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Chapter 29 ap world history Flashcards

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6863714210Industrializationrefers to a process that transformed agrarian and handi-centered economies into economies distinguished by industry and machine manufacture0
6863714211Technological developmentsMade it possible to produce goods by machines rather than by hand and that harnessed inanimate sources of energy such as COAL and PETROLEUM1
6863714212Organizational changesaccompanied technological developments2
6863714213End of 19th centuryThe factory had become the predominant site of industrial production in Europe, the United States, and Japan.3
6863714214Mid 19th centuryMany giant corporations had joined together to control trade through trusts and cartels4
6863714215High populationencouraged occupational specialization and permitted many individuals to work at tasks other than cultivation5
6863714216Ecological obstaclesSOIL DEPLETION & DEFORESTATION threatened continued population growth and consumption levels.6
6863714217coalplayed a crucial role in the industrialization of Great Britian.7
6863714218wooduntil the 18th century it had served as the primary source of fuel for iron production, home eaing, and cooking.8
6863714219Substitution of coal for woodThe fortunate conjunction of COAL deposits and e skills necessary to extract this fuel encouraged the substitution of coal for wood, thus creating a promisingf ramework for industrialization9
6863714220calicoesinexpensive, brightly printed textiles imported. Cotton cloth became the pricapal fabric of european clothes before the 19th century.10
6863714221British wool producerspersuaded parliament to pass a series of laws to protect the domestic wool industry because they were threatened by the popularity of cotton products.11
6863714222The Calico ActAct of 1720 and 1721 prohibited imports of printed cotton cloth and restricted the sale of calicoes at home.12
6863714223Increase of cotton productionDemand for cotton was so trong that producers had to speed up spinning and weaving to supply growing domestic and foreign markets. to increase production, they turned to inventions that rapidly mechaized the cotton textile industry.13
68637142241730sartisans began to develop labor-saving devices for spinning and weaving cotton, thereby moving away from hand0based techniques derived from wool and linen industries.14
6863714225John Kaya mechanic that invented the flying shuttle. This device speeded up the weaving process and stimulated demand for thread.15
6863714226Samuel CromptonThe most important invention was samuel crompton's "mule," built in 1799. Adapted for steam power by 1790, the mule became the device of choice for spinning cotton.16
6863714227Edmund Cartwright1785 a clergyman without training or experience in either mechanics or textiles, patented a water-driven power loom that inaugurated an era of mechanical weaving.17
68637142281830half a million people worked in cotton business, Britians leading industry, which accounted for 40 percent of exports.18
6863714229James Wattinventor of the most crucial technological break through of the early industrial era, the development of a general-purpose steam engine in 1765, an instrument maker at the University of Glasgow in Scotland.19
6863714230horsepowerWatt's contemporaries used the term horsepower to measure the energy generated by his steam engine, which did the work numerous animals.20
6863714231Henry BessemerBuilt a refined blast furnace known as the Bessemer converter that made it possible to produce steel cheaply and in large quantities.21
6863714232Georgea self educated englishman, built the fisrt steam powered locomotive.22
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Period 1 Flashcards

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7270445252AgricultureThe practice of raising crops or livestock on a continual and controlled basis.0
7270445253ArtisanA skilled craftsperson.1
7270445254DomesticationThe taming of animals and plants for human use, such as for labor or food.2
7270445256AnimismThe belief that animals, Rivers, and other elements of nature embody spirits.3
7270445257Hunter-foragersPeople who survived by hunting animals and foraging for seeds, nuts, fruits, and edible roots.4
7270445258IrrigationA way of supplying water to an area of land, the people would use water from the rivers to irrigate their crops.5
7270445259MetallurgyThe science of the study of metals.6
