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AP Literature Allusions Flashcards

5032137380	Achilles' Heel	refers to a person's area of particular vulnerability	0
5032144117	Horse of a Different Color	a different matter or separate issue altogether from that which was being talked about or considered	1
5032148015	Sacred Cow	something that cannot be interfered with or harmed in any way	2
5032157789	The Rubicon	to cross one's _____________ is to take an irreversible step, often involving a risk of danger	3
5032177697	Pearls before Swine	to offer something precious to someone unable to appreciate its value	4
5032185874	Once in a Blue Moon	to refer yo something that happens very rarely	5
5032187680	Exodus	the expression is used to reference any departure of a large group of people or a mass migration in one area	6
5032205197	Crocodile Tears	to show false sympathy for someone or to cry fake tears	7
5032223319	The Sirens or A Siren Song	anything that tempts a person away from safety toward a destructive path	8
5032227209	Ivory Tower	a person who is secluded fro, or protected from the real world and thus out of touch with reality	9
5032233793	Gordian Knot	complex problem, and solving such a problem in a quick and decisive manner	10
5032244580	Thirty Pieces of Silver or Betrayed with a Kiss	payment received for an act of treachery, or a supposed friend's treachery	11
5032252095	Lothario	a handsome, seductive, ladies man, who successfully deceives women	12
5032256163	Sound and Fury	a great and passionate uproar that is actually unimportant or meaningless in the big picture	13
5032264974	Double-Edged Sword	a situation or policy that cuts both ways, bringing harm to both the proponent and the opponent OR an action that can help and hurt the person involved	14
5032277884	Icarus or Flying too close to the Moon	failure, being destroyed, lack of caution, excessive ambition	15
5032280839	The Apocalypse	overall destruction or universal disaster	16
5032294821	Spill the Beans	revealing secret information intentionally or accidentally	17
5032313044	Tabula Rasa	something or someone can be entirely unmarked or uninfluenced	18
5032328487	Tantalus	offered something desirable that is then withheld	19
5032336087	Nimby	aware of the value of and necessity for some unpleasant realities (such as prisons), insist these places be located away from where they live so other people can deal with them instead	20
5032353598	Waterloo	suffer an ultimate and decisive defeat	21
5032368734	Pandora's Box	creating a source of unexpected and ever-increasing troubles	22
5032377014	Left-Handed Compliment	despite being a compliment, it is insulting or rude in some way	23

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AP Literature - Terminology Master Flashcards

Key terms in AP English Literature and Composition from the Kaplan study guide.

Terms : Hide Images

4746583460	allegory	a prose or poetic narrative in which the characters, behavior, or setting demonstrate multiple levels of meaning or significance	0
4746583461	alliteration	the sequential repetition of a similar initial sound	1
4746583462	allusion	a reference to a literary or historical event, person, or place	2
4746583463	anapestic	a metrical foot in poetry that consists of two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed one: "Twas the NIGHT before CHRISTmas"	3
4746583464	anaphora	the regular repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases or clauses	4
4746583465	anecdote	a brief story or tale told by a character in a piece of literature	5
4746583466	antagonist	any character or force that is in opposition to the main character, or protagonist	6
4746583467	antithesis	the juxtaposition of sharply contrasting ideas in balanced or parallel words	7
4746583468	apostrophe	an address or invocation to something that is inanimate	8
4746583469	archetypes	recurrent designs, patterns of action, character types, themes, or images which are identifiable in a wide range of literature	9
4746583470	assonance	a repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds	10
4746583471	asyndeton	a style in which conjunctions are omitted	11
4746583472	attitude	the sense expressed by the tone of voice and/or mood of a piece of writing	12
4746583473	ballad	a narrative poem that is, or originally was, meant to be sung	13
4746583474	ballad stanza	a common stanza form, consisting of a quatrain (stanza of four lines) that alternates four-beat (iambic tetrameter) and three-beat (iambic trimeter) lines: "In SCARlet TOWN where I was BORN/ there LIVED a FAIR maid DWELLin'"	14
4746583475	blank verse	the verse form that most resembles common speech, consisting of unrhymed lines in iambic pentameter	15
4746583476	caesura	a pause in a line of verse, indicated by natural speech patterns rather than specific metrical patterns	16
4746583477	caricature	a depiction in which a character's characteristics or features are so deliberately exaggerated as to render them absurd	17
4746583478	chiasmus	a figure of speech by which the order of the terms in the first of two parallel clauses is reversed in the second: "Pleasure is a sin, and sometimes sin's a pleasure."	18
4746583479	colloquial	ordinary language, the vernacular	19
4746583480	conceit	a comparison of two unlikely things that is drawn out within a piece of literature, particularly a piece of extended metaphor within a poem	20
4746583481	connotation	what is suggested by a word, apart from what it implicitly describes	21
4746583482	consonance	the repetition of a sequence of two or more consonants, but with a change in the intervening vowels: "pitter-patter, pish-posh"	22
4746583483	couplet	two rhyming lines of iambic pentameter that together present a single idea or connections: "So long as men can breathe or eyes can see/So long lives this and this gives life to thee."	23
4746583484	dactylic	a metrical foot in poetry consisting of two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable: "Everywhere, everywhere, Christmas tonight."	24
4746583485	denotation	a direct or specific meaning, often referred to as the dictionary meaning of a word	25
4746583486	dialect	the language and speech idiosyncrasies of a specific area, region, or group of people	26
4746583487	diction	the specific word choice an author uses to persuade or convey tone	27
4746583488	dramatic monologue	a monologue set in a specific situation and spoken to an imaginary audience; soliloquy	28
4746583489	elegy	a poetic lament upon the death of a particular person, usually ending in consolation	29
4746583490	enjambment	the continuation of a sentence from one line or couplet of a poem to the next	30
4746583491	epic	a poem that celebrates, in a continuous narrative, the achievements of mighty heroes and heroines, often concerned with the founding of a nation or developing of a culture	31
4746583492	exposition	that part of the structure that sets the scene, introduces or identifies characters, and establishes the situation at the beginning of a story or play	32
4746583493	extended metaphor	a detailed or complex metaphor that extends over a long section of a work, also known as a conceit	33
4746583494	fable	a legend or short story often using animals as characters	34
4746583495	falling action	that part of plot structure in which the complications of the rising action are untangled; also known as the denouement	35
4746583496	farce	a play or scene in a play or book that is characterized by broad humor, wild antics, and often slapstick or physical jokes	36
4746583497	flashback	retrospection, where an earlier event is inserted into the normal chronology of the narrative	37
4746583498	foreshadowing	to hint at or to present an indication of the future beforehand	38
4746583499	formal diction	language that is lofty, dignified, and impersonal	39
4746583500	free verse	poetry that is characterized by varying line lengths, lack of traditional meter, and non-rhyming lines	40
4746583501	genre	a type or class of literature such as epic or narrative poetry or belles lettres	41
4746583502	hyperbole	overstatement characterized by exaggerated language	42
4746583503	iambic	a metrical foot in poetry that consists of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable: "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?/Thou art more lovely and more temperate."	43
4746583504	idyll	a short poem describing a country or pastoral scene, praising the simplicity of rustic life	44
4746583505	imagery	any sensory detail or invocation in a work; also, the use of figurative language to evoke a feeling, call to mind an idea, or describe and object	45
4746583506	informal diction	language that is not as lofty or impersonal as formal diction; similar to everyday speech	46
4746583507	in medias res	"in the midst of things"; refers to opening a story in the middle of the action, necessitating filling in past details by exposition or flashback	47
4746583508	irony	a situation or statement characterized by significant difference between what is expected or understood and what actually happens or is meant	48
4746583509	jargon	specialized or technical language of a trade, profession, or similar group	49
4746583510	juxtaposition	the location of one thing as being adjacent or juxtaposed with another, to create a certain effect	50
4746583511	limited point of view	a perspective confined to a single character, whether a first person or a third person	51
4746583512	litote	a figure of speech that emphasizes its subject by conscious understatement: "Last week I saw a woman flayed and you would hardly believe how it altered her appearance for the worse."	52
4746583513	loose sentence	a sentence grammatically complete and usually stating its main idea before the end	53
4746583514	lyric	originally designated poems meant to be sung to the accompaniment of a lyre; now any short poem in which the speaker expresses intense personal emotion rather than describing a narrative or dramatic situation	54
4746583515	message	a misleading term for theme; the central statement or idea of a story, misleading because it suggests a simple, packaged statement that pre-exists and for the simple communication of which the story was written	55
4746583516	metaphor	one thing pictured as if it were something else, suggesting a likeness or analogy between them	56
4746583517	meter	the more or less regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry	57
4746583518	metonymy	a figure of speech in which an attribute or commonly associated feature is used to name or designate something: "The White House announced today," "The pen is mightier than the sword."	58
4746583519	mood	a feeling or ambiance resulting from the tone of the piece as well as the writer/narrator's attitude and point of view	59
4746583520	motif	a recurrent device, formula, or situation that often serves as a signal for the appearance of a character or event	60
4746583521	narrative structure	a textual organization based on sequences of connected events, usually presented in a straightforward, chronological framework	61
4746583522	narrator	the character who "tells" the story, or in poetry, the persona	62
4746583523	occasional poem	a poem written about or for a specific occasion, public or private	63
4746583524	ode	a lyric poem that is somewhat serious in subject and treatment, is elevated in style, and sometimes uses elaborate stanza structure, which is often patterned in sets of three; often written to praise or exalt a person, quality, characteristic, or object	64
4746583525	omniscient point of view	also called unlimited focus; a perspective that can be seen from one character's view, then another's, then another's and can be moved at any time	65
4746583526	onomatopoeia	a word capturing or approximating the sound of what it describes: "buzz," "clank"	66
4746583527	overstatement	exaggerated language also called hyperbole	67
4746583528	oxymoron	a figure of speech that combines to apparently contradictory elements: "jumbo shrimp," "deafening silence"	68
4746583529	parable	a short fictional story that illustrates an explicit moral lesson through the use of analogy	69
4746583530	paradox	a statement that seems contradictory but may actually be true: "fight for peace"	70
4746583531	parallel structure	the use of similar forms in writing for nouns, verbs, phrases, or thoughts: "Jane likes reading, writing, and skiing," NOT "Martha takes notes quickly, thoroughly, and in a detailed manner."	71
4746583532	parody	a work that imitates another work for comic effect by exaggerating the style and changing the content of the original	72
4746583533	pastoral	a work that describes the simple life of country folk, usually shepherds who live a timeless, painless life in a world full of beauty, music, and love; also called an eclogue, a bucolic, or and idyll	73
4746583534	periodic sentence	a sentence that is not grammatically complete until the end: "The child, who looked as if she were being chased by demons, ran."	74
4746583535	personification	treating an abstraction or nonhuman object as if it were a person by endowing it with human qualities	75
4746583536	persona	the voice or figure of the author who tells and structures the story and who may or may not share the values of the actual author (e.g. adult Scout in 'To Kill a Mockingbird,' Watson in 'Sherlock Holmes')	76
4746583537	Petrarchan sonnet	a sonnet form that divides the poem into one section of eight lines (octave) and a second section of six lines (sestet) usually following the abba abba cde cde rhyme scheme; also called an Italian sonnet	77
4746583538	plot	the arrangement of the narration based on the cause-effect relationship of the events	78
4746583539	protagonist	the main character in a work, who may or may not be heroic	79
4746583540	quatrain	a poetic stanza of four lines	80
4746583541	realism	the practice in literature of attempting to describe nature and life without idealism and with attention to detail	81
4746583542	refrain	a repeated stanza or line(s) in a poem or song	82
4746583543	rhetorical question	a question that is simply asked for stylistic effect and is not expected to be answered	83
4746583544	rhyme	the repetition of the same or similar sounds, most often at the ends of lines	84
4746583545	rhythm	the modulation of weak and strong elements in the flow of speech	85
4746583546	rising action	the development of action in a work, usually at the beginning	86
4746583547	sarcasm	a form of verbal irony in which apparent praise is actually harshly or bitterly critical	87
4746583548	satire	a literary work that holds up human failings to ridicule and censure	88
4746583549	scansion	the analysis of verse to show its meter	89
4746583550	setting	the time and place of the action in a story, poem, or play	90
4746583551	Shakespearean sonnet	a sonnet form that divides the poem into three units of four lines each and a final unit of two lines, usually abab cdcd efef gg; also called an English sonnet	91
4746583552	shaped verse	another name for concrete poetry, poetry that is shaped to look like an object	92
4746583553	simile	a direct, explicit comparison of one thing to another, using the words 'like' or 'as'	93
4746583554	soliloquy	a monologue in which the character in a play is alone and speaking only to himself or herself	94
4746583555	speaker	the person, not necessarily the author, who is the voice of a poem	95
4746583556	stanza	a section of a poem demarcated by extra line spacing	96
4746583557	couplet	two-line stanza	97
4746583558	tercet	three-line stanza	98
4746583559	quatrain	four-line stanza	99
4746583560	cinquain	five-line stanza	100
4746583561	sestet	six-line stanza	101
4746583562	heptatich	seven-line stanza	102
4746583563	octave	eight-line stanza	103
4746583564	stereotype	a characterization based on conscious or unconscious assumptions that some aspect, such as gender, age, ethnic or national identity, religion, occupation, marital status, and so on, are predictable accompanied by certain character traits, action, and even values	104
4746583565	Everyman character	main character that actually represents all people	105
4746583566	stock character	character who appears in a number of stories or plays such as the cruel stepmother, the femme fatale, etc.	106
4746583567	structure	the organization or arrangement of the various elements in a work	107
4746583568	style	a distinctive manner of expression	108
4746583569	symbol	a person, place, thing, event, or pattern in a literary work that designates itself and at the same time figuratively represents or "stands for" something else	109
4746583570	synecdoche	when a part is used to signify a whole: "All hands on deck," "He stole five hundred head of longhorns."	110
4746583571	syntax	the way words are put together to form phrases, clauses, and sentences	111
4746583572	terza rima	a verse form consisting of three-line stanzas in which the second line of each rhymes with the first and third of the next, in the form ababcb	112
4746583573	theme	a generalized, abstract paraphrase of the inferred central or dominant idea or concern of a work	113
4746583574	tone	the attitude a literary work takes toward its subject and theme	114
4746583575	tragedy	a drama in which a character (usually good and noble and of high rank) is brought to a disastrous end in his or her confrontation with a superior force due to a fatal flaw in his or her character	115
4746583576	trochaic	a metrical foot in poetry that is the opposite of iambic, with the first syllable stressed and the second not: "BY the SHORES of GITCHee GUMee,/BY the SHINing BIG-Sea-WATer"	116
4746583577	turning point	the third part of plot structure, the point at which the action stops rising and begins falling or reversing; also called the climax	117
4746583578	villanelle	a verse form consisting of 19 lines divided into six stanzas - five tercets and one quatrain; the first and third lines of the first tercet rhyme, and this rhyme is repeated through each of the next four tercets and in the last two lines of the concluding quatrain	118
4746583579	voice	the acknowledged or unacknowledged source of the words of the story; the "person" telling the story or poem	119

