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AP World History: Ancient World Flashcards

First set of words in the AP World History book by the Princeton Review.

6785967738	Agriculture	The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain.	0
6785967739	Agrarian	Pertaining to land or its cultivation	1
6785967740	Bands/Clans	Extended family groups that generally lived together	2
6785967741	Barbarian	Without civilizing influences	3
6785967742	Bureaucracy	System of managing government through departments run by appointed officials (not elected)	4
6785967743	Civilization	A society in an advanced state of social development (e.g., with complex legal and political and religious organizations)	5
6785967744	City-States	Different sections of land owned by the same country but ruled by different rulers	6
6785967745	Classical	Characteristics of a form or system felt to be of first significance before modern times	7
6785967746	Domestication	Process of changing plants or animals to make them more useful to humans	8
6785967747	Economy	System by which goods and services are produced and distributed to meet people's needs	9
6785967748	Egalitarian	A person who believes in the equality of all people	10
6785967749	Emperor	Supreme ruler of an empire	11
6785967750	Empire	Many territories, countries, or peoples controlled by one government	12
6785967751	Feudalism	A political system and a social system where by a powerful lord would offer protection in return for service	13
6785967753	Hierarchy	A series of ordered groupings of people or things within a system	14
6785967755	Hunter-Gatherer	Which society is one whose primary subsistence method involves the direct procurement of edible plants and animals from the wild, foraging and hunting without significant recourse to the domestication of either plants nor animals	15
6785967756	Irrigation	Supplying dry land with water by means of ditches, sprinklers, etc.	16
6785967757	Monarchy	A government in which power is in the hands of a single person who usually inherits their power	17
6785967758	Monotheism	Belief in a single God	18
6785967759	Neolithic	The New Stone Age from circa 8500 to 4500 BCE: The period of the Stone Age associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolution(s)	19
6785967760	Nomadic	A group of people tending to travel and change settlements frequently	20
6785967761	Pastoral	Relating to shepherds/herdsmen/devoted to raising sheep or cattle	21
6785967762	Paleolithic	The Old Stone Age from circa 750,00 to 500,000 years BCE to 8,500 years BCE: The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans and the development of minor tools	22
6785967763	Philosophy	The rational investigation of questions about existence, knowledge, and ethics	23
6785967764	Polytheism	Belief in multiple Gods	24
6785967765	River Valley	The fertile land surrounding a river- the first civilizations arose near them	25
6785967766	Sedentary	Remaining in one place	26
6785967767	Settlement	The act of colonizing or a small group of people in a sedentary position	27
6785967768	Subsistence	The necessities of life, the resources of survival	28
6785967770	Sustenance	The act of sustaining life by food or providing a means of subsistence	29
6785967771	Theocracy	Government run by religious leaders	30
6785967772	Traditional	Customary practices	31
6785967773	Urbanization	The social process whereby cities grow and societies become more urban	32
6785967774	Vassals	Lesser lords who pledged their service and loyalty to a greater lord -- in a military capacity	33
6785967775	Alexander the Great	King of Macedon, conqueror of Greece, Egypt, and Persia (356-323 BC)	34
6785967776	Analects of Confucius	"something that is repeated" - A collection of Confucius' famous sayings	35
6785967777	Bronze Age	A period between the Stone and Iron ages, characterized by the manufacture and use of bronze tools and weapons	36
6785967778	Calendar	A system of timekeeping that defines the beginning and length and divisions of the year	37
6785967779	Code of Hammurabi	The set of laws drawn up by Babylonian King Hammurabi dating to the 18th century BC	38
6785967780	Cuneiform	One of the first written languages known: A system of writing in which wedge-shaped symbols represented words or syllables. It originated in Mesopotamia and was used initially for Sumerian and Akkadian but later was adapted to represent other languages of western Asia.	39
6785967781	Democracy	A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them	40
6785967782	Eight Fold Path	Eight steps to end suffering and attain enlightenment according to Buddhist tradition.	41
6785967783	Four Noble Truths	As taught by the Buddha, the four basic beliefs that form the foundation of Buddhism	42
6785967784	Gothic Migrations	Also called the Barbarian Invasions, was a period of human migration that occurred roughly between the years 300-700 A.D in Europe. These movements were catalyzed by profound changes within both the Roman Empire and the "barbarian frontier". Migrating peoples during this period included the Goths, Vandals, Bulgars, Alans, Suebi, Frisians, and Franks, among other Germanic and Slavic tribes.	43
6785967785	Great Wall (of China)	A fortification 1,500 miles long built across northern China in the 3rd century BC	44
6785967786	Han Dynasty	An imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time from 206 BC-220 AD) and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy	45
6785967787	Hellenism (Hellenization)	The ideals and principles that spread from Greece through much of the ancient world. Much of its influence such as philosophy, athletics, and architecture penetrated the Middle East.	46
6785967788	The Huns	Fierce warriors from Central Asia- First invaded southeastern Europe and then launched raids on nearby kingdoms	47
6785967789	Indian Ocean Trade	Connected to Europe, Africa, and China; worlds richest maritime trading network and an area of rapid Muslim expansion.	48
6785967790	Iron Age	The period following the Bronze Age; characterized by rapid spread of _____ tools and weapons	49
6785967791	Jewish Diaspora	A "scattering" of the Jewish people	50
6785967792	Legalism	In Chinese history, this was one of the main philosophic currents during the Warring States Period- a philosophy of focusing on the text of written law to the exclusion of the intent of law, elevating strict adherence to law over justice, mercy and common sense	51
6785967793	Pax Romana	A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to 180 A.D.	52
6785967794	Pyramids	Huge stone tombs built in ancient Egypt	53
6785967795	Roman Republic	The period from 507 BC to 31 BC, during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate.	54
6785967796	Roman Senate	A council of wealthy and powerful Romans that advised the city's leaders	55
6785967797	Shang	China's first dynasty, 2000 BC	56
6785967798	Shi Huang Di	Harsh ruler who united China for the first time and used legalism in ruling (Qin China)	57
6785967799	Siddhartha Gautama	Founder of Buddhism; born a prince; left his father's wealth to find the cause of human suffering; aka Buddha	58
6785967800	Silk Road Trade	The most famous of the trading routes established by pastoral nomads connecting the Chinese, Indian, Persian, and Mediterranean civilizations; transmitted goods and ideas among civilization.	59
6785967801	The Torah	The most sacred text of Judaism	60
6785967802	The Vedas	Aryan hymns originally transmitted orally but written down in sacred books from the 6th century B.C.	61
6785967803	Ziggurats	A temple/tomb of the ancient Assyrians, Sumerians, or Babylonians. Having the form of a terraced pyramid of successively receding stories	62
6785967804	Christianity	Monotheistic religion born out of Judaism, preached by Jesus of Nazareth and later codified by his disciples. Persecuted by Romans early on; however, gained support under Constantine in Rome.	63
6785967805	Buddhism	Originally preached by Siddhartha and codified by his disciples into the sutras. Rejected Vedic rituals and the caste system. Spread throughout SE Asia and China and split into Mahayana and Theravada	64
6785967806	Asoka	Third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 B.C). He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing.	65
6785967807	Hinduism	Term for a wide variety of beliefs and ritual practices that have developed in the Indian subcontinent since antiquity. It has roots in ancient Vedic, Buddhist, and south Indian religious concepts and practices.	66
6785967808	Trans Saharan	Major trade route that traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, economic benefit for controlling desert, camels played a huge role in the trading	67
6785967809	Monsoons	Major winds in the Indian Ocean that blew into India for half the year, and blew away from India for the other half. Helped facilitate trade in the Indian Ocean.	68
6785967810	Sumerians	People who dominated Southern Mesopotamia through the end of the 3rd Millennium BC. Responsible for the creation of irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions.	69
6785967811	Indo-Europeans	Groups of people who came from the area north of the Caucasus mountains, which are between the Black and Caspian seas. Herded multiple animals. Rode into battle on chariots. Their language of Sanskrit, by the Aryans, are the basis of many languages today. Often accepted and adapted aspects of technology, religions, and social order of those with whom they came in contact.	70
6785967812	Patriarchal	Before agriculture, men and women were to believed to have a greater degree of equality. But after the rise of agriculture, most human societies became ________ as a result of greater male strength.	71
6785967813	Caste system	A set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society, there was virtually no social mobility	72
6785967815	Carthage	This city has existed for nearly 3,000 years, developing from a Phoenician colony of the 1st millennium BC into the capital of the Carthaginian Empire. Controlled commerce in the Mediterranean prior to the rise of Roman Power. The expanding Roman Republic took control of many of its outposts after the two Punic Wars.	73
6785967817	Daoism	Chinese religion that believes the world is always changing and is devoid of absolute morality or meaning. They accept the world as they find it, avoid futile struggles, and deviate as little as possible from 'the way' or 'path' of nature.	74
6785967818	Bureaucrat	Government official	75

