7076901129	Renaissance Period of Literature	14th through 17th century, rebirth of humanism	118
7076901130	Neoclassicism Period of Literature	Restoration to 18th century, order and reason	119
7076901131	Romanticism Period of Literature	18th and 19th century, imagination over reason	120
7076901132	Realism Period of Literture	Verisimilitude- truth	121
7076901133	Denotation	The Dictionary definition of a word	122
7076901134	Connotation	The meaning beyond the dictionary meaning	123
7076901135	Figurative Language	language that cannot be taken literally- metaphors, similes, symbols, etc.	124
7076901136	caesura	pauses within a line	125
7076901137	Truncation	the omission of an unaccented syllable at eaiter end of a line	126
7076901138	villanelle	19 lines of rhymed poetry divided into 5 3-line stanzas (tercets0	127

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REEDER AP Psychology Fall Review Flashcards

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6715443292	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	0
6715443066	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	1
6715443067	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	2
6715443068	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	3
6715443069	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	4
6715443070	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	5
6715443071	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	6
6715443072	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	7
6715443073	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	8
6715443074	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	9
6715443075	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	10
6715443076	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	11
6715443077	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	12
6715443078	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	13
6715443079	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	14
6715443080	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	15
6715443081	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	16
6715443082	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	17
6715443083	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	18
6715443084	experimental method	does show cause and effect	19
6715443085	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	20
6715443086	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	21
6715443087	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	22
6715443088	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	23
6715443089	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	24
6715443090	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	25
6715443091	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	26
6715443092	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	27
6715443093	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	28
6715443094	theory	general idea being tested	29
6715443095	hypothesis	measurable/specific	30
6715443096	operational definition	procedures that explain components	31
6715443097	mode	appears the most	32
6715443098	mean	average	33
6715443099	median	middle	34
6715443100	range	highest - lowest	35
6715443101	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	36
6715443102	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	37
6715443103	bell curve	(natural curve)	38
6715443104	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	39
6715443105	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	40
6715443106	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	41
6715443107	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	42
6715443108	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	43
6715443109	neuron		44
6715443110	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	45
6715443111	myelin sheath	protects the axon	46
6715443112	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	47
6715443113	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	48
6715443114	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	49
6715443116	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
6715443117	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
6715443118	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
6715443119	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
6715443120	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
6715443121	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
6715443122	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
6715443123	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
6715443124	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
6715443125	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
6715443126	master gland	pituitary gland	60
6715443127	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
6715443128	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
6715443129	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
6715443130	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
6715443131	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
6715443132	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
6715443133	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
6715443134	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
6715443135	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
6715443136	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
6715443137	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
6715443138	hippocampus	process new memory	72
6715443139	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
6715443140	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
6715443141	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
6715443142	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
6715443143	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
6715443144	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
6715443145	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
6715443146	occipital lobe	vision	80
6715443147	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
6715443148	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
6715443149	Broca's area	speaking words	83
6715443150	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
6715443151	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
6715443152	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
6715443153	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
6715443154	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
6715443155	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
6715443156	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
6715443157	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
6715443158	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
6715443159	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
6715443160	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
6715443161	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
6715443162	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
6715443163	rods	night time	97
6715443164	cones	color	98
6715443165	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
6715443166	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
6715443167	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
6715443168	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
6715443169	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
6715443170	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
6715443171	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
6715443172	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
6715443173	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
6715443174	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
6715443175	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
6715443176	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
6715443177	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
6715443178	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
6715443179	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
6715443180	perception =	mood + motivation	114
6715443181	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
6715443182	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
6715443183	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
6715443184	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
6715443185	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
6715443186	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
6715443187	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
6715443188	insomnia	can't sleep	122
6715443189	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
6715443190	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
6715443191	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
6715443192	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
6715443193	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
6715443194	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
6715443195	What are questions concerning hypnosis?	1. It cannot take you back in time. 2. It cannot make you do things you won't do. 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. Are you fully conscious?	129
6715443196	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
6715443197	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
6715443198	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
6715443199	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
6715443200	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
6715443201	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
6715443202	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
6715443203	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
6715443204	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
6715443205	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
6715443206	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
6715443207	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
6715443208	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
6715443209	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
6715443210	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
6715443211	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
6715443212	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
6715443213	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
6715443214	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
6715443215	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
6715443216	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
6715443217	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
6715443218	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
6715443219	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
6715443220	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
6715443221	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
6715443222	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
6715443223	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
6715443224	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
6715443225	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
6715443226	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
6715443227	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
6715443228	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
6715443229	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
6715443230	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
6715443231	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
6715443232	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
6715443233	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
6715443234	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
6715443235	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
6715443236	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
6715443237	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
6715443238	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
6715443239	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
6715443240	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
6715443241	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
6715443242	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
6715443243	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
6715443244	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
6715443245	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
6715443248	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	180
6715443249	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	181
6715443250	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	182
6715443251	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	183
6715443252	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	184
6715443253	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	185
6715443254	memory processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	186
6715443255	encoding	information going in	187
6715443256	storage	keeping information in	188
6715443257	retrieval	taking information out	189
6715443258	How long is sensory memory stored?	a few seconds	190
6715443259	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	191
6715443260	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7 (+/- 2)	192
6715443262	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	193
6715443263	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	194
6715443264	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	195
6715443265	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	196
6715443266	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	197
6715443267	implicit memory	naturally do	198
6715443268	explicit memory	need to explain	199
6715443269	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	200
6715443270	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	201
6715443271	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	202
6715443272	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	203
6715443273	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	204
6715443274	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	205
6715443275	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	206
6715443276	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	207
6715443277	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	208
6715443278	misinformation effect	not correct information	209
6715443279	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	210
6715443280	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	211
6715443281	priming	association (setting you up)	212
6715443282	context	environment helps with memory	213
6715443283	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	214
6715443284	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	215
6715443285	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	216
6715443287	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	217
6715443288	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	218
6715443289	children can't remember before age __	3	219