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AP Literature Vocabulary Flashcards

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4668866870	abstract	An abbreviated synopsis of a longer work of scholarship or research.	0
4668866871	adage	A saying or proverb containing a truth based on experience and often couched in metaphorical language.	1
4668866872	allegory	A story in which the narrative or characters carry an underlying symbolic, metaphorical, or possibly an ethical meaning. The story and characters represent values beyond themselves.	2
4668866873	alliteration	The repetition of one or more initial consonants in a group of words or lines of poetry or prose. Used for ornament or for emphasis. Also used in epithets, phrases, and slogans. Enhances the aesthetic quality of a prose passage or poem.	3
4668866874	allusion	A reference to a person, place, or event meant to create an effect or enhance the meaning of an idea.	4
4668866875	ambiguity	A vagueness of meaning; a conscious lack of clarity meant to evoke multiple meanings and interpretation.	5
4668866876	anachronism	A person, scene, event, or other element in literature that fails to correspond with the time or era in which the work is set.	6
4668866877	analogy	A comparison that points out similarities between two dissimilar things.	7
4668866878	annotation	A brief explanation, summary, or evaluation of a text or work of literature.	8
4668866879	antagonist	A character or force in a work of literature that, by opposing the protagonist, produces tension or conflict.	9
4668866880	antithesis	A rhetorical opposition or contrast of ideas by means of a grammatical arrangement of words, clauses, or sentences.	10
4668866881	aphorism	A short, pithy statement of a generally accepted truth or sentiment.	11
4668866882	Apollonian	In contrast to Dionysian, it refers to the most noble, godlike qualities of human nature and behavior.	12
4668866883	apostrophe	A rhetorical device in which a speaker addresses a person or personified thing not present.	13
4668866884	archetype	An abstract or ideal conception of a type; a perfectly typical example; an original model or form.	14
4668866885	assonance	The repetition of two or more vowel sounds in a group of words or lines in poetry and prose.	15
4668866886	ballad	A simple narrative verse that tells a story that is sung or recited.	16
4668866887	bard	A poet; in olden times, a performer who told heroic stories to a musical accompaniment.	17
4668866888	bathos	The use of insincere or overdone sentimentality.	18
4668866889	belle-lettres	French term for the world of books, criticism, and literature in general.	19
4668866890	bibliography	A list of works cited or otherwise relevant to a subject or other work.	20
4668866891	Bildungsroman	A German word referring to a novel structured as a series of events that take place as the hero travels in quest of a goal.	21
4668866892	blank verse	Poetry written in iambic pentameter, the primary meter used in English poetry and the words of Shakespeare and Milton. The lines generally do not rhyme.	22
4668866893	bombast	Inflated, pretentious language used for trivial subjects.	23
4668866894	burlesque	A work of literature meant to ridicule a subject; a grotesque imitation.	24
4668866895	cacophony	Grating, inharmonious sounds.	25
4668866896	caesura	A pause somewhere in the middle of a verse, often (but not always) marked by punctuation.	26
4668866897	canon	The works considered most important in a national literature or period; works widely read and studied.	27
4668866898	caricature	A grotesque likeness of striking qualities in persons and things.	28
4668866899	carpe diem	Literally, "seize the day"; enjoy life while you can, a common theme in literature.	29
4668866900	catharsis	A cleansing of the spirit brought about by the pity and terror or a dramatic tragedy.	30
4668866901	classic	A highly regarded work of literature or other art form that has withstood the test of time.	31
4668866902	classical, classicism	Deriving from the orderly qualities of ancient Greek and Roman culture; implies formality, objectivity, simplicity, and restraint.	32
4668866903	climax	The high point, or turning point, or a story or play.	33
4668866904	coming-of-age-story/novel	A tale in which a young protagonist experiences an introduction to adulthood. The character may develop understanding via disillusionment, education, doses of reality, or any other experiences that alter his or her emotional or intellectual maturity.	34
4668866905	conceit	A witty or ingenious thought a diverting or highly fanciful idea, often stated in figurative language.	35
4668866906	connotation	The suggested or implied meaning of a word or phrase. Contrast with denotation.	36
4668866907	consonance	The repetition of two or more consonant sounds in a group of words or a line of poetry.	37
4668866908	couplet	A pair of rhyming lines in a poem. Two rhyming lines in iambic pentameter is sometimes called a heroic ________.	38
4668866909	denotation	The dictionary definition of a word. Contrast with connotation.	39
4668866910	dénouement	The resolution that occurs at the end of a play or work of fiction.	40
4668866911	deus ex machina	In literature, the use of an artificial device or gimmick to solve a problem.	41
4668866912	diction	The choice of words in oral and written discourse.	42
4668866913	Dionysian	As distinguished from Apollonian, the word refers to sensual, pleasure-seeking impulses.	43
4668866914	dramatic irony	A circumstance in which the audience or reader knows more about a situation than a character.	44
4668866915	elegy	A poem or prose selection that laments or meditates on the passing or death of something or someone of value.	45
4668866916	ellipsis	Three periods (...) indicating the omission of words in a thought or quotation.	46
4668866917	elliptical construction	A sentence containing a deliberate omission of words.	47
4668866918	empathy	A feeling of association or identification with an object or person.	48
4668866919	end-stopped	A term that describes a line of poetry that ends with a natural pause often indicated by a mark of punctuation.	49
4668866920	enjambment	In poetry, the use of the successive lines with no punctuation or pause between them.	50
4668866921	epic	An extended narrative poem that tells of the adventures and exploits of a hero that in generally larger than life and is often considered a legendary figure.	51
4668866922	epigram	A concise but ingenious, witty, and thoughtful statement.	52
4668866923	euphony	Pleasing, harmonious sounds.	53
4668866924	epithet	An adjective or phrase that expresses a striking quality of a person or thing.	54
4668866925	eponymous	A term for the title character of a work of literature.	55
4668866926	euphemism	A mild or less negative usage for a harsh or blunt term.	56
4668866927	exegesis	A detailed analysis or interpretation of a work of literature.	57
4668866928	exposé	A piece or writing that reveals weakness, faults, frailties, or other shortcomings.	58
4668866929	exposition	The background and events that lead to the presentation of the main idea or purpose of a work of literature.	59
4668866930	explication	The interpretation or analysis of a text.	60
4668866931	extended metaphor	A series of comparisons between two unlike objects.	61
4668866932	fable	A short tale often featuring nonhuman characters that act as people whose actions enable the author to make observations or draw useful lessons about human behavior.	62
4668866933	falling action	The action in a play or story that occurs after the climax and that leads to the conclusion and often to the resolution of the conflict.	63
4668866934	fantasy	A story containing unreal, imaginary features.	64
4668866935	farce	A comedy that contains an extravagant and nonsensical disregard of seriousness, although it may have a serious, scornful purpose.	65
4668866936	figure of speech, figurative language	In contrast to literal language, _____________ implies meanings. It includes metaphors, similes, and personification, among many others.	66
4668866937	first-person narrative	A narrative told by a character involved in the story, using pronouns such as I and we.	67
4668866938	flashback	A return to an earlier time in a story or play in order to clarify present action or circumstances. It might also be a character's account of the past, a dream, or a sudden association with past events.	68
4668866939	foil	A minor character whose personality or attitude contrasts with that of the main character. Juxtaposing one character against another intensifies the qualities of both, to advantage or sometimes to disadvantage.	69
4668866940	foot	A unit of stressed and unstressed syllables used to determine the meter of a poetic line.	70
4668866941	foreshadowing	Providing hints of things to come in a story or play.	71
4668866942	frame	A structure that provides premise or setting for a narrative.	72
4668866943	free verse	A kind of poetry without rhymed lines, rhythm, or fixed metrical feet.	73
4668866944	genre	A term used to describe literary forms, such as a novel, play, and essay.	74
4668866945	Gothic novel	A novel in which supernatural horrors and an atmosphere of unknown terrors pervades the action.	75
4668866946	harangue	A forceful sermon, lecture, or tirade.	76
4668866947	hegemony	a dominant cultural trend	77
4668866948	heroic couplet	Two rhymed lines written in iambic pentameter and used widely in eighteenth-century verse.	78
4668866949	hubris	The excessive pride that often leads tragic heroes to their death.	79
4668866950	humanism	A belief that emphasizes faith and optimism in human potential and creativity.	80
4668866951	hyperbole	Overstatement; gross exaggeration for rhetorical effect.	81
4668866952	idyll	A lyric poem or passage that describes a kind of ideal life or place.	82
4668866953	image	A word or phrase representing that which can be seen, touched, tasted, smelled, or felt.	83
4668866954	in medias res	A narrative that starts not at the beginning of events but at some other critical point.	84
4668866955	indirect quotation	Actual words are not stated but only approximated or paraphrased.	85
4668866956	invective	A direct verbal assault; a denunciation.	86
4668866957	irony	A mode of expression in which the intended meaning is the opposite of what is stated, often implying ridicule or light sarcasm; a state of affairs or events that is the reverse of what might have been expected.	87
4668866958	kenning	A device employed in Anglo-Saxon poetry in which the name of a thing is replaced by one of its functions or qualities, as in "ring giver" for a king and "whale-road" for ocean.	88