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AP Language Flashcards

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3332607822	Diction	word choice	0
3332609433	Didactic	piece of work that is strictly for teaching or learning	1
3332609434	Epigraph	using a quote in the beginning of a work to hint at the title ex- Glass Menargie	2
3332613208	Euphemism	using word in a piece of work to appease polotical or social stannard of offensive	3
3332613209	Euphony	pleasant sounds( opposite of Cacophony) ex- Mist Mellow	4
3357472176	Expository Writing	Writing(not a work) meant to inform	5
3357486002	Extended Metaphor	a metaphor, that is developed to a great length and is frequent in a work Great Gatsby- Eyes	6
3357494945	Figurative Language	writing or speech that is uninformative and is meant to be imagintive and vivid	7
3357501085	Generic Conventions	things that make up a Genre ex) to make a Scary Story Genre you need a creepy house	8
3357730806	Metaphor	two seemingly unlike things are compared WITHOUT using like or as ex) the skies of his future began to darken	9
3357739664	Loose Sentence	sentence with an Indpendent clause comes first and is then followed by the dependent ex) I found a large room, obvisoulsy a former garage, dimly lit and packed with cots	10
3357761199	Verbal Irony	word literally state the opposite of the writers true meaning ex) Clear as Mud, Soft as a Brick	11
3357763048	Dramatic Irony	Facts or events are unknown to characters but know to readers Ex) Great Gatsby Car scene , Romeo & Juliet	12
3357822773	Situational Irony	events turn out opposite of what was expected ex) fire station burns down, the police station gets robbed	13
3357830676	Irony	opposite of what someone would think/ realitiy Ex) The lifeguard drowned.	14
3358076403	Invective	an emotionally violent or verbal attack ex) , Calling someone a filthy liar, Calling someone a chicken	15
3358076404	Induction	going from specific to general EX) black marbles	16
3358077731	Imagery	lanaguage that appeals to your senses	17
3358077755	Hyperbole	exagertaion or overstatement ex) I am so hungry, I could eat a horse	18
3358079584	Homily	Think Church Riley, so basically it means any serious talk or lecture involing spitural or moral advice	19
3358099626	Genre	A catergory that fits literary work	20

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AP World History Chapter 31 Flashcards

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3956808317	Abdul Hamid II	Sultan who came to power in 1867 and tried to stop revolutions in the Ottoman; falsely accused Armenians of rebelling w/o authority; allowed the Muslims to attack Armenians	0
3956808318	Boxer Rebellion	A 1900 Uprising in China aimed at ending foreign influence in the country.	1
3956809578	Cixi	Empress of China who resisted change as Europeans took over her nation.	2
3956809651	Cohong	Specially licensed Chinese firms that were under strict government regulation	3
3956816233	Matthew Perry	A commodore in the American navy. He forced Japan into opening its doors to trade, thus bringing western influence to Japan while showing American might.	4
3956818730	Crimean War	19th century war between the Ottomans and Russia. France, Britain, and Italians helped the Ottomans to defeat Russia but it proved the growing weakness of the Ottoman Empire.	5
3956818731	Duma	Russian Parliament	6
3956821338	Emancipation Manifesto	abolished serfdom	7
3956824176	Fukuzawa Yukichi	More than any other intellectual, he popularized Western thought, ideas and customs	8
3956829972	Hundred Days Reforms	Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao wanted to industrialize Chin	9
3956833133	Ito Hirobumi	He went on to become Japan's first prime minister	10
3956833134	Lin Zexu	19th-century Chinese official charged during the 1830s with ending the opium trade in southern China; set off the events leading to the Opium War.	11
3956836682	Mahmud II	19th Ottoman sultan who built a private, professional army; crushed the Janissaries and initiated reforms on Western precedents.	12
3956836683	Meji Restoration	Modernization of Japan	13
3956839732	Muhammad Ali	Not a modern nationalist, but this Egpytian figure is seen as the father of modern Egypt and made modernizing reforms in the military, economic and cultural spheres during the 19th century.	14
3956839733	Mutshito	Mushito was the emporor of Japan. He helped to reform Japan by creating a new, modern army.	15
3956841198	Nicholas II	Last tsar of Russia, he went to the frontlines in WWI to try to rally the troops, but was forced to abdicate after his wife made horrible decisions under the influence of Rasputin.	16
3956845324	Opium War	1839-1842. Chinese attempted to prohibit the opium trade, British declared war and won against Chinese. Treaty of Nanjing, agreed to open 5 ports to British trade and limit tariffs on British goods and gave Hong Kong.	17
3956845325	Pogroms	Government supported attacks against Russian Ashkenazim	18
3956847932	Qing	The name of the last dynasty in China. They had ruled in China since 1644.	19
3956849553	Sergei Witte	A tough finance minister who thought that Russia's industrial backwardness was threatening Russia's power and greatness	20
3956849554	Sultan Selim III	the first Ottoman leader to attempt to instate far-reaching reforms in 179	21
3956855716	Taiping Rebellion	(1850-1864) A revolt by the people of China against the ruling Manchu Dynasty because of their failure to deal effectively with the opium problem and the interference of foreigners.	22
3956856814	Tanzimat Era	Time of liberal reform from 1839-1876 in which the Ottoman Empire gave other religious groups greater equality but this was not enough to save the empire	23
3956856857	Treaty of Nanjing	The treaty ending the Opium war, which was heavily favored toward the British. The Chinese were to pay 21 million dollars, give the British Hong Kong and to extend trading rights to the British.	24
3956858907	Tsar Aleksandr II	The tsar and emperor of Russia; Aleksandr at first favored the Liberal reforms and freed the serfs. He was assassinated	25
3956861934	Young Turks	Young rebellious people in the Ottoman Empire who forced the Sultan to reform	26
3956863354	Zaibatsu	The large family-controlled banking and industrial groups that owned many companies in Japan before World War II.	27
3956866196	Zemstovs	locally elected assemblies, Russia	28

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AP World History Period 5: 1750-1900 Flashcards

