| 3146758856 | nomads | people with no permanent home; move from place to place in search of food, | | 0 |
| 3146758857 | pastoral Society | a society in which food is obtained primarily by raising and taking care of animals | | 1 |
| 3146758858 | foraging society | Any human culture or society that depends on a combination of hunting, fishing, and gathering wild foods for subsistence. | | 2 |
| 3146758859 | domestication | the taming of animals for human use, such as work or as food | | 3 |
| 3146758860 | food surplus | extra food creation that allows people to engage in activities besides farming | | 4 |
| 3146758861 | barter | exchange goods without involving money | | 5 |
| 3146758862 | civilization | a society in an advanced state of social development (e.g., with complex legal and political and religious organizations) | | 6 |
| 3146758863 | polytheism | belief in multiple Gods | | 7 |
| 3146758864 | ziggurat | a rectangular tiered temple or terraced mound erected by the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians | | 8 |
| 3146758865 | code of hammurabi | A collection of 282 laws. One of the first (but not THE first) examples of written law in the ancient world. | | 9 |
| 3146758866 | cuneiform | an ancient wedge-shaped script used in Mesopotamia and Persia | | 10 |
| 3146758867 | the epic of gilgamesh | first written document/story taking place in Mesopotamia and tells about the quest for immortality and the inevitability of death, and which includes a flood story similar to that of Noah's Ark. | | 11 |
| 3146758868 | pharaoh | a king of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political and military leader | | 12 |
| 3146758869 | heiroglyphics | ancient Egyptian writing system using picture symbols for ideas or sounds | | 13 |
| 3146758870 | monotheism | belief in a single God | | 14 |
| 3146758871 | harrapa and Mohenjo-daro | the largest Indus River civilizations, 3,500-4,000 people, organized, sewage systems, public wells | | 15 |
| 3146758872 | aryans | nomads from Europe and Asia who migrated to India and finally settled; vedas in this time period suggest beginning of caste system | | 16 |
| 3146758873 | dharma | In Hinduism, the duties and obligations of each caste | | 17 |
| 3146758874 | vedas | Ancient Sanskrit writings that are the earliest sacred texts of Hinduism. | | 18 |
| 3146758875 | chandragupta maurya | founder of Maurya dynasty; established first empire in Indian subcontinent; first centralized government since Harappan civilization | | 19 |
| 3146758876 | caste system | a social structure in which classes are determined by heredity | | 20 |
| 3146758877 | brahmins | Priests, at the top of the caste system which the Aryans made | | 21 |
| 3146758878 | untouchables | lowest class of people in the caste system of Hinduism, do all the dirty work of society | | 22 |
| 3146758879 | varnas | The social divisions of the Aryan Society that included from top to bottom: 1)priests (Brahmins), 2) rulers or warriors; 3) farmers, craftspeople, traders; 4) workers and servants (Sudras) | | 23 |
| 3146758880 | karma | (Hinduism and Buddhism) the effects of a person's actions that determine his destiny in his next incarnation | | 24 |
| 3146758881 | Reincarnation | the Hindu or Buddhist doctrine that person may be reborn successively into one of five classes of living beings (god or human or animal or hungry ghost or denizen of hell) depending on the person's own actions | | 25 |
| 3146758882 | moksha | The Hindu concept of the spirit's 'liberation' from the endless cycle of rebirths. | | 26 |
| 3146758883 | nirvana | (Hinduism and Buddhism) the beatitude that transcends the cycle of reincarnation | | 27 |
| 3146758884 | siddhartha gautama | founder of Buddism; born a prince; left his father's wealth to find the cause of human suffering; also know as Buddha | | 28 |
| 3146758885 | four noble truths | 1) All life is full of suffering, pain, and sorrow. 2) The cause of suffering is nonvirtue, or negative deeds and mindsets such as hated and desire. 3) The only cure for suffering is to overcome nonvirture. 4) The way to overcome nonvirtue is to follow the Eightfold Path | | 29 |
| 3146758886 | asoka | grandson of Chandragupta; most honored emperor for his commitment to spreading peace and prosperity to all; was buddhist but accepted other religions; decline came after his death | | 30 |
| 3146758887 | oracle bones | animal bones carved with written characters which were used for telling the future | | 31 |
| 3146758888 | bronze metallurgy | copper and tin combined to make Bronze, Shang completely controlled bronze production. | | 32 |
| 3146758889 | mandate of heaven | a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source | | 33 |
| 3146758890 | dynastic cycle | the historical pattern of the rise, decline, and replacement of dynasties | | 34 |
| 3146758891 | era of warring states | The period of Chinese history between c. 500 and 220 B.C.E. characterized by the breakdown of the central government and feudal war. | | 35 |