4668866959	lampoon	A mocking, satirical assault on a person or situation.	89
4668866960	light verse	A variety of poetry meant to entertain or amuse, but sometimes with a satirical thrust.	90
4668866961	litotes	A form of understatement in which the negative of the contrary is used to achieve emphasis or intensity.	91
4668866962	loose sentence	A sentence that follows the customary word order of English sentences, i.e., subject-verb-object. The main idea of the sentence is presented first and is then followed by one or more subordinate clauses.	92
4668866963	lyric poetry	Personal, reflective poetry that reveals the speaker's thoughts and feelings about the subject.	93
4668866964	maxim	A saying or proverb expressing common wisdom or truth.	94
4668866965	melodrama	A literary form in which events are exaggerated in order to create an extreme emotional response.	95
4668866966	metaphor	A figure of speech that compares unlike objects.	96
4668866967	metaphysical poetry	The work of poets, particularly those of the seventeenth century, that uses elaborate conceits, is highly intellectual, and expresses the complexities of love and life.	97
4668866968	meter	The pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables found in poetry.	98
4668866969	metonymy	A figure of speech that uses the name of one thing to represent something else with which it is associated.	99
4668866970	Middle English	The language spoken in England roughly between 1150 and 1500 A.D.	100
4668866971	mock epic	A parody of traditional epic form. It usually treats a frivolous topic with extreme seriousness, using conventions such as invocations to the Muse, action-packed battle scenes, and accounts of heroic exploits.	101
4668866972	mode	The general form, pattern, and manner of expression of a work of literature.	102
4668866973	montage	A quick succession of images or impressions used to express an idea.	103
4668866974	mood	The emotional tone in a work of literature.	104
4668866975	moral	A brief and often simplistic lesson that a reader may infer from a work of literature.	105
4668866976	motif	A phrase, idea, or event that through repetition serves to unify or convey a theme in a work of literature.	106
4668866977	muse	One of the ancient Greek goddesses presiding over the arts. The imaginary source of inspiration for an artist or writer.	107
4668866978	myth	An imaginary story that has become an accepted part of the cultural or religious tradition of a group or society. They are often used to explain natural phenomena. Almost every culture has one of these to account for the creation of the world and its inhabitants.	108
4668866979	narrative	A form of verse of prose that tells a story.	109
4668866980	naturalism	A term often used as a synonym for realism; also a view of experience that is generally characterized as bleak and pessimistic.	110
4668866981	non sequitur	A statement or idea that fails to follow logically from the one before.	111
4668866982	novella	A work of fiction of roughly 20,000 to 50,000 words-longer than a short story, but shorter than a novel.	112
4668866983	novel of manners	A novel focusing on and describing the social customs and habits of a particular social group.	113
4668866984	ode	A lyric poem usually marked by serious, respectful, and exalted feelings toward the subject.	114
4668866985	Old English	The Anglo-Saxon language spoken in what is now England from approximately 450 to 1150 A.D.	115
4668866986	omniscient narrator	A narrator with unlimited awareness, understanding, and insight of characters, setting, background, and all other elements of the story.	116
4668866987	onomatopoeia	The use of words whose sounds suggest their meaning.	117
4668866988	ottava rima	An eight-line rhyming stanza of a poem.	118
4668866989	oxymoron	A term consisting of contradictory elements juxtaposed to create a	119
4668866990	parable	A story consisting of events from which a moral or spiritual truth may be derived	120
4668866991	paradox	A statement that seems self-contradictory but is nevertheless true	121
4668866992	paraphrase	A version of a text put into simpler, everyday words	122
4668866993	pastoral	A work of literature dealing with rural life	123
4668866994	pathetic fallacy	Faulty reasoning that inappropriately ascribes human feelings to nature or nonhuman objects	124
4668866995	pathos	That element in literature that stimulates pity or sorrow	125
4668866996	pentameter	A verse with five poetic feet per line	126
4668866997	periodic sentence	A sentence that departs from the usual word order of English sentences by expressing its main though only at the end. In other words, the particulars in the sentence are presented before the idea they support.	127
4668866998	persona	The role or facade that a character assumes or depicts to a reader, a viewer, or the world at large	128
4668866999	personification	A figure of speech in which objects and animals are given human characteristics	129
4668867000	plot	The interrelationship among the events in a story; the plot line is the pattern of events, including exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution.	130
4668867001	picaresque novel	An episodic novel about a roguelike wanderer who lives off his wits. Ex: Don Quixote, Moll Flanders	131
4668867002	point of view	The relation in which a narrator or speaker stands to the story or subject matter of a poem.	132
4668867003	prosody	The grammar of meter and rhythm in poetry	133
4668867004	protagonist	The main character in a work of literature	134
4668867005	pseudonym	Also called "pen name" or "nom de plume"; a false name or alias used by writers. Ex: Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens)	135
4668867006	pulp fiction	Novels written for mass consumption, often emphasizing exciting and titillating plots	136
4668867007	pun	A humorous play on words, using similar-sounding or identical words to suggest different meanings	137
4668867008	quatrain	A four-line poem or a four-line unit of a longer poem	138
4668867009	realism	The depiction of people, things, and events as they really are without idealization or exaggeration for effect.	139
4668867010	rhetoric	The language of a work and its style; words, often highly emotional, used to convince or sway an audience	140
4668867011	rhetorical stance	Language that conveys a speaker's attitude or opinion with regard to a particular subject	141
4668867012	rhyme	The repetition of similar sounds at regular intervals, used mostly in poetry.	142
4668867013	rhyme scheme	The pattern of rhymes within a given poem	143
4668867014	rhythm	The pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables that make up a line of poetry	144
4668867015	roman a clef	French for a novel in which hisotrical events and actual people appear under the guise of fiction	145
4668867016	romance	An extended narrative about improbable events and extraordinary people in exotic places	146
4668867017	sarcasm	A sharp, caustic expression or remark; a bitter jibe or taunt; different from irony, which is more subtle	147
4668867018	satire	A literary style used to poke fun at, attack, or ridicule an idea, vice, or foible, often for the purpose of inducing change	148
4668867019	scan	The act of determining the meter of a poetic line.	149
4668867020	sentiment	A synonym for view or feeling; also a refined and tender emotion in literature	150
4668867021	sentimental	A term that describes characters' excessive emotional response to experience; also nauseatingly nostalgic and mawkish	151
4668867022	setting	The total environment for the action in a novel or play. It includes time, place, historical milieu, and social, political, and even spiritual circumstances	152
4668867023	simile	A figurative comparison using the words like or as	153
4668867024	sonnet	A popular form of verse consisting of fourteen lines and a prescribed rhyme scheme.	154
4668867025	stanza	A group of two or more lines in poetry combined according to subject matter, rhyme, or some other plan	155
4668867026	stream of consciousness	A style of writing in which the author tries to reproduce the random flow of thoughts in the human mind	156
4668867027	style	The manner in which an author uses and arranges words,	157
4668867028	subplot	A subordinate or minor collection of events in a novel or play, usually connected to the main plot	158
4668867029	subtext	The implied meaning that underlies the main meaning of a work of literature	159
4668867030	symbolism	The use of one object to evoke ideas and associations not literally part of the original object	160
4668867031	synecdoche	A figure of speech in which a part signifies the whole ("fifty masts" for fifty ships) or the whole signifies the part ("days" for life, as in "He lived his days in Canada"). Also when the name of the material stands for the thing itself ("pigskin" for football)	161
4668867032	syntax	The organization of language into meaningful structure; every sentence has a particular pattern of words	162
4668867033	theme	The main idea or meaning, often an abstract idea upon which a work of literature is built	163
4668867034	title character	A character whose name appears in the title of the novel or play; also known as the eponymous character	164
4668867035	tone	The author's attitude toward the subject being written about. The spirit or quality that is the work's emotional essence	165
4668867036	tragedy	A form of literature in which the hero is destroyed by some character flaw and a set of forces that cause the hero considerable anguish	166
4668867037	trope	The generic name for a figure of speech such as image, symbol, simile, and metaphor	167
4668867038	verbal irony	A discrepancy between the true meaning of a situation and the literal meaning of the written or spoken words	168
4668867039	verse	A synonym for poetry. Also a group of lines in a song or poem; also a single line of poetry	169
4668867040	verisimilitude	Similar to the truth; the quality of realism in a work that persuades readers that they are getting a vision of life as it is.	170
4668867041	versification	The structural form of a line of verse as revealed by the number of feet it contains. For example: monometer = 1foot; tetrameter = 4 feet; pentameter = 5 feet, and so forth	171
4668867042	villanelle	A French verse form calculated to appear simple and spontaneous but consisting of nineteen lines and a prescribed pattern of rhymes	172
4668867043	voice	The real or assumed personality used by a writer or speaker	173
4668867044	wit	The quickness of intellect and the power and talent for saying brilliant things that suprise and delight by their unexpectedness; the power to comment subtly and pointedly on the foibles of the passing scene	174