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Chapter 16 and 17 Campbell Biology Flashcards

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7600263595	Transformation	change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell; discovered by Griffith	0
7600263596	Bacteriophages	viruses that infect bacteria	1
7600263599	DNA Nucleotide	nitrogenous base, pentose sugar called deoxyribose, and a phosphate group	2
7600263600	Adenine	nucleotide complementary to thymine in DNA	3
7600263601	Guanine	nucleotide complementary to cytosine	4
7600263602	Chargaff's Rules	1) the base composition of DNA varies between species 2) the percentages of A and T bases are roughly equal	5
7600263603	Double helix	shape of a DNA molecule but not of an RNA molecule	6
7600263604	antiparallel	meaning the two sugar-phosphate backbones run in opposite directions (5' to 3' and 3' to 5')	7
7600263605	Purine	adenine and guanine; having 2 organic rings	8
7600263606	Pyrimidine	cytosine and thymine; single ring nitrogenous bases	9
7600263608	Semiconservative model	model for replication in which two strands of the parental molecule separate, and each functions as a template for synthesis of a new, complementary strand; new molecules have one original strand and one new strand	10
7600263609	Origins of replication	short stretches of DNA having a specific sequence of nucleotides; where replication begins	11
7600263610	Replication fork	y-shaped region where the parental strands of DNA are being unwound	12
7600263611	Helicase	enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication forks	13
7600263612	Single-strand binding proteins	bind to the unpaired DNA strands, keeping them from re-pairing	14
7600263613	Topoisomerase	helps relieve strain from untwisting by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands	15
7600263614	Primer	RNA nucleotide chain produced at a DNA strand to begin replication; needed for DNA polymerase to begin adding DNA nucleotides during replication	16
7600263615	Primase	synthesizes primer	17
7600263616	DNA Polymerase	enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of new DNA by adding nucleotides to a preexisting chain	18
7600263617	Leading strand	receives 1 RNA primer and extends from the primer by a DNA polymerase; continuous replication in the 5' to 3' direction toward the replication fork	19
7600263618	Lagging strand	DNA strand elongating away from the replication fork; requires several primers and produces new DNA in fragments	20
7600263619	Okazaki Fragments	short series of segments on the lagging strand	21
7600263620	DNA ligase	joins the sugar-phosphate backbones of all the Okazaki fragments into a continuous DNA strand	22
7600263622	Nuclease	DNA cutting enzyme	23
7600263623	Nucleotide excision repair	DNA repair system involving nuclease, DNA polymerase, and ligase	24
7600263624	Telomeres	special nucleotide sequence at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes	25
7600263625	Chromatin	DNA and protein combined	26
7600263626	Transcription	synthesis of RNA using information from DNA	27
7600263627	mRNA	carries genetic message from the DNA to a protein-synthesizing machinery	28
7600263628	Translation	synthesis of a polypeptide using the information in the mRNA; occurs at a ribosome	29
7600263630	Template strand	The side of the DNA that provides a pattern for the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript	30
7600263632	RNA Polymerase	pries the 2 strands of DNA apart and joins together RNA nucleotides complementary to the DNA template strand; enzyme in charge of transcription	31
7600263633	Promoter	sequence on the DNA template where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription	32
7600263634	Terminator	sequence that signals the end of transcription	33
7600263635	Transcription unit	stretch of DNA downstream from the promoter that is transcribed into an RNA molecule	34
7600263637	Transcription factors	collection of proteins that mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of transcription in eukaryotes	35
7600263638	Transcription initiation complex	whole complex of transcription factors and RNA polymerase II	36
7600263639	TATA box	a sequence of nucleotides that is part of a eukaryotic promoter	37
