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AP World History (Summer Vocabulary) Flashcards

2828268916	Absolutism	the principle or the exercise of complete and unrestricted power in government	0
2828271861	Agriculture	the science, art, or occupation concerned with cultivating land, raising crops, and feeding, breeding, and raising livestock; farming	1
2828300123	Aristocracy	A class of persons holding exceptional rank and privileges, especially the hereditary nobility	2
2828304130	Bias	A particular tendency or inclination, especially one that prevents unprejudiced consideration of a question; prejudice	3
2828322596	Bureaucracy	A government by many bureaus, administrations, and petty officials	4
2828326431	Chiefdom	The rank or office of being head or leader of an organized body of people	5
2828334726	City-State	A sovereign state consisting of an autonomous city with its dependencies	6
2828338933	Civilization	An advanced state of human society, in which a high level of culture, science, industry, and government has been reached	7
2828360311	Commercial	Engaged in transporting passengers or goods for profit, especially on large scale between different countries	8
2828364284	Demography	The science of vital and social statistics, as of the births, deaths, marriages of the population	9
2828377445	Divination	The practice of attempting to foretell future events or discover hidden knowledge by occult or supernatural means	10
2828382045	Dynasty	A sequence of rulers from the same family, stack, or group	11
2828385011	Empire	A group of nations or peoples ruled over by an emperor, empress, or other powerful government	12
2828391247	Epidemic	A rapid spread or increase in the occurrence of something such as a disease	13
2828393644	Forage	To collect strip of supplies, plunder, wander, and go in search of provisions; Search about; seek; rummage; or hunt	14
2828401814	Globalization	The act of extending to other or all parts of the world, worldwide integration and development	15
2828405665	Indentured Servant	A person who came to America and was placed under contract to work for another over a period of time, 7yrs., during 17th-19th centuries	16
2828411803	Interregional	Of or pertaining to a particular region, district, area or part, as of a country, sectional, or local (may not always be local)	17
2828419163	Kingdom	A state or government having a king or queen as its head	18
2828422298	Medieval	Of pertaining to, characteristic of, or in style of the Middle Ages; 500 C.E.-1350C.E.	19
2828427220	Merchant	A person who buys and sells commodities for profit, dealer, trader, pertaining to or used for trade	20
2828431219	Monotheism	The doctrine or belief that there is only one God	21
2828433435	Nation	A large body of people, associated with a particular territory	22
2828435417	Neolithic	The last phase of the stone age, marked by development, 9000-8000B.C. in the Middle Ages	23
2828438949	Nobility	The distinguished class or the body of rich, ranked in a country	24
2828442120	Nomad	A member of a people or tribe that has no permanent abode but moves place to place	25
2828446004	Ocean	The vast body of salt water that covers almost 3/4 of the Earth's surface	26
2828449133	Pandemic	(of a disease) Prevalent throughout an entire country, continent, or the whole world	27
2828452033	Papacy	The office, dignity, or jurisdiction of the pope; Government where pope is head	28
2828455014	Pastoral	Pertaining to the country or to life; rural rustic; shepherds; farming	29
2828460389	Patriarchal	Of or pertaining to the male head of a family, tribe, community, church, order, etc.	30
2828463066	Periodization	An act or instance of dividing a subject into historical eras for purposes of analysis and study	31
2828468501	Polytheism	The doctrine of or belief in more than one god or many gods	32
2828469747	Prehistoric	Of or pertaining to the time or a period prior to recorded history	33
2828471593	Primary Source	First or highest in rank or importance; first in order	34
2828476526	Revolution	An overthrow or repudiation and the thorough replacement of government	35
2828479327	Rural	Of pertaining to, or characteristic of the country, life or people	36
2828481798	Scribe	A person who serves as a professional copyist; manuscripts; before printing	37
2828484272	Sea	The salt waters that cover the greater part of the surface of the Earth, that have boundaries	38
2828486846	Secondary Source	Belonging or pertaining to a second order division, rank, grade, or period	39
2828490180	Serf	A person in a condition of servitude required to render services to a lord; slave	40
2828494746	Shaman	A person who acts as intermediary between the natural and supernatural worlds	41
2828499618	Slave	A person who is the property of and wholly subject to another	42
2828501364	State	A politically unified people occupying a definite territory	43
2828504126	Steppes	An extensive plain, especially one without trees	44
2828505655	Urban	Of pertaining to, or designating a city or town; living in a city	45

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AP Language and Comp Flashcards