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AP Literature Quiz Terms Flashcards

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4953779776	Allegory	A narrative in either verse or prose, in which characters, action, and sometimes setting represent abstract concepts apart from the literal sense of the story	0
4953821735	Alliteration	The repetition of consonant sounds at the beginnings of words or within words, particularly in accented syllables.	1
4953841711	Allusion	A reference to a person event, place work of art, etc.	2
4953858962	Analogy	A comparison made between two objects, situations, or ideas that are somewhat alike but unlike in most respects.	3
4953879612	Antagonist	A character in a story or play who opposes the chief character , or protagonist.	4
4953890393	Apostrophe	A figure of speech in which an absent person, an abstract concept, or an inanimate object is directly addressed.	5
4953915066	Archetype	A symbol, story pattern, or character type that recurs frequently in literature and evokes strong, often unconscious, associations in the reader. ex: Damsel in distress, evil genius	6
4953938174	Assonance	The repetition of similar vowel sounds followed by different consonant sounds in stressed syllables or words.	7
4954046892	Ballad	A narrative passed on, or composed, in the oral tradition. It often makes use of repetition and dialogue.	8
4954060008	Blank Verse	Unrhymed Iambic pentameter	9
5000106549	Caesura	A pause in a line of verse, usually near the middle. It most often reflects the sense of the line and is greater than a normal pause between words.	10
5000656353	Characterization	The methods an author uses to develop the personality of a character in a literary work.	11
5000669049	Climax	The decisive point in a story or play, after which the action changes course and begins to resolve itself.	12
5000683912	Complication	A circumstance that complicates something (?)	13
5000692056	Connotation	The emotional associations surrounding a word as opposed to the word's literal meaning, or denotation.	14
5000699973	Consonance	the repetition of consonant sounds that are preceded by different vowel sounds.	15
5000705188	Couplet	A pair of rhyming lines with identical meter.	16
5000709826	Denotation	The strict, literal meaning of a word	17
5000715339	Denouement	The resolution of the plot.	18
5000717191	Dialect	A form of speech characteristic of a particular region or class, differing from the standard language.	19
5088878945	Diction	The author's choice of words and phrases in a literary work	20
5088884999	Dramatic Irony	A situation in which events or facts not known to a character on stage or in a fictional work are known to the audience or reader	21
5088929679	Dynamic Character	A literary, or dramatic character who undergoes an important inner change, as in change in personality or attitude	22
5088963788	Elegy	A solemn, reflective poem, usually about death, written in formal style.	23
5088976822	Exposition	Background information about the setting, characters and other elements of a story or play.	24
5088990496	Extended Metaphor	A metaphor that is developed at great length, often through a whole work or great part of it.	25
5089006223	Figurative Language	Language used in a non-literal way for the purpose of emphasis, clarification, or a special effect.	26
5089061089	Epic	A long narrative poem (originally handed down in oral tradition - later a literary form) dealing with great heroes and adventures; having a national, world-wide, or cosmic setting; involving supernatural forces; and written in a deliberately ceremonial style.	27
5089096716	First-person	Using pronouns such as 'I' or 'we' and presents information according to what a character (the narrator) knows, experiences, or infers.	28
5089136394	Flashback	An event or scene taking place before the present time in the narrative is inserted into the chronological structure of the work	29
5139636174	Flat Character	An easily recognized character type in fiction who may not be fully delineated but is useful to carry out some narrative purpose of the author.	30
5139636175	Foil	A character whose traits are different from those of a comparable character, and who thus points up the strengths or weaknesses of the other character.	31
5139638811	Foreshadowing	A clue given to the reader or audience of what is to come	32
5139638812	Frame	A narrative device presenting a story or group of stories with in the frame of a larger narrative.	33
5139641216	Free Verse	A type of poetry that differs from conventional verse forms in being "free" from a fixed pattern of meter and rhyme, but using rhythm and other poetic devices.	34
5139641217	Hyperbole	A figure of speech involving great exaggeration.	35
5139644924	Imagery	The sensory details that provide vividness in a literary work and tend to arouse emotions in a reader that abstract language would not.	36
5139644925	Inference	A reasonable conclusion about the behavior of a character or the meaning of an event, drawn from the limited information presented by the author.	37
5139647557	Inversion	An inverting of the usual order of the words or parts of a sentence, primarily for emphasis or to achieve a certain rhythm or rhyme.	38
5139647558	Irony	The term used to describe a contrast between what is claimed to be and what really is.	39
5230205382	Irony of Situation	The irony is sustained over the whole work. There is sometimes a naive spokesman, who is not aware of the discrepancy between what he says and what the author intends.	40
5230206807	Lyric	A poem, usually short, that expresses the emotion or state of mind of only one speaker. It usually creates a single impression.	41
5230206808	Metaphor	A figure of speech that establishes an identity between two basically unlike things.	42
5230210182	Metonymy	A figure of speech in which a term closely associated with a person or thing is made to stand for it.	43
5230210183	Mood	The overall atmosphere or prevailing emotional aura of a work, sometimes established at the beginning.	44
5230210184	Motif	A situation that recurs in various works or in various parts of the same work.	45
5230213909	Narrative Poetry	Poetry that tells a story or recounts a series of events.	46
5230213910	Ode	A lyric poem, formal in style and complex in form, often written in commemoration or celebration of a special quality, object, or occasion.	47
5230217732	Onomatopoeia	A word or words used in such a way that the sound imitates the sound of the thing spoken of.	48
5230223486	Paradox	A statement or situation that seems to be self-contradicting but has valid meaning.	49
5249901166	Parallelism	An arrangement of parts of a sentences, paragraph, or other unit of composition in which one element equal in importance to another is similarly developed and phrased.	50
5249903165	Parody	A humorous imitation of serious writing.	51
5249911806	Pastoral	A conventional form of lyric poetry presenting an idealized picture of rural life.	52
5249913556	Persona	The mask of the author as expressed by an important character in a particular work.	53
5249915928	Personification	The representation of abstractions, ideas, or inanimate objects as living, or even human, beings..	54
5249915929	Plot	A series of related happenings in a literary work.	55
5249918621	Point of View	The narrative situation a writer uses to present the action and characters of a story.	56
5249918622	Protagonist	The leading character or hero in a literary work.	57
5249921303	Rhyme	The exact repetition of sounds in at least the final accented syllables of two or more words.	58
5249938853	Rhythm	In verse, the arrangement into patterns of stressed and unstressed sounds.	59
5344235393	Round Character	Fully developed and acts according to complex and believable patterns of emotion, motivation, and behavior.	60
5344235394	Satire	The literary form that employs wit to ridicule characters in a work who represent some social institution or human foible, with intention of inspiring self-reform.	61
5344237926	Scansion	The result of scanning, or marking off lines of poetry into feet and indicating the stressed and unstressed syllables.	62
5344237927	Setting	The time, place, and social situation in which the action of a work occurs.	63
5344238027	Simile	A figure of speech involving a direct comparison, using "like" or "as," between two basically unlike things that are asserted to have something in common.	64
5344239852	Sonnet	A lyric poem with a traditional form of fourteen iambic pentameter lines.	65
5344239853	Static Character	Remain the same throughout the course of the narrative, untouched by events and people they encounter	66
5344242982	Stereotype	A conventional over-simplified character, plot, or setting that possess little or no individuality but that may be used for a purpose.	67
5344247127	Stream of Consciousness	The recording or re-creation of a character's flow of thought.	68
5344249152	Style	The distinctive handling of language by an author.	69
5360230869	Symbol	A concrete image, such as an object, action, character, or scene, that signifies something bigger, such as a concept or idea.	70
5360233087	Synecdoche	A figure of speech in which a part stands for the whole.	71
5360234519	Syntax	The arrangement of words and phrases	72
5360234520	Theme	The underlying meaning of a literary work.	73
5360235383	Third-person Limited	Narrator knows and relates the thoughts of one particular character in the story.	74
5360236047	Third-person Objective	Narrator describes only what can be seen, recording events like a newspaper reporter or a camera.	75
5360236497	Third-person Omniscient	Narrator is able to relate the thoughts, feelings, and perceptions of any or all characters.	76
5360236498	Tone	The author's attitude, either stated or implied, toward his or her subject matter and toward the audience.	77
5360237538	Verbal Irony	The surface meaning of words is opposite to the intended, underlying meaning.	78
5360238323	Verisimilitude	The appearance of truth or reality in fiction.	79
5450456982	Anapest	A three-syllable metrical foot consisting of two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable, as in the word "interfere"	80
5450456983	Aphorism	A brief saying embodying a moral	81
5450460237	Cacophony	A succession of harsh, discordant sounds in either poetry or prose, used to achieve a specific effect.	82
5450462517	Caricature	Exaggeration of prominent features of appearance or personality.	83
5450462518	Chorus	In Greek tragedy, a group of actors who sing and dance their commentary on the dialogue taking place in the drama.	84
5450467564	Classicism	The style of literature created by the ancient Greeks and Romans, characterized by attention to form; by order, restraint, and balance in the treatment of content; and by an absence of the values associated with Romanticism.	85
5450467565	Comedy	A play or other work written primarily to amuse the reader or audience.	86
5450470122	Dactyl	A three-syllable metrical foot consisting of a stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables, as in the word "odyssey"	87
5450470123	Epigram	Any short, witty verse or saying, often ending with a wry twist.	88