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6369092481	Estates-General	First French parliament under King Philip IV the Fair made up of the first estate (clergy), second estate (nobles), and third estate (townspeople)	0
6369097734	National Assembly	French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.	1
6369097735	Declaration of the Rights of Man	Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.	2
6369099728	Jacobins	Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794.	3
6369102034	Napoleonic Code	This was the civil code put out by Napoleon that granted equality of all male citizens before the law and granted absolute security of wealth and private property. Napoleon also secured this by creating the Bank of France which loyally served the interests of both the state and the financial oligarchy	4
6369102035	balance of power	Distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong (especially in Europe).	5
6369102036	enclosure	A movement in England during the 1600s and 1700s in which the government took public lands and sold them off to private landowners--contributing to a population shift toward the cities and a rise in agricultural productivity.	6
6369104200	urbanization	Movement of people from rural areas to cities	7
6369104201	domestic system	The manufacture of goods in the household setting, a production system that gave way to the factory system	8
6369106926	flying shuttle	was developed by John Kay, its invention was one of the key developments in weaving that helped fuel the Industrial Revolution, enabled the weaver of a loom to throw the shuttle back and forth between the threads with one hand	9
6369106927	spinning jenny	This machine played an important role in the mechanization of textile production. Like the spinning wheel, it may be operated by a treadle or by hand. But, unlike the spinning wheel, it can spin more than one yarn at a time. The idea for multiple-yarn spinning was conceived about 1764 by James Hargreaves, an English weaver.	10
6369108462	cotton gin	A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793	11
6369108463	steam engine	A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable one in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. It was then applied to machinery.	12
6369110293	interchangeable parts	uniform pieces that can be made in large quantities to replace other identical pieces	13
6369110294	assembly line	Production method that breaks down a complex job into a series of smaller tasks... Production method that breaks down a complex job into a series of smaller tasks... Henry Ford	14
6369115570	free-market system	Pure capitalism, in which all economic decisions are made without government intervention. An economic system in which individuals decide for themselves what to produce and sell, without any intervention of the government. This idea was introduced by Adam Smith.	15
6369117016	laissez-faire capitalism	An economic system in which the means of production and distribution are privately owned and operated for profit with minimal or no government interference	16
6369117017	socialism	An economic and governmental system based on public ownership of the means of production and exchange.	17
6369117018	communism	A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.	18
6369118552	labor unions	Organizations of workers who, together, put pressure on the employers in an industry to improve working conditions and wages.	19
6369118553	social mobility	Movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society's stratification system to another	20
6369121042	social Darwinism	19th century of belief that evolutionary ideas theorized by Charles Darwin could be applied to society. "Survival of the fittest" A social theory which states that the level a person rises to in society and wealth is determined by their genetic background.	21
6369121043	"white man's burden"	The task that white colonizers believed they had to impose their civilization on the black inhabitants of their colonies. Became the moral justification for European and American imperialism	22
6369124048	British East India Company	The Indian Rebellion of 1857 caused the British government to take direct control over the Indian colony, which had previously been controlled by this organization.	23
6369124049	unequal treaties	An unequal treaty is any of a series of treaties signed with Western powers during the 19th and early 20th centuries by Qing dynasty China and late Tokugawa Japan after suffering military defeat by the foreign powers or when there was a threat of military action by those powers.	24
6369126518	spheres of influence	Areas in which countries have some political and economic control but do not govern directly (ex. Europe and U.S. in China)	25
6369126519	Open Door Policy	Statement of U.S. foreign policy toward China. Issued by U.S. secretary of state John Hay (1899), the statement reaffirmed the principle that all countries should have equal access to any Chinese port open to trade.	26
6369126520	Boxers	A Chinese secret society that blamed the country's ills on foreigners, especially missionaries, and rose in rebellion in 1899-1900	27
6369128251	Russification	The process of forcing Russian culture on all ethnic groups in the Russian empire	28
6369130038	French and Indian War (Seven Years' War)	(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won.	29
6369134218	Thomas Paine	Revolutionary leader who wrote the pamphlet Common Sense (1776) arguing for American independence from Britain. In England he published The Rights of Man	30
6369136474	Maximilien Robespierre	"The incorruptible;" the leader of the bloodiest portion of the French Revolution. He set out to build a republic of virtue. Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution. His execution ended the Reign of Terror.	31
6369139431	Napoleon Bonaparte	Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.	32
6369139432	Waterloo	The site of Napoleon's defeat by British and Prussian armies in 1815, which ended his last bid for power... the Battle of Waterloo was fought near the village of Waterloo, which is now in Belgium. This was the final battle in the Napoleonic wars, the battle in which Napoleon Bonaparte was finally defeated.	33
6369139433	Congress of Vienna	(1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon.	34
6369142070	Pierre Toussaint L'Ouverture	the son of a slave who took his island of San Domingo (now Haiti) to independence under a constitutional government.	35
6369142071	Simon Bolivar	1783-1830, Venezuelan statesman: leader of revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule.	36
6369143739	Miguel Hidalgo	- Mexican priest and revolutionary. Although the revolt he initiated (1810) against Spanish rule failed, he is regarded as a national hero in Mexico's struggle for independence from Spain.	37
6369143740	Treaty of Cordoba	In 1821, the land-owning class in Mexico, which was still a Spanish colony, decided to support Mexican independence under the assurance that they could retain ownership of their land. Spain was forced to recognize that its 300-year-old rule in Latin America was ending. Mexico was granted independence and Central America followed shortly thereafter	38
6369145210	Eli Whitney	An American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825)	39
6369145211	Charles Darwin	English naturalist. He studied the plants and animals of South America and the Pacific islands, and in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) set forth his theory of evolution.	40
6369146609	Adam Smith	Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economics. Seen today as the father of Capitalism. Wrote On the Wealth of Nations (1776) One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment.	41
6369146610	Karl Marx	1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.	42
6369146611	Luddites	Any of a group of British workers who between 1811 and 1816 rioted and destroyed labor-saving textile machinery in the belief that such machinery would diminish employment.	43
6369148540	Opium War	1839-1842. Chinese attempted to prohibit the opium trade, British declared war and won against Chinese. Treaty of Nanjing, agreed to open 5 ports to British trade and limit tariffs on British goods and gave Hong Kong.	44
6369148541	Treaty of Nanjing	1842, ended Opium war, said the western nations would determine who would trade with China, so it set up the unequal treaty system which allowed western nations to own a part of Chinese territory and conduct trading business in China under their own laws; this treaty set up 5 treaty ports where westerners could live, work, and be treated under their own laws; one of these were Hong Kong.	45
6369150766	White Lotus Rebellions	In central China, unhappy peasants launched a revolt known as the White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1804). The revolt was suppressed, but the enormous expenses of fighting the rebels weakened the Qing dynasty.	46
6369150767	Taiping Rebellions	A massive rebellion by believers in the religious teachings of Hong Xiuquan, begun in 1851 and not suppressed until 1864.	47
6369154120	Self-Strengthening Movement	China's program of internal reform in the 1860s and 1870s, based on vigorous application of Confucian principles and limited borrowing from the West	48
6369156044	Sino-Japanese War	(1894-1895) Japan's imperialistic war against China to gain control of natural resources and markets for their goods. It ended with the Treaty of Portsmouth which granted Japan Chinese port city trading rights, control of Manchuria, the annexation of the island of Sakhalin, and Korea became its protectorate.	49
6369156045	Chinese Exclusion Act	(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate. American workers felt threatened by the job competition.	50
6369158408	Commodore Matthew Perry	A navy commander who, on July 8, 1853, became the first foreigner to break through the barriers that had kept Japan isolated from the rest of the world for 250 years with the Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854.	51
6369159746	Meiji Restoration	In 1868, a Japanese state-sponsored industrialization and westernization effort that also involved the elimination of the Shogunate and power being handed over to the Japanese Emperor, who had previously existed as mere spiritual/symbolic figure.	52
6369159747	Boer War	(1899-1902) War between Great Britain and the Boers in South Africa over control of rich mining country. Great Britain won and created the Union of South Africa comprised of all the South African colonies.	53
6369161577	Muhammad Ali	Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952.	54
6369161578	Suez Canal	A ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea... Egyptians with funding from France and later Britain created this major transportation project completed in 1869.	55
6369164230	Victor Emmanuel II	King of Piedmont, Savoy, and Sardinia. Eventually became first king of a united Italy. Led the north in Italian unification and united with Garibaldi's south in 1861. Drove the pope into the Vatican city, and eventually made Rome the capital of Italy.	56
6369164231	William I	Under the leadership of William and his Minister President Otto von Bismarck, Prussia achieved the unification of Germany and the establishment of the German Empire. William held strong reservations about some of Bismarck's anti-Catholicism and tough handling of subordinates.	57
6369165553	William II	Last German Emperor, eldest grandson of the British Queen Victoria. Crowned in 1888, he dismissed the Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck, in 1890 and launched Germany on a "New Course" in foreign affairs that culminated in his support for Austria-Hungary in the crisis of July 1914 that led in a matter of days to the First World War. An ineffective war leader, he lost the support of the army, abdicated in November 1918, and fled to exile in the Netherlands.	58
6369167732	Otto von Bismarck	Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire	59
6369167733	Franco-Prussian War	This was a major war between the French and the Germans in 1871 that brought about the unification of Germany. It was caused by Otto Von Bismarck altering a telegram from the Prussian King to provoke the French into attacking Prussia, thus hoping to get the independent German states to unify with Prussia (which they did, thus creating Germany).	60
6369169100	Emancipation Edict	(1861) The imperial law that abolished serfdom in Russia and, on paper, freed the peasants. In actuality they were collectively responsible for redemption payments to the government for a number of years.	61
6369169101	Monroe Doctrine	1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S.	62
6369170843	Roosevelt Corollary	Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force	63
6369170844	Panama Canal	Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States, it opened in 1915...built the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. It cost $400,000,000 to build. Columbians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred.	64
6369172855	Spanish-American War	War fought between the US and Spain in Cuba and the Philippines. It lasted less than 3 months and resulted in Cuba's independence as well as the US annexing Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. conflict in 1898 between Spain and the United States. Fought mainly for the issue of Cuban independence from Spain.	65

