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AP Literature Vocabulary Flashcards

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7346226679AgonDramatic conflict between the chief characters in a literary work0
7346226680AllegoryA symbolic device to represent abstract ideas or principles beyond its literal meaning1
7346226681AlliterationThe repetition of the same or similar sounds at the beginning of words2
7346226682AllusionA reference within a literary work to a famous, historical, or biblical person outside of the literary work. A reference is oftentimes indirect and is usually used to explain or clarify something within the text.3
7346226683AmbiguityA word, statement, or phrase that contains more than one meaning. This is the shape basis for unintentional humor.4
7346226684AnaphoraA literary and rhetorical device used in which a word or group of words are repeated at the beginning of two or more successive clauses. This technique provides emphasis and unity to the successive clauses.5
7346226685AntithesisA rhetorical device in which two opposite ideas are combined to create a contrasting effect.6
7346226686AssonanceThe repetition of a vowel sound, or a diphthong, in non-rhyming words. To qualify this, the words must be close enough for the repetition of sound to be noticeable. This is commonly used in poetry.7
7346226687Blank VerseA verse without rhyme, especially one that uses iambic pentameter.8
7346226688CaesuraA grammatical pause or break in a line of poetry, like a question mark, usually near the middle of a line. This is usually dictated by sense or natural speech rather than by metrics.9
7346226689CatharsisA cleansing of emotions for characters in a literary work. Emotions that are most prevalent in the catharsis of these characters include pity, sadness, and fear.10
7346226690ChiasmusA rhetorical device in which two or more clauses are balanced against each other by the reversal of their structures in order to produce an artistic effect.11
7346226691DictionA style of speaking or writing determined by the word choice of the speaker.12
7346226692End-stoppedA poetic device in which a pause comes at the end of a syntactic unit (a sentence, clause, or phrase); this pause can be expressed in writing as a punctuation mark such as a colon, semicolon, period, or full stop.13
7346226693EnjambmentThe practice of running lines of poetry from one line to the other without using any punctuation to indicate a stop.14
7346226694ExplicationTo clarify a meaning or explain. This literary technique is used as a literary analysis or criticism.15
7346226695ExpositionA literary device used to introduce background information about events, settings, characters, etc. to the audience16
7346226696InterpretationA unique view of a person, work, place, thing, etc.17
7346226697IronyA contrast or incongruity between expectations for a situation and what is reality, this can be a difference between the literal meaning of something that is said and the underlying meaning. It might also be a difference between what is expected to happen and what actually happens.18
7346226698MetonymyA figure of speech that replaces the name of a thing with the name of something else with which it is closely associated.19
7346226699Periodic SentenceA rhetorical device in which the completion of the main clause is left to the end, thus adding to the suspense.20
7346226700SchemesA change in word order or pattern21
7346226701SyntaxThe actual way in which words and sentences are placed together in the literary piece22
7346226702TropesA figure of speech through which speakers or writers intend to express meanings of words different from their literal meaning.23
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Cliffs Notes AP Language Words Flashcards

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6731245634ad hominem argumentfrom the latin meaning "to or against the person" this is an argument that appeals to emotion rather than reason, to feeling rather than intellect0
6731245638ambiguitythe multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage. can also include a sense of uncertainty that a work presents.1
6731245640anecdotea short, narrative account of an amusing, unusual, revealing or interesting event. it has a single, definite point and is used to clarify abstract points, to humanize individuals so that readers can relate to them or so they can create a memorable image.2
6731245641antecedentthe word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun3
6731245642antithesisa figure of speech involving a seeming contradiction of ideas, words, clauses or sentences within a balanced grammatical structure. it results in the emphasis of opposing ideas4
6731245643aphorisma terse statement of known authorship that expresses a general truth or moral principle. It can be a memorable summation of the authors point5
6731245644apostrophea figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or personified abstraction such as liberty or love, or an inanimate object.6
6731245645atmospherethe emotional mood created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the authors choice of objects that are described7
6731245646caricaturea representation, especially pictorial or literary, in which the subjects distinctive features or peculiarities are deliberately exaggerated to produce a comic or grotesque effect.8
6731245647chiasmusa figure of speech based on inverted parallelism. it is rhetorical figure in which two clauses are related to each another through a reversal of terms.9
6731245648clausea grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. An independent or main clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence10
6731245649colloquialismslang or informality in speech or writing, not generally acceptable for formal writing, they give language a conversational, familiar tone.11
6731245650conceita fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or a surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects.12
6731245654didacticliterally means "instructive". didactic works have the primary aim of teaching or instructing, especially teaching moral or ethical principles.13
6731245656extended metaphora metaphor developed at great length, occuring frequently in or throughout a work14
6731245659generic conventionsthis term describes traditions for each genre. These conventions help to define each genre; for example, they differentiate between an essay and journalistic writing or an autobiography and political writing.15
6731245660genrethe major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama.16
6731245661homilyliterally means "sermon" but more informal it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice17
6731245662hyperbolea figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. They often have a comic effect, but can also have a serious effect.18