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5528331745	Allegory	The Wizards of Oz	0
5528356291	Alliteration	How much could a woodchuck chuck if a wood chick could chuck wood	1
5528364053	Allusion	Nose grow like a Pinocchio	2
5551221204	Ambiguity	You're on fire	3
5551221205	Analogy		4
5528484787	Anaphora	Blue is the color of water, blue is the color of sky	5
5551247667	Anecdote	School	6
5528484788	Antecedent	Dog saw the cat, then chased him	7
5528489457	Antithesis	Red and Blue are direct opposites	8
5528533768	Aphorism	If a tree falls in the forest does it make a sound	9
5528533769	Apostrophe	Thank you Abraham Lincoln	10
5528536755	Asyndeton	The pug was sitting, pondering, thinking.	11
5528536756	Atmosphere	Its was dark and cloudy outside	12
5528540176	Chiasmus	He was a father before he was a hero	13
5528540177	Clause	The fast red car	14
5528554202	Colloquial	Whats up?	15
5528554203	Coherence	The bird has feathers and light bones so it can fly	16
5528558316	Conceit	Tigers are like cats	17
5528558317	Connotation	roast	18
5528564699	Denotation	literal definition	19
5528566408	Diacope	How much wood could a wood chuck chuck if a wood chuck could chuck wood	20
5528568679	Diction	Word choices	21
5528580744	Didactic	The teacher taught the class	22
5528583757	Enumeration	pirates are cool. They have ships, they have swords, They have gold	23
5528588761	Expletive	Fun fact	24
5528589306	Euphemism	big stick instead of tree	25
5528592024	Exposition	The Lucky Asian Boi	26
5528596380	Extended Metaphor	Comparing 2 unlike things throughout the story	27
5528600440	Figurative Language	Its like it grew wings and flew away	28
5528725011	Figure of Speech	Flew LIKE a bird	29
5528725176	Generic Conventions	Hero story always have great failure before great success	30
5528749826	Genre	Genres like poetry and drama	31
5528749827	Homily	Serious talk	32
5528752359	Hyperbole	This painting is speaking to my soul	33
5528754778	Hypophora	Why did the chick cross the road to get to the other side	34
5528754779	Imagery	The gun boomed like thunder	35
5528758493	Inference/infer	Draw a reasonable conclusion	36
5528758494	Invective	The boy is stupid	37
5528765143	Irony/Ironic	The criminal saved the man	38
5528767005	Juxtaposition	Lucky Asian Boy	39
5528767006	Litotes	The wise man	40
5528770222	Loose Sentence	Main clause goes first then the follow up	41
5528773004	Metaphor	A potato flew around my room	42
5528775527	Metonymy	The waves roared or Poseidon Roared	43
5528778561	Mood	Sean runs so fast	44
5528778562	Narrative	The 3 little pigs	45
5528784449	Onomatopoeia	BOOM MOOO BANG OINK	46
5528789505	Oxymoron	The weak King	47
5551247668	Paradox	Batman is strong and evil	48
5551251353	Parallelism	The gorilla was the best, The gorilla was the worst	49
5551251354	Parody	Something redone but still similar	50
5551253494	Pedantic	Showoff	51
5551259959	Periodic Sentence	And that is why the chicken crossed the road	52
5551259960	Personification	The sun hugged the earth with its warmth	53
5551263496	Polysyndeton	Godzilla roared and destroyed and ran and jumped on the buildings	54
5551278082	Point of View	The way you see something and understand it	55
5551305485	Predicate Adjective	The pool was gleaming and the sun was out	56
5551309547	Predicate Nominative	Chink	57
5551309548	Prose	Haiku	58
5551314113	Repetition	Boom Boom Boom	59
5551314114	Rhetoric	Buy this its good for you	60
5551317979	Rhetoric Modes	cause and effect	61
5551321609	Rhetoric Question	Question the audience ask but not really	62
5551321610	Sarcasm	I LOVE TO FALL	63
5551328142	Satire	Pretending to rap	64
5551334665	Semantics	The definition of a word	65
5551334666	Style	I write a very plain style	66
5551337368	Subject Complement	Completes a sentence like the tiger is now full from eating	67
5551337369	Subordinate Clause	I eat mangos, when _____________________________________	68
5551340193	Syllogism	I can be health if I eat a carrot aren't good but carrots aren't good	69
5551344367	Symbols/Symbolism	The lightning bolt represents ZEUS	70
5551347120	Synecdoche	A slice of pie not the whole pie or the other way around	71
5551347121	Syntax	main body conclusion	72
5551347161	Theme	The lion king was about the lions	73
5551350310	Thesis	The lion ing focused on the lions	74
5551350311	Tone	The people that write stories about there experiences	75
5551350312	Transition	You have hair like a lion. lions have a very big main	76
5551353303	Understatement	The empire state building is tall	77
5551353304	Undetone	Roller coasters seem fun but if you have a heart attack you can die from riding one	78
5551353305	Wit	Can I goto the bathroom? can you?	79

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AP Literature Basics Flashcards