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AP Language Flashcards

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6779081635	English	English	0
6779081636	adage	a proverb or wise saying commonly used (ex: Things are not always as they seem.)	1
6779081637	allegory	a story in which people, things and happenings have a hidden or symbolic meaning.(fables, parables, apologue have meanings on two or more levels.)	2
6779081638	alliteration	words used in quick succession and begin with letters belonging to the same sound group; a repetition of similar sounds/letters in the sentence. (Wicked witch of the west went her own way.)	3
6779081639	allusion	a passing reference to a commonly-known historical, cultural, religious, literary, or mythical person, place, event, or work of art, whereby the reader must make the connection within the current text.	4
6779081640	ambiguity	multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, passage or sentence; can lead reader toward uncertainty of meaning	5
6779081641	analogy	establishing a relationship based on similarities between two concepts or ideas; helps convey meaning of a new idea	6
6779081642	anaphora	the deliberate repetition of the first part of the sentence in order to achieve an artistic effect; most commonly found in the Bible (O Lord,.for I am weak.O Lord, heal me. O Lord, have mercy on me.)	7
6779081643	anecdote	short and interesting story or an amusing event often proposed to support or demonstrate some point and make readers and listeners laugh; Anecdotes can include an extensive range of tales and stories	8
6779081644	antecedent	word, phrase, or clause that is replaced by a pronoun	9
6779081645	antimetabole	repetition of words in reverse grammatical order; Ex: "Fair is foul and foul is fair."	10
6779081646	antithesis	parallel structures of the contrasted phrases or clauses, i.e. the structures of phrases and clauses are similar in order to draw the attention of the listeners or readers; Ex: "One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind."	11
6779081647	apostrophe	speaker talks to someone or something that is obviously not present	12
6779081648	appositive	a renaming of a noun or noun phrase immediately after first stating the noun	13
6779081649	archetype	A detail, image, or character type that occurs frequently in literature and myth and is thought to appeal in a universal way to the unconscious and to evoke a response	14
6779081650	argument	a statement put forth and supported by evidence	15
6779081651	asyndeton	author purposely leaves out conjunctions in the sentence, while maintaining the grammatical accuracy of the phrase; shortening the statement for greater impact; "Reduce, reuse, recycle."	16
6779081652	audience	those to whom a piece of literary work is being presented	17
6779081653	cacophony	Tremendous noise, disharmonious sound	18
6779081654	characterization	Actions, dialogue, and narrative description that reveal a sense of a character's personality to the reader.	19
6779081655	circumlocution	an indirect or wordy way of expressing an idea which leaves the reader perplexed; exaggeratedly long and complex sentences in order to convey a meaning that could have otherwise been conveyed through a shorter, much simpler sentence	20
6779081656	climax	that point in a plot that creates the greatest intensity, suspense, or interest. Also called "turning point"	21
6779081657	colloquial	Characteristic of ordinary conversation rather than formal speech or writing	22
6779081658	concession	An argumentative strategy by which a speaker or writer acknowledges the validity of an opponent's point.	23
6779081659	conceit	A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects; unusual and unlikely comparisons between two things	24
6779081660	connotation	associations people make with words that go beyond the literal or dictionary definition	25
6779081661	context	The parts before or after a word or statement that influence its meaning	26
6779081662	counter argument	an argument or set of reasons put forward to oppose an idea or theory developed in another argument.	27
6779081663	cumulative sentence	a sentence in which the main independent clause is elaborated by the successive addition of modifying clauses or phrases	28
6779081664	denotation	Dictionary definition of a word; literal meaning	29
6779081665	denouement	an outcome or solution; the unraveling of a plot	30
6779081666	detail	The facts revealed by the author or speaker that support the attitude or tone in a piece of poetry or prose.	31
6779081667	diction	A writer's or speaker's choice of words	32
6779081668	elegy	a mournful, melancholy, or plaintive poem, especially a funeral song or a lament for the dead.	33
6779081669	ellipsis	in a sentence, the omission of a word or words replaced by three periods ...	34
6779081670	epic	A long narrative poem, written in heightened language, which recounts the deeds of a heroic character who embodies the values of a particular society	35
6779081671	ethos	One of the fundamental strategies of argumentation identified by Aristotle. Ethos is basically an appeal to credibility. The writer is seeking to convince you that he or she has the background, history, skills, and/or expertise to speak on the issue.	36
6779081672	euphemism	From the Greek for "good speech," euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept - POLITICALLY CORRECT	37
6779081673	exposition	Background information presented in a literary work.	38
6779081674	hyperbole	A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. (The literal Greek meaning is "overshoot.") Hyperboles often have a comic effect; however, a serious effect is also possible. Often, hyperbole produces irony.	39
6779081675	imagery	use of words and phrases to create "mental images" for the reader; helps the reader visualize more realistically the author's writings through the usage of metaphors, allusions, descriptive words and similes	40
6779081676	imperative sentences	gives a command or request; often subject is understood and sentence ends with !	41
6779081677	inversion	A sentence in which the verb precedes the subject.	42
6779081678	verbal irony	Sarcasm; what is said is the opposite of what is meant	43
6779081679	juxtaposition	placing an idea next to its opposite to emphasize contrast and comparison	44
6779081680	logos	An appeal to reason. Logos is one of the fundamental strategies of argumentation identified by Aristotle. It occurs when a writer tries to convince you of the logic of his argument. writers may use inductive argumentation or deductive argumentation, but they clearly have examples and generally rational tome to their language. The problem with logos is that is can appear reasonable until you dissect the argument and then find fallacies that defeat the viability of the argument on the reader's eyes. Of course, that presupposes that the readers is able to identify the fallacies.	45
6779081681	metaphor	A figurative comparison of two unlike things without using the word like or as	46
6779081682	metonymy	(mĕtŏn′ ĭmē) A term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name," metonymy is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. For example, a news release that claims "the White House declared" rather than "the President declared" is using metonymy; Shakespeare uses it to signify the male and female sexes in As You Like It: "doublet and hose ought to show itself courageous to petticoat." The substituted term generally carries a more potent emotional impact.	47
6779081683	mood	Feeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader; using specific diction, description, setting, and characterization to create the atmosphere	48
6779081684	motif	A recurring theme, subject or idea	49
6779081685	narrative	a fiction, nonfiction, poetic, or dramatic story, actual or fictional, expressed orally or in text.	50
6779081686	non sequitur	A statement that does not follow logically from evidence	51
6779081687	occasion	the time and place a speech is given or a piece is written	52
6779081688	onomatopoeia	A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. Ex: buzz, hiss, hum, crack, whinny, and murmur.	53
6779081689	organization	In a composition, the arrangement of ideas, incidents, evidence, or details in a perceptible order in a paragraph or essay.	54
6779081690	oxymoron	A figure of speech consisting of two apparently contradictory terms; The richest literary oxymora(paradoxes) seem to reveal a deeper truth through their contradictions. Ex: "without laws, we can have no freedom." Shakespeare's Julius Caesar also makes use of a famous oxymoron: "Cowards die many times before their deaths"	55
6779081691	pace	Speed with which the author delivers the story controlled by language, mood, emotion played out in speech, dialogue, descriptions.	56
6779081692	parable	A simple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson	57
6779081693	paradox	A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth.	58
6779081694	parallel structure	repetition of the same pattern of words or phrases within a sentence or passage to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance.	59
6779081695	parody	A humorous or satirical imitation of a serious piece of literature or writing	60
6779081696	pathos	An appeal to emotion. This is one of the fundamental strategies of argumentation identified by Aristotle. Typically, pathos arguments may use loaded words to make you feel guilty, lonely, worried, insecure, or confused.	61
6779081697	persona	An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.	62
6779081698	personification	author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions.	63
6779081699	point of view	Perspective from which a story is told; omniscient point of view= the person telling the story or narrator knows everything that's going on in the story; first- person point of view the narrator is a character in the story; limited third-person point of view the narrator is outside the story- like an omniscient narrator- but tells the story from the vantage point of one character."	64
6779081700	polemic	a controversial argument, esp. attacking a particular opinion	65
6779081701	propaganda	A negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information.	66
6779081702	prose	written or spoken language in its ordinary form, without metrical structure.	67
6779081703	purpose	One's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing.	68
6779081704	refutation	The part of an argument wherein a speaker or writer anticipates and counters opposing points of view.	69
6779081705	repetition	Repeated use of sounds, words, or ideas for effect and emphasis	70
6779081706	rhetoric	From the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.	71
6779081707	rhetorical appeals	Rhetorical techniques used to persuade an audience by emphasizing what they find most important or compelling. The three major appeals are to ethos (character), logos (reason), and pathos (emotion).	72
6779081708	rhetorical question	A question whose answer is assumed; a rhetorical question is designed to force the reader to respond in a predetermined manner and to propel an argument emotionally.	73
6779081709	rhetorical triangle	A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience ex:Aristotelian triangle	74
6779081710	satire	A work that reveals a critical attitude toward some element of human behavior by portraying it in an extreme way. It doesn't simply abuse (as in invective) or get personal (as in sarcasm). It targets groups or large concepts rather than individuals.	75
6779081711	simile	A comparison of two things using like or as	76
6779081712	symbolism	An ordinary object with an extraordinary significance	77
6779081713	synecdoche	A figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole (as hand for sailor), the whole for a part (as the law for police officer), the specific for the general (as cutthroat for assassin), the general for the specific (as thief for pickpocket), or the material for the thing made from it (as steel for sword).	78
6779081714	syllogism	A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.	79
6779081715	syntax	Language rules that govern how words can be combined to form meaningful phrases and sentences	80
6779081716	thesis	Focus statement of an essay; premise statement upon which the point of view or discussion in the essay is based.	81
6779081717	tone	A writer's attitude toward his or her subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language, and organization on the sentence and global levels.	82
6779081718	transition	A word or phrase that links one idea to the next and carries the reader from sentence to sentence, paragraph to paragraph	83
6779081719	voice	In grammar, a term for the relationship between a verb and a noun (active or passive voice). In rhetoric, a distinctive quality in the style and tone of writing.	84

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AP language vocab 1 Flashcards