6731245663imagerysensory details used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions.19
6731245664inferto draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented. It is most likely the safest answer.20
6731245665invectivean emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language.21
6731245666ironythe contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant; difference between what appears to be and what is actually true22
6731245667juxtapositionplacing dissimilar items, descriptions, or ideas close together or side by side, especially for comparison or contrast23
6731245668logical fallacya mistake in verbal reasoning, must be potentially deceptive.24
6731245669loose sentencea type of sentence in which the main idea comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses.25
6731245670metaphora figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things26
6731245671metonymymeaning "substitute name", a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it.27
6731245672modes of discourseflexible term that describes the conventions and the purposes of the major kinds of writing. Most common are exposition, narration, description, argumentation28
6731245673moodused with verbal units and a speakers attitude29
6731245674narrativetelling of a story or an account of an event or series of events30
6731245675onomatopoeianatural sounds that are imitated in the sounds of words31
6731245676oxymoronfigure of speech in which the author groups contradictory terms.32
6731245677paradoxstatement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense, bu contains some degree of truth33
6731245678parallelismgrammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences or paragraphs to give structural similarity.34
6731245679parodya joke; make fun of another literary work by imitating its style with comic effect.35
6731245680pathosrelated to the word pathetic, trying to get an emotional reaction in the audience36
6731245681pedantican adjective that describes words, phrases or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic or bookish37
6731245682periodic sentencea sentence that presents its central meaning in the main clause at the end38
6731245683personificationa figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions.39
6731245684point of viewthe perspective from which the a story is told; two main divisions are first person and third person40
6731245685predicate adjectivea subject complement; an adjective, group of adjectives, or adjective clause that follows a linking verb41
6731245686predicate nominativeanother type of subject complement; a noun, group of nouns, or noun clause that renames the subject42
6731245687proseone of the major divisions of genre, prose refers to fiction and non-fiction, including all its forms43
6731245688repetitionthe duplication, either exact or approximate of any elemt of language, such as sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence or grammatical pattern.44
6731245689rhetoricdescribes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently and persuasively45
6731245690rhetorical appealDescribes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively. Include: Logos, ethos and pathos46
6731245691rhetorical modespersuasive device by which a writer tries to sway the audiences attention and response to a given work47
6731245692rhetorical questiona question that is asked merely for effect and does not expect a reply48
6731245693sarcasminvolves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something49
6731245694satirea work that targets human vices and follies, or social institutions and conventions, for reform or ridicule.50
6731245695similean explicit, comparison normally using "like" "as" or "if"51
6731245696stylethe sum of the choices the author makes52
6731245697subject complimentthe word or clause that follows a linking verb and complements, or completes, the subject of the sentence by either renaming it or describing it. no on 10/18 test53
6731245698subordinate clausecontains both a subject and a verb, but it can not stand alone and does not express a complete thought54
6731245699syllogisma deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises which leads to a sound conclusion55
6731245700symbolsomething that stands for something else56
6731245701syntaxhow you take roots of words and put them together; groups of words and how you move them about in a sentence57
6731245702themethe central idea or message of a work and the insight it offers into life58
6731245703thesisthe sentence of group of sentences that directly express the author opinion59
6731245704tonedescribes the authors attitude toward his or her material, the audience, or both60
6731245705transitionword of phrase that links different ideas61
6731245706understatementironic minimizing of fact, understatement presents something as less significant that it usually is.62
6731245707witintellectually amusing language63
6731245708argumentwhere you establish an assertion in your writing64
6731245709attitudewriters intellectual position or emotion regarding the subject of the writing.65
6731245710concrete detailstrictly defined, concrete refers to nouns that name physical objects66
6731245711descriptive detailwriters sensory description67
6731245712devicefigures of speech, syntaz, diction and other stylistic elements that produce a particular artistic effect68
6731245713languagehow the author uses diction, syntax, figurative language, and sentence structure to create a cumulative effect69
6731245714narrative devicethe tools of the storyteller, such as ordering events so that they build to a climatic moment or withholding information until a crucial or appropriate moment when revealing it creates a desired effect.70
6731245715narrative techniquethe style of telling the story, concentrating on the order of events and on their detail in evaluating a writers techinique71
6731245716persuasive devicewords in the passage that have strong connotations - words that intensify the emotional effect72
6731245717persuasive essaywriting that presents a coherent argument in which the evidence builds to a logical and relevant conclusion.73
6731245718resources of languageall the devices on composition available to a writer, such as diction, syntax, sentence structure and figures of speech.74
6731245719rhetorical featureshow the passage is constructed, looking at the passages organization and how the writer combines images, details or arguments to serve his or her purpose75
6731245720rhetorical strategiesrefers to all the strategies an author can use, includes structure; authors organization, purpose; why the author wrote the piece and style; diction, syntax, figurative language, attitude, tone, pacing etc76
6731245721sentence structuresimple, compound and complex variations created by combining sentences.77