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5966955620	allegory	story or poem that can be used to reveal a hidden meaning	0
5966955621	alliteration	beginning of same letter or sound in closely connected words	1
5966955622	allusion	This is a reference in a work to some event, person, or thing that the reader is expected to know. For example, you make a literary allusion the moment you say, "I do not approve of this quixotic idea." Quixotic,which means stupid and impractical, is derived from Cervantes's "Don Quixote," a story of a foolish knight and his misadventures.	2
5970710670	antagonist	This is the character or force in a narrative that directly opposes the protagonist.	3
5966955623	anaphora	This is the repetition in first part of a sentence or in lines of poetry; it is meant to create an artistic meaning.	4
5966955625	apostrophe	This is a figure of speech used to address someone or something that is either not present or cannot respond. For example, the speaker could be addressing an abstract concept like love, a person (dead or alive), a place, or even a thing, like the sun or the sea.	5
5966955626	approximate rhyme	These are words in a rhyming pattern that sound or appear alike. In regular rhyme, the connected words must have the same vowel sounds and final consonant sounds, such as "bug" and "mug." Approximate rhyme, or half rhyme, generally uses the same vowel sounds with different final consonants or different vowel sounds with the same final consonants. For example, a half rhyme could be "bug" with "bun" or "bug" with "bag." At times it can be subtler. For example, "rush" and "must" have the same vowel and very similar sibilant consonants. "Pun" and "fume" have the short and long versions of the "u" vowel, and both end with a nasal consonant.	6
5966955627	aside	This occurs when a character's dialogue is spoken on stage but intentionally not heard by other actors on the stage/	7
5966955628	assonance	This is the repetition of vowel sounds.	8
5966955629	blank verse	This is poetry written in meter without any ending rhyme.	9
5966955630	cacophony	This is a blend or a combination of words that sound harsh or unpleasant together, usually because they pack a lot of percussive or "explosive" consonants (like T, P, or K) into relatively little space. Think of explosive consonants as all the letters you would want to use if you were going to try to write out the sounds a frying pan would make if you threw it down a stairwell: ting, ping, clang, dong, bang, crash.	10
5966955631	caesura	This is a pause in the middle of a line of poetry. usually marked by some form of punctuation such as a period, comma, ellipsis, or dash.	11
5966955632	catharsis	This is the release of emotions through art/music/film/literature (an emotional cleanse).	12
5966955633	flat character	story character who have no depth, usually has one personality or characteristic	13
5966955634	round character	character who has complex or multi-faceted personality	14
5966955635	dynamic character	changes throughout the story, through major conflict	15
5966955636	static character	person who doesn't change throughout story keeps same personality	16
5966955637	characterization	process of revealing characters personality	17
5966955638	climax	the point in the plot where the protagonist has either made a decision to act or has acted in a way that irretrievably alters the plot; the point of no return	18
5966955639	comedy	a literary genre and a type of dramatic work that is amusing and satirical in its tone, mostly having cheerful ending. The motif of this dramatic work is triumph over unpleasant circumstance by which to create comic effects, resulting in happy or successful conclusion.	19
5966955640	conflict	struggle between opposing forces	20
5966955641	connotation	an emotional (or secondary meaning) of a word that creates a richness of meaning and/or a greater understanding	21
5966955642	consonance	repetition of the same medial and/or final consonants in words that are close together	22
5966955643	couplet	two rhyming lines in a verse	23
5966955644	denotation	the literal meaning of a word	24
5966955645	denouement	the resolution or final outcome of the narrative	25
5966955646	deus ex machina	A deus ex machina is a plot device whereby an unsolvable conflict or point of tension is suddenly resolved by the unexpected appearance of an implausible character, object, action, ability, or event. For example, if a character fell off a cliff and a flying robot suddenly appeared out of nowhere to catch them, that would be a deus ex machina.	26
5966955647	didactic writing	writing with a primary purpose to teach or preach	27
5966955648	direct presentation of character	author telling the reader how a character is and what actions it will do further in the story	28
5966955649	double rhyme	rhyme where the repeated vowel is in the second last syllable of words involved (ex; born scorn)	29
5966955650	dramatic exposition	prose commentaries, to provide background information about the characters and their world	30
5966955651	end rhyme	rhymes occurring at the end of line	31
5966955652	end stopped line	line ending in regular punctuation	32
5966955653	English (or Shakespearean) sonnet	a sonnet rhyming ababcdcdededgg	33
5966955654	epiphany	when a character receives a psychological and/or spiritual insight into life	34
5966955655	euphony	smooth choice and arrangement of sounds; pleasing to the ear	35
5966955656	extended figure	A figure of speech sustained or developed through a considerable number of lines or through a whole poem.	36
5966955657	falling action	Events after the climax, leading to the resolution	37
5966955658	feminine rhyme	lines rhymed by their final two syllables	38
5966955659	figurative language	Language that cannot be taken literally since it was written to create a special effect or feeling.	39
5966955660	figure of speech	a way of saying something other than the ordinary way	40
5966955661	foot	basic unit in the scansion or measurement of verse , stressed and un stressed syllables	41
5966955662	form	external pattern or shape of a poem	42
5966955663	free verse	Poetry that does not have a regular meter or rhyme scheme	43
5966955664	hamartia	tragic flaw which causes a character's downfall	44
5966955665	imagery	Description that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste)	45
5966955666	indirect presentation of character	the personality of a character is revealed by what he or she does or says	46
5966955667	internal rhyme	A word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same line	47
5966955668	irony	A contrast between expectation and reality	48
5966955669	verbal irony	A figure of speech in which what is said is the opposite of what is meant	49
5966955670	dramatic irony	Irony that occurs when the meaning of the situation is understood by the audience but not by the characters in the play.	50
5966955671	irony of situation	refers to an occurrence that is contrary to what is expected or intended	51
5966955672	Italian (or Petrarchan) sonnet	A sonnet consisting of an octave with the rhyme pattern abbaabba, followed by a sestet with the rhyme pattern cdecde or cdcdcd	52
5966955673	masculine rhyme	A rhyme ending on the final stressed syllable	53
5966955674	melodrama	a play based upon a dramatic plot and developed sensationally	54
5966955675	metaphor	A comparison without using like or as	55
5966955676	meter	A regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry	56
5966955677	metonymy	A figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it. Examples include the Crown in place of a royal person such as Queen Elizabeth or the White House in place of the President or others who work there.	57
5966955678	motivation	In literature, "motivation" is defined as a reason behind a character's specific action or behavior. There are two types of motivation: one is intrinsic, while the other one is extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation is linked to personal pleasure, enjoyment and interest, while extrinsic motivation is linked to numerous other possibilities. Extrinsic motivation comes from some physical reward such as money, power, or lust. Intrinsic motivation, on the other hand, is inspired by some internal reward such as knowledge, pride, or spiritual or emotional peace or wellbeing, etc.	58
5966955679	narrator	Person telling the story	59
5966955680	octave	8 line stanza	60
5966955681	onomatopoeia	A word that imitates the sound it represents.	61
5966955682	hyperbole	A figure of speech that uses exaggeration to express strong emotion, make a point, or evoke humor	62
5966955683	oxymoron	A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase.	63
5966955684	paradox	A contradiction or dilemma	64
5966955685	peripetia	a sudden reversal of fortune or change in circumstances	65
5966955686	personification	A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes	66
5966955687	plot	a series of carefully devised, interrelated events that progress through a struggle of opposing forces to a climax and to a conclusion (not always a resolution)	67
5966955688	point of view	the perspective from which a story is told	68
5966955689	omniscient point of view	The point of view where the narrator knows everything about the characters and their problems - told in the 3rd person.	69
5966955690	third person limited point of view	narrator tells the story from only one character's P.O.V.	70
5966955691	first person point of view	a character in the story is actually telling the story himself/herself	71
5966955692	objective point of view	a narrator who is totally impersonal and objective tells the story, with no comment on any characters or events.	72
5966955693	protagonist	the leading figure in terms of importance in the story and in terms of the ability to enlist the reader's interest and/or sympathy, whether the cause is heroic or ignoble	73
5966955694	quatrain	a four-line stanza	74
5966955696	rhyme scheme	A regular pattern of rhyming words in a poem	75
5966955697	rising action	a series of complications leading up to the climax	76
5966955699	satire	a literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies.	77
5966955700	scansion	analysis of verse into metrical patterns	78
5966955701	sestet	a stanza or a poem of six lines--specifically, the last six lines of an Italian sonnet	79
5966955702	setting	the context in time and place in which the action of a story occurs.	80
5966955703	simile	a comparison using "like" or "as" or "that"	81
5966955704	soliloquy	a poem, discourse, or utterance of a character in a drama that has the form of a monologue or gives the illusion of being a series of unspoken reflections (https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/soliloquy)	82
5966955705	sonnet	a fixed verse form consisting of 14 lines that are typically 5-foot iambics rhyming according to a prescribed scheme (most commonly are Italian/Petrarchan or English/Shakespearean)	83
5966955706	stanza	a group of lines in a poem	84
5966955707	stream of consciousness	private thoughts of a character without commentary and perhaps without standard punctuation or spacing	85
5966955708	syllabic verse	Verse measured by the number of syllables rather than the number of feet per line.	86
5966955709	symbol	Something/one that represents or stands for something else	87
5966955710	synecdoche (sih-nek-duh-kee)	This is a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa. For example, "The captain commands one hundred sails" is a synecdoche that uses "sails" to refer to ships—ships being the thing of which a sail is a part. A less common form of synecdoche occurs when a whole is used to refer to a part. An example of this is when the word "mortals" is used to mean humans—"mortals" technically includes all animals and plants (anything that dies), so using "mortals" to mean humans is a synecdoche that uses a category to stand in for one of its subsets.	88
5966955711	synesthesia	a blending of the senses; describing one kind of sensation in terms of another ("a loud color" or "a sweet sound")	89
5966955712	tercet	a three-line stanza	90
5966955713	terza rima	a verse form with a rhyme scheme: aba bcb cdc, etc.	91
5966955716	tragedy	Tragedy is kind of drama that presents a serious subject matter about human suffering and corresponding terrible events in a dignified manner.	92
5966955717	truncation	Utilizing text with part of the end omitted. Truncate descends from the Latin verb truncare, meaning "to shorten," which in turn can be traced back to the Latin word for the trunk of a tree, which is truncus. Incidentally, if you've guessed that truncus is also the ancestor of the English word trunk, you are correct. Truncus also gave us truncheon, which is the name for a police officer's billy club, and the obscure word obtruncate, meaning "to cut the head or top from" (https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/truncate).	93
5966955718	understatement	This is the deliberate representation of something as lesser in magnitude than it actually is; a deliberate under-emphasis. Here is a classic example: "Ladies and gentlemen, this is your captain speaking. We have a small problem. All four engines have stopped. We are doing our damnedest to get them going again. I trust you are not in too much distress."	94
5966955719	verse	This is a single line of poetry writing arranged with a metrical rhythm, typically having a rhyme.	95
5966955720	vilanelle	This is a nineteen-line poem with two rhymes throughout, consisting of five tercets and a quatrain, with the first and third lines of the opening tercet recurring alternately at the end of the other tercets and with both repeated at the close of the concluding quatrain.	96
10068094931	Syndecdoche versus Metonymy	Synecdoche uses part for the whole or the whole for a part. A good example is "Nice wheels!" This is a synecdoche in which "wheels" stand in for the car of which they are a part. Metonymy is a substitution where a word or phrase is used in place of another word or phrase. A good example is the phrase "The pen is mightier than the sword." The word "pen" substitutes for written work, and the word "sword" substitutes for violence or warfare.	97
10068191697	Tone	The tone of a piece of writing is its general character or attitude, which might be cheerful or depressive, sarcastic or sincere, comical or mournful, praising or critical, and so on. For instance, an editorial in a newspaper that described its subject as "not even having the guts to do the job himself," has a tone that is both informal and critical.	98