7270445261MonotheismThe belief in one God.7
7270445262Paleolithic PeriodOld Stone Age, where humanos used stone tools and weapons.8
7270445263Specialization of laborThe division of labor that aids the development of skills in a particular type of work.9
7270445264SurplusHaving more resources than needed for themselves.10
7270445266UrbanizationAn increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.11
7270445267OvergrazingThe continual eating of grasses or their roots, without allowing them to regrow.12
7270445268OverfarmingLand loosing its fertility unless it is left fallow or it was fertilized usually by spreading of animal manure.13
7270445269ArtifactsObjects made and used by early humans, usually dug up by archaeologists.14
7270445270Homo Sapiens SapiensAlso known as "early modern humans" who became the only hominids on earth- us.15
7270445271Neolithic RevolutionThe switch from nomadic lifestyles to a settled agricultural lifestyle.16
7270445272Bronze AgeThe period in ancient human culture when people began to make and use bronze.17
7270445273CivilizationThe stage of human social development and organization that is considered most advanced.18
7270445274JerichoOne of the oldest first human cities that was built on the West Bank of the Jordan river.19
7270445275Catal HuyukAncient city in present dat Turkey that was founded in 7500 B.C.E. along a river that has since dried up.20
7270445276Nomadic PastoralismPeople moving herds of animals from pasture to pasture.21
7270445277Kinship GroupSeveral related families that moved together in search of food.22
7270445278ClanGroup of families with a common ancestor.23
7270445279TribeA group of people who share a common ancestry, language, name, and way of living.24
7270445280PatriarchalRelating to a society in which men hold the greatest legal and moral authority.25
7270445281MerchantsPeople who buy and sell goods also known as traders.26
7270445282Social StratificationThe division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy. Some people accumulated wealth in the form of jewelry and others coveted items by building larger and better decorated houses.27
7270445284Tigris and Euphrates RiversFlow south from modern day Turkey through what is now Iraq to empty into the Persian Gulf.28
7270445285MesopotamiaLand between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers where many ancient civilizations arose from.29
7270445286Fertile CrescentAn arc of fertile land from the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf .30
7270445287SumeriansGroup of nomadic pastoralists that migrated into Mesopotamia and created a civilization of Sumer that provided the core and the foundation of several other civilizations.31
7270445288ZigguratsTemples built by Sumerians to honor the gods and goddesses they worshipped.32
7270445289DesertificationThe spread of desert like conditions.33
7270445290Indus River ValleyDeveloped near water and became the core and foundation of later civilizations in the region.34
7270445291Environmental DegradationCaused the gradual decline and eventual disappearance of the Harappan and Mohenjo-Daro civilizations by soil eroding.35
7270445292DeforestationThe removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves.36
7270445293LoessA wind-formed deposit made of fine particles of clay and silt.37
7270445294MesoamericaAn area of ancient civilization in what is now Central America.38
7270445296BarterTrading system in which people exchange goods directly without using money.39
7270445297PolytheisticBelief in many gods.40
7270445299AstronomyThe study of the moon, stars, and other objects in space.41
7270445300AstrologyTheory of the influence of planets and stars on human events.42
7270445301AbrahamFounder of Judaism.43
7270445302MosesLed the Exodus of the Hebrews from Egypt; received the 10 commandments.44
7270445304Jewish DiasporaThe scattering of the Jewish people outside their homeland beginning about 586 B.C.E.45
7270445305The Huang He and The Chiang JiangWhere Chinas first civilizations developed.46
7270445308PapyrusA type of plant that grew along the Nile River, used its fibers to create a type of paper.47
7270445309VedasA collection of Aryan religious hymns, poems, and songs.48
7270445310Vedic AgeAryans growing awareness of Dravidian beliefs.49
7270445311BrahmaOverarching, universal soul that connects all creatures on Earth.50
7270445312DharmaIn Hindu belief, a person's religious and moral duties.51