6731245722stylistic devicesnote and analyze all of the elements in language that contribute to style78
6731245723sythesiscombining and synthesizing and analyzing the information from at least three of the sources as you develop your position and your unique perspective on the issue.79
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AP Psychology - Social Psychology Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)

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6633552610Social Psychologythe scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.0
6633552611Attribution Theorythe theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition.1
6633552612Fundamental Attribution Errorthe tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.2
6633552613Attitudefeelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.3
6633552614Central Route Persuasionattitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.4
6633552615Peripheral Route Persuasionattitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness.5
6633552616Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenonthe tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.6
6633552617Rolea set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.7
6633552618Cognitive Dissonance Theorythe theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting discomfort by changing our attitudes.8
6633552619Conformityadjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.9
6633552620Normative Social Influenceinfluence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.10
6633552621Informational Social Influenceinfluence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality.11
6633552622Social Facilitationstronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.12
6633552623Social Loafingthe tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.13
6633552624Deindividuationthe loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.14
6633552625Group Polarizationthe enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.15
6633552626Groupthinkthe mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.16
6633552627Culturethe enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next17
6633552628Norman understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. They prescribe "proper" behavior.18
6633552629Personal Spacethe buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies.19
6633552630Prejudicean unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. It generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.20
6633552631Stereotypea generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.21
6633552632Discrimination(Social) unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.22
6633552633Ingroup"Us"—people with whom we share a common identity.23
6633552634Outgroup"Them"—those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup.24
6633552635Ingroup Biasthe tendency to favor our own group.25
6633552636Scapegoat Theorythe theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.26
6633552637Other-Race Effectthe tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias27
6633552638Just-World Phenomenonthe tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.28
6633552639Aggressionphysical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone.29
6633552640Frustration-Aggression Principlethe principle that frustration—the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal—creates anger, which can generate aggression.30
6633552641Mere Exposure Effectthe phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.31
6633552642Passionate Lovean aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.32
6633552643Companionate Lovethe deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.33
6633552644Equitya condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.34
6633552645Self-Disclosurerevealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.35
6633552646Altruismunselfish regard for the welfare of others.36
6633552647Bystander Effectthe tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.37
6633552648Social Exchange Theorythe theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.38
6633552649Reciprocity Norman expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.39
6633552650Social-Responsibility Norman expectation that people will help those dependent upon them.40
6633552651Conflicta perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.41
6633552652Social Trapa situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.42
6633552653Mirror-Image Perceptionsmutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.43
6633552654Self Fulfilling Prophecya belief that leads to its own fulfillment44
6633552655Superordinate Goalsshared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.45
6633552656Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension Reduction (GRIT)Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction—a strategy designed to decrease international tensions.46
6633552657Diffusion of Responsibilityreduction in feelings of personal burden in the presence of others47
6633552658Ethnocentricismevaluation of other cultures according to the standards and customs of one's own culture48
6633552659ComplianceConforming to a request or demand49
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AP Statistics Flashcards

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58289576355 number summaryThe minumum value, lower quartile, median, upper quartile, and maximum value for a data set. These five values give a summary of the shape of the distribution and are used to make box plots. The five numbers that help describe the center, spread and shape of data0
5828957636z scorea measure of how many standard deviations you are away from the norm (average or mean) -Number of standard deviations a score is above or below the mean (positive above, negative below1
5828957637standard deviationA statistical measure of how far away each value is, on average, from the mean. A measure of spread. Specifically, the typical distance the data points are from the mean.2
5828957638population(statistics) the entire aggregation of items from which samples can be drawn What the sample in an experiment or study usually reperesents3
5828957639categorical dataData that can be placed into categories . For example "gender" is a categorical data and the categories are "male" and "female".4
5828957640quantitative dataData associated with mathematical models and statistical techniques used to analyze spatial location and association. numerical information describing how much, how little, how big, how tall, how fast, etc. age is quantitative5
5828957641bar grapha type of graph in which the lengths of bars are used to represent and compare data in categories A graph that uses horizontal or vertical bars to represent data.6