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AP Language - Unit 1 Vocab Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

4797577435	remuneration	reward, pay	0
4797577436	nominal	slight	1
4797577437	importune	ask urgently	2
4797577438	incontrovertible	undeniable	3
4797577439	fractious	quarrelsome	4
4797577440	ostentatious	showy	5
4797577441	anathema	something greatly detested	6
4797577442	schism	split	7
4797577443	inchoate	in an early stage, Rudimentary, Not fully formed	8
4797577444	curtail	to cut short	9
4797577445	virulent	full of hate, harmful	10
4797577446	propitious	favorable	11
4797577447	astute	keen, shrewd	12
4797577448	timorous	fearful	13
4797577449	permeate	to spread through	14
4797577450	expunge	erase or remove completely	15
4797577451	truncated	cut short	16
4797577452	subjugate	to bring under your control; Concur	17
4797577453	surreptitious	stealthy; Accomplished by secret	18
4797577454	inveigh	attack verbally	19

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Top 100 AP Language terms Flashcards

Allegory The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some allegories, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction like hope or freedom. The allegorical meaning usually deals with moral truth or a generalization about human existence.
Alliteration The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells"). Although the term is not frequently in the multiple choice section, you can look for alliteration in any essay passage. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage.
Allusion A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion.
Ambiguity The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.
Analogy A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. Analogies can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging.
Antecedent The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP language exam occasionally asks for the antecedent of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences.