7270445313KarmaThe effects that good or bad actions have on a person's soul.52
7270445315Ancestor VenerationThe believe of making offerings to their ancestors in hope to win their favor.53
7270445316Golden AgeA period in which a society or culture is at its peak.54
7270445318UpanishadsA foundational text for the set of religious beliefs that later became known as Hinduism.55
7270445320ShamansPeople who believed to have special abilities to cure the sick and influence the future.56
7270445321Core and Foundational civilizationsCivilizations that developed ways of life, such as language, religious beliefs, and economic practices, that would heavily influence successor civilizations in their regions.57
7270445322City-StateTypically covered several hundred square miles and were independent each with its own government.58
7270445323KingsSumerian military leaders became more important than priests and ruled over a territory known as a kingdom.59
7270445324CuneiformSumerians created it to keep records which consisted of marks carved onto wet clay tablets.60
7270445325ScribesIndividuals who were charged first with record-keeping and later with the writing of history and myths.61
7270445326The Epic of GilgameshAn epic poem from Mesopotamia, is among the earliest surviving works of literature.62
7270445327EmpireLarge territory that included diverse cultural groups.63
7270445328BabyloniansPersians who took control of Mesopotamia and built a new capital city called Babylon.64
7270445329HammurabiBabylonian king who codified the laws of Sumer and Mesopotamia (died 1750 BC), and created a set of laws called the Code of Hammurabi.65
7270445330Code of HammurabiLaw code introduced when Hammurabi of Babylon took over Sumer in 1760 BC, that dealt with topics such as property rights, wages, contracts, marriage, and various crimes.66
7270445331PhoeniciansMost powerful traders along the Mediterranean, that occupied parts of present day Lebanon, Israel, and Jordan around 3000 B.C.E.67
7270445332CarthageA Phoenician colony on the coast of North Africa, that became a significant outpost in the region.68
7270445334Sahara and Kalahari DesertsTwo desert zones one in Northern Africa and the other in Southern Africa.69
7270445335Nile RiverThe river in which early kingdoms in Egypt were centered around.70
7270445336King MenesUnited Upper and Lower Egypt into a single kingdom and created the first royal dynasty.71
7270445337Old KingdomA period in Egyptian history that lasted from about 2700 BC to 2200 BC.72
7270445338Middle KingdomA period of order and stability that lasted until about 1750 BC.73
7270445339New KingdomThe period during which Egypt reached the height of its power and glory.74
7270445340PharaohA king of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political and military leader.75
7270445341TheocratsRulers holding both religious and political power.76
7270445342HyksosA group of nomadic invaders from southwest Asia who ruled Egypt from 1640 to 1570 B.C.77
7270445344Ramses the GreatTook the throne around 1290 B.C.E. who expanded the empire into Southwest Asia and built more temples and erected more statues than any other pharaoh.78
7270445345HittitesHad military advantage over the Egyptians because they were beginning to use iron tools and weapons.79
7270445346Book of the DeadScrolls that served as a guide for the afterlife in ancient Egypt.80
7270445347DravidiansIndigenous peoples of the Indian subcontinent.81
7270445348Xia DynastyLasted for about 400 years, little is known because early Chinese had no writing system.82
7270445349Shang DynastyRuled for 600 years, conquered neighboring peoples and established an empire, wielded tremendous economic and religious power.83
7270445350Zhou DynastyThe longest lasting Chinese dynasty, during which the use of iron was introduced.84
7270445351FeudalismThe network of regional rulers with relationships based on mutual defense agreements.85
7270445352MaizeOne of the first important plants to be grown by the indigenous Americans.86
7270445353Chavin CivilizationExisted from around 1000 to 200 B.C.E, and centered at Chavin de Huantar.87
7270445354OlmecThe foundation or core of Mesoamerica advanced civilizations.88
7270445355AboriginalsPeople in Australia who remained hunter-foragers.89
7270445356Easter IslandDivided into clans, with a chief for each clan and one chief over all clans.90