5828957642parametera number that describes some characteristics of the population, represented by p ex. mean, standard deviation7
5828957643sampleA relatively small proportion of people who are chosen in a survey so as to be representative of the whole.8
5828957644random assignmentAssignment of participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups.9
5828957645bias (experimental design)Any systematic failure of a sampling method to represent its population10
5829010677bias (sampling distributions)sample values do not center on the population (inaccurate)11
5828957646UndercoverageA sampling scheme that biases the sample in a way that gives a part of the population less representation than it has in the population.12
5828957647nonresponsebias introduced to a sample when a large fraction of those sampled fails to respond13
5828957648voluntary response biasBias introduced to a sample when individuals can choose on their own whether to participate in the sample.14
5828957649statisticsApplication of mathematics to describing and analyzing data15
5828957650independent variablea variable whose values are not dependent on changes in the values of other variables (x variable)16
5828957651historgramgraphical representation of a frequency distribution using vertical bars; bars touch each other to indicate variables are related17
5828957652box plota graphic representation of the Five Number Summary in which a rectangle is used to represent the middle 50% of a set of data and "whiskers" at both ends of the rectangle to represent the remainder of the data.18
5828957653scatterplotA graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation19
5828957654correlationA measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. The correlation coefficient is the mathematical expression of the relationship, ranging from -1 to +120
5828957655skewnessThe extent to which cases are clustered more at one or the other end of the distribution of a quantitative variable rather than in a symmetric pattern around its center21
5828957656varienceSquare root of the standard deviation22
5828957657statistical significanceA statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance/The condition that exists when the probability that the observed findings are due to chance is very low23
5828957658P-valueA measure of statistical significance. The lower, the more likely the results of an experiment did not occur simply chance.24
5828957659empirical ruleThe rules gives the approximate % of observations w/in 1 standard deviation (68%), 2 standard deviations (95%) and 3 standard deviations (99.7%) of the mean when the histogram is well approx. by a normal curve25
5828957660lurking variableA variable that has an important effect on the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied26
5828957661null hypothesisHypothesis that predicts NO relationship between variables. The aim of research is to reject this hypothesis27
5828957663quota sampleA sample deliberately constructed to reflect several of the major characteristics of a given population28
5828957664probabilityA number with a value from 0 to 1 that describes the likelihood that an event will occur.29
5828957666meanA measure of center in a set of numerical data, computed by adding the values in a list and then dividing by the number of values in the list.30
5828957667medianA measure of center in a set of numerical data. In a list of values, it is the value appearing at the center of a sorted version of the list - or the mean of the two central values if the list contains an even number of values.31
5828957668modeMeasure of central tendency that uses most frequently occurring score.32
5828957669rangeDifference between highest and lowest scores in a set of data.33
5828957670dataFacts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis34
5828957671Q1A location measure of the data such that has one fourth or 25% of the data is smaller than it. Found by dividing the ordered data set in half (excluding the middle observation if n is odd) and finding the median of the lower half of the data.35
5828957672Q3For a set of data, a number for which 75% of the data is less than that number. It is the same as the median of the part of the data which is greater than the median.36
5828957673minimumthe smallest value in a data set37
5828957674outlierA value much greater or much less than the others in a data set38
5828957677simple random sampleA sample selected in such a way that every element in the population or sampling frame has an equal probability of being chosen.39
5828957678sampling distributionA distribution of statistics obtained by selecting all the possible samples of a specific size from a population40
5828957679stratified random sampleA method of sampling that involves dividing your population into homogeneous subgroups and taking a simple random sample in each subgroup.41
5828957680systematic sampleA sample drawn by selecting individuals systematically from a sampling frame42
5828957681cluster sampleIs obtained by selecting all individuals within a randomly selected collection or group of individuals.43
582895768210% rulea sample must be less than 10% of the whole population44
5828957683InterpolationThe estimation of an unknown number between known numbers.45
5828957684QualitativeData in the form of recorded descriptions rather than numerical measurements.46
5828957687block designThe subjects in an experiment are first divided into groups based on some common characteristic (such as gender) that may have an effect on the response. Randomization of treatments then happens within each group. (each group is it's own experimental group)47
5828957689double blindAn experiment in which neither the subjects nor the people who work with them know which treatment each subject is receiving48
5828957690placeboA fake treatment.49
5828957691least squares regression linethe line with the smallest sum of squared residuals50
5828957695matched pairsan observational technique that involves matching each participant in the experimental group with a specific participant in the control group in order to eliminate the possibility that a third variable (and not the independent variable) caused changes in the dependent variable51
5828957696conditional prababilityprobability given that something else has already occurred52
5828957697sample spaceSet of all possible outcomes of an experiment53
5828957698confounding variableA variable whose effect on the response variable cannot be separated from the effect of the explanatory variable on the response variable.54
5828957699marginal frequencytotals in a row or column in a set of data55
5828957700coefficient of determinationThe statistic or number determined by squaring the correlation coefficient. Represents the amount of variance accounted for by that correlation.56