Terms : Hide Images

3896527097	Allegory	The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction like hope or freedom. The typical meaning usually deals with moral truth or a generalization about human existence. A story in which each aspect of the story has a symbolic meaning outside the tale itself.	0
3896623659	Allegory -- vs Symbolism--Difference between Allegory and Symbolism	Although an allegory uses symbols, it is different from symbolism. An ______________is a complete narrative which involves characters, and events that stand for an abstract idea or an event. A ______________, on the other hand, is an object that stands for another object giving it a particular meaning. Unlike allegory, ____________does not tell a story. For example, Plato in his "Allegory of Cave" tells a story of how some people are ignorant and at the same time, some people "see the light" - stands for an idea and does not tell a story.	1
3896527098	Alliteration	The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells"). Although the term is not frequently in the multiple choice section, you can look for this device in any essay passage. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage.	2
3896527099	Allusion	A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. They may be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple of these in a single work to add layers of depth of meaning.	3
3896527100	Ambiguity	The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.	4
3896527101	Analogy	A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. Analogies can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging.	5
3896527102	Antecedent	The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP language exam occasionally asks for the antecedent of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences. A question from the 2001 AP test as an example follows: "But it is the grandeur of all truth which can occupy a very high place in human interests that it is never absolutely novel to the meanest of minds; it exists eternally, by way of germ of latent principle, in the lowest as in the highest, needing to be developed but never to be planted."	6
3896527103	Antithesis	the opposition or contrast of ideas; the direct opposite.	7
3896527104	Aphorism	A terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.) An aphorism can be a memorable summation of the author's point	8
3896527105	Apostrophe	A prayer like figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. It is an address to someone or something that cannot answer. The effect may add familiarity or emotional intensity. William Wordsworth addresses John Milton as he writes, "Milton, thou shouldst be living at this hour: England hath need of thee." Another example is Keats' "Ode to a Grecian Urn," in which Keats addresses the urn itself: rarely on an AP exam, but important when there. ALWAYS Pathos	9
3896527106	Atmosphere	The emotional nod created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described. Even such elements as a description of the weather can contribute to the atmosphere. Frequently atmosphere foreshadows events. Perhaps it can create a mood.	10
3896527107	Caricature	a verbal description, the purpose of which is to exaggerate or distort, for comic effect, a person's distinctive physical features or other characteristics. Example: The pupils of her eyes are small; like a pebble of sand floating atop a can of blue paint.	11
3896527108	Clause	A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. An independent, or main, clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent, or subordinate clause, cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent clause. The point that you want to consider is the question of what or why the author subordinates one element should also become aware of making effective use of subordination in your own writing.	12
3896527109	Colloquial/Colloquialism	The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing. Not generally acceptable for formal writing, colloquialisms give a work a conversational, familiar tone. Colloquial expressions in writing include local or regional dialect	13
3896527110	Literary Conceit	A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects Displays intellectual cleverness through unusual comparisons that make good sense	14
3896527111	Connotation	The non-literal, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. Connotations may involve ideas, emotions or attitudes	15
3896527112	Denotation	The strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color. (Example: the denotation of knife- a utensil for cutting - Connotation - knife - such as knife in the back - anger fear violence betrayal	16
3896527113	Diction	Related to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness. FOR AP EXAMSyou should be able to describe the uthors diction and understand how it compliments his purpose (along iwth imagery syntax, literary devices, etc)	17
3896527114	Didactic	From the Greek, didactic literally means "teaching." Didactic words have the primary aim of teaching or instructing,especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles.	18
3896527115	Euphemism	From the Greek for "good speech," euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept - POLITICALLY CORRECT	19
3896527116	Extended Metaphor	A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work.	20
3896527117	Figurative Language	Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid	21
3896527118	Figure of speech	A device used to produce figurative language. Many compare dissimilar things. Figures of speech include apotrophe hyperbole irony metaphor oxymoron paradox personification simile syneddoche understatement	22
3896527119	Generic conventions	This term describes traditions for each genre. These conventions help to define each genre; for example, and differentiate an essay they differentiate they differentiate an essay and journalistic writing or an autobiography and political writing. On the AP language exam,try to distinguish the unique features of a writer's work from those dictated by convention.	23
3896527120	Genre	The major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama.However, genre is a flexible term; within these broad boundaries exist many subdivisions that are often called genresthemselves. For example, prose can be divided into fiction (novels and short stories) or nonfiction (essays, biographies,autobiographies, etc.). Poetry can be divided into lyric, dramatic, narrative, epic, etc. Drama can be divided into tragedy,comedy, melodrama, farce, etc. On the AP language exam, expect the majority of the passages to be from the following genres: autobiography, biography, diaries, criticism, essays, and journalistic, political, scientific, and nature writing. There may be fiction or poetry.	24
3896527121	Homily	This term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.	25
3896527122	Hyperbole	A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. (The literal Greek meaning is "overshoot.") Hyperboles often have a comic effect; however, a serious effect is also possible. Often, hyperbole produces irony. The opposite of hyperbole is understatement.	26
3896527123	Imagery	The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. On a physical level, imagery uses terms related to the five senses: visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, and olfactory. On a broader and deeper level, however, one image can represent more than one thing. For example, a rose may present visual imagery while also representing the color in a woman's cheeks and/or symbolizing some degree of perfection. An author may use complex imagery while simultaneously employing other figures of speech, especially metaphor and simile. In addition, this term can apply to the total of all the images in a work. On the AP language exam, pay attention to how an author creates imagery and to the effect of this imagery.	27
3896527124	Inference/infer	To draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented. When a multiple choice question asks for an inference to be drawn from a passage, the most direct, most reasonable inference is the safest answer choice. If an inference is implausible, it's unlikely to be the correct answer. Note that if the answer choice is directly stated, it is not inferred and it is wrong. You must be careful to note the connotation - negative or positive - of the choices. Adapted from V. Stevenson, Patrick Henry High School, and Abrams' Glossary of Literary Terms	28
3896527125	Invective	an emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language. (For example, in Henry IV, Part hill of flesh.")	29
3896527126	Irony/ironic	The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant, or the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true. Irony is often used to create poignancy or humor. In general, there are three major types of irony used in language: (1) verbal irony - when the words literally state the opposite of the writer's (or speaker's) meaning (2) situational irony - when events turn out the opposite of what was expected; when what the characters and readers think ought to happen is not what does happen (3) dramatic irony - when facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or piece of fiction but known to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work.	30
3896527127	Loose sentence/non-periodic sentence	A type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses. If a period were placed at the end of the independent clause, the clause would be a complete sentence. A work containing many loose sentences often seems informal, relaxed, or conversational. Generally, loose sentences create loose style. The opposite of a loose sentence is the periodic sentence. Example: I arrived at the San Diego airport after a long, bumpy ride and multiple delays. Could stop at: I arrived at the San Diego airport.	31
3896527128	Metaphor	A figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity. Metaphorical language makes writing more vivid, imaginative, thought provoking, and meaningful.	32
3896527129	Metonymy	(mĕtŏn′ ĭmē) A term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name," metonymy is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. For example, a news release that claims "the White House declared" rather than "the President declared" is using metonymy; Shakespeare uses it to signify the male and female sexes in As You Like It: "doublet and hose ought to show itself courageous to petticoat." The substituted term generally carries a more potent emotional impact.	33
3896527130	Mood	The prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work. Setting, tone, and events can affect the mood. Mood is similar to tone and atmosphere.	34
3896527131	Narrative	The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.	35
3896527132	onomatopoeia	A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. Simple examples include such words as buzz, hiss, hum, crack, whinny, and murmur. If you note examples of onomatopoeia in an essay passage, note the effect.	36
3896527133	Oxymoron	From the Greek for "pointedly foolish," an oxymoron is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox. Simple examples include "jumbo shrimp" and "cruel kindness." This term does not usually appear in the multiple-choice questions, but there is a chance that you might find it in an essay. Take note of the effect that the author achieves with the use of oxymoron.	37
3896527134	Paradox	A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity. (Think of the beginning of Dickens' Tale of Two Cities: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times....")	38