7270480927Five themes of world history1. Interaction Between Humans and the Environment (ENV) 2. Development and Interaction of Cultures (CUL) 3. State Building, Expansion, and Conflict (SB) 4. Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems (ECON) 5. Development and Transformation of Social Structures (SOC)91
7270483141what technology was developed in the paleolithic age?Stone and wood tools (digging sticks for edible roots) Stone and wood weapons (spears, harpoons, arrows) Why did people in northern climates use "scraping" tools? Why did people in southern climates use "nets"? Those around Mediterranean Sea and Pacific Ocean became experts building rafts92
7270485205what was fire used for in the paleolithic age?Light Heat Protection Smoke (signaling and pacifying bees) Help in hunting (scaring animals over a cliff)93
7270489112First animal domesticated?dog94
7270490868when did the neolithic revolution occur?about 10000 years ago95
7270493161what major developments occurred duing the neolithic revolution?agriculture pastoralism specialization of labor towns and cities governments religions technological innovations- wheel, pot, plow, textiles, metallurgy (copper then bronze)96
7270495634what food was domesticated in the neolithic revolution?maize, rice, and wheat97
7270499217What was the major religion in the neolithic revolution?animism and then zoroastrianism98
7270506003Zoroastrianismbelief in one god and everything has a good or bad force99
7270543859Ho did cities develop?clans to tribes to villages to cities100
7291391465MokshaThe Hindu concept of the spirit's 'liberation' from the endless cycle of rebirths.101
7291391466UrukAncient city of Sumer- Origin of writing102
7291391505Ziggurata pyramid-shaped structure with a temple at the top103
7291391506Where was the Epic of Gilgamesh from?Mesopitamia104
7291391507Where was the code of Hammurabi from?Babylon105
7291391508Where was the code of ur nammu from?Meaopotamia106
7291391509Rig-VedaCollection of hymns, one of four sacred texts of Hinduism107
7291391510Hyksosa group of nomadic invaders from southwest Asia who ruled Egypt from 1640 to 1570 B.C.108
7291391511Vedic age109
7291391512DharmaIn Hindu belief, a person's religious and moral duties110
7291391513Huang heA river in northern China111
7291391514First dynasty of ChinaShang112
7291391515Mandate of Heavena power or law believed to be granted by a god and the idea that there could in be one ruler of china113
7291391516Mesopotamia in the Tigris and Euphrates river valleysP religious leaders would evolve into kings (godlike) E traded surplus food, valuable metals, stone and gems transported on the river S 1)kings 2) priests 3) working class 5)slaves114
7291391517Egypt in the Nike river valleyP pharaoh (godlike) E traded surplus food transported on the river S 1)pharaoh 2) ruling class 3) working class 5)slaves115
7291391518Mohenjo Daro and Harrapa in the Indus River valleyP kind with religious masks E traded surplus food transported on the river S traded exotic goods116
7291391519Shang in the yellow river valleyP religious leadership shared amongst group that was related S polytheistic with a 2 tier social class 1)nobility/upperclass 2) lower class E agriculture economy exotic good and a money system present traded amounts themselves117
7291391520Olmec is mesopotamiaP religious leader at top and smaller ones below S a 2 tier social class 1)nobility/upperclass 2) lower class E agriculture economy valuable metals and a money system118
7291391521Chavin in Andean South AmericaP religious leadership with shaman S 2 tier social class 1)nobility/upperclass 2) lower class E valuable metals and money system present119
7291391522Where was the lascraux rock art madeFrance120
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AP Term Set 2 Flashcards

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7307620635AllusionReference to a famous historical, Biblical, mythological, or literary figure or event0
7307624273QualifierWords or phrases that limit the scope of a claim (e.g., usually, in a few cases, under these circumstances)1
7307625653PathosPersuasion through appeals to the audience's emotions2
7307628135SyllogismIn formal logic, a structure of deductive logic in which correctly formed major and minor premises lead to a necessary conclusion3
7307630045LogosPersuasion by means of logic or reasoning4
7307631388ArrangementForm/structure/organization5
7307635274ArgumentA spoken, written, or visual text that expresses a point of view; the central point a text is making; a reason or set of reasons given with the aim of persuading others that that an action or idea is right or wrong6