5828957701binomiala statistical experiment that has the following properties: The experiment consists of n repeated trials. Each trial can result in just two possible outcomes. We call one of these outcomes a success and the other, a failure. The probability of success, denoted by p, is the same on every trial.57
5828957704experimentA kind of research in which the researcher controls all the conditions and directly manipulates the conditions, including the independent variable. Testing the hypothesis58
5828957705law of large numberslaw stating that a large number of items taken at random from a population will (on average) have the population statistics59
5828957706extrapolationcalculation of the value of a function outside the range of known values (inadvisable)60
5828957708IQRDifference between Q3 and Q1, measure variability61
5828957711Residualthe difference between the observed value of the dependent variable (y) and the predicted value (ŷ)62
5828957712Convenience samplesample taken from a very convenient area instead of representing a population63
5828957713simulationA representation of a situation or problem with a similar but simpler model or a more easily manipulated model in order to determine experimental results.64
5828957715two way tableA table containing counts for two categorical variables65
5828957716spreadThe visible variation in a sample distribution; standard deviation or range66
5828957717centermean, median, or mode67
5828957718shapethe pattern or appearance of a graphed distribution68
5828957719discrete random variablea variable which can only take a countable number of value and the sum of whose probability is 169
5828957722mutually exclusiveoutcomes that cannot occur at the same time70
5828957723wording biasWhenever a bias is created in a sample by the way the survey is worded to favor one question71
5828957724causationA cause and effect relationship in which one variable controls the changes in another variable.72
5828957728frequency tableA grouping of qualitative data into mutually exclusive classes showing the number of observations in each class.73
5828957729area principlethe area occupied by a part of the graph should correspond to the magnitude of the value it represents74
5828957732stem and leaf displayA multiple column table depicting the individual digits of the scores.75
5828957733multimodalDescribes a graph of quantitative data with more than two clear peaks76
5828957734uniformA histogram which doesn't appear to have any mode and in which all the bars are approximately the same height77
5828957735symetricWhen in a normal distribution both sides are identical78
5828957737s (of) estandard deviation of residuals79
5828957738coefficient of determiniationthe proportion of variability in a data set that is accounted for by a statistical model (r2)80
5828957741censusa test or survey of the entire population81
5828957745response biasAnything in a survey design that influences responses82
5828957746observational studyA study based on data in which no manipulation of factors has been employed.83
5828957747retrospective studyWhat study examines whether a past association exists between an exposure of interest and development of a present condition84
5828957748prospective studyan observational study in which subjects are followed to observe future outcomes85
5828957750control groupIn an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.86
5828957753trialA performed experiment based upon the hypothesis you made87
5828957754maximumthe largest value in a data set88
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AP World History: Ch. 10 Civilization in Eastern Europe: Byzantium and Orthodox Europe, Pt. 1 Flashcards

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4961415699Vladimir10th century Russian king centered in Kiev who had to choose between Judaism, Islam Byzantine and Orthodox Christianity.0
4961522488RomeThe center of the Western Christian tradition and home of the pope.1
4961549037ConstantinopleCenter of Orthodox Christianity that became dominant throughout most of eastern Europe.2
4961559682BalkansThe peninsula and a cultural area in Southeast Europe with different and disputed borders.3
4961577541Constantinople Map4
4961586946Byzantine Empire5
4961594379ConstantineRoman emperor who built his capital city on the site of the former Byzantium with elegant buildings and Christian churches.6
4961608494GreekThe common language supplanting Latin when Justinian became emperor in the 6th century.7
4961619715Justinian6th century Byzantine emperor who tried to reconquer western territory, but is best known for codifying Roman law.8
4961632054Hagia SophiaElegant church constructed during the reign of Justinian.9
4961641049BelisariusOne of Justinian's most important military commanders during the attempted reconquest of western Europe. (c. 505-565)10
4961652943Greek FireByzantine weapon of fire used to check the growing power of the Arab fleet that challenged Byzantine naval supremacy.11
4961667885BulgariaSlavic kingdom established in northern portions of Balkan peninsula that was a constant source of pressure on the Byzantine, which was defeated by Emperor Basil II in 1014.12
4961692778Basil IIKnown as the slayer of the Bulgarians, who brought the Byzantine Empire to a pinnacle of power in the late 10th century.13
4961709852Byzantine Political SystemSimilar to earlier patterns in China where the emperor would have enjoyed something analogous to the "Mandate of Heaven."14
4961748033Empress TheodoraStrong, austere leader who refused to marry the imperial heir, check the power of unruly nobles, and limit bureaucratic corruption.15
4961770507byzantineA word used to refer to a complex institutional arrangement.16
4961785236IconPaintings of saints and other religious figures that were often richly ornamented.17
4961805384First Among EqualsByzantine recognition that the Roman pope existed, but was not superior to the Byzantine Emperor.18
4961819606SchismThe official split between the Eastern and Western churches in 1054.19
4961830543SeljuksTurkish troops who in the 11th century seized most of the Asiatic provinces of the Byzantine Empire, which cut of a prosperous source of tax revenue.20
4961849533Battle of ManzikertBattle in which the Byzantines were defeated by the Seljuk Turks. It was followed by Seljul conquest of most of Anatolia and marked the beginning of the end for the Byzantine Empire (1071)21
4961891297Fall of ConstantinopleThe capture of the capital of the Greco-Roman Empire by an invading army of the Ottoman Empire on 29 May 1453.22
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AP language terms Flashcards

Allegory The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some allegories, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction like hope or freedom. The allegorical meaning usually deals with moral truth or a generalization about human existence.