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4893803535	Aberration	Act of departing from the right, normal, or usual path	0
4893803536	Copiuos	Large quantity, abundance in number	1
4893811579	Duplicity	Decieitfulness in speech or conduct	2
4893815628	Incorrigible	Bad beyond correction or reform	3
4893819634	Juxtapose	To place close together, especially for comparision	4
4893827457	Multifarious	Having many different parts/forms	5
4893831469	Poignant	Keenly distressing to feelings, keen/strong mental appeal	6
4893840067	Recalcitrant	Resisting authority/control, not obedient	7
4893844290	Saccharine	Nature of/or resembling sugar/ containing sugar	8
4893852835	Superficial	Being at, on, or near the surface	9
4893854745	Synedoche	Figure of speech where part is used for the whole (all hands on deck)	10
4893869798	Allusion	Passing/casual reference (she had a beautiful smile that was only rivaled by Mona Lisa)	11
4893883758	Anaphora	Repetition of a word/words at the start of 2 or more successive verses (my life is only mine. My life is my purpose.)	12
4893918869	Epithet	Any word/phrase applied to a person/ thing to describe an actual/attributes quality (Richard the lion hearted)	13
4893930922	Litotes	Understatement in which is affirmative is expressed by negative of its contrary (not bad at all)	14

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AP Language Semester 1 Flashcards

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5759631207	Forensics	establish past knowledge and rely on cause and effect	0
5759639344	Deliberative	future arguments based on post influence	1
5759640338	Definition	does a known object being in a specific category?	2
5759643189	Causation	what caused something to be	3
5759644428	Evaluation	quality of something	4
5759646933	Proposal	actions to solve a problem	5
5759650520	Arguable Proposition	action should be taken	6
5759652740	Correlative	shows a relationship between ideas, events, and occurences	7
5759656353	Expository Writing	explains or informs	8
5759658462	Descriptive Writing	writing that tries to describe the idea in order to help the reader visualize it	9
5759662792	Narrative Writing	writing that tells a story by recounting events	10
5759668752	Persuasive Writing	writing that tries to influence a reader's thinking	11
5759671288	Classification	writing that places a subject, (person , place, or thing), into categories	12
5759677588	Extended Definition	fuller description than a dictionary	13
5759679289	Exemplification	giving an example	14
5759682558	Compare/Contrast	how a subject is alike or different	15
5759683722	Cause and Effect	starts with a subject and then shows the effect of it or causes of it	16
5759686723	Claim	controversial and debatable statement	17
5759690281	Qualifiers	limit your claim to a more reasonable level	18
5759692979	Rebuttal	the ability to view the other side's argument and decide whether it raises points	19
5759697583	Concession	counterpart that overrides the opponents point	20
5759701522	Refutation	to bring up opponent argument in order to show flaws in argument	21
5759707073	Antanagoge	the placing of an unavoidable negative point next to a positive one	22
5759710955	Procatalepsis	raising objections to your own argument that you want to address	23
5759714657	Irrelevance	showing that an opponent's argument does not apply to the point you are making	24
5759717464	Counter Claim	taking a claim and showing the opposing view	25
5759720956	Induction	a method of reasoning that moves from specific instances to a general conclusion	26
5759725193	Deduction	a method of reasoning that moves from general to specific	27
5759728889	Generality	An imprecise or vague statement or idea	28
5759730760	Analogy	using a simpler idea or system to explain a more complex idea or system	29
5759733399	Sign	the notion that certain types of evidence are symptomatic of some wider principle	30
5759737306	Causal	An occurrence or even in the result of, or is affected by, factor X	31
5759744676	Authority	using various individuals of prominence to support and idea	32
5759748140	Principle	an abstract belief among people	33
5759749227	Syllogism	in logic, a form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major and minor premise, and a conclusion	34
5759754681	Contextual	background information that establishes the parameters of the argument	35
5759758676	Pathos	appeal to emotions	36
5759760269	Ethos	appeal to ethics	37
5759760270	Logos	appeal to logic and reason	38
5759766183	Anadiplosis	takes the last word of a sentence or phrase and repeats it as the first word of the next sentence or phrase	39
5759769686	Asyndeton	leaves out conjunctions in a non- standard way	40
5759774663	Polysyndeton	adding coordinators after every member in a list	41
5759777503	Antithesis	opposite	42
5759779677	Anaphora	repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of a series of sentences or clauses adding emphasis	43
5759783969	Parallelism	balance of structure	44
5759786459	Zeugma	a structure in which two elements of a sentence are linked by a governing third element in a suggestive way	45
5759789977	Chiasmus	a special form of parallelism that flips the original form around	46
5759793475	Juxtaposition	an act or instance of placing close together or side by side, especially for comparison or contrast	47
5759800104	Periodic Sentence	a sentence that is not grammatically correct until the physical end of the sentence	48
5759804047	Loose Sentence	A sentence in which the sentence is grammatically complete before it's physically complete	49
5759809353	Apothegm(atic)	a short, simple sentence that follows a series of longer more complex sentences	50
5759812790	Hypophora	asking a question and then proceeding to answer it	51
5759815880	Metaphor	a comparison of two things without using "like" or "as"	52
5759818227	Simile	a comparison of two things using "like" or "as"	53
5759820788	Personification	giving non-human object human-like characteristics	54
5759828997	Hyperbole	over exaggeration of something	55
5759831378	Irony	where the unexpected outcome takes place	56
5759843796	Synecdoche	a figure of speech where a part is used to reference a whole	57
5759846595	Synesthesia	confusion of the senses	58
5759848780	Genre	class or category of writing	59
5759849982	Diction	author's word choice	60
5759852135	Denotation	dictionary definition	61
5759854291	Connotation	emotional association of a word	62
5759855774	Euphemism	taking an unpleasant idea and making it sound better	63
5759857994	Cliche	a phrase or expression that has been used so often it's no longer original	64
5759861202	Semantics	study of language and use of words	65
5759862584	Litotes	emphasizes a point by using a word opposite to the condition. Denies the contrary	66
5759866391	Malapropism	humorous confusion of words	67
5759869750	Colloquialism	regional term	68
5759871089	Motif	repeated element in a work	69
5759874406	Archetype	a symbol that transcends time and culture	70
5759877672	Satire	wit used to attack and mock	71
5759883387	Caricature	to make or give a comically or grotesquely exaggerated representation of someone or something	72
5759888311	Parody	imitative use of the words, style, attitude, tone, and ideas of an author, genre, or style in such way to make them ridiculous	73
5759893731	Symbolism	a sign	74
5759896676	Paradox	idea that looks false at first but there is truth to it	75
5759898898	Oxymoron	contradictory statement	76
5759900372	Allusion	famous historical reference	77
5759903020	Epigraph	writing on the outside	78
5759903021	Objective	viewing something w/ out bias	79
5759904871	Subjective	viewing something w/ bias	80
5759907735	Digression	slowly getting off topic	81
5759909813	Non Sequitar	being completely off topic	82
5759980972	Ad Hominem Fallacy	involves ignoring the issue at attacking the opponent personally. Sometimes it is subtle.	83
5759997748	Ad Hominem tu quoque Fallacy	hypocrisy argument	84
5760006804	You're-not-qualified fallacy	involves failing to address the issue that's been raised by an opponent and attacking his qualifications instead	85
5760016803	Ad Populum Fallacy	involves the attempt to win an argument by appealing to the masses, the audience, a mob, or a crowd instead of appealing to reason	86
5760032608	Appeal to Emotion Fallacy	fallacy is used when the arguer takes advantage of emotion to prove his case. Emotions often used include fear, flattery, pity, ridicule and spite	87
5760049785	Appeal to Ignorance Fallacy	involves arguing that something is true because the opposite has not been proven (Argumentum ad Ignorantiam)	88
5760055446	Appeal to Force Fallacy	involves threatening someone to get him/her to agree with a stance (Arguementum ad baculum)	89
5760060949	Red Herring Fallacy	involves taking the audience's attention off of the issues at hand and focusing it on an unrelated issue	90
5760064940	Over-Generalization Fallacy	involves assigning a characteristic to an entire group on the basis of only one or two observations	91
5760069791	Guilt by Association Fallacy	involves holding that two unlike items or persons can be equated, one with the other, because of a single common characteristic or belief	92
5760077582	Hasty Generalization Fallacy	logical fallacy in which not enough evidence is used to come to a conclusion	93
5760086706	Thin, entering wedge Fallacy	involves directly projecting past or present observations into the future without considering factors that could alter the direction or the magnitude of the projection	94
5760094966	Cause and Effect Fallacy	involves assuming that just because event A preceded event B, event A must necessarily be the cause of event B (Post Hoc)	95
5760102295	Misused Appeal to Authority Fallacy	involves believing that those held to be wise or those who are famous cannot be wrong	96
5760106167	Figures Prove Fallacy	manipulation of statistics	97
5760110203	Begging the Question Fallacy	involves offering a conclusion that turns out to be the premise, just restated (a circular argument)	98
5760128684	Self-Evident Truth Fallacy	involves stating a conclusion without first offering the necessary premises for that conclusion	99
5760134616	Non Sequitur Fallacy	involves the argument in which the conclusion does not follow its premise. A=B; B=C; therefore, A=C	100
5760147113	Argument Ad Nauseam Fallacy	false conception that a statement is likely to be true if it has been repeated many times (Argument from Repetition)	101
5760151847	Slippery Slope Fallacy	similar to thin, entering wedge. Arguer is claiming that one action in the present will result in more problems in the future	102
5760158510	Straw Man Fallacy	the act of misrepresenting another's opinion so that you can present a case that is easily knocked down	103
5760163985	Either-or Fallacy	the false dilemma is when a debater narrows down a complicated issue to an either-or situation	104
5760168597	False Analogy Fallacy	involves offering an item as analogous to another item despite the absence of a marked similarity between the two items	105
5760178540	Oversimplification Fallacy	involves representing a complex and/or multifaceted problem in a simplistic manner	106
5760183334	Gambler's Fallacy	involves believing that the laws of chance indicate something will happen	107
5760189388	Types of Argument	Definition, Evaluation, Ethics, Proposal, Causation (DEEPC)	108
5760197401	Rhetorical Situation	Persona, Audience, Purpose, Rhetorical Moves (MAPP)	109
5760200020	Purposes	Physical, Intellectual, Emotional	110
5760203857	Types of Support	Statistics, Facts, Authority, Examples, Anecdotes, Narrative (SAFE AN)	111
5760207165	Coherence	Transition, Reminder of Topic, Explanation of Support	112
5760214738	Types of Irony	Verbal: "Nice Hair", Structural: form doesn't match function "Modest Proposal", Dramatic: Oedipus, Situational: Fahrenheit 451, Cosmic: Oedipus- gods manipulate, Romantic: author misleads	113
5760236805	Types of Satire	Horatian: tolerant, witty, wise, Juvenalian: angry, caustic, resentful, Understatement: force of a descriptive statement, Direct: Talks directly to the audience, Indirect: is produced by modes, Wit: Intelligent humor, Low Brow: sexual jokes	114
5760321275	Apostrophe	where the author comes out of the form they are writing	115
5760339304	Types of Reasoning	Generality, Analogy, Sign, Causal, Authority, Principle (GASCAP)	116
6333513123	Metonomy	when one word replaces another	117
6333514417	Understatement	the presentation of something smaller, worse, or less important than it is	118
6333519982	Jargon	language that is particular to a trait or perfection	119
6333524567	Vernacular	native language of a place	120
6333528497	Figurative Imagery	to use objects, actions, and ideas in such a way that it appeals to our physical senses	121
6333532883	Lampoon	creative works that uses sharp humor to point to the foolishness of a person, institution, or human nature in general	122
6333537296	Dialectic	centers on a proposed argument or thesis, and then counters that point of view with possible opposing ideas	123
6333543398	Pastoral	writing that extolls the virtue of the countryside/nature	124
6333546532	Didactic	emphasizes instructional and informative qualities in literature	125
6333548970	Allegory	characters and events are symbols that stand for ideas about human life or for political or historical situations	126
6333553894	Pedantry	writing that is overwrought with rules and form	127
6333556053	Discourse	written or spoken communications	128