3896527135	Parallelism	Also referred to as parallel construction or parallel structure, this term comes from Greek roots meaning "beside one another." It refers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity. This can involve, but is not limited to, repetition of a grammatical element such as a preposition or verbal times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of believe, it was the epoch of incredulity....") The effects of parallelism are numerous, but frequently they act as an organizing force to attract the reader's attention, add emphasis and organization, or simply provide a musical rhythm. Adapted from V. Stevenson, Patrick Henry High School, and Abrams' Glossary of Literary Terms	39
3896527136	Parody	A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. It exploits peculiarities of an author's expression (propensity to use too many parentheses, certain favorite words, etc.) Well-written parody offers enlightenment about the original, but poorly written parody offers only ineffectual imitation. nuances of the newer work. Occasionally, however, parodies take on a life of their own and don't require knowledge of the original.	40
3896527137	Pedantic	An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish (language that might be described as "show-offy"; using big words for the sake of using big words).	41
3896527138	Periodic sentence	The opposite of loose sentence, a sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. This independent clause is preceded by a phrase or clause that cannot stand alone. The effect of a periodic sentence is to add emphasis and structural variety. It is also a much stronger sentence than the loose sentence. (Example: After a long, bumpy flight and multiple delays, I arrived at the San Diego airport.)	42
3896527139	Personification	A figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions. Personification is used to make these abstractions, animals, or objects appear more vivid to the reader.	43
3896527140	Point of view	In literature, the perspective from which a story is told. There are two general divisions of point of view, and many subdivisions within those. (1) first person narrator tells the story with the first person pronoun, "I," and is a character in the story. This narrator can be the protagonist, a secondary character, or an observing character. (2) third person narrator relates the events with the third person pronouns, "he," "she," and "it." There are two main subdivisions to be aware of: a. third person omniscient, in which the narrator, with godlike knowledge, presents the thoughts and actions of any or all characters b. third person limited omniscient, in which the narrator presents the feelings and thoughts of only one character, presenting only the actions of all the remaining characters. In addition, be aware that the term point of view carries an additional meaning. When you are asked to analyze the author's point of view, the appropriate point for you to address is the author's attitude.	44
3896527141	Prose	one of the major divisions of genre, prose refers to fiction and nonfiction, including all its forms. In prose the printer determines the length of the line; in poetry, the poet determines the length of the line.	45
3896527142	Repetition	The duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern.	46
3896527143	Rhetoric	From the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.	47
3896527144	Rhetorical modes	This flexible term describes the variety, the conventions, and the purposes of the major kinds of writing. The four most common rhetorical modes (often referred to as "modes of discourse") are as follows: (1) The purpose of exposition (or expository writing) is to explain and analyze information by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion. The AP language exam essay questions are frequently expository topics. (2) The purpose of argumentation is to prove the validity of an idea, or point of view, by presenting sound reasoning, an additional aim of urging some form of action. (3) The purpose of description is to recreate, invent, or visually present a person, place, event or action so that the reader can picture that being described. Sometimes an author engages all five senses in description; good descriptive writing can be sensuous and picturesque. Descriptive writing may be straightforward and objective or highly emotional an subjective. (4) The purpose of narration is to tell a story or narrate an event or series of events. This writing mode frequently uses the tools of descriptive writing. Adapted from V. Stevenson, Patrick Henry High School, and Abrams' Glossary of Literary Terms	48
3896527145	Sarcasm	From the Greek meaning "to tear flesh," this device involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. It may use irony as a device, but not all ironic statements are sarcastic (that is, intended to ridicule). When well done, this device may be witty and insightful; when poorly done, it is simply cruel.	49
3896527146	Satire	A work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule. Regardless of whether or not the work aims to reform human behavior, satire is best seen as a style of writing rather than a purpose for writing. It can be recognized by the many devices used effectively by the satirist: irony, wit, parody, caricature, often humorous, is thought provoking and insightful about the human condition. Some modern satirists include Joseph Heller (Catch 22) and Kurt Vonnegut (Cat's Cradle, Player Piano).	50
3896527147	Style	The consideration of style has two purposes: (1) An evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other We can analyze and describe an author's personal style and make judgments on how appropriate it is to the author's purpose. Styles can be called flowery, explicit, succinct, rambling, bombastic, commonplace, incisive, laconic, etc. (2) Classification of authors to a group and comparison of an author to similar authors. By means of such classification and comparison, we can see how an author's style reflects and helps to define a historical period, such as the Renaissance or the Victorian period, or a literary movement, such as the romantic, transcendental, or realist movement.	51
3896527148	Subject complement	The word (with any accompanying phrases) or clause that follows a linking verb and complements, or completes, the subject of the sentence by either (1) renaming it (the predicate nominative) or (2) describing it (the predicate adjective). These are defined below: (1) the predicate nominative - a noun, group of nouns, or noun clause that renames the subject. It, like the predicate adjective, follows a linking verb and is located in the predicate of the sentence. Example: Julia Roberts is a movie star. movie star = predicate nominative, as it renames the subject, Julia Roberts (2) the predicate adjective -- an adjective, a group of adjectives, or adjective clause that follows a linking verb. It is in the predicate of the sentence, and modifies, or describes, the subject. Example: Warren remained optimistic. optimistic = predicate adjective, as it modifies the subject, Warren	52
3896527149	Subordinate clause	Like all clauses, this word group contains both a subject and a verb (plus any accompanying phrases or modifiers), but unlike the independent clause, the subordinate clause cannot stand alone; it does not express a complete thought. Also called a dependent clause, the subordinate clause depends on a main clause (or independent clause) to complete its meaning. Easily recognized key words and phrases usually begin these clauses. For example: although, because, unless, if, even though, since, as soon as, while, who, when, where, how and that. Example: Yellowstone is a national park in the West that is known for its geysers. underlined phrase = subordinate clause	53
3896527150	Syllogism	From the Greek for "reckoning together," a syllogism (or syllogistic reasoning or syllogistic logic) is a deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises (the first one called "major" and the second called "minor") that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion. A frequently cited example proceeds as follows: major premise: All men are mortal. minor premise: Socrates is a man. conclusion: Therefore, Socrates is a mortal. A syllogism's conclusion is valid only if each of the two premises is valid. Syllogisms may also present the specific idea first ("Socrates") and the general second ("all men"). Adapted from V. Stevenson, Patrick Henry High School, and Abrams' Glossary of Literary Terms	54
3896527151	Symbol/symbolism	Generally, anything that represents itself and stands for something else. Usually a symbol is something concrete -- such as an object, action, character, or scene - that represents something more abstract. However, symbols (1) natural symbols are objects and occurrences from nature to symbolize ideas commonly associated with them (dawn symbolizing hope or a new beginning, a rose symbolizing love, a tree symbolizing knowledge). (2) conventional symbols are those that have been invested with meaning by a group (religious symbols such as a cross or Star of David; national symbols, such as a flag or an eagle; or group symbols, such as a skull and crossbones for pirates or the scale of justice for lawyers). (3) literary symbols are sometimes also conventional in the sense that they are found in a variety of works and are more generally recognized. However, a work's symbols may be more complicated, as is the jungle in Heart of Darkness. On the AP exam, try to determine what abstraction an object is a symbol for and to what extent it is successful in representing that abstraction.	55
3896527152	Syntax	The way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences. Syntax is similar to diction, but you can differentiate them by thinking of syntax as groups of words, while diction refers to the individual words. In the multiplechoice section of the AP exam, expect to be asked some questions about how an author manipulates syntax. In the essay section, you will need to analyze how syntax produces effects.	56
3896527153	Theme	The central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life. Usually theme is unstated in fictional works, but in nonfiction, the theme may be directly state, especially in expository or argumentative writing.	57
3896527154	Thesis	In expository writing, the thesis statement is the sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or position. Expository writing is usually judged by analyzing how accurately, effectively,and thoroughly a writer has proven the thesis.	58
3896527155	Tone	Similar to mood, tone describes the author's attitude toward his material, the audience, or both. Tone is easier to determine in spoken language than in written language. Considering how a work would sound if it were read aloud can help in identifying an author's tone. Some words describing tone are playful, serious, businesslike, sarcastic, humorous, formal, ornate, sardonic, somber, etc.	59
3896527156	Transition	A word or phrase that links different ideas. Used especially, although not exclusively, in expository and argumentative writing, transitions effectively signal a shift from one idea to another. A few commonly used transitional words or phrases are furthermore, consequently, nevertheless, for example, in addition, likewise, similarly, on the contrary, etc. More sophisticated writers use more subtle means of transition.	60