Alliteration The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells"). Although the term is not frequently in the multiple choice section, you can look for alliteration in any essay passage. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage.
Allusion A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion.
Ambiguity The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.
Analogy A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. Analogies can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging.
Antecedent The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP language exam occasionally asks for the antecedent of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences.

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4355561227AllegoryThe device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some allegories, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction like hope or freedom. The allegorical meaning usually deals with moral truth or a generalization about human existence. A story in which each aspect of the story has a symbolic meaning outside the tale itself.0
4355561228AlliterationThe repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells"). Although the term is not frequently in the multiple choice section, you can look for alliteration in any essay passage. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage.1
4355561229AllusionA direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion.2
4355561230AmbiguityThe multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.3
4355561232AntecedentThe word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP language exam occasionally asks for the antecedent of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences. A question from the 2001 AP test as an example follows: "But it is the grandeur of all truth which can occupy a very high place in human interests that it is never absolutely novel to the meanest of minds; it exists eternally, by way of germ of latent principle, in the lowest as in the highest, needing to be developed but never to be planted."4
4355561233Antithesisthe opposition or contrast of ideas; the direct opposite.5
4355561234AphorismA terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.) An aphorism can be a memorable summation of the author's point6
4355561237Caricaturea verbal description, the purpose of which is to exaggerate or distort, for comic effect, a person's distinctive physical features or other characteristics. Example: The pupils of her eyes are small; like a pebble of sand floating atop a can of blue paint.7
4355561238ClauseA grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. An independent, or main, clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent, or subordinate clause, cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent clause. The point that you want to consider is the question of what or why the author subordinates one element should also become aware of making effective use of subordination in your own writing.8
4355561239Colloquial/ColloquialismThe use of slang or informalities in speech or writing. Not generally acceptable for formal writing, colloquialisms give a work a conversational, familiar tone. Colloquial expressions in writing include local or regional dialect9
4355561240Literary ConceitA fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects Displays intellectual cleverness through unusual comparisons that make good sense10
4355561241ConnotationThe non-literal, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. Connotations may involve ideas, emotions or attitudes11
4355561242DenotationThe strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color. (Example: the denotation of knife- a utensil for cutting - Connotation - knife - such as knife in the back - anger fear violence betrayal12
4355561244DidacticFrom the Greek, didactic literally means "teaching." Didactic words have the primary aim of teaching or instructing,especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles.13
4355561245EuphemismFrom the Greek for "good speech," euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept - POLITICALLY CORRECT14
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AP WORLD HISTORY IMPORTANT DATES Flashcards

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408056717430 Years' War1618-16480
4080567175Beginning of Tokugawa rule16001
4080567176Defeat of Ottoman Navy15712
4080567177Columbus "discovered" America/ Conquistadors of Spain14923
4080567178Cortez conquered the Aztecs15214
4080567179Spanish Armada defeated by the British15885
4080567180Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope14886
4080567181Jamestown founded16077
4080567182Glorious (Bloodless) Revolution/ English Bill of Rights16898
4080567183Martin Luther/ 95 theses15179
4080567184Ottomans defeat Constantinople145310
4080567185Pizarro conquered Inca153311
4080567186First slaves sent to America150212
4080567187Second failed siege of Vienna by the Ottomans168313
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AP Calculus BC SUMNOCO Flashcards

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3828859083Write the notation for the limit of f(x) as x approaches c from the left.0
3828859084Write the notation for the limit of f(x) as x approaches c from the right.1
3828862853State the 3 conditions of continuity of a function at x=c.1. f(c) is defined 2. The limit of f(x) as x approaches c exists 3. The limit of f(x) as x approaches c equals f(c)2
3828864250List the 3 situations in which a limit fails to exist.1. Unbounded behavior 2. Differing left/right behavior 3. Oscillation3
3828866170List the 3 situations in which a derivative fails to exist.1. Sharp turns 2. Vertical tangent lines 3. Discontinuities4
5124427751What is the limit of sin(x)/x as x approaches 0?5
5124436824What is the limit of (1-cos(x))/x as x approaches 0?6