7307638443ClaimA statement that asserts a belief or truth7
7307639831Mediated AudienceAn audience that is not physically present, but that is affected by the speaker's message8
7307641684EthosPersuasion through convincing the audience of one's moral character9
7307643314ExigenceWhat prompts the speaker to speak at this particular point in time10
7307645576MetaphorA comparison between two objects without using the words like or as11
7307647258Deductive ReasoningReasoning from general to specific12
7307650617Inductive ReasoningReasoning from specific to general13
7307658756SimileA comparison between two items using the words like or as14
7307660949PurposeWhat the speaker wants the audience to feel while listening; what he/she wants the audience to do after listening15
7307664321Immediate AudienceThe audience that is physically present when a speech is delivered16
7307666863FormThe genre or type of text (e.g., journal, editorial, letter, essay, poem, etc.)17
7307670463AnalysisIdentifying the features of a text AND explaining how the author uses these to develop the meaning or to achieve a particular effect18
7307675217ToneThe writer's attitude toward his/he subject19
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Period 4 AP World History Flashcards

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8112993071Atlantic SystemThe network of trading links after 1500 that moved goods, wealth, people, and cultures around the Atlantic Ocean Basin0
8112993072Middle PassageA voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies.1
8112993073Aztec Empiremexican indian people who est. a great empire, centered on the valley of mexico and was overthrown by cortes along with disease in the 16th centuary2
8112993074colonieswhen a native country forms new land into settlement subject to, or connected with, the parent nation.3
8112993075colombian exchangethe exchange of goods between Europe and the Americas after Columbus' discovery4
8112993076hernan cortes1485-1547, Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico5
8112993077Francisco PizzaroA Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incas6
8112993078ConquistadorsEarly-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (Examples Cortez, Pizarro, Francisco.)7
8112993079Silver mining and sugar production in the americasEurope needed a heavy supply of silver because it was the only thing that the Chinese were willing to trade, sugar want increased as they added it to tea and coffee8
8112993080counter reformationthe reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected)9
8112993081Inca EmpireLargest Empire ever built in South America; and conquered by the european, Francisco Pizzaro10
8112993082Holy Roman EmpireA Germanic empire began with the coronation of Charlemagne as Roman emperor in a.d. 800 and ended with the renunciation of the Roman imperial title by Francis II in 1806.11
8112993083MestizosA person of mixed Native American and European ancestory12
8112993084Creolesa person that is european but born in the americas.13
8112993085Peninusularsa person that was born in Europe but lives in the americas.14
8112993086Encomienda SystemA system whereby the Spanish crown granted the conquerors the right to forcibly employ groups of Indians15
8112993087Mughal EmpireMuslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.16
8112993088New WorldA term for the Americas during the Age of Exploration17
8112993089Protestant Reformation16th century series of religious actions which led to establishment of the Protestant churches. Led by Martin Luther18
8112993090Martin Luther" started " the reformation because of his anger towards indulgences and unjust clergy. he also translated the bible into German19
8112993091Lutheran Churchbelieved to get into heaven all you need is faith20
8112993092John Calvinwrote 'Institutes of the Christian Religion' in 1536; believed that ppl are sinful by nature and that people cannot earn salvation - God chooses a few "elect" who he will save21
8112993093Henry VIIIfounded the church of England because he wanted to divorce his wife but the pope said no. The fact that the pope was above the king angered him and forced conversion of his country22
8112993094Catholic Counter ReformationCharles V's response to the Protestant Reformation as Emperor to the Holy Roman Empire23
8112993095Saint Ignatius LoyolaLeader of Jesuits - pushed for universities, education, human rights, part of the counter reformation24
