| 3404151403 | chiming clocks | January 1601 rang for first time in Beijing, Matteo Ricci wanted to get the emperor's attention with them, enchanted emperor Wanli, popular in China, large one constructed, shows increasing engagement between Asians and Europeans | | 0 |
| 3404162309 | Matteo Ricci | 1552-1610, Roman Catholic missionary who used chiming clocks to get the emperor's attention, let imperial authorities know that he could supply the emperor with these clocks, constructed large clock that attracted crowds, didn't attract many converts, founded Jesuit mission to China, educated and polished diplomat, popular at Ming court, learned Chinese language and Confucian classics, conversed fluently with Confucian scholars, this allowed Jesuits to dazzle the hosts with technology, wrote "The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven" in which he argued that Confucin doctrines and Jesus were similar if not identical | | 1 |
| 3404168391 | Wanli | emperor who gave Matteo Ricci permission to go to Beijing to be a missionary, enchanted by chiming clock, no interest in Christianity, sometimes refused to meet with government officials and conducted business through eunuchs, | | 2 |
| 3404304624 | Yuan Dynasty | 1279-1368, nomadic Mongol warriors, ignored Chinese political and cultural traditions, succeeded by the Ming, | | 3 |
| 3404333977 | Ming Dynaty | 1368-1644, after Yuan, wanted to get rid of all Mongol traces by abandoning Mongol names and dress, Mongol Chinese traditions were ignored, inspiration from Tang and Song dynasties, restored civil service exam that Mongols neglected, Confucianism, brilliant, emperors prevented invasions | | 4 |
| 3404345963 | Hongwu | founder of the Ming dynasty, 1368-1398, drove Mongols out of China and built a tightly centralized state, used mandarins and eunuchs, | | 5 |
| 3404364944 | mandarins | imperial officials who traveled throughout the land and oversaw implementation of government policies | | 6 |
| 3404371069 | Yongle | 1403-1424, emperor of Ming after Hongwu, launched a series of naval expeditions through Indian Ocean Basin (Zheng He), successors discontinued maritime expeditions but kept centralized state, moved capital from Nanjing in the South the Beijing to keep an eye on nomads and Mongols, suppressed pirates, sponsored Yongle Encyclopedia (vast collection of Chinese texts-only 3 manuscript copies) | | 7 |
| 3404382741 | Nanjing | original Ming capital but moved by Yongle to Beijing to keep an eye on nomads and Mongols | | 8 |
| 3404384703 | Beijing | new Ming capital, originally Nanjing before moved by Yongle | | 9 |
| 3404399497 | Ming military | effective at first against Mongols, but by mid-15th century lost effectiveness, Mongols massacred Chinese armies in the 1440s, 1449 captured Ming emperor | | 10 |
| 3404404947 | The Great Wall | northern border of Ming dynasty, hundred of thousands of laborers, 1550 miles long, 33-49 feet tall, had watch and signal towers, and accommodations for troops on the border, | | 11 |
| 3404454371 | Ming Decline | 1520s-1560s pirates and smugglers operated east coast of China, navy and coastal defenses were ineffective, conflicts with pirates disrupted coastal communities and interior regions, 1555 pirates looted a dozen cities and killed over 4000 people, took 40 years to suppress pirates, emperors ignored responsibilities while in Forbidden City, eunuch power grew as they won favor of emperors by getting them concubines and amusement, this led to corruption and inefficiency, ramies in early 17th century and gov. couldn't organize relief efforts, 1630s had peasant revolts, cities withdrew loyalty, Manchus invaded from north to expand and took over, many generals abandoned Ming because of it's corruption and supported Manchus, Confucian scholars were against the Ming because they despised eunuchs who dominated the court | | 12 |
| 3404470741 | Forbidden City | Ming imperial royal portion in Beijing, had servants, concubines | | 13 |
| 3404520655 | Manchus | invaded Ming dynasty from north to expand, 1644 rebels captured Beijing, allied with an army loyal to the Ming and crushed the rebels and got Beijing back, didn't restore Ming rule and displaced them, from Manchuria north of the Great Wall, made Qing dynasty, pastoral nomads, turned to agriculture and settled in southern Manchurian farmlands, preserved ethnic and cultural identity outlawed marriage between Manchus and Chinese, forbade Chinese from traveling to Manchuria and from learning Manchurian language, men had to cut hair and wear a Manchurian braid to show submission to the dynasty | | 14 |
| 3404529564 | Qing Dynasty | "pure", 1644-1911, | | 15 |
| 3404543737 | Nurhaci | 1616-1626, Manchurian leader, unified Manchu tribes into a centralized state, made code of laws, organized powerful military, | | 16 |