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AP Literature - Literary Terms Flashcards

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6518531372	allegory	A story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one.	0
6518531373	alliteration	It is a stylistic device in which a number of words, having the same first consonant sound, occur close together in a series.	1
6518531374	allusion	A brief and indirect reference to a person, place, thing or idea of historical, cultural, literary or political significance.	2
6518531376	antecedent	The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.	3
6518531377	antagonist	A character or force in conflict with the main character	4
6518531378	anaphora	A rhetorical figure of repetition in which the same word or phrase is repeated in (and usually at the beginning of) successive lines, clauses, or sentences.	5
6518531379	anastrophe	Inversion of the natural or usual word order	6
6518531380	antithesis	A balancing of two opposite or contrasting words, phrases, or clauses.	7
6518531381	aphorism	A brief, cleverly worded statement that makes a wise observation about life.	8
6518531382	apostrophe	A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love.	9
6518531383	assonance	Repetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity	10
6518531384	asyndeton	A series of words separated by commas (with no conjunction), e.g. "I came, I saw, I conquered." The parts of the sentence are emphasized equally; in addition, the use of commas with no intervening conjunction speeds up the flow of the sentence.	11
6518531385	blank verse	Poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter	12
6518531386	caesura	A natural pause or break in a line of poetry, usually near the middle of the line.	13
6518531387	cacophony	Harsh, discordant, or meaningless mixture of sounds	14
6518531388	cadence	Rhythmic rise and fall	15
6518531389	conceit	A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects.	16
6518531390	connotation	All the meanings, associations, or emotions that a word suggests	17
6518531391	consonance	Repetition of a consonant sound within two or more words in close proximity.	18
6518531392	couplet	A pair of rhymed lines that may or may not constitute a separate stanza in a poem.	19
6518531393	dactyl	A stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables	20
6518531394	denotation	Dictionary definition of a word	21
6518531395	denouement	an outcome or solution; the unraveling of a plot	22
6518531396	diction	The choice and use of words and phrases in speech or writing	23
6518531397	didactic	Intended to instruct; teaching, or teaching a moral lesson	24
6518531398	dirge	a funeral hymn or mournful speech	25
6518531399	euphemism	An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant	26
6518531400	end-stopped line	A line that ends with a natural speech pause, usually marked by punctuation	27
6518531401	enjambment	A run-on line of poetry in which logical and grammatical sense carries over from one line into the next.	28
6518531402	epitaph	A brief statement written on a tomb or gravestone	29
6518531403	epic	A long narrative poem, written in heightened language, which recounts the deeds of a heroic character who embodies the values of a particular society	30
6518531405	flashback	A method of narration in which present action is temporarily interrupted so that the reader can witness past events	31
6518531406	foreshadowing	A narrative device that hints at coming events; often builds suspense or anxiety in the reader.	32
6518531407	foot	A metrical unit composed of stressed and unstressed syllables.	33
6518531409	free verse	Poetry that does not have a regular meter or rhyme scheme	34
6518531410	genre	A category or type of literature (or of art, music, etc.) characterized by a particular form, style, or content.	35
6518531411	hamartia	tragic flaw which causes a character's downfall	36
6518531412	heroic couplet	A pair of rhymed, iambic pentameter lines.	37
6518531413	hexameter	A line of poetry that has six metrical feet.	38
6518531414	hubris	Excessive pride or arrogance that results in the downfall of the protagonist of a tragedy	39
6518531415	hyperbole	A figure of speech that uses exaggeration to express strong emotion, make a point, or evoke humor	40
6518531416	iamb	A common meter in poetry consisting of an unrhymed line with five feet or accents, each foot containing an unaccented syllable and an accented syllable.	41
6518531417	imagery	Descriptive or figurative language in a literary work; the use of language to create sensory impressions.	42
6518531418	irony	A contrast or discrepancy between what is stated and what is really meant, or between what is expected to happen and what actually does happen.	43
6518531419	verbal irony	In this type of irony, the words literally state the opposite of the writer's true meaning	44
6518531420	situational irony	Occurs when the outcome of a work is unexpected, or events turn out to be the opposite from what one had expected	45
6518531421	dramatic irony	Irony that occurs when the meaning of the situation is understood by the audience but not by the characters in the play.	46
6518531422	jargon	Special words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand	47
6518531423	juxtaposition	Placement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts	48
6518531425	metaphor	A comparison that establishes a figurative identity between objects being compared.	49
6518531426	meter	A regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry	50
6518531427	metonymy	A figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it	51
6518531428	mood	Feeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader	52
6518531429	motif	(n.) a principal idea, feature, theme, or element; a repeated or dominant figure in a design	53
6518531430	motivation	A psychological factor that provides a directional force or reason for behavior.	54
6518531431	narration	The purpose of this type of rhetorical mode is to tell the story or narrate an event or series of events.	55
6518531432	novel	A long fictional narrative written in prose, usually having many characters and a strong plot.	56
6518531433	novella	A short novel usually under 100 pages.	57
6518531434	novelette	When a novel is short and has chapters reffered to as vignettes	58
6518531435	octave	a verse form consisting of eight lines of iambic pentameter	59
6518531436	ode	A lyric poem usually marked by serious, respectful, and exalted feelings toward the subject.	60
6518531437	onomatopoeia	A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words.	61
6518531438	oxymoron	A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase.	62
6518531439	paean	song of joy or triumph; a fervent expression of joy	63
6518531440	parable	A simple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson	64
6518531441	paradox	A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth.	65
6518531442	parallelism	Phrases or sentences of a similar construction/meaning placed side by side, balancing each other	66
6518531443	parody	A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule.	67
6518531444	pedantic	An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish.	68
6518531445	pentameter	a rhythm in poetry that has five stressed syllables in each line (five metrical feet)	69
6518531446	persona	A pattern of relatively permanent traits, dispositions, or characteristics that give some consistency to people's behavior.	70
6518531447	personification	A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes	71
6518531448	plot	Sequence of events in a story	72
6518531449	point of view	The perspective from which a story is told	73
6518531450	polysyndeton	Deliberate use of many conjunctions in close succession, especially where some might be omitted. Hemingway and the Bible both use extensively. Ex. "he ran and jumped and laughed for joy"	74
6518531451	prosody	Appropriate expression when reading. Includes pitch (intonation), loudness, stressing phrases, etc.	75
6518531452	protagonist	Chief character in a dramatic or narrative work, usually trying to accomplish some objective or working toward some goal.	76
6518531453	pun	A joke exploiting the different possible meanings of a word or the fact that there are words that sound alike but have different meanings.	77
6518531454	quatrain	4 line stanza	78
6518531455	refrain	A line or set of lines repeated several times over the course of a poem.	79
6518531456	rhetorical question	A question asked merely for rhetorical effect and not requiring an answer	80
6518531457	end rhyme	A word at the end of one line rhymes with a word at the end of another line	81
6518531458	eye rhyme	rhyme that appears correct from spelling but does not rhyme because of pronunciation	82
6518531459	forced rhyme	when two words don't really rhyme together, but an author uses similar spelled, or sounding words to try to create a rhyme; Ex: stone, one	83
6518531460	internal rhyme	A word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same line	84
6518531461	slant rhyme	rhyme in which the vowel sounds are nearly, but not exactly the same (i.e. the words "stress" and "kiss"); sometimes called half-rhyme, near rhyme, or partial rhyme	85
6518531462	rhyme scheme	A regular pattern of rhyming words in a poem	86
6518531463	satire	A literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies.	87
6518531464	sestet	a rhythmic group of six lines of verse	88
6518531465	shifts/turns	Changes in the speaker's attitude. Look for key words such as but, yet, however, and although, punctuation, and stanza division.	89
6518531466	sonnet	14-line lyric poem focused on a single theme; usually written in iambic pentameter	90
6518531467	symbol	A thing that represents or stands for something else, especially a material object representing something abstract.	91
6518531468	synecdoche	a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa	92
6518531469	syntax	Arrangement of words in phrases and sentences	93
6518531470	theme	A topic of discussion or writing; a major idea broad enough to cover the entire scope of a literary work.	94
6518531471	tone	A writer's attitude toward his or her subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language, and organization on the sentence and global levels.	95
6518531472	understatement	the presentation of something as being smaller, worse, or less important than it actually is.	96
6518531473	villanelle	A French verse form calculated to appear simple and spontaneous but consisting of nineteen lines and a prescribed pattern of rhymes.	97
6518582277	ambiguity	deliberately suggesting two or more different, and sometimes conflicting, meanings in a work. An event or a situation that may be interpreted in more than one way--done on purpose by the author	98
6518607762	analogy	Comparison made between two things to show how they are alike	99
6518610825	anecdote	Brief story, told to illustrate a point or serve as an example of something, often shows character of an individual	100
6518622314	antimetabole	repetition of words in successive clauses in reverse grammatical order. Moliere: "one should eat to live, not live to eat." In poetry, this is called chiasmus	101
6518638788	antihero	central character who lack all the qualities traditionally associated with heroes. May lack courage, grace, intelligence, or moral scruples	102
6518652771	apposition	placing in immediately succeeding order of two or more coordinate elements, the latter of which is and explanation, qualification, or modification. Also known as an appositive	103
6518660620	anthropomorphism	attributing human characteristics to an animal or inanimate object. (Personification)	104
6518665621	balance	constructing a sentence so that both halves are about the same length and importance. Sentences can be unbalanced to serve a special effect as well.	105
6518669720	chiasmus	In poetry, a type of rhetorical balance in chic the second part is syntactically balanced against the first, but with the parts reversed. Coleridge: Flowers are lovely, love is flowerlike. In prose, this is called antimetabole	106
6518679463	cliche	a word or phrase that is overused and meaningless. Avoid cliches like the plague. (intended cliche)	107
6518685377	colloquialism	a word or phrase in everyday use in conversation and informal writing, but inappropriate for formal writing or situations	108
6518693865	comedy	in general, a story that ends with a happy resolution of the conflicts faced by the main characters.	109
6522507212	confessional poetry	a twentieth century term used to describe poetry that uses intimate material from the poet's life	110
6522970005	elegy	a poem of mourning, usually about someone who has died.	111
6522985700	epanalepsis	device of repetition in which the same expression is repeated both at the beginning and at the end of the line, clause, or sentence. Voltaire: "Common sense is not so common."	112
6523009342	epigraph	a quotation or aphorism at the beginning of a literary work suggestive of the theme	113
6523015544	epistrophe	device of repetition in which the same expression (single word or phrase) is repeated at the end of two or lines, clauses, or sentences ( the opposite of anaphora)	114
6523029115	epithet	an adjective or adjective phrase applied to a person or thing that is frequently used to emphasize a characteristic quality. "Father of our country" and The great Emancipator" are examples	115
6523045295	fable	a very short story told in prose or poetry that teaches a practical lesson about how to succeed in life	116
6523050771	farce	a type of comedy in which ridiculous and often stereotyped characters are involved in silly, far-fetched situations	117
6523060733	figurative language	words which are inaccurate if interpreted literally, but are used to describe. Similes and metaphors are common forms	118
6523065705	foil	a character who acts as a contrast to another character. Often a funny side kick to the dashing hero, or villain contrasting the hero	119
6523081069	hypotactic	sentence marked by the use of connecting words between clauses or sentences, explicitly showing the logical or other relationships between them. "I am tired because it is hot."	120
6523099105	inversion	the reversal of the normal word order in a sentence or phrase	121