3896527157	Understatement	the ironic minimalizing of fact, understatement presents something as less significant than it is. The effect can frequently be humorous and emphatic. Understatement is the opposite of hyperbole. Example: Jonathan Swift's A Tale of a Tub: "Last week I saw a woman flayed, and you will hardly believe how much it altered her person for the worse."	61
3896527158	Wit	in modern usage, intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights. A witty statement is humorous, while suggesting the speaker's verbal power in creating ingenious and perceptive remarks. Wit usually uses terse language that makes a pointed statement. Historically, wit originally meant basic understanding. Its meaning evolved to include speedof understanding, and finally, it grew to mean quick perception including creative fancy and a quick tongue to articulate an answer that demanded the same quick perception.	62
3896527159	Ad Hominem	An attack on the person rather than the issue at hand - a common fallacy - common in elections	63
3896527160	Chisamus	'chi structure' unlike abab / language listed in an abba form: Ask not what your country Can do for you, But what you Can do for your country	64
3896527161	Malapropism	a word humorously misused: Example, he is the AMPLE of her eye... instead of ' he is the APPLE of her eye,	65
3896527162	Parallelism (parallel syntax)	a pattern of language that creates a rhythm of repetition often combined with some other language of repetition. Like a train gaining momentum. Ex: When you are right you cannot be too radical; when you are wrong, you cannot be too conservative.	66
3896527163	Poisoning the Well	Discrediting a person's claim by presenting unfavorable information (true or false) about the person. Person B attacking Person A before Person A can make his/her claim. Example: 'John, an abusive alcoholic, will now give his argument for the legalization of public drinking'.	67
3896527164	Slippery Slope	This is the failure to provide evidence to support a claim that one event will lead to a catastrophic chain of events.	68
3896527165	straw man	When a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak.	69
3896527166	Ethos	One of the fundamental strategies of argumentation identified by Aristotle. Ethos is basically an appeal to credibility. The writer is seeking to convince you that he or she has the background, history, skills, and/or expertise to speak on the issue. Whenever you encounter an ethos argument, always ask yourself is the credibility is substantiated and valid. An essay advocating policy changes on drug rehabilitation programs is more powerful is the person is a former addict or customer in a current rehab program.	70
3896527167	Juxtaposition	Making on idea more dramatic by placing it next to its opposite. In art it is called chiaroscuro, where a bright white object is placed next to a black object and thus both are made more visible. My goodness is often chastened by my sense of sin, or The Gasoline savings from a hybrid car as compared to a standard car seem excellent until one compares the asking prices of the two vehicles. The juxtaposition of the asking prices shows that the savings are not as significant as they first appear.	71
3896527168	Logos	An appeal to reason. Logos is one of the fundamental strategies of argumentation identified by Aristotle. It occurs when a writer tries to convince you of the logic of his argument. writers may use inductive argumentation or deductive argumentation, but they clearly have examples and generally rational tome to their language. The problem with logos is that is can appear reasonable until you dissect the argument and then find fallacies that defeat the viability of the argument on the reader's eyes. Of course, that presupposes that the readers is able to identify the fallacies.	72
3896527169	Pathos	An appeal to emotion. This is one of the fundamental strategies of argumentation identified by Aristotle. Typically, pathos arguments may use loaded words to make you feel guilty, lonely, worried, insecure, or confused. The easiest way to remember whats pathos arguments are is to see most advertising as a form of pathos argument.	73
3896527170	Predicate Adjective	Am adjective that follows a linking web and modifies the subject of the sentence. The gigantic whirlpool was inky black, and there was no moon.	74
3896527171	Rhetorical Question	A question whose answer is assumed, this device is designed to force the reader to respond in a predetermined manner and is a significant tool in the study of rhetoric. One of the most basic purposes for this device is cheer-leading. This device, therefore, propels an argument emotionally. They often look like extensions of a logical argument, but more often than not, they are setting you up to agree with the writer. As with a parallel syntax, this device is an excellent device to use in the development of your own essay writing. As graders, we notice when you use them- if you use them to effectively nurture your argument. There are various forms of this rhetorical device, but they always follow the same basic pattern: the writer ask herself something and then answers the question in the next sentence or paragraph. Another form is when the question functions as an ironic assault on the writer's adversaries. This particular type of this device may have many uses, and you should notice its function whenever you encounter one in nonfiction prose. Example: Who's afraid of the big bad wolf? Who's afraid of the jolly green giant? Are we? No!!!	75
3896527172	Simile	A critical figure of speech in an argument when what is unknown is compared to something that is known using the word "like," "as," or "than" in order to better perceive its importance. Remember the ripple effect and look for patterns in similes and metaphors in any piece of nonfiction prose. The troll's fishing technique was like a mercenary throwing bombs in the water to catch trout.	76
3896527173	rhetorical appeal	the persuasive devices by which a writer tries to sway an audience's attention and response to any given work. See logos, ethos, and pathos.	77
3896527174	concrete detail	Strictly defined, concrete refers to nouns that name physical objects, -a bridge. a book, or a coat. Concrete nouns are the opposite of abstract nouns (which refer to concepts like freedom and love). However, as used in the essay portion of the AP Language and Composition Exam. this term has a slightly different connotation. The direc tions may read sometbing like this: "Provide concrete details that will convince the reader." This means that your essay should include details in the passage; at times, you' ll be allowed I() provide details from your own life (readings, obser· vations, experiences, and so forth).	78
3896527175	descriptive detail	When an essay uses this phrase, look for the writer's sensory description. Descriptive detail appealing to the visual sense is usually tbe most predominant, but don't overlook other sensory details. As usual, after you identify a passage's descriptive details, analyze their effect.	79
3896527176	devices	The figures of speecb, syntax, diction, and other stylistic elements that collectively produce a particular artistic effect.	80
3896527177	narrative devices	This term describes the tools of the storyteller (also used in nonfiction), such as ordering events so that they build to a climactic moment or withholding infomlation until a crucial or appropriate momcnt when revealing it creates a desired effect On the essay portion of the exam, this lerm may also apply to biographical and autobiographical writing.	81
3896527178	narrative techniques	The style of telling the "story," even if the passage is nonfiction. Concentrate on the order of events and on their detail in evaluating a writer's technique.	82
3896527179	sentence structure	When an essay question asks you to analyze sentence structure, look at the type of sentences the author uses. Remember that the basic sentence structures are simple, compound, and complex and variations created with sentence combining. Also consider variation or lack of it in sentence length, any unusual devices in sentence construction, such as repetition or inverted word order, and any unusual word or phrase placement with all devices, be prepared to discuss the effect of the sentence structure. For example, a series of short, simple sentences or phrases can produce a feeling of speed and choppiness. which may suit the author's purpose.	83
3896527180	stylistic devices	An essay prompt that mentions stylistic devices is asking you to note and analyze all of the elements in language that contribute to style-such as diction, syntax, tone, attitude, figures of speech, connotations, and repetition.	84
3896527181	Ad hominem argument	An argument attacking an individual's character rather than his or her position on an issue. Examples are: Just look at this common example. "How can you argue your case for vegetarianism when you are enjoying your steak?" This clearly shows how a person is attacked instead of being addressed for or against his argument. A: "All murderers are criminals, but a thief isn't a murderer, and so can't be a criminal." B: "Well, you're a thief and a criminal, so there goes your argument."	85
3896527182	Anadiplosis	Figure of repetition that occurs when the last word or terms in one sentence, clause, or phrase is/are repeated at or very near the beginning of the next sentence, clause, or phrase. This device exhibits a typical pattern of repeating a word. For example, the repetition of the word "give" in the sentence "When I give, I give myself." is an example of this device as it occurs at the end of the first clause and marks the beginning of the following clause	86
3896527183	Anaphora	Figure of repetition that occurs when the first word or set of words in one sentence, clause, or phrase is/are repeated at or very near the beginning of successive sentences, clauses, or phrases; repetition of the initial words over successive phrases or clauses	87
3896527184	Anathema	(n.) an object of intense dislike; a curse or strong denunciation (often used adjectivally without the article)	88
3896527185	Anecdote	A brief story that illustrates or makes a point	89
3896527186	Antimeria	the substitution of one part of speech for another	90
3896527187	Antimetabole	Figure of emphasis in which the words in one phrase or clause are replicated, exactly or closely, in reverse grammatical order in the next phrase or clause; a chiasmus on the level of words (A-B, B-A). For example, "And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country" (JFK).	91
3896527188	Appeal to authority	A fallacy in which a speaker or writer seeks to persuade not by giving evidence but by appealing to the respect people have for a famous person or institution.	92
3896527189	Argumentation	one of the four forms of discourse which uses logic, ethics, and emotional appeals (logos, ethos, pathos) to develop an effective means to convince the reader to think or act in a certain way.	93
3896527190	Assonance	Repetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity	94
3896527191	Asyndeton	A series of words separated by commas (with no conjunction), e.g. "I came, I saw, I conquered." The parts of the sentence are emphasized equally; in addition, the use of commas with no intervening conjunction speeds up the flow of the sentence.	95
3896527192	attitude	A speaker's, author's, or character's disposition toward or opinion of a subject.	96
3896527193	audience	One's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed.	97
3896527194	Balanced sentence	A sentence in which words, phrases, or clauses are set off against each other to emphasize a contrast	98
3896527195	Begging the question	Often called circular reasoning, __ occurs when the believability of the evidence depends on the believability of the claim.	99