| 3404562830 | Manchu Army | 1620s-1630s expelled Ming garrisons in Manchuria, captured Korea and Mongolia, invaded small parts of China, got Beijing in 1644, extended authority throughout China, campaigns against Ming loyalists and other rebels, | | 17 |
| 3404600882 | Kangxi | 1661-1722 Qing ruler, Confucian scholar, enlightened, used Confucianism in his rule, flood-control and irrigation projects to look after welfare of subjects and promote agriculture, supported Confucian schools, conqueror, conquered Taiwan and expanded to Tibet, avoided nomadic invasion issues, | | 18 |
| 3404603348 | Qianlong | 1736-1795 Qing ruler, height of Qing dynasty under him, maintained troops in Turkestan and encouraged merchants to settle there to stabilize the regions, educated, supported arts, so much money that he canceled tax collection four times, towards the end he gave eunuchs power, made China wealthy, made Complete Library of the Four Treasuries (too large to publish, deposited copies in 7 libraries throughout China) | | 19 |
| 3404653345 | The Son of Heaven | Ming and Qing emperors were seen as more than mortal, emperors called this, human being designated by heavenly powers to maintain order on the earth, emperors were privileged in Forbidden City with concubines and eunuchs, people punished severely for even minor offenses to the emperor | | 20 |
| 3404668983 | harem | muslim women in concubines | | 21 |
| 3404678779 | scholar-bureaucrats | took care of day-to-day governance of empire, well educated and highly literate scholar-gentry, passed civil service exams, prepared from young age, were rich so able to take it and have tutors | | 22 |
| 3404731374 | Civil Service Exam | difficult exam to be a government official, lasted 3 days, took water, food, chamber pot, bed, wrote essays, if someone died they were thrown over the wall, didn't ensure place in government if you passed, those who didn't go to government became tutors, allowed for social mobility for low classes if they passed, wealthy had an advantage because they had tutors from a young age but it was open to all, focused on Confucianism | | 23 |
| 3404993809 | Filial Piety | loyalty of children to father and subjects to emperor, family was hierarchal, patriarchal, and authoritarian, father was head of household, veneration of ancestors, look after parent's happiness and support them in old age, | | 24 |
| 3405089529 | clan | members came from all social classes, gentry usually led them, responsibilities different than nuclear family, local order, organization of local economies, provision for welfare, gave education opportunities to poor so they would succeed in civil service exams, government positions brought prestige and prosperity to a clan, means of transmission of Confucian values from gentry leaders to all social classes within | | 25 |
| 3405125921 | gender relations | patriarchy, girls were social and financial liabilities, infanticide of many girls, widows were discouraged from remarrying and sometimes even were honored to commit suicide to follow husband to the grave, women couldn't divorce husbands but men could, | | 26 |
| 3405137632 | foot binding | originated in Song, popular in Ming and Qing, strips of linen around feet to make them smaller, seen as attractive, popular with wealthy since they didn't do physical labor, | | 27 |
| 3405153993 | american food crops | rice, wheat, millet, potatoes, peanuts, caused population to grow | | 28 |
| 3405159785 | population growth | plague, rebellions, and war killed millions, economic and social problems since agriculture wasn't kept up, american food crops helped it grow | | 29 |
| 3405182019 | foreign trade | chinese economy benefitted from Japanese and American silver which stimulated trade, workers make silk, porcelain, lacquerware, and tea, silk industry was organized, imported few things such as spices from Meluku, birds and animal skins, and woolen textiles, used silver bullion to pay, regulated by government, still traded in Japan and southeast Asian ports after Kangxi ordered evacuation of southern coastal regions but merchants were supervised and only Portuguese merchants allowed to operate in port of Macau, couldn't build large shipyards and sailing ships | | 30 |
| 3405196644 | silver bullion | Chinese compensation for exports, supported silver-based economy | | 31 |
| 3405239636 | Chinese Trade and Migration to Southeast Asia | chinese merchants were prominent in Manila, exchanged silk and porcelain for American silver that came across Pacific Ocean with manila galleons, frequently visited Dutch colonial capital of Batavia where they supplied to VOC with silk and porcelain in exchange for silver and Indonesian spices, went to landmasses in southeast asia for tropical products, | | 32 |