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AP Spanish Literature : Themes Flashcards

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6706654599	Las relaciones interpersonales	La amistad y la hostilidad El amor y el desprecio La comunicacion o la falta de comunicacion El individuo y la comunidad Las relaciones de poder Las relaciones familiares	0
6706654600	La construccion del genero	El machismo Las relaciones sociales El sistema patriarcal La sexualidad La tradicion y la ruptura	1
6706654601	Las sociedades en contexto	La asmilacion y la marginacion Diversidad Las divisiones socioeconomicas El imperialismo El nacionalismo y el regionalismo	2
6706654602	El tiempo y el espacio	El carpe diem y el momento mori En individuo en su entorno La naturaleza y el ambiente La relacion entre el tiempo y el espacio El tiempo lineal y el tiempo circular La trayectoria y la transformacion	3
6706654603	La dualidad del ser	La construccion de la realidad La espiritualidad y la religion La imagen publica y la imagen privada La introspeccion	4

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AP English Literature and Composition Vocabulary Flashcards

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3049767757	Allegory	A prose or poetic narrative in which the characters, behavior, and even the setting demonstrates multiple levels of meaning and significance.	0
3049767758	Alliteration	The sequential repetition of similar initial sound, usually applied to consonants, usually heard in closely proximate stressed syllables.	1
3049767759	Allusion	a reference to a literary or historical event, person, or place.	2
3049767760	Anapestic	a metrical foot in poetry that consists of two unstressed syllables followed by one stressed.	3
3049767761	Anaphora	the regular repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases or clauses.	4
3049767762	Anecdote	a brief story or tale told by a character in a piece of literature.	5
3049767763	Antagonist	any force that was in opposition to the main character or the protagonist.	6
3049767764	Antithesis	the juxtaposition of sharply contrasting ideas in balanced or parallel words, phrases, grammatical structure, or ideas.	7
3049767765	Apostrophe	an address or invocation to something that is inanimate.	8
3049767766	Archetype	recurrent designs, patterns of action, character types, themes, or images which are identifiable in a wide range of literature.	9
3049767767	Assonance	a repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds, usual those found in stressed syllables of close proximity.	10
3049767768	Asyndetion	a writing style that omits conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses	11
3049767769	Attitude	the sense expressed by the tone of voice and or the mood of a piece of writing; the feelings the author holds toward his subject, the people in his narrative, the events, the setting, or event he theme.	12
3049767770	Ballad	a narrative poem that originally was meant to be sung	13
3049767771	Ballad Stanza	a common stanza form, consisting of a quatrain that alternates four-beat and three-beat lines.	14
3049767772	Blank Verse	the verse form that most resembles common speech; blank verse consists of unrhymed lines in iambic pentameter.	15
3049767773	Caesura	a pause in a line of verse indicated by natural speech patterns rather than due to specific metrical patterns.	16
3049767774	Caricature	a depiction on which a character's characteristics or features are so deliberately exaggerated as to render them absurd.	17
3049767775	Chiasmus	a figure of speech by which the order of the terms in the first of two parallel clauses is reversed in the second. "Pleasure's a sin, and sometimes sin is a pleasure"	18
3049767776	Colloquial	ordinary language of an area; a vernacular	19
3049767777	Conceit	a comparison of two unlikely things that is drawn out within a piece of literature; in particular, an extended metaphor within a poem.	20
3049767778	Connotation	what is suggested by a word, apart from what is explicitly describes; often referred to as the implied meaning of a word.	21
3049767779	Consonance	the repetition of a sequence of two or more consonants, but with a change in the intervening vowels.	22
3049767780	Couplet	two rhyming lines of iambic pentameter that together present a single idea or connection.	23
3049767781	Dactylic	a metrical foot in poetry that consists of two stressed syllables followed by on unstressed syllable.	24
3049767782	Denotation	a direct and specific meaning, often referred to as the dictionary meaning of a word.	25
3049767783	Denouenment	the final resolution of the main conflict in a play or story. It generally follows the climax	26
3049767784	Dialect	the language and speech idiosyncrasies of a specific area, region, or group of people.	27
3049767785	Diction	specific word choice an author uses to persuade or convey tone, purpose, or effect	28
3049767786	Dramatic monologue	a monologue set in a specific situation and spoken to an imaginary audience.	29
3049767787	Elegy	a poetic lament upon the death of a particular person, usually ending in consolation.	30
3049767788	Enjambment	the continuation of a sentence from one line or couplet of a poem to the next.	31
3049767789	Epic	a poem that celebrates, in a continuous narrative, that achievements of mighty heroes and heroines, often concerned with the founding of a nation or developing of a culture, it uses elevated languages in grand, high style.	32
3049767790	Exposition	that part of the plot structure that sets the scene, introduces and identifies characters, and established the situation at the beginning of a story or play.	33
3049767791	Extended metaphor	a detailed and complex metaphor that extends over a long section of a work, also known as a conceit	34
3049767792	Fable	a legend or short moral story often using animals as characters	35
3049767793	Falling action	that part of plot structure in which the complications of the rising actions are untangled.	36
3049767794	Farce	a play or scene in a play or book that is characterized by broad humor, wild antics, and often slapstick and physical humor	37
3049767797	Formal diction	language that is lofty, dignified, and impersonal.	38
3049767798	Free verse	poetry that is characterized by varying line lengths, lack of traditional meter, and non-rhyming lines.	39
3049767800	Hyperbole	overstatement characterized by exaggerated language.	40
3049767801	Iambic	a metrical foot in poetry that consists of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable	41
3049767802	Idyll	a short poem describing a country or pastoral scene, praising the simplicity and peace of rustic life.	42
3049767803	Imagery	broadly defined, any sensory detail or evocation in a work, more narrowly, the use of figurative language to evoke a feeling, to call to mind an idea, or to describe an object.	43
3049767804	Informal Diction	language that is not as lofty or impersonal as formal diction, similar to everyday speech	44
3049767805	In medias res	"in the midst of things," refers to opening a story in the middle of the action, eventually filling in past details by exposition or flashback.	45
3049767806	Irony	a situation or statement characterized by significant difference between what is expected or understood and what actually happens or is meant.	46
3049767807	Jargon	specialized or technical language of a trade, profession, or similar group.	47