5450475336	Epilogue	A concluding section added to a work in order to round it out or to comment on it.	89
5518384044	Fable	A brief tale in which the characters' actions point out a moral truth.	90
5518385058	Folk Literature	A type of early literature passed orally from generation to generation, and written down later.	91
5518385059	Foot	A group of syllables in verse, usually consisting of one stressed syllable and one or more unstressed syllables.	92
5518385700	Heroic Couplet	A pair of rhymed verse lines in iambic pentameter	93
5518389453	Iamb	A two-syllable metrical foot consisting of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable as in the word "until."	94
5518389454	Lay	A short narrative poem, especially one written in french during the middle ages and based on legend.	95
5518390552	Legend	A story handed down from the past, often associated with some period in the history of a people.	96
5518390553	Masque	A short amateur dramatic court entertainment with more emphasis on music, costumes, and scenery than on poetry.	97
5518391201	Miracle Play	A type of play produced during the late medieval and early Renaissance periods, based on the life of Jesus, on stories from the bible, or especially on legends of the saints.	98
5518391202	Moral	The lesson or inner meaning to be learned from a fable, tale, or other story.	99
5615461407	Morality Play	A type of play popular in the 1400s and 1500s in which the characters are personifications of abstract qualities such as vice, virtue, mercy, shame, wealth, knowledge, ignorance, poverty, and perseverance.	100
5615461408	Myth	A traditional story connected with the beliefs of a people, usually attempting to account for something in nature or history.	101
5615461409	Naturalism	Writing that depicts events as rigidly determined by the forces of heredity and environment, which are conceived of as being indifferent to human desires.	102
5615465762	Neoclassicism	Writing of a later period that shows the influence of the Greek and Roman classics.	103
5615465763	Parable	A brief fictional work that concretely illustrates an abstract idea or teaches some lesson or truth.	104
5615472814	Petrarchan Sonnet	A sonnet that can be divided into eight opening lines rhyming abba abba and six concluding lines rhyming cde cde or cd cd cd.	105
5615521624	Prologue	A section preceding the main body of work and serving as an introduction to it, sometimes with thematic importance.	106
5615521625	Proverb	A short, well-known saying, often handed down from the past, that expresses an obvious truth or familiar observation about life.	107
5615524668	Rationalism	A philosophy that emphasizes the role or reason rather than of experience or of faith in answering the basic questions of human existence.	108
5615526641	Realism	A way of representing life that emphasizes ordinary people in believable experiences.	109
5729761750	Refrain	The repetition of one or more lines that emphasizes ordinary people in believable experiences.	110
5729761751	Romance	A long narrative in poetry or prose that originated in the medieval period.	111
5729764471	Romanticism	A type of literature that tends to portray the uncommon.	112
5729764472	Saga	A medieval Scandinavian prose account of the battles and ways of a legendary Norse family hero, placing much emphasis on genealogy and featuring violent men and outspoken women.	113
5729771169	Shakespearean Sonnet	Rhymed abab cdcd efef gg, presenting a four-part structure in which an idea or theme is developed in three quatrains and then brought to a conclusion in the couplet.	114
5729771170	Slant Rhyme	Rhyme in which the vowel sounds are not quite identical.	115
5729776608	Soliloquy	A dramatic convention that allows a character alone on stage to speak his or her thoughts aloud.	116
5729788086	Tale	A simple prose or verse narrative, either true or fictional, in which the main interest is in the events themselves, rather than in the structure or the meaning of the events.	117
5729792500	Tragedy	Dramatic or narrative writing in which the main character suffers disaster after a serious and significant struggle, but faces her downfall in such a way as to attain heroic stature.	118
5729792501	Trochee	A metrical foot made up of one stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable, as in the word "answer"	119
5807861352	Aside	A remark or passage by a character in a play that is intended to be heard by the audience but unheard by the other characters in the play. (or) A remark that is not directly related to the main topic of discussion.	120
5807861704	Aubade	A poem or piece of music appropriate to the dawn or early morning.	121
5870756200	Catharsis	The purging of emotions or relieving of emotional tensions, especially through certain kinds of art, tragedy or music	122
5870775366	Character	Features or traits; moral or ethical quality	123
5870799350	Comic Relief	An amusing episode in a serious or tragic literary work, especially a drama, that is introduced to relieve tension	124
5870802834	Conflict	The struggle between two opposing forces.	125
5870810373	Convention	A rule, method, or practice established by usage; custom. An agreement, compact, or contract.	126
5974029623	Deus Ex Machina	An unexpected power or event saving a seemingly hopeless situation, especially as a contrived plot device in a play or novel.	127
5974053209	Dramatic Monologue	A lyric poem in which the speaker addresses someone whose replies are not recorded.	128
5974128414	Enjambment	(in verse) the continuation of a sentence without a pause beyond the end of a line, couplet, or stanza.	129
6032735978	Euphony	Pleasing or sweet sound; especially : the acoustic effect produced by words so formed or combined as to please the ear	130
6032735979	Form	The shape and structure of something as distinguished from its material	131
6060241341	Idyll	An extremely happy, peaceful, or picturesque episode or scene, typically an idealized or unsustainable one.	132
6060241342	Image	A physical likeness or representation of a person, animal, or thing, photographed, painted, sculptured, or otherwise made visible.	133
6060246246	Impressionism	The depiction of scene, emotion, or character by details intended to achieve a vividness or effectiveness more by evoking subjective and sensory impressions than by recreating an objective reality	134
6060273954	Lyric Poetry	A formal type of poetry which expresses personal emotions or feelings, typically spoken in the first person.	135
6060289189	Metaphysical Poetry	Highly intellectualized poetry marked by bold and ingenious conceits, incongruous imagery, complexity and subtlety of thought, frequent use of paradox, and often by deliberate harshness or rigidity of expression	136
6060289190	Meter	The pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in poetry.	137
6132771524	Monologue	The speaker addresses someone whose responses are not recorded. A character alone on stage speaks his or her thoughts aloud.	138
6132771525	Narrative Poem	Poetry that tells a story or recounts a series of events.	139
6132774573	Narrator	The teller of a story.	140
6132774574	Octave	Eight-line stanza that presents a proposition, dilemma, or question.	141
6132777281	Oxymoron	A figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms appear in conjunction.	142
6271088742	Parallel Plot	The writer weaves two or more dramatic plots that are usually linked by a common character and a similar theme.	143
6271088743	Pathos	The quality or power in an actual life experience or in literature, music, speech, or other forms of expression, of evoking a feeling of pity, or of sympathetic and kindly sorrow or compassion.	144
6271091054	Quatrain	A stanza of four lines, especially one having alternate rhymes.	145
6271091055	Resolution	The conclusion of a story which ties up all the loose ends in the plot.	146
6271095554	Rhetorical Question	A question asked in order to create a dramatic effect or to make a point rather than to get an answer.	147
6311002986	Sestet	Six-line stanza that provides a comment, application, or solution.	148
6311033815	Sestina	A poem with six stanzas of six lines and a final triplet, all stanzas having the same six words at the line-ends in six different sequences that follow a fixed pattern, and with all six words appearing in the closing three-line envoy.	149
6346100052	Spondee	A metrical foot of two stressed syllables, as in "Great Scott!"	150
6346100053	Stage Directions	Directions given by the author of a play to indicate the action, costumes, setting, arrangement of the stage, and so on.	151
6355927328	Stanza	A group of lines that are set off to form a division in a poem, sometimes linked with other stanzas by a rhyme scheme.	152
6355935197	Structure	The arrangement of and relations between the parts or elements of something complex. The quality of being organized.	153
6355936818	Subplot	A secondary plot, or a strand of the main plot that runs parallel to it and supports it.	154
6355938042	Tercet	A three-lined stanza or poem that often contains a rhyme.	155
6355939659	Tragic hero	A literary character who makes a judgment error that inevitably leads to his/her own destruction.	156
6355939744	Understatement	A figure of speech employed by writers or speakers to intentionally make a situation seem less important than it really is.	157
6355946750	Villanelle	A poetic device which requires a poem to have 19 lines and a fixed form.	158
6417006176	Abstract	Words or phrases that name things not knowable through the five senses.	159
6417006177	Concrete	Pertaining to or concerned with realities or actual instances rather than abstractions.	160
6638179408	Situational Irony	A contrast between what is expected or intended and what actually happens.	161
6638180853	Litotes	A figure of speech which employs an understatement by using double negatives or, in other words, positive statement is expressed by negating its opposite expressions.	162
6638180854	Ambiguity	A word, phrase, or statement which contains more than one meaning.	163
6698516650	Antithesis	A rhetorical device in which two opposite ideas are put together in a sentence to achieve a contrasting effect.	164
6698516817	Polysyndeton	A stylistic device in which several coordinating conjunctions are used in succession in order to achieve an artistic effect.	165
6698520257	Anacoluthon	"lacking sequence". It is a stylistic device and is defined as a syntactic deviation and interruption within a sentence from one structure to another.	166
6698522712	Colloquialism	The use of informal words, phrases or even slang in a piece of writing.	167
6698522713	Jargon	A use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation, profession or trade.	168
6745899951	Metric Feet	Unit of measurement repeated in a line of poetry.	169
6745899952	Amphibrach	A long syllable between two short syllables.	170
6745899953	Metric Lines	Line named according to the number of feet composing it.	171
6745899954	Rhyme Scheme	Any pattern of rhyme in a stanza.	172
6745899955	Ballad stanza	Stanza consisting of four alternating lines of iambic tetrameter and trimester. 2nd and 4th line rhyme.	173