| 3405304207 | Chinese government and technology | China's economic expansions took place largely without technological innovation, it slowed in Ming and Qing times because government favored political and social stability over innovation which they feared would lead to unsettling change, little availability of workers, hiring additional workers was less costly than making late investments in new technology, kept China employed but they lost technological ground to Europeans, adopted European cannons and advanced firearms, little agricultural or industrial advancement, | | 33 |
| 3405329096 | Chinese privileged classes | scholar-bureacrats and gentry, scholar-bureacrats were slightly above gentry because of official positions, scholar-bureacrats came from gentry ranks and rejoined after government service, intermediaries between imperial government and local society, organized local water control and public security, wore black gowns with blue borders with rank signs, commoners addressed them with honorific terms, favorable legal treatment, immunity from corporal punishment and labor service and tax, most owned land as a major source of income, some had pawn and rice shops, some were silent business partners of merchants and entrepreneurs, income came from government service which they got positions for from being educate, lived in cities and towns where they tended to political, social, and financial affairs | | 34 |
| 3405382496 | Chinese working classes | (in order from highest to lowest:) peasants, artisans/workers, merchants | | 35 |
| 3405386549 | Chinese peasants | biggest class, day laborers to tenant farmers to landlords, most honorable out of peasants, artisans/workers, and merchants since they provided for the entire population by getting food | | 36 |
| 3405392880 | Chinese artisans | lower status than peasants but had higher income, employees of state or of gentry and merchant families usually, also pursued occupations as self-employed persons | | 37 |
| 3405400754 | Chinese merchants | from street peddlers to individuals with enormous wealth and influence, bottom of Confucian social hierarchy, thought of as immoral, gained support throughout government officials bribery or profit-sharing arrangements with gentry families, gentry participation in this blurred line between classes, blurred line further by giving sons education that prepared them for government examinations which could result in promotion to gentry status and civil service positions, manufacturing and commerce was important, allowed to engage in small-scale commerce, foreigners allowed to trade through official merchant gulf in Guangzhou, authorities wanted to preserve stability of the large agrarian society and not to promote rapid economic development through trade, didn't strengthen merchants | | 38 |
| 3405450146 | Chinese lower classes | beyond Confucian social hierarchy, military members, "mean people," moralists thought of armed forces as a bad but necessary evil, avoided military dominance of society by making civilian bureaucrats the highest command positions even at the expense of military effectiveness, slaves, indentured servants, entertainers, prostitutes, and others | | 39 |
| 3405479741 | Zhu Xi | most prominent architect of neo-confucianism, combined moral, ethical, and political values of Confucius with logical rigor and speculative power of Buddhist philosophy, emphasized self-discipline, filial piety, and obedience to rulers, helped Ming and Qing keep stability, reigning imperial ideology | | 40 |
| 3405491469 | Confucian education | Ming and Qing emperors used it to promote Confucian values, Hanlin Academy, provincial schools throughout China to study for civil service exams since they were based on Confucianism | | 41 |
| 3405496397 | Hanlin Academy | research institute for Confucian scholars in Beijing | | 42 |
| 3405522434 | Kangxi's Collection of Books | smaller than the Yongle Encyclopedia, more influential because the emperor had it printed and distributed, | | 43 |
| 3405581432 | Chinese popular culture | most urban residents didn't have advanced educate and knew little about Confucius, Zhu Xi, or other intellectuals, many were literate merchants and preferred entertainment and diversion, in tea houses and wine shops there were novels | | 44 |
| 3405591413 | Chinese popular novels | Confucian scholars looked down upon them, printing made them readily available, some had reflections on world and human affairs, "The Romance of Three Kingdoms" showed political intrigue after collapse of Han dynasty, "The Dream of the Red Chamber" told the story of cousins deeply in love who couldn't marry because of their families' wishes, love story that reflected on scholar-gentry families, "Journey to the West" told 7th century journey of Xuanzang (Buddhist monk) and a magical monkey, promoted Buddhist values and made the monkey a popular character | | 45 |