3049767808	Juxtapostition	the location of one things as being adjacent with another. This placing of two items side by side creates a certain effect, reveals an attitude, or accomplishes some purpose of the writer.	48
3049767809	Limited point of view	a perspective confined to a single character, whether a first person or third person, the reader cannot know for sure what is going on in the minds of other characters.	49
3049767810	Litote	a figure of speech that emphasizes its subject by conscious understatement.	50
3049767812	Lyric	originally designated poems meant to be sung to the accompaniment of a lyre, now any short poem in which the speaker expresses intense personal emotion rather that describing a narrative or dramatic situation	51
3049767814	Metaphor	one thing pictured as if it were something else, suggestion a likeness between them. It is an implicit comparison or identification of one thing with another unlike itself without the use of a verbal signal such as like or as.	52
3049767815	Meter	the more or less regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry.	53
3049767816	Metonymy	a figure of speech in which an attribute or commonly associated feature is used to name or designate something as in "the white house announced today . . ."	54
3049767817	Mood	a reader's feeling resulting from the tone of a piece as well as the writer/narrator's attitude and point of view.	55
3049767818	Motif	a recurrent device, formula, or situation.	56
3049767819	Narrative structure	a textual organization based on sequences of connected events, usually presented in a straightforward, chronological framework.	57
3049767820	Narrator	the "character" who "tells" the story, or in poetry	58
3049767821	Occasional poem	a poem written about or for a specific occasion, public or private.	59
3049767822	Ode	a lyric poem that is somewhat serious in subject and treatment, is elevated in style,.	60
3049767823	Omniscient point of view	also called unlimited focus: the reader has access to the perceptions ant thoughts of all the characters in a story.	61
3049767824	Onomatopoeia	a word capturing or an approximation of the sound of what it describes.	62
3049767825	Overstatement	exaggerated language for effect	63
3049767826	Oxymoron	a figure of speech that combines two apparently contradictory element.	64
3049767827	Parable	a short fiction that illustrates an explicit moral lesson through the use of analogy.	65
3049767828	Paradox	a statement that seems contradictory but may actually be true.	66
3049767829	Parallel structure	the use of similar forms in writing for nouns, verbs, phrases, or thoughts.	67
3049767830	Parody	a work that imitates another work/person/event for comic effect by exaggerating the style.	68
3049767831	Pastoral	a work that describes the simple life of country folk, usually shepherds who live a timeless, painless life in a world full of beauty music, and love.	69
3049767834	Personification	treating an abstraction or nonhman object as if it were a person by endowing it with human qualities.	70
3049767835	Petrarchan sonnet	also called italian sonnet: a sonnet form that divides the poem into one section of eight lines and second section of six lines, usually following the abba abba cde cde rhyme scheme, though the sestet's rhyme varies.	71
3049767836	Plot	the arrangement of the narration based on the cause-effect relationship of the events.	72
3049767837	Protagonist	the main character in a work, who may or may not be heroic.	73
3049767838	Quatrain	a poetic stanza of four lines	74
3049767839	Realism	the practice in literature of attempting to describe nature and life without idealization and with attention to detail.	75
3049767840	Refrain	a repeated stanza or line in a poem or song	76
3049767841	Rhetorical question	a question that is asked simply for stylistic effect and is not expected to be answered	77
3049767842	Rhyme	the repetition of the same or similar sounds, most often at the ends of lines.	78
3049767843	Rhythm	the modulation of weak and strong element in the flow of speech	79
3049767844	Rising action	the development of action in a work.	80
3049767845	Sarcasm	a form of verbal irony in which apparent praise is actually harshly or bitterly critical.	81
3049767846	Satire	a literary work that holds up human failing to ridicule and censure	82
3049767847	Scansion	the analysis of verse to show its meter	83
3049767848	Setting	the time and place of the action in a story, poem, or play	84
3049767849	Shakespearean sonnet	also called an English sonnet: a sonnet form that divides the poem into three units of four lines each and a final unit of two lines, usually abab cdcd efef gg	85
3049767850	Shaped verse	another name for concrete poetry: poetry that is shaped to look like an object	86
3049767851	Simile	a direct, explicit comparison of one thing to another, usually using the words like or as to draw the connection.	87
3049767852	Soliloquy	a monologue in which the character in a play is alone and speaking only to himself.	88
3049767854	Stanza	a section of a poem demarcated by extra line spacing. Some distinguish a stanza as a division marked by a single pattern of meter or rhyme.	89
3049767855	Stereotype	a characterization based on conscious or unconscious assumptions of some aspect, such as gender, age, ethnic or national identity, religion, occupation.	90
3049767856	Stock character	a character type who appears in a number of stories or plays such as the cruel stepmother, the femme fatal, etc.	91
3049767857	Stucture	the organization or arrangement of the various elements in a work	92
3049767858	Style	a distinctive manner of expression; each author's style is expressed through his or her diction, rhythm, imagery, an so on.	93
3049767859	Symbolism	a person, place, thing, event, or pattern in a literary work that designates itself and at the same time figuratively represents or "stands for" something else.	94
3049767860	Syenecdoche	when a part is used to signify a whole.	95
3049767861	Syntax	the way words are put together to form phrases, clauses, and sentences.	96
3049767862	Terza rima	a verse from consisting of three-line stanzas in which the second line of each rhymes with the first and third of the next	97
3049767863	Theme	a generalized, abstract paraphrase of the inferred central or dominant idea or concern of a work.	98
3049767864	Tone	the attitude the author of a literary work takes toward its subject and theme; the tenor of a piece of writing based on particular stylistic devices employed by the writer	99
3049767865	Tragedy	a drama in which a character(s) is/are brought to a disastrous end in his or her confrontation with a superior force.	100
3049767866	trochaic	a metrical foot in poetry that is the opposite of iambic: the first syllable is stressed, the second is not.	101
3049767868	Verisimilitude	the quality or characteristic of being true or real.	102
3049767869	Villanelle	a verse form consisting of 19 lines divided into six stanzas: five tercets and one quatrain. The first and third line of the first tercet thyme, and this rhyme is repeated through each of the next four tercets and in the last two lines of the concluding quatrain	103
3049767870	Voice	the acknowledged or unacknowledged source of the words of the story; the speaker telling the story or poem.	104

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