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AP Chemistry Big Idea #3 Flashcards

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4213212553	Synthesis Reactions	When simple compounds are combined to form a single, more complex compound	0
4213212554	Decomposition	The opposite of synthesis. A reaction where a single compound is split into two or more simple compounds, usually in the presence of heat.	1
4213212555	Acid-base Reaction	A reaction when an evidence reacts with a base to form water and salt	2
4213212556	Oxidation-Reduction reaction	A reaction that results in the change of the oxidation states of some precipitating molecules.	3
4213212557	Precipitation	When yen aqueous solutions mix, sometimes a new cation/anion pairing can create an insoluble salt	4
4213212558	Spectator ions	Ions that do not take part in the reaction They start out and end up as free ions	5
4213212559	What are the two solubility rules you need to know for AP?	1. Compounds with alkali metal cation or an ammonium cation are always soluble 2. Compounds with a nitrate anion are always soluble	6
4213212560	Why do ionic substances dissolve in water?	The attraction of a h ions to the dipoles of the water molecules.	7
4213212562	How to solve a stoichiometry	1. Convert whatever you are given into moles. 2. The limiting reagent is not necessarily the reactant that you have the least of; it is the reactant that runs out first. 3. Use the balanced equation to determine how many moles of the desired product are generated. 4. Convert moles of product to the desired unit.	8
4213212563	Enthalpy Change ΔΗ	The enthalpy of a substance is a measure of the energy that is released or absorbed by the substance when bonds are broken and formed during a reaction.	9
4213212564	Basic Rules of Enthalpy	When bonds are formed energy is released. When bonds are broken energy is absorbed.	10
4213212565	Enthalpy Change equation		11
4213212566	Exothermic reaction	If the products have stronger bonds than the reactants, then the products have lower enthalpy than the reactants and are more stable; in this case energy is released by the reaction	12
4213212567	Endothermic reaction	If the products have weaker bonds than the reactants, then the products have higher enthalpy than the reactants and are less stable; in this case, energy is absorbed by the reaction	13
4213212568	Which is more likely to occur spontaneously? Endothermic or exothermic	Exothermic. All substances like to be in the lowest possible energy state, which gives them the greatest stability.	14
4213212569	Endothermic reaction diagram		15
4213212570	Exothermic Reaction Diagram		16
4213212571	Activation Energy Ea	The amount of energy need to reach the transition state. (Find textbook definition)	17
4213212572	Catalyst	Speeds up reaction by providing the reactants with an alternate pathway that has a lower activation energy. Lowers activation energy for both forward and reverse reactions so it has no effect on equilibrium conditions.	18
4213212573	Oxidation state	Indicates the number of of electrons that it gains or loses when it forms a bond.	19
4213212574	What are some important things to know when dealing with oxidation states?	1. The oxidation state of an atom that is not bonded to an atom of another element is 0. That means either an atom that is not bonded to any other atom or an atom that is bonded to another atom or the same element (O2) 2. The oxidation numbers for all the atoms in a molecule must add up to 0. 3. The oxidation numbers for all atoms in a polyatomic ion must add up to the charge of the ion.	20
4213212575	Oxidation number of alkali metals	+1	21
4213212576	Oxidation number of alkaline earth metals	+2	22
4213212577	Oxidation number of group 3A	+3	23
4213212578	Oxidation number of oxygen	-2	24
4213212579	Oxidation number of Halogens	-1	25
4213212580	Oxidation number of transition metals	Have several oxidation states which are differentiated from one another by a Roman numeral in the name of the compound.	26
4213212581	Hydroxide formula	OH-	27
4213212582	Nitrate Formula	(NO3)-	28
4213212583	Acetate formula	(C2H3O2)-	29
4213212584	Cyanide formula	CN-	30
4213212585	Permanganate formula	(MnO4)-	31
4213212586	Carbonate formula	(CO3)2-	32
4213212587	Sulfate formula	(SO4)2-	33
4213212588	Dichromate formula	(Cr2O7)2-	34
4213212589	Phosphate formula	(PO4)3-	35
4213212590	Ammonium formula	(NH4)+	36
4213212591	Oxidation-reduction reaction	Electrons are exchanged by the reactants, and the oxidation states of some of the reactants are changed over the course of the reaction.	37
4213212592	Reduction	An atom gains electrons, oxidation number decreases	38
4213212593	Oxidation	An atom loses electrons and the oxidation number increases	39
4213212594	Half reactions	Oxidation and reduction formulas written separately	40
4213212595	Every reaction has a ______________ , or voltage associated with it.	electric potential	41
4213212596	How are electric potentials given?	reduction half reactions you can read them in reverse and flip the sign on the voltage to get oxidation potentials	42
4213212597	How do you calculate electric potential?	add the potential for the oxidation half-reaction to the potential for the reduction half-reaction Never multiply the potential for the half reaction by the coefficient	43
4213212598	What happens to the reduction potential when a solid is placed into a metallic solution and a new solid forms?	The reduction potential of the metal in solution is greater than that of the solid.	44
4213212599	What happens to the reduction potential if a solid is placed into a metallic solution and no solid forms?	The reduction potential of the solid is higher.	45
4213212600	Galvanic cell	also called voltaic cell a spontaneous redox reaction is used to generate a flow current	46
4213212601	What happens in a galvanic cell?	Two half reactions take place in separate chambers and the electrons that are released by the oxidation reaction pass through a wire to the chamber where they are consumed in the reduction reaction	47
4213212602	Current	defined as the flow of positive charge, so current is always in the opposite direction from the flow of electrons	48
4213212603	Anode	where oxidation takes place	49
4213212604	Cathode	where reduction takes place	50
4213212605	What happens to the voltage of the cell under standard conditions?	the voltage of the cell is the same as the total voltage of the redox reaction.	51
4213212606	Electrolytic Cells	An outside source of voltage is used to force a non-spontaneous redox reaction to take place. Most electrolytic cells occur in aqueous solutions which are created when a chemical dissolves in water.	52
4213212607	What are the anodes and cathodes in electrolytic cells?	Metal bars that conduct current which do not take part in the reaction.	53
4213212608	What are electrolytic cells are used?	Electroplating	54
4213212609	What are the steps for electroplating?	1. If you know the current and the time, you can calculate the charge in coulombs. 2.Once you know the charge in coulombs, you know how many electrons were involved in the reaction 3. When you know the number of moles of electrons and you know the half-reaction for the metal, you can find out how many moles of metal plated out. 4. Once you know the number of moles of meta, you can use what you know from stoichiometry to calculate the number of grams of metal.	55
4213212610	Equation for current	I = q/t	56

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Merry Christmas Vocab List Flashcards

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5771982088	candy cane	a hard candy in the shape of a rod	0
5771983733	caroling	singing joyful religious songs (especially around Christmas time)	1
5771987680	Christmas	a Christian holiday celebrating the birth of Christ	2
5771991537	frankincense	an aromatic gum resin obtained from various Arabian or East African trees	3
5771996589	decoration	the act of making something more attractive	4
5772000732	evergreen	a plant having foliage that persists and remains green throughout the year	5
5772006504	holly	a plant having red berries and shiny evergreen leaves with prickly edges	6
5772011429	mistletoe	shrub having branching greenish stems with leathery leaves and waxy white berries	7
5772019222	merrymaking	a boisterous celebration; a happy festivity	8
5772021747	myrrh	aromatic resin that is burned as incense and used in perfume	9
5772025385	nativity	the event of being born	10
5772026992	paegant	an elaborate representation of scenes from history, usually involving rich costumes	11
5772031632	poinsetta	tropical American plant with scarlet leaves that's commonly used at Christmas	12
5772039781	scrooge	a selfish person who is unwilling to give or spend	13
5772041429	wassailer	someone who enjoys riotous drinking	14
5772048092	apparition	a supernatural appearance of a person or thing, especially a ghost	15
5772051487	jovial	endowed with or characterized by a hearty, joyous humor or a spirit of good-fellowship	16
5772060938	swaddling	narrow strips of cloth wrapped around an infant, usually to restrict movement	17
5772064951	manger	a wooden trough that animals eat hay from	18
5772067354	egg nog	a drink commonly served at Christmas parties; may or may not contain alcohol	19

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Chapter 28: Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World Flashcards

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Survey of World History Module 1 Flashcards