8112993096European religious warsEuropean regions fought each other on whether to be Protestant or Catholic, princes/leaders would change minds & people would have to follow, soon the wars became political25
8112993097Thirty Years War(1618-1648) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a battle between Frence and their rivals the Hapsburgs, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire26
8112993098Treaty Of Westphalia1648 ended the Thirty Years war. Granted religious freedom to various German towns throughout the Holy Roman Empire27
8112993099Absolute monarchyA system of government in which the head of state is a hereditary position and the king or queen has almost complete power28
8112993100Louis XIV(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.29
8112993101Seven Years War(1756-1763 CE) Known also as the French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English, proved the English to be the more dominant force.30
8112993102ManchusFederation of Northeast Asian (from Manchuria) peoples who founded the Qing Empire.31
8112993103MercantilismAn economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought32
8112993104Qing Dynasty(1644-1911 CE), the last imperial dynasty of China which was overthrown by revolutionaries; was ruled by the Manchu people: began to isolate themselves from Western culture,33
8112993105feudal warlords in japandaiymo34
8112993106tokugawa shogunate(1603-1867) Feudal Warlord rulers of Japan. Responisble for closing Japan off from the rest of the world during the edo period35
8112993107Reunification of Japanmade possible by 3 strong shogunate which est. the tokugawa, japans government36
8112993108Cartographymap making37
8112993109The Scientific RevolutionA new way of thinking about the natural world. It was based on careful observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs38
8112993110Nikolai Copernicusmade the Heliocentric Theory39
8112993111Heliocentric Theorythe idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun( went against the church )40
8112993112GalileoHe was the first person to use a telescope to observe objects in space further proved the heliocentric theory41
8112993113Issac NewtonBritish scientist who defined the laws of motion, discovered gravity,42
8112993114Prince Henry the Navigator(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.43
8112993115Christopher ColumbusItalian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)44
8112993116Dutch West India Company(1621-1794) Trading company chartered by the Dutch government to conduct its merchants' trade in the Americas and Africa.45
8112993117French and Indian War(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French and their allies, The English won and dominated colonials46
8112993118Forbidden CityA walled section of Beijing that encloses the palace that was formerly the residence of the emperor of China by the Ming47
8112993119Palace of VeraillesKing Louis XIV estate where he moved his court, which quickly became the center of political, social, and cultural life48
8112993120Scientific methodA series of steps followed to solve problems including experimenting and data collecting49
8112993121Delhi Sultante1200-1526 was the Muslim rule; they were Islams so they made people pay a jizya if they did not convert50
8112993122Babur the Tiger(1483-1530) He lead the Mughal empire, and invaded and conquered India. and a descendent of Timur51
8112993123Akbar the Great(1542-1605) Emperor of the Mughal Empire in India. He is considered to be their greatest ruler. He is responsible for the expansion of his empire, the stability his administration gave to it, and the increasing of trade and cultural diffusion.52
8112993124Taj MahalA beautiful tomb built by the Mughal ruler Shah Jahan to honor his wife.53
8112993125Topkapi PalacePolitical headquarters of the Ottoman Empire, it was located in Istanbul.54
8112993126Suleiman the MagnificentThe most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1520-1566); 'The Lawgiver.' He significantly expanded the empire55
8112993127Instanbulmodern day Constaninople, changed to this after the Ottomans gained control in 145356
8112993128Safavid EmpireShi'ite Muslim dynasty that ruled Persia between 16th and 18th centuries57
8112993129Janiassariesmembers of the Turkish military that used weapons and were paid money in comparison to calvary that were paid in land58
8112993130Millet systemDivided regions in the Ottoman Empire by religion59