| 3146758892 | Confucius | chinese philospher and teacher; his beliefs,known as confusoinism greatly influenced chinese life | | 36 |
| 3146758893 | main ideas of confucianism | -people are essentially good but need good leadership examples
-filial piety
-ability to rise above one's station in life through education
-confucius sought to work for rulers and advise them on good governance
-five relationships:
1) ruler to ruled 2) father to son 3) husband to wife 4) older brother to younger brother 5) friend to friend | | 37 |
| 3146758894 | filial piety | in Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors | | 38 |
| 3146758895 | legalism | Chinese philosophy developed by Hanfeizi; taught that humans are naturally evil and therefore need to be ruled by harsh laws | | 39 |
| 3146758896 | Polis | Greek word for city-state), shows that intense political interests were part of the Greco-Roman culture | | 40 |
| 3146758897 | Athens | one of the 2 "powerhouse" city states; had more diversified commercial state and had extensive use of slaves; proud of artistic and intellectual leadership | | 41 |
| 3146758898 | Sparta | one of the 2 "powerhouse" city states; strong military aristocracy dominating slave population | | 42 |
| 3146758899 | Alexander the Great | extended the Greek empire through the Middle East, across Persia to the border of India and extended south to Egypt. | | 43 |
| 3146758900 | Hellenism | term used to describe places Alexander the Great conquered and left behind, influenced by Greeks and Romans | | 44 |
| 3146758901 | Democracy | Only in Athens; 5th century BCE, all major decisions made by general assemblies; all citizens could attend but only a minority did; direct democracy,only free men who owned land and was the son of a citizen | | 45 |
| 3146758902 | Peloponnesian War | (431-404 BCE) Athens vs Sparta, eventually helped lead to Greece's decline | | 46 |
| 3146758903 | Pericles | leader of Athens, led Athens during their golden age against the final defeat of the Persians and the war with Sparta, most famous Greek political figure, aristocrat, part of the democratic political structure | | 47 |
| 3146758904 | Greek religion | gods/goddesses regulate human life; more interested in what the gods could do and reveal about humankind; little basis for ethical thought | | 48 |
| 3146758905 | Greek philosophy | Aristotle and Cicero believed in moderation and balance in human behavior | | 49 |
| 3146758906 | Homer | The author of the Iliad and the Odyssey; revered as the greatest ancient Greek epic poet;. enormous influence on the history of literature; Herodotus estimates that Homer lived around 850 BC, many but origins actually unknown | | 50 |
| 3146758907 | Greek science | Math-Pythagoras; anatomy- medical tretise by Galen; math-Eudid; Earth = center of the universe - Ptolemy; | | 51 |
| 3146758908 | Punic Wars | Rome expands by conquering neighboring lands; fought against Carthage and salted the lands to make them uninhabitable (264-146 | | 52 |
| 3146758909 | Julius Caesar | siezed power after civil war in Rome; effective end of the traditional institution of the Roman State | | 53 |
| 3146758910 | Roman Empire | began as a monarchy in central Italy around 800 BCE; Aristocrats threw out the monarchy in 509 BCE and established political institution for their city-state; strong military orientation | | 54 |
| 3146758911 | Twelve Tables | first Roman code of law, made by 450 BCE, used to restrain the upper classes from arbitrary action and to subject them to common legal principles | | 55 |
| 3146758912 | Aristocracy (Greek) | "rule of the best" ; suggests where many thought real political virtue lay | | 56 |
| 3146758913 | Virgil | a Roman poet who worked in the epic form, wanted to link Roman history and myths with the Greek forerunner | | 57 |
| 3146758914 | Assembly | representative body for the plebians | | 58 |
| 3146758915 | Senate | mainly aristocrats with 2 Consuls who shared primary executive power; initially used to help pass laws and policies; ended up as a place for meaningless debate | | 59 |
| 3146758916 | Agriculture | mainly olives and grapes; many farmers in debt because poor soil in Mediterranean equals poor harvest | | 60 |
| 3146758917 | Slavery | used by both Greece and Rome | | 61 |
| 3146758918 | Aqueducts | Roman engineering feat that carried water from city to city, made arches to cary lots of weight | | 62 |
| 3146758919 | Christianity | rose during the Roman empire, spread thanks to the ease of movement withing the empire, influenced by the Greco-Roman culture, adopted by Constinople to try to keep the Roman empire together | | 63 |
| 3146758920 | Architecture (Greek) | made realistic and beautiful images of humans on columns, made monumental construction (square or rectangular, 8th cent BCE) 3 embellishments, Docric, Ionic, Corinthian (classical architecture), each more ornate than the next, lots of stone for buildings | | 64 |
| 3146758921 | Architecture (Roman) | adopted Greek themes, new forms, great engineering skill, buildings of greater sizes, could make domes, extremely adorned unlike simple lines of early Greek temples | | 65 |