3828867831Write the equation of a line in point-slope form.7
3828868953What is ln (1)?08
3828868954What is ln (e)?19
3828872397State the IVT, Intermediate Value Theorem.If f is continuous on [a, b] with k between f(a) and f(b), then there exists at least one value of c in [a, b] such that f(c)=k.10
3828874303State the limit definition of the derivative of f(x).11
3828876061State the limit definition of the derivative of f(x) at x=c.12
5124365459What is the derivative with respect to x of u*v, where u and v are functions of x?13
5124380828What is the derivative with respect to x of u/v, where u and v are functions of x?14
5124396140What is the derivative with respect to x of x^n?15
5124407857What is the derivative with respect to x of f(u), where u is a function of x?16
5124417891What is the derivative with respect to x of sin(u), where u is a function of x?17
5124425294What is the derivative with respect to x of cos(u), where u is a function of x?18
5124451469What is the derivative with respect to x of tan(u), where u is a function of x?19
5124459048What is the derivative with respect to x of cot(u), where u is a function of x?20
5124466874What is the derivative with respect to x of sec(u), where u is a function of x?21
5124474307What is the derivative with respect to x of csc(u), where u is a function of x?22
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AP World History Vocab Flashcards

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7290137773pharaohA king of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political and military leader.0
7290142414hieroglyphicsEgyptian writing that involved using pictures to represent words.1
7290145305hominidsMembers of the group of the earliest human species or human like creatures2
7290154125shang1700 to 1027 B.C. The first family of Chinese rulers to leave written records.3
7290159779hammurabiRuler of Babylon; created Hammurabi's code4
7290162941shi huangdifounder of the Qin dynasty and China's first emperor5
7290167647confucianisma belief system based on the ideas of the Chinese thinker Confucius a Chinese philosophy that emphasizes proper behavior6
7290172498city statea city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state.7
7290175175patriarchalrelating to a society in which men hold the greatest legal and moral authority8
7290178215qinThe ____ Dynasty set one standard for language, money, and measurement throughout China. built Great Wall of China to keep out Mongols (Qin Shi Huangdi); Legalist9
7367416972PaleolithicThe early part of human history, also known as the old Stone Age10
7367423722NeolithicNew Stone Age, era of farming, cities and the first civilizations.11
7367431537Nomadshaving no fixed home, moving from place to place in search of food, water, or grazing land12
7367436708Slash and Burnwhen an area of vegetation is cut down and burned before being planted with crops.13
7367449567PastoralistsA grazier or land-holder raising sheep, cattle, etc. on a large scale14
7367483001Barterexchanging goods and services, terms of the exchange are often negotiated15
7367493764CuneiformCuneiform is a system of writing first developed by the ancient Sumerians of Mesopotamia c. 3500-3000 BCE. It is considered the most significant among the many cultural contributions of the Sumerians and the greatest among those of the Sumerian city of Uruk which advanced the writing of cuneiform c. 3200 BCE.16
7367519483MesopotamiaLand between two rivers Birthplace of the Sumerian civilization among many others. in ancient times, the geographic area located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers17
7367540892Cultural DiffusionCultural diffusion is the spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group to another.18
7367572368Epic of GilgameshAn epic poem from Mesopotamia, and among the earliest known works of literary writing.19
7367600776TheocracyA government controlled by religious leaders20
7367608924PolytheismA type of religious belief that focuses on the roles of the various gods and spirits in the natural world and in human events.21
7367632836HarappanThe first Indian civilization; also known as the Indus Valley civilization22
7367656877Mohenjo DaroA major city of the Indus valley civilization; flourished around 2000 BCE Indus Valley city laid out in a grid pattern. Had a complex irrigation and sewer system.23
7367690018Mandate of Heavenin Chinese history, the divine approval thought to be the basis of royal authority the belief that the Chinese king's right to rule came from the gods24
7367697136Dynastya line of hereditary rulers of a country. a powerful family or group of rulers that maintains its position or power for some time25
7367703087Zhouthe longest lasting Chinese dynasty developed Mandate of Heaven; Warring States period26
7368520066Filial PietyThe honoring of one's ancestors and parents, a key element of Confucianism. respect shown by children for their parents and elders27
7368548292AnalectsThe book that Kong Fuzi wrote and that stresses the values and ideas of Confucianism. a collection of short literary or philosophical extracts.28
7368582305Daoisma Chinese philosophy that emphasizes living in harmony with nature29
7368586894Legalismthe belief that people were bad by nature and needed to be controlled a Chinese philosophy that stressed the importance of laws30
7368721743Era of Warring StatesTime of struggle where philosophies occured when the Zhou Dynasty was divided between 8 states which had frequent wars31
7368741879Mean PeoplePeople without any skills(garbage collectors and grave diggers.32
7368745576Scholar GentryThe Chinese class of well-educated men from whom many of the bureaucrats were chosen. Civil servants appointed by the emperor of China to perform day-to-day governance33
7368774095BureaucracyA system of managing government through departments run by appointed officials34