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AP Literature 'Tool Box' Flashcards

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2882358924	Allegory	A story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning; where characters and objects have an abstract concept tied to them.	0
2882358925	Alliteration	Repetition of consonant sounds	1
2882360067	Anapest	A metrical foot consisting of two unaccented syllables followed by one accented syllable.	2
2882360085	Anaphora	A rhetorical figure of repetition in which the same word or phrase is repeated in (and usually at the beginning of) successive lines, clauses, or sentences.	3
2882365042	Antagonist*	A character or force in conflict with the main character	4
2882366748	Apostrophe	A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love.	5
2882366749	Approximate rhyme	rhyme in which the final sounds of words are similar but not identical	6
2882369107	Aside	A device in which a character in a drama makes a short speech which is heard by the audience but not by other characters in the play	7
2882369108	Assonance	Repetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity	8
2882375451	Blank Verse	Unrhymed iambic pentameter	9
2882375452	Cacophony*	A harsh, discordant mixture of sounds	10
2882377447	Causura	A short pause within a line of poetry	11
2882380054	Catharsis	Emotional release	12
2882400181	Character	A person in a story/play - Dynamic, Flat, Foil, Round, Static, Stock	13
2882401294	Characterization*	A method an author uses to let readers know more about the characters and their personal traits.	14
2882401295	Climax	Most exciting moment of the story; turning point	15
2882403326	Comedy	In general, a story that ends with a happy resolution of the conflicts faced by the main character or characters - Scornful, Romantic	16
2882403327	Conflict		17
2882404387	Connotation		18
2882405475	Consonance		19
2882405476	Couplet		20
2882406662	Dactyl		21
2882406663	Denotation		22
2882408515	Denouement		23
2882410280	Deus ex Machina		24
2882411130	Didactic writing		25
2882411131	Dimeter		26
2882413766	Direct presentation of charachter		27
2882413804	Double rhyme		28
2882415551	Dramatic exposition		29
2882415552	End rhyme		30
2882417224	End-stopped line		31
2882419373	English 'Shakespearean' sonnet		32
2882419374	Epiphany		33

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Flashcards

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AP Literature Flashcards

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4849364436	accusatory	accusing or blaming someone : assigning blame or fault	0
4849371653	acerbic	expressing harsh or sharp criticism in a clever way in a sarcastic way	1
4849376973	acrimonious	angry and bitter	2
4849385409	admiring	to feel respect or approval for (someone or something) or to look at (something or someone) with enjoyment	3
4849401722	affectionate	feeling or showing love and affection	4
4849416138	ambivalent	simultaneous and contradictory attitudes or feelings (as attraction and repulsion) toward an object, person, or action; uncertainty as to which approach to follow	5
4849425697	analytical	relating to or using analysis or logical reasoning.	6
4849434003	angst-ridden	Filled with deep anxiety, especially about oneself or about the nature of existence	7
4849445800	apathetic	not having or showing much emotion or interest	8
4849451269	apocalyptic	relating to, or involving terrible violence and destruction or relating to the end of the world	9
4849498665	apprehensive	afraid that something bad or unpleasant is going to happen : feeling or showing fear or apprehension about the future	10
4849505500	approving	to believe that something or someone is good or acceptable	11

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Photosynthesis Flashcards

Photosynthesis vocabulary for a Grade 8 unit on Photosynthesis and Respiration at IGB International School in Malaysia

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5033236832	chlorophyll	Absorbs light energy. Pigment that gives a plant its green color. Found in the chloroplast	0
5033236833	chloroplast	organelle where photosynthesis takes place.	1
5033236834	oxygen	product of photosynthesis	2
5033236835	carbon dioxide	Gas taken in and used during photosynthesis.	3
5033236836	leaf	the part of the plant where most photosynthesis takes place	4
5033236837	light energy	energy from the sun that is used by plants to produce their own food by the process of photosynthesis	5
5033236838	stomata	tiny holes in the leaves of the plant where gases like carbon dioxide and oxygen enter and exit	6
5033236839	Photosynthesis	converting light energy to the chemical energy of food, in plants	7
5033236840	Photosynthesis word equation	carbon dioxide + water --> glucose and oxygen	8
5033236841	Photosynthesis symbol equation	CO2+H2O --> C6H12O6 + O2	9
5033236842	Glucose	the type of sugar made during photosynthesis	10
5033236844	product	a substance that is formed by a chemical reaction	11