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4711884630	BP	Before Present - Ancient, no exact date	0
4711885939	BCE	Before Common Era - Earlier than 2,000 years ago.	1
4711891913	CE	Common Era - After 2,000 years ago.	2
4711900133	When compared with modern humans, Australopithecus was considered...	thinner.	3
4711902679	Overall knowledge of prehistory is...	incomplete.	4
4711905161	What is essential to calling a civilization or time period "historical"?	The presence of writing and record keeping.	5
4711907041	Prehistoric periods are usually marked with the time label:	BP	6
4711909541	Writing and record-keeping are an important characteristic that defines a "complex civilization".	True	7
4711911959	Paleolithic Era (aka):	Old Stone Age	8
4711913361	Home erectus	-1.5 BP - 200,000 BP -gathered plants -cooperative hunting -learned to cook meat	9
4711915663	Longest running time period in history	Paleolithic starting in 2.2 million BP ending about 12,000 BP	10
4711919856	Homo sapiens	-evolved around 250,000 BP -relatively intelligent -Tools -language skills -Eastern Africa	11
4711925590	Neanderthals	-Between 200,000 and 50,000 BP -Europe and SW Asia, Africa & E Asia -Everywhere but the Americas by 80,000 BP -Clothes from animal skins -First evidence of reflective thought - flowers at graves	12
4711973551	Which of the following hominids were first to migrate out of Africa?	Homo erectus	13
4711974310	Cro-Magnon	-Appeared around 100,000 BP -better organization -Slowly displace Neanderthals by killing or inter-breeding. -By 40,000 BP had largely replaced Neanderthals -Group hunting more complex -rudiments of social order -tools more sophisticated -visual representation of thought as cave paintings	14
4711984215	Migration	-100,000 BP, humans began to spread out of Africa to tropical & temperate zones of Eastern Hemisphere. -60,000 BP crossed into ice-age Australia -40,000 BP Cro-Magnon were in Europe, & across ice-age land bridge into North America -20,000 BP modern humans in Mesoamerica (modern-day Mexico) -13,000 BP furthest south in South America, at this point humans lived on all continents excepts Antarctica	15
4712009890	Culture	Practices, materials, & ideas such as gender roles.	16
4712016449	Agricultural Evolution	Between 12,000 & 6,000 BP humans began to cultivate plants and domesticate animals to raise their own food. -Worldwide phenomenon -Caused first large scale settlements.	17
4712047524	Chain of Exploitation	1.Powerful elite that exploited other men/women. 2.Who in turn exploited the farmers 3.Who exploited the natural environment.	18
4712053191	First Towns and Cities	Between 4,000 and 3,500 BCE, mostly professionals and elites. tradesmen, managers, artists, cultural professionals.	19

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Pledge info Flashcards

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3797925755	Nick Santangelo	Joseph Chicago, Illionis Providence Catholic Engineering	0
3797928225	Dominic Dolan	James Saint Louis, Missouri CBC Business	1
3797931440	Noah Iverson	Warner Saint Louis, Missouri Desmet Jesuit Business	2
3797933389	Matt Hood	Taylor Saint Louis, Missouri Desmet Jesuit Business	3
3797934474	Caleb Lee	Andrew Kansas City, Missouri Park hill Computer Engineering	4
3797936192	Jacob Krajewski	Waldemar Homer Glen, Illinois Providence Catholic Computer Science	5
3797938190	Tommy O'Toole	Sheridan Saint Louis, Missouri SLUH Biochemistry	6
3797940942	Andrew Grunik	Joseph Saint Louis, Missouri CBC Journalism	7
3797944533	Reed koutelas	William Kansas City, Missouri Rockhurst Journalism	8
3797946862	Nate Bailey	Thomas Minneapolis, Minnesota Hopkins Physchology	9
3797948070	Ethan Goddard	Edmund Saint Louis, Missouri CBC Business	10
3798056409	John Chamberlin	David Saint Louis, Missouri CBC Undecided	11
3798056789	Shawn Akumalla	Prince Dave Saint Louis, Missouri Rockwood Summit Political Science	12
3798057789	Joseph Hagan	Ryan Saint Louis, Missouri Northwest Business	13

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Psychology Flashcards

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5718414414	Structuralism	An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind.	0
5718414415	Introspection	the examination or observation of one's own mental and emotional processes.	1
5718414416	Functionalism	A school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function-how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.	2
5718414417	Behaviorism	The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)	3
5718414418	Humanistic Psychology	Historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individuals potential for personal growth.	4
5718414420	Cognition	the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses.	5
5718414421	Sigmund Freud	The controversial ideas of this framed personality theorist and therapist have influenced humanity self-understanding.	6
5718414422	Wilhelm Wundt	Wundt established the first psychology laboratory at the university of Leipzig, Germany.	7
5718414427	Conditioned Response	is a behavior that does not come naturally, but must be learned by the individual by pairing a neutral stimulus with a potent stimulus.	8
5718414428	Neutral Stimulus	is a stimulus which initially produces no specific response other than focusing attention. In classical conditioning, when used together with an unconditioned stimulus, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus.	9
5718414430	Psychology	The science of behavior and mental processes.	10
5718414431	Nature-Nurture issue	The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture.	11
5718414433	B.F Skinner	A leading behaviorist, Skinner rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior.	12
5718414435	Neuroscience	How the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences.	13
5718414436	Evolutionary	How the natural selection of traits promoted the survival of genes.	14
5718414438	Psychodynamic	How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts.	15
5718414439	Behavioral	How we learn observable responses.	16
5718414440	Social-cultural	How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures.	17
5718414442	Biopsychosogical approach	An integrated approach that incorporates biological,psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.	18
5718414443	Basic research	Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.	19
5718414444	Applied Research	Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.	20
5718414446	Psychiatry	A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy.	21
5718414447	When and how did psychological science begin?	Psychological science had its modern beginning with the first psychological laboratory, founded in 1879 by German philosopher and physiologist Wilhelm Wundt, and from later work of other scholars from several disciplines and many countries.	22
5718414451	Empirical Approach	based on evidence. Empirical data is produced by experiment and observation.	23
5718414454	Case study	An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.	24
5718414455	Random Sample	A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.	25
5718414456	Naturalistic Observation	Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.	26
5718414461	Double-blind procedure	An experimental procedure in which both of the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies.	27
5718414462	Placebo	a fake treatment, an inactive substance like sugar, distilled water, or saline solution -- can sometimes improve a patient's condition simply because the person has the expectation that it will be helpful.	28
5718414463	Experimental group	is the group in an experiment that receives the variable being tested. One variable is tested at a time. The experimental group is compared to a control group, which does not receive the test variable. In this way, experimental groups are used to find answers in an experiment.	29
5718414464	independent variable	experiment that is manipulated or changed. For example, in an experiment looking at the effects of studying on test scores, studying would be the independent variable.	30
5718414465	Control group	is composed of participants who do not receive the experimental treatment. When conducting an experiment, these people are randomly selected to be in this group. They also closely resemble the participants who are in the experimental group, or the individuals who receive the treatment.	31
5718414466	Dependent Variable	is the variable that is being measured in an experiment. For example, in a study looking at how tutoring impacts test scores, the dependent variable would be the participants' test scores.	32
5718414474	Neuron	a specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses; a nerve cell.	33
5718414475	Sensory Neurons	Neurons that carry incoming information from sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord.	34
5718414476	Interneurons	a neuron that transmits impulses between other neurons, especially as part of a reflex arc.	35
5718414477	Dendrite	a short branched extension of a nerve cell, along which impulses received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body.	36
5718414478	Axon	the long threadlike part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells.	37
5718414479	Myelin	a mixture of proteins and phospholipids forming a whitish insulating sheath around many nerve fibers, increasing the speed at which impulses are conducted.	38
5718414480	Action potential	threshold in a neuron is the point of depolarization at which the neuron fires, transmitting information to another neuron. Psychologists use the concept of action potential threshold to explain how neurons send information to each other.	39
5718414482	Synapse	The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or the synaptic cleft.	40
5718414483	Neurotransmitters	is a chemical messenger that carries, boosts, and modulates signals between neurons and other cells in the body. In most cases, a neurotransmitter is released from the axon terminal after an action potential has reached the synapse.	41
5718414484	Reuptake	A neurotransmitters re-absorption by the sending neuron.	42
5718414485	Nervous system	the network of nerve cells and fibers that transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body.	43
5718414486	Central Nervous System	the complex of nerve tissues that controls the activities of the body. In vertebrates it comprises the brain and spinal cord.	44
5718414487	Peripheral nervous system	the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord.	45
5718414488	Somatic Nervous System	deals with our voluntary control of muscles and our five senses.	46
5718414489	Autonomic Nervous System	the part of the nervous system responsible for control of the bodily functions not consciously directed, such as breathing, the heartbeat, and digestive processes.	47
5718414490	Sympathetic Nervous System	The division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations.	48
5718414491	Parasympathetic Nervous system	The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy.	49
5718414492	Adrenal	A pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys.	50
5718414493	Pituitary gland	the major endocrine gland. A pea-sized body attached to the base of the brain, the pituitary is important in controlling growth and development and the functioning of the other endocrine glands.	51
5718414494	Endocrine	The body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.	52
5718414495	Lesion	a region in an organ or tissue that has suffered damage through injury or disease, such as a wound, ulcer, abscess, tumor, etc.	53
5718414496	Electroencephalogram (EEG)	is a recording of the electrical waves of activity that occur in the brain, and across its surface. Electrodes are placed on different areas of a person's scalp, filled with a conductive gel, and then plugged into a recording device.	54
5718414497	Positron emission tomography	which is similar to the MRI, is a scanning method that enables psychologists and doctors to study the brain (or any other living tissue) without surgery. PET scans use radioactive glucose (instead of a strong magnetic field) to help study activity and locate structures in the body.	55
5718414499	MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)	is a brain imaging technique that detects magnetic changes in the brain's blood flow patterns.	56
5718414500	Brainstem	controls the flow of messages between the brain and the rest of the body, and it also controls basic body functions such as breathing, swallowing, heart rate, blood pressure, consciousness, and whether one is awake or sleepy. The brain stem consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.	57
5718414501	Medulla	is a section of the brain located in the brainstem which is responsible for automatic functions like breathing, blood pressure, circulation and heart functions, and digestion. It is also the area responsible for many reflexes like swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing.	58
5718414502	Reticular Formation	is a portion of the brain that is located in the central core of the brain stem. It passes through the medulla, pons, and stops in the midbrain. Its functions can be classified into 4 categories: motor control, sensory control, visceral control, and control of consciousness. It controls arousal.	59
5718414503	Limbic System	a complex system of nerves and networks in the brain, involving several areas near the edge of the cortex concerned with instinct and mood. It controls the basic emotions (fear, pleasure, anger) and drives (hunger, sex, dominance, care of offspring).	60
5718414504	Amygdala	a roughly almond-shaped mass of gray matter inside each cerebral hemisphere, involved with the experiencing of emotions.	61
5718414505	Hypothalamus	The area of the brain that secretes substances that influence pituitary and other gland function and is involved in the control of body temperature, hunger, thirst, and other processes that regulate body equilibrium.	62
5718414506	Cerebral Cortex	is the most important part of our brain (at least in the field of psychology) because it is what makes us human. The cerebral cortex (sometimes referred to as called "gray matter", is actually densely packed neurons. Its the information processing center.	63
5718414508	Frontal lobes	each of the paired lobes of the brain lying immediately behind the forehead, including areas concerned with behavior, learning, personality, and voluntary movement.	64
5718414509	Pariental	portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position.	65
5718414510	Occiputal	portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from the visual fields.	66
5718414511	Temporal Lobes	each of the paired lobes of the brain lying beneath the temples, including areas concerned with the understanding of speech.	67
5718414515	Plasticity	The brains ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience.	68
5718414516	Corpus Callosum	a broad band of nerve fibers joining the two hemispheres of the brain.	69
5718414524	Circadian Rhythm	Often referred to as the "body clock", the circadian rhythm is a 24-hour cycle that tells our bodies when to sleep and regulates many other physiological processes. This internal body clock is affected by environmental cues, like sunlight and temperature.	70
5718414525	REM sleep	is the stage of sleep associated with quick, darting eye movements, the paralysis of major voluntary muscles, increased and irregular heart rate and breathing, and a high level of brain activity (comparable to brain activity when awake).	71
5718414526	Alpha waves	are a type of brain wave that occur when a person is relaxed, but still awake.	72
5718414527	Delta waves	the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep.	73
5718414528	Narcolepsy	a condition characterized by an extreme tendency to fall asleep whenever in relaxing surroundings.	74
5718414529	Sleep apnea	is a serious sleep disorder that occurs when a person's breathing is interrupted during sleep. People with untreated sleep apnea stop breathing repeatedly during their sleep, sometimes hundreds of times. This means the brain -- and the rest of the body -- may not get enough oxygen.	75
5718414530	Manifest Content	according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden content).	76
5718414531	Latent content	according to freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (from manifest content).	77
5718414533	What was William James' theory in psychology?	Functionalism	78
5718414534	Functionalism	was a philosophy opposing the prevailing structuralism of psychology of the late 19th century. Edward Titchener, the main structuralist, gave psychology its first definition as a science of the study of mental experience, of consciousness, to be studied by trained introspection.	79
5718414536	What is the theory in psychology that believes that "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts"?	Gestalt Psychology	80
5718414537	Gestalt Psychology	the study of perception and behavior from the standpoint of an individual's response to configurational wholes with stress on the uniformity of psychological and physiological events and rejection of analysis into discrete events of stimulus, percept, and response.	81
5718414539	What does the theory of psychoanalysis focus on?	The Unconcious	82
5718414540	According to psychoanalysis, when is the personality developed?	Within the first 6 years of life	83
5718414541	What current theory of psychology was based off of psychoanalysis?	Psychotherapy	84
5718414542	What was the study done under John Watson's watch that had to do with fear?	Little Albert	85
5718414543	Who created the theory of behaviorism?	John Watson	86
5718414544	What theory focuses on learned behaviors and was based on Pavlov's experiment?	Behaviorism	87
5718414546	What was William James's area of specialization?	Functionalism	88
5718414548	Which of the seven modern perspectives focuses on the way people act when they are alone vs when they're with family, friends, classmates, etc.?	Sociocultural Perspective	89
5718414549	Which of the seven modern perspectives focuses on the part biological processes play on the mind?	Biopsychological Perspective	90
5718414550	Which of the seven modern perspectives focuses on the biological bases for universal mental characteristics that all humans share?	Evolutionary Perspective	91
5718414551	Which of the seven modern perspectives focuses on people's abilities to direct their own lives, have free will, and strive for self-actualization?	Humanistic Perspective	92
5718414552	Which of the seven modern perspectives stemmed from Watson's behaviorism but was taken over by BF Skinner?	Behavioral Perspective	93
5718414553	Which of the seven modern perspectives stemmed from Freud's psychoanalysis?	Psychodynamic Perspective	94
5718414554	What main goal of psychology involves changing a behavior from an undesirable one to a desirable one?	Control	95
5718414555	What are the four main goals of psychology?	Description, Explanation, Prediction, and Control	96
5718414556	What does a double-blind experiment control?	The Experimenter Effect	97
5718414557	What is the measure of the relationship between two variables?	Correlation	98
5718414559	All-or-none response	a neuron's reaction of either firing with a full-strength response or not firing.	99
5718414566	Acetylcholine	A neurotransmitter involved in muscle movement, attention, arousal, memory, and emotion.	100
5718414568	Development	Changes that take place socially, cognitively and physically across the life span	101
5718475896	Jean Piaget	Cognitive development theorist	102
5718477931	Sensorimotor stage	First stage of Piaget's development theory	103
5718481146	Object Permanence	Knowing something exists even though it can't be seen	104
5718484866	Formal Operational stage	Last stage of Piaget's theory. Can think in abstracts	105