| 3405649382 | Christianity in China | disappeared after epidemic plague and collapse of Yuan dynasty in 14th century, | | 46 |
| 3405654521 | Jesuits | most prominent missionaries in China, worked to strength Roman Catholic Christianity in Europe and to spread the faith abroad, dazzled the hosts with technology, science, and gadgets, corrected Chinese calendars that incorrectly predicted eclipses since they were skilled in math and astronomy, made maps with China at the center of the world, casted high-quality bronze cannons for Ming and early Qing armies, finely-cut glass prisms became popular because of refraction of sunlight into its component parts, harpsichords were popular, self-rinign bells, wanted to win converts and portrayed Christianity as being very similar to their cultural traditions, despite flexibility there were few converts, Chinese didn't want an exclusive religion | | 47 |
| 3405694166 | end of Jesuit mission in China | ended because of arguments between Jesuit and members of Franciscan and Dominican orders, Franciscans and Dominicans complained to the pope about their tolerance of ancestor veneration and willingness to conduct Chinese-language services, pope ordered them to suppress ancestor veneration and do services according to European standards, Kangxi ordered an end to Christian preaching in China, not strictly enforced but mission was weakened | | 48 |
| 3405811489 | Affects of Jesuit Missions in China | not many converts but made european science and technology known in China, made China known in Europe (described as an orderly and rational society), civil service exam attracted attention of European rulers who made similar bureaucracies, Confucianism appealed to Enlightenment philosophes | | 49 |
| 3405820094 | shogun | military governor, ruled japan through retainers, temporary stand in for Japanese emperor, true sour of ultimate political authority, | | 50 |
| 3405820214 | Tokugawa Shogunate | 1600-1867, Ieyasu began it, wanted to stabilize realm and prevent return of civil war, shoguns needed to control the daimyo | | 51 |
| 3405827731 | retainers | rulers used by shoguns had political rights and large estates in exchange for military services | | 52 |
| 3405845688 | sengoku | the country at war, nickname for Japan in 16th century when they were conflicts with ambitions of shoguns and retainers | | 53 |
| 3405849431 | Tokugawa Ieyasu | 1600-1616, made Tokugawa bakufu, descendants ruled until 1867 | | 54 |
| 3405852085 | Tokugawa bakufu | made by Tokugawa Ieyasu, military government, "tent government" since it was a temporary replacement for emperors' rule | | 55 |
| 3405881120 | daimyo | "great names", powerful territorial lords who ruled most of Japan from their vast, hereditary landholdings, near-absolute rulers in their domains, maintained a government staffed by military subordinates, supported an independent judiciary, established schools, circulated paper money, watched over by shoguns, established relationships with European mariners and learned how to use and manufacture gunpowder weapons, | | 56 |
| 3405912766 | Edo | modern Tokya, castle town in Tokugawa period, shogun ruled from here | | 57 |
| 3405914947 | alternate attendance | required daimyo to maintain families at Edo and spend every other year at the Tokugawa court, let shoguns keep an eye on the daimyo, daimyo had to spend money on lavish homes and lives in Edo rather than spending it making rebellious militaries | | 58 |
| 3405922402 | shogun control of the daimyo | alternate attendance, had to have marriages approved, discouraged daimyo from visiting one another, had to get permits to construct on their castles, meetings between daimyo and emperor required shogun permission | | 59 |
| 3405929585 | shogun control of foreign relations | series of edicts issued in 1630s to restrict Japanese relations with other lands, forbade Japanese from going abroad and construction of large ships, expelled Europeans from Japan, prohibited foreign merchants from trading in Japanese ports, forbade import of foreign books, allowed carefully controlled trade with Asian lands and permitted small numbers of Chinese and Dutch merchants to trade under tight restrictions at southern port of Nagasaki, 1640 a portuguese ship came to trade in spite of the ban and 61 people were beheaded and 13 spared to tell the tale, loosened restrictions eventually, never completely isolated Japan from the outside world | | 60 |