7368955466Civil Servicesthe group of people whose job it is to carry out the work of the governor35
7368972803Silk RoadsAncient trade routes that extended from the Roman empire in the west to China in the east.36
7368979961Aryansnomadic herders who eventually controlled much of India Indo-European nomadic pastoralists who replaced Harappan civilization; militarized society37
7368989804MauryaIndian dynasty that ruled the empire from 321 B.C. to 185 B.C. This Indian dynasty politically unified the region.38
7369063575Ashokaa ruler of the Mauryan Empire who converted to Buddhism39
7369079311Kautilyaadvisor to Chandragupta Maurya; wrote a guidebook for rulers called Arthasastra40
7369086959GuptaEmpire Second empire in India, founded by Chandra Gupta Golden Age of India41
7369110192Chandraguptafounder of the first empire of India42
7369120350Regionalismart or literature focused on a particular region of the country the breaking up of an area into autonomous regions43
7369127348Caste SystemA Hindu social class system that controlled every aspect of daily life divided Indian society into groups based on a person's birth, wealth, or occupation44
7369131502HinduismA religion native to India, featuring belief in many gods and reincarnation India's first major religion45
7369158053UpanishadsIndian mystical and philosophical works, written between 800 and 400 B.C.E. Written meditations on the spiritual essence of the universe and the self46
7369170600VedasAncient Sanskrit writings that are the earliest sacred texts of Hinduism. Collections of hymns, songs, prayers, and rituals honoring the barious gods of the Aryans.47
7369220215NirvanaIn Buddhism, the release from pain and suffering achieved after enlightenment48
7369230214MokshaThe Hindu concept of the spirit's 'liberation' from the endless cycle of rebirths. Becoming liberated for the cycle of reincarnation in Hinduism.49
7369235052Siddhartha-founder of Buddhism;young prince that discovered suffering and the solution to it50
7369279619BuddhismA religion based on the teachings of the Buddha. The cultural/religious tradition first enunciated by Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha).51
7369293205AbrahamFounder of Judaism; made the first covenant with God52
7369295342TorahThe first five books of Jewish Scripture, which they believe are by Moses, are called this Holy book of Judaism53
7369300990PolisA city-state in ancient Greece.54
7369308069SocratesAncient Greek philosopher. Promoted introspection by saying, "Know thyself." believed that absolute standards did exist for truth and justice55
7369322742Zoroastrianisma Persian religion based on the belief of one god system of religion founded in Persia in the 6th century BC by Zoroaster noun56
7369334635Persian Warsconflict when Greeks tried to rebel to rid themselves of Persian rule57
7369344409Peloponnesian WarA war between Athens and Sparta that threaten to tear all of Greece apart. Sparta won58
7369357733Alexander the GreatKing of Macedonia who conquered Greece, Egypt, and Persia59
7369365008HellenismBlending of Egyptian, Persian and Greek culture; emphasis on philosophy and sciences. The acceptance of Greek culture, language, and traditions60
7369378407PatriciansThe wealthy, hereditary aristocrats during the Roman era. wealthy landowners, who became Rome's ruling class (birth right)61
7369427337PlebeiansAll non-land-owning, free men in Ancient Rome the common farmers, artisans, and merchants who made up the majority of the population62
7369436000AristocracyA government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility a government ruled by a small group of noble, landowning families63
7369458159Punic Warsa series of wars between Rome and Carthage in the 200s and 100s BC a series of three wars between Rome and Carthage64
7369468617Direct DemocracyA form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives AKA pure democracy, a form of democracy in which people decide policy decisions directly65
7369473845Twelve TablesRome's first code of laws; adopted in 450 B.C. Rome's written code of laws. It was on display in the Forum for all to see.66
7369477324SenateA council of representatives A group of 300 men elected to govern Rome in the Roman Republic. any of various legislative or governing bodies, in particular.67
7369482770Consulsthe two most powerful officials in Rome68
7369487963Julius Caesar100-44 B.C. Roman general who became the republic's dictator in 45 B.C. Ambitious leader who brought order to Rome Ambitious military commander69
7369492923Augustusfounder of the Roman Empire and its first Emperor First emperor, reformed Roman society and rebuilt parts of the city.70
7369501580Pax Romana200 year period of peace in Rome. the peace that existed between nationalities within the Roman Empire.71
7369503457JesusFounder of Christianity son of God who was both God and man. He was sent to save the human race from sin.72
7369508593DiocletianRoman emperor who divided the empire into a West and an East section. Divided the Roman Empire into Greek-speaking and Latin-speaking73
7369516706ConstantineRoman emperor who ended persecution of Christians Roman emperor who converted to Christianity74
7369536382Sub-Saharanpart of Africa that lies south of the sahara area below Africa- largest desert75
7369547380AnimismThe belief that bodies of water, animals, trees, and other natural objects have spirits the belief that all things are living76
7369559515Griotsprofessional oral historians who served as keepers of traditions and advisors to kings within the Mali empire77
7369572073BantuThe people who spread throughout Africa spreading agriculture, language, and iron. Root language of West Africa78
7369577454Axumtrading center, and powerful ancient kingdom in northern present-day Ethiopia Christianity was firmly established in this African state in the fourth century.79
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