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1269545212	The ideas of the Enlightenment challenged the long-term assumptions about sovereignty, and instead proposed that A) true government stems from religious authority. B) the best form of government is a democracy. C) governments are bound to the will of the people. D) all government is inherently unjust; humans are better off living in a state of nature. E) church and state should be entirely separate.	C) governments are bound to the will of the people.	0
1269545213	Which of the following could be considered an expression of enlightened ideas about government? A) the Stamp Act of 1708 B) the Quartering Act C) the Declaration of Independence D) the Committee of Public Safety E) the Congress of Vienna	C) the Declaration of Independence	1
1269545214	The American colonists won their bid for independence primarily because A) they had superior generals. B) they were united in the cause of freedom. C) colonial militias were more disciplined and better marksmen than were British troops. D) the French and the Dutch decided to support them against the British. E) All these answers are correct.	D) the French and the Dutch decided to support them against the British.	2
1269545215	Embedded in the U.S. Constitution is the principle of A) universal male suffrage. B) the abolition of slavery. C) free enterprise. D) westward expansion. E) popular sovereignty.	E) popular sovereignty.	3
1269545216	Which of the following was NOT one of the causes of the French revolution of 1789? A) a staggering national debt B) accusation of treason against Louis XVI C) resentment at the privileges of the aristocracy D) the extravagance of Marie Antoinette and the court at Versailles E) the opportunity presented by the summoning of the Estates General	B) accusation of treason against Louis XVI	4
1269545217	Which of the following was NOT one of the provisions of the new French constitution of 1791? A) France became a constitutional monarchy. B) Church property was confiscated and clergy lost their privileged status. C) Peasants were freed from the dues and services owed to their landlords. D) All adult males were given the right to vote in national elections. E) An elective, legislative body, the Convention, was established.	D) All adult males were given the right to vote in national elections.	5
1269545218	Under the rule of the Convention, French women A) gained important property rights and the right to a divorce. B) were proclaimed full citizens of the Republic. C) lost economic power to their husbands. D) were legally defined in terms of either their fathers or their husbands. E) were granted the right to vote in national elections.	A) gained important property rights and the right to a divorce.	6
1269545219	Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power as A) a liberal noble who supported the third estate. B) a military hero. C) an opponent of Robespierre. D) a supporter of Marie Antoinette. E) None of these answers is correct.	B) a military hero.	7
1269545220	In general, Napoleon championed A) political freedom but not social equality. B) equality under the law but not political freedom. C) freedom of expression but only for the aristocracy. D) all the rights of citizenship proclaimed by the National Assembly. E) the restoration of the ancien régime.	B) equality under the law but not political freedom.	8
1269545221	Which of the following is NOT a correct explanation of why the Haitian revolution succeeded? A) Five hundred gens de couleur were veterans of the American revolution. B) The large maroon population supported the revolution. C) Toussaint Louverture was an effective strategist. D) The revolutionaries had the support of British and Spanish forces. E) The French army was struck down with yellow fever.	D) The revolutionaries had the support of British and Spanish forces	9
1269545222	In leading the revolutions of South America, Simón Bolívar advocated A) that Spanish colonial rule be replaced with an indigenous monarchy. B) that ethnic nationalism be the basis of the new states. C) popular sovereignty. D) the abolition of slavery and full male suffrage. E) All these answers are correct.	C) popular sovereignty.	10
1269545223	Revolutions in Latin America were frequently a power struggle between what two groups? A) masters and slaves B) peninsulares and creoles C) Europeans and indigenous peoples D) Europeans and mestizos E) colonial militias and European mercenaries	B) peninsulares and creoles	11
1269545224	Which Latin American state gained independence as a monarchy? A) Brazil B) Haiti C) Mexico D) Peru E) Venezuela	A) Brazil	12
1269545225	A political conservative in the nineteenth century would be likely to advocate A) the restoration of the French monarchy after the defeat of Napoleon. B) limiting suffrage to men of property. C) censorship as a reasonable means of preventing social unrest. D) government support of the established church. E) All these answers are correct.	E) All these answers are correct.	13
1269545226	A political liberal in the nineteenth century would be likely to advocate A) returning freed slaves to Africa. B) the confiscation of church property by the state. C) universal suffrage for all men and women, regardless of race. D) written constitutions and representative government. E) All these answers are correct.	D) written constitutions and representative government.	14
1269545227	The first European power to abolish the slave trade was A) Britain. B) France. C) Portugal. D) Spain. E) the United States.	A) Britain.	15
1269545228	The last country to abolish slavery was A) Brazil. B) Britain. C) France. D) Haiti. E) the United States.	A) Brazil.	16
1269545229	The American women's rights movement began A) at the Constitutional Convention. B) concurrent with the antislavery movement. C) after the Civil War, when women saw how freed slaves benefited from the vote. D) not until the twentieth century. E) None of these answers is correct.	B) concurrent with the antislavery movement.	17
1269545230	Which of the following might be a feature or effect of cultural nationalism? A) the study of your culture's language B) the study of your culture's history C) collecting folk songs and fairy tales of your culture D) anti-Semitism E) All these answers are correct.	E) All these answers are correct.	18
1269545231	Theodor Herzl's Zionism was the direct result of A) his shock at a government order revoking the citizenship of all French Jews. B) his shock at the army's persecution of Alfred Dreyfus. C) his frustrated desire to emigrate to America. D) a religious revelation that European Jews should return to the Holy Land. E) a wave of persecution against Jews living in the Ottoman empire.	B) his shock at the army's persecution of Alfred Dreyfus.	19
1269545232	The German people united behind King Wilhelm I because A) he promised them a constitutional monarchy. B) he was the rightful heir to the Holy Roman Empire. C) the wars engineered by Bismarck generated strong nationalist sentiment. D) the Prussian army defeated all other claimants to the throne. E) All these answers are correct.	C) the wars engineered by Bismarck generated strong nationalist sentiment.	20

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