7600263640	RNA processing	stage in eukaryotes where both ends of the primary transcript are altered and splicing out of introns and joining of exons occurs	38
7600263641	5' cap	modified form of Guanine nucleotide added onto the 5' end during RNA processing	39
7600263642	poly-A-tail	at the 3' end an enzyme adds 50-250 more adenine nucleotides to the mRNA to form this	40
7600263643	RNA splicing	accomplished by spliceosomes	41
7600263644	introns	intervening sequences; do not code for protein, are removed from the pre-mRNA	42
7600263645	exons	coding sequences of the mRNA; get translated into amino acid sequences	43
7600263646	spliceosome	complex made of proteins and snRNAs; remove introns from pre-mRNA and join together exons	44
7600263647	ribozymes	RNA molecules that function as enzymes	45
7600263648	Alternative RNA splicing	known to give rise to 2 or more different polypeptides depending on which segments are treated as exons during RNA processing	46
7600263649	Domains	discrete structural and functional regions of proteins; usually coded for by different exons	47
7600263650	tRNA	the translator; carries amino acids to their proper position on a mRNA	48
7600263651	anticodon	particular nucleotide triplet on a tRNA that base-pairs to a specific mRNA codon during translation	49
7600263652	Wobble	flexible base pairing at the third nucleotide position of a codon	50
7600263653	rRNAs	make up ribosomes; catalyze reactions during translation	51
7600263654	P site	the site on the large sub-unit of a ribosome that holds tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain when the A site is empty	52
7600263655	A site	the site on the large sub-unit of a ribosome that receives the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to a growing polypeptide	53
7600263656	E site	where discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome	54
7600263657	Signal peptide	targets a polypeptide being synthesized to the rough ER	55
7600263658	SRP	recognizes a signal sequence on a polypeptide, connects to it, and then moves the polypeptide and its ribosome to the rough ER	56
7600263659	Polyribosomes	enable a cell to make many copies of a polypeptide; multiple ribosomes translating the same mRNA	57
7600263660	Mutations	responsible for the huge diversity of genes found among organisms; changes in DNA	58
7600263661	Point mutations	changes in a single nucleotide pair of a gene	59
7600263662	nucleotide-pair substitution	replacement of one nucleotide and its partner with another pair	60
7600263663	silent mutation	no observable effect on the phenotype	61
7600263664	missense mutation	if a substitution mutation changes only one amino acid of a protein	62
7600263665	nonsense mutation	changes a codon for an amino acid into a stop codon	63
7600263666	frameshift mutation	whenever the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three; can result in extensive missense or nonsense	64
7600622293	histone	proteins that DNA wraps around to form nucleosomes of chromatin;	65
7600622294	DNA polymerase I	removes the primer during replication and replaces it with DNA nucleotides on the lagging strand	66
7600641298	Meselson and Stahl	their experiment supported the semi-conservative model of replication	67
7600645542	nucleosome	a core of 8 histone proteins with DNA wrapped around it; beads on a string	68
7600663304	pyrimidine nitrogenous bases	thymine, cytosine, uracil	69
7600671032	telomerase	enzyme found in germ cells and tumors that maintains the length of telomeres	70
7600682798	heterochromatin	highly condensed chromatin	71
7600685554	euchromatin	chromatin that is not condensed and is available for transcription	72
7600695776	one gene-one enzyme hypothesis	proposed by Beadle and Tatum as a result of their experiments with nutritional mutants of Neurospora	73
7600707495	one gene-one polypeptide or RNA molecule	an improvement on Beadle and Tatum's hypothesis	74
7600723905	gene expression	consists of transcription and translation	75
7600734881	coupled transcription and translation	gene expression in prokaryotes; transcription and translation both happen at the same time in the cytoplasm	76
7600758601	uncoupled transcription and translation	gene expression in eukaryotes; transcription occurs in the nucleus and translation happens in the cytoplasm;	77

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Campbell Biology Chapter 17 Flashcards