8112993131edict of nantes1598 grant of tolerance in France to French Protestants60
8112993132romanovsRuling family of Russia61
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AP World History: Classical Civilization--India, Pt. 1 Flashcards

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4949431693Social HierarchyCreated ritual divisions and restrictions on intermarriage between social groups.0
4949431694MauryanFirst empire in India beginning in the late 4th century B.C.E. located in east India that was short lived. following the invasion of Alexander the Great.1
4949431695GuptaEmpire from northern India that reasserted brahmans' dominance. succeeded the Kushans in the 3rd century C.E., which included all but southern Indian regions; less centralized than Mauryan Empire.2
4949431696Alexander the GreatInvaded India in 327--not conquering, but bringing India in contact with Hellenistic culture.3
4949431697IsolatedIndia was forced to experience and adapt to other cultures, and China did not because of geographical and social phenomenon.4
4949431698HimalayasNorthern mountain ranges that separated India5
4949431699MonsoonsRains crucial for farming, but sometimes unpredictable brining too much or too little rain.6
4949431700AryansIndo-European migrants who penetrated the Indian subcontinent becoming farmers and developed a series of oral epics called the Vedas.7
4949431701SanskritThe literary language of the new culture.8
4949431702VedasComposed by various priests that told stories about gods and proper standards of human behavior.9
4949431703Indus and GangesTwo major rivers in India that hosted great agricultural regions.10
4949431704VarnaAn Aryan social class based on the Aryans' belief that indigenous people were inferior. clusters of caste groups in Aryan society; four social castes—brahmans (priests), warriors, merchants, and peasants; beneath four Aryan castes was group of socially untouchable Dasas.11
4949431705KshatriyasWarrior, governing class.12
4949431706BrahmansPriestly class.13
4949431707VaisyasTraders and farmers14
4949431708SudrasCommon laborers15
4949431709UntrouchablesLowest class relegated to the worst, menial jobs.16
4949431710JatiA smaller subgroup within a caste with distinctive occupations tied to a social station by birth.17
4949431711Rig-VedaThe first Aryan epic, and attributed the rise of the caste system to the gods.18
4949431712PolythesticIndian religion recognized multiple gods and goddesses who presided over fire, sun, death and other natural phenomenon.19
4949431713IndraThe god of thunder and strength: chief deity of the Aryans; depicted as a colossal, hard-drinking warrior.20
4949431714UpanishadsCollection of works that became the basis for Hindu beliefs that expressed how nature was shaped by gods and a divine force.21
4949431715Chandragupta MauryaSoldier, who in 322 B.C.E. became the first leader of the Mauryan Dynasty.22
4949431716AutocraticA style of governing that relies heavily on a ruler's personal and military power.23
4949431717Ashokagrandson of Chandragupta Maurya; extended conquests of the dynasty; converted to Buddhism and sponsored its spread throughout his empire.24
4949431718Dharmathe caste position and career determined by a person's birth; Hindu culture required that one accept one's social position and perform their occupation to the best of one's ability in order to have a better situation in the next life.25
4949431719KanishkaGreat Kushnan king who invaded India from the NW after the fall of the Mauryan Dynasty.26
4949431720KautilyaPolitical advisor to Chnadragupta whose work the Arthashastra told leaders how to keep power similar to Legalism in China.27
4949642088Buddhacreator of a major Indian and Asian religion; born in the 6th century B.C.E.; taught that enlightenment could be achieved only by abandoning desires for earthly things.28
4949814381Gurusoriginally referred to as brahmans, who served as teachers for the princes of the imperial court of the Guptas.29
4949826514Vishnuthe brahman, later Hindu, god of sacrifice; widely worshipped.30
4949838999ShivaHindu god of destruction and reproduction; worshipped as the personification of cosmic forces of change.31
4949842219reincarnationthe successive rebirth of the soul according to merits earned in previous lives.32
4949855718nirvanathe Buddhist state of enlightenment; a state of tranquility.33