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6262948212	A Site	one of a ribosome's three binding sites for tRNA during translation; the A site holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain. (A stands for aminoacyl tRNA.)	0
6262948213	Alternative RNA Splicing	a type of eukaryotic gene regulation at the RNA-processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns	1
6262948214	Anticodon	a nucleotide triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that base-pairs with a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule	2
6262948215	Codon	a three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code	3
6262948216	Exon	a sequence within a primary transcript that remains in the RNA after RNA processing; also refers to the region of DNA from which this sequence was transcribed	4
6262948217	Frameshift Mutation	A mutation occurring when nucleotides are inserted in or deleted from a gene and the number inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three, resulting in the improper grouping of the subsequent nucleotides into codons	5
6262948218	Gene Expression	the process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNAs	6
6262948219	Insertion	a mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene	7
6262948220	Intron	a noncoding, intervening sequence within a primary transcript that is removed from the transcript during RNA processing; also refers to the region of DNA from which this sequence was transcribed	8
6262948221	Messenger RNA (mRNA)	a type of RNA, synthesized using a DNA template, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein. (In eukaryotes, the primary RNA transcript must undergo RNA processing to become mRNA.)	9
6262948222	Missense Mutation	a nucleotide-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid	10
6262948223	Mutagen	a chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and can cause a mutation (Ex: UV light, tanning bed)	11
6262948224	Mutation	a change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's DNA or in the DNA or RNA of a virus	12
6262948225	Nonsense Mutation	a mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein	13
6262948226	Substitution	a type of point mutation in which one nucleotide in a DNA strand and its partner in the complementary strand are replaced by another pair of nucleotides	14
6262948227	P Site	one of a ribosome's three binding sites for tRNA during translation; the P site holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain. (P stands for peptidyl tRNA.)	15
6262948228	Point Mutation	a change in a single nucleotide pair of a gene	16
6262948229	Poly-A Tail	a sequence of 50-250 adenine nucleotides added onto the 3′ end of a pre-mRNA molecule	17
6262948230	Polyribosome (Polysome)	a group of several ribosomes attached to, and translating, the same messenger RNA molecule The whole picture is a polyribosome	18
6262948231	Primary Transcript	an initial RNA transcript from any gene; also called pre-mRNA when transcribed from a protein-coding gene. This is what you get right after the slicing occurs.	19
6262948233	Reading Frame	on an mRNA, the triplet grouping of ribonucleotides used by the translation machinery during polypeptide synthesis	20
6262948234	Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)	RNA molecules that, together with proteins, make up ribosomes; the most abundant type of RNA	21
6262948235	Ribosome	a complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of a large and a small subunit. In eukaryotic cells, each subunit is assembled in the nucleolus; see also nucleolus	22
6262948236	RNA Processing	modification of RNA primary transcripts, including splicing out of introns, joining together of exons, and alteration of the 5′ and 3′ ends	23
6262948237	RNA Splicing	after synthesis of a eukaryotic primary RNA transcript, the removal of portions of the transcript (introns) that will not be included in the mRNA and the joining together of the remaining portions (exons)	24
6262948240	Silent Mutation	a nucleotide-pair substitution that has no observable effect on the phenotype; for example, within a gene, a mutation that results in a codon that codes for the same amino acid	25
6262948242	TATA Box	a DNA sequence in eukaryotic promoters crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex	26
6262948243	Template Strand	the DNA strand that provides the pattern, or template, for ordering, by complementary base pairing, the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript	27
6262948245	Transcription	the synthesis of RNA using a DNA	28
6262948248	Transfer RNA (tRNA)	an RNA molecule that functions as a translator between nucleic acid and protein languages by carrying specific amino acids to the ribosome, where they recognize the appropriate codons in the mRNA	29
6262948249	Translation	The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule; there is a change of "language" from nucleotides to amino acids	30
6262948250	Triplet Code	a genetic information system in which sets of three-nucleotide-long words specify the amino acids for polypeptide chains	31
6262948251	Wobble	flexibility in the base-pairing rules in which the nucleotide at the 5′ end of a tRNA anticodon can form hydrogen bonds with more than one kind of base in the third position (3′ end) of a codon	32

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AP Language: Figurative Language Flashcards

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8417548348	Alliteration	"Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers."	0
8417548349	Hyperbole	A trope composed of exaggerated words or ideals used for emphasis and not to be taken literally.	1
8417548350	Hyperbole	"I've told you a million times not to call me a liar!"	2
8417548354	Metaphor	"Debt is a bottomless sea."	3
8417548356	Metonymy	"Crown" to mean "king" ("The power of the crown was mortally weakened") or an author for his works ("I'm studying Shakespeare"). Mark Antony's speech in Julius Caesar in which he asks of his audience: "Lend me your ears."	4
8417548357	Onomatopoeia	Crash, zing, splash, kaboom. Bing.	5
8417548358	Onomatopoeia	A word that imitates the sound it represents.	6
8417548360	Personification	"Integrity thumbs its nose at pomposity."	7
8417548362	Simile	"Her eyes are as blue as a robin's egg."	8
8417548364	Synecdoche	Hired hands for workmen	9
8417548365	Synecdoche	The law for police officer	10
8417548366	Synecdoche	Cutthroat for assassin	11
8417548367	Synecdoche	Thief for pickpocket	12
8417548368	Synecdoche	Steel for sword	13
8417548370	Understatement	You'll write a couple essays in AP Language and Composition	14

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