4949860086Kamasutrawritten by Vatsayana during Gupta era; offered instructions on all aspects of life for higher-caste males, including grooming, hygiene, etiquette, selection of wives, and lovemaking.34
4949871568stupasstone shrines built to house relics of the Buddha; preserved Buddhist architectural forms.35
4949874800scholar-gentryChinese class created by the marital linkage of the local land-holding aristocracy with the office-holding shi; superseded shi as governors of China.36
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AP World History History Chapter 10 Flashcards

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8058904894Coptic Christiansan early sect of Christianity primarily practiced in Egypt and Ethiopia0
8058904895Nubiaan ancient region of northeastern Africa (southern Egypt and northern Sudan) on the Nile ancient kingdom in northeastern Africa, also called Kush1
8058908796Emperor JustinianLeader of the Byzantine Empire that helped in its revival of Romans glory and fame. wrote the final law code, Corpus Juris Civilis2
8058911759Cyril and MethodiusGreek missionaries who brought Christianity to the Slavs of Eastern Europe.3
8058911760Kievan Rus855 The area around the present-day city of Kiev where the Vikings settled -Emerged around Kiev in 9th century -Diverse -Orthodox Christianity4
8058917249Charlemagneking of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor5
8058921578Holy Roman Empirethe lands ruled by Charlemagne Ruled vast lands from Germany to Italy6
8058921579Hildegard of Bingennun who was also a poet and musician 1098-11797
8058925481Marco PoloVenetian traveler who explored Asia in the 13th century and served Kublai Khan (1254-1324)8
8058925500Bernard of ClairvauxAbbot of the monastery of Clairvaux in France who distinguished himself as a mystic and theologian9
8058929221Thomas AquinasScholar who argued that the most basic religious truths could be proved by sound reasoning10
8058933225Ramon LullAttempted to preach Christianity to the Islamic World Gave up a high and noble status to reach muslims known as the "fool of love"11
8058933226TrinityFather, Son, Holy Spirit The truth that God, although one, is three Divine Persons: the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.12
8058936488Nestorianismearly heresy in the Church that held Christ was two persons (a human and a divine)13
8058938064Manichaeismreligion based on the teachings of Mani to synthesize all the religions of the world. a religious system that competed with early Christianity for believers14
8058938065GnosticismSalvation can be attained only by acquiring special, secret knowledge from God or God's agent.15
8058940833Roman Catholicthe Christian Church based in the Vatican and presided over by a pope and an episcopal hierarchy16
8058943153Eastern Orthodoxderived from the Byzantine Church and adhering to Byzantine rites Type of Christianity practiced in the Byzantine Empire17
80589458251st-4th CrusadesA long series of wars between Christians and Muslims in Southwest Asia18
8058945826Greek FireFlammable substance used by Byzantine empire to repel Muslim attacks.19
8058951000476 and 1453Middle Ages. Christianity and Religious Freedom in the Medieval Period20
8058951102Investiture Controversystruggle between popes and kings regarding control of offices or appointments 1075-112221
8058954471Original SinThe fallen state of human nature into which all generations of people are born Adam and Eve's abuse of their human freedom by disobeying God's command22
8058958773Urban and RuralMiddle Ages was a gradual and often localised process whereby, in the West, rural areas became power centres whilst urban areas declined23
8058961798Caesaropapismthe doctrine that the state is supreme over the church in ecclesiastical matters A political religious system in which the secular ruler is also head of the religious establishment24
8058961799Heresy(n.) an opinion different from accepted belief; the denial of an idea that is generally held sacred against orthodox opinion25
8058964827Religious IconAn icon is a religious work of art, most commonly a painting, from the Eastern Orthodox Church. The most common subjects include Christ, Mary, saints and/or angels.26
8058964828FeudalismA system of government based on landowners and tenants political system based on bonds of loyalty between lords and vassals27
8058968697CathedralThe major church of a diocese, where the bishop has his seat28
8058968698GuildA medieval organization of crafts workers or trades people.29
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