| 3405952687 | Tokugawa economic and population growth | agricultural production, new crop strains, new water control methods and irrigation, fertilizers, cotton, silk, indigo, sake increased, population grew, contraception, late marriage, and abortion limited population, infanticide was principal control method, not enough land so there was financial difficulty in some areas | | 61 |
| 3405974601 | Tokugawa social structure | shogun, daimyo, samurai warriors, peasants, artisans, merchants | | 62 |
| 3406000233 | social change in Tokugawa japan | when Japan was stable, Tokugawa authorities reduced numbers of armed professional warriors, pushed daimyo and samurai to become bureaucrats and government functionaries, encouraged daimyo and samurai to turn talents to scholarship, elite lost place in society and had financial problems, income came from collected rice from peasant cultivators of their lands, covered rice to money through brokers but this price of rice didn't keep pace with other costs, many lived in expensive style and were indebted to rice brokers and declined to poverty, in China merchants in Japan were wealthy, Japanese cities flourished and population grew, rice dealers, pawnbrokers, and sake merchants soon controlled more wealth than ruling elites, especially wealthy people bought elite ranks or contracted marriages with elite families in efforts to improve their social standing | | 63 |
| 3406026980 | Neo-Confucianism in Japan | Tokugawa shoguns promoted this, emphasis on filial piety and loyalty to superiors, underpinned bakufu, patronized scholars who supported this, included in education, official ideology of bakufu, didn't dominate intellectual life | | 64 |
| 3406036377 | Native Learning | said neo-Confucianim and Buddhism were alien cultural imports and emphasized importance of folk traditions and indigenous Shinto religion for Japanese identity, scholars saw Japanese people as superior to all others, urged study of Japanese classics, glorified purity of society before Chinese came in, merchant class flourished | | 65 |
| 3406057277 | ukiyo | floating worlds, centers of Tokugawa urban culture, entertainment and pleasure quarters with teahouses, theaters, brothels, public baths, Ihara Saikaku | | 66 |
| 3406069254 | Ihara Saikaku | 1642-1693, one of Japan's most prolific poets, helped create a new genre of prose literature "the book of floating worlds", fictions revolved around the theme of love, "The Life of a Man Who Lived for Love" tells of a townsman who devoted his life at 8 to a quest for sexual pleasure, stressed erotic rather than aesthetic, | | 67 |
| 3406081922 | kabuki theater | entertainment, several acts of lively skits where stylized acting combined with lyrics singing, dancing, and spectacular staging, actors needed to improvise dialogue, texts were only guides | | 68 |
| 3406086647 | bunraku | entertainment, puppet theater, chanters told a story acted out by puppets accompanied by music | | 69 |
| 3406092937 | Francis Xavier | Jesuit who traveled to Japan in 1549 to seek converts to Christianity, earlier missionaries had success, daimyo adopted christianity and ordered subjects to as well, daimyo wanted to establish trade and military alliances with europeans but many Japanese converts became true christians | | 70 |
| 3406106292 | Anti- Christian campaign | 1587-1639, Christians were a minority but there was a backlash from government officials and moralists who wanted pure Japanese culture, shoguns ordered christian missions to stop and commanded Japanese christians to renounce their faith, tortured and executed those who refused, crucification and burnt at the stake, so effective that even some europeans missionaries renounced their faith- Christavao Ferreira, claimed tens of thousands of lives, Christianity survived as a secret and underground religions observed only in rural regions of southern Japan | | 71 |
| 3406119014 | Christavao Ferreira | head of Jesuit mission in Japan, gave up Christianity under torture, adopted Buddhism, interrogated many Europeans who fell into Japanese hands in the mid-17th century | | 72 |
| 3406124358 | Fabian Fucan | Japanese Buddhist who converted to Christianity and entered Jesuit order as a novice in 1586, left the order after having bad relations with Jesuits, 1620 made a treatise called "Deus Destroyed" that attacked Christianity and its G-d, showed deep concern about European imperial expansion and Christian doctrine | | 73 |
| 3406139280 | Dutch Learning | Tokugawa policies made sure that Christianity wouldn't reappear in Japan but it didn't entirely prevent contacts between Europeans and Japanese, after 1639 Dutch merchants at Nagasaki were Japan's principal source of information about Europe and the world beyond east Asia, a few Japanese learned Dutch to speak to them and brought knowledge of the outside world to Japan, after 1720 the ban on foreign books was lifted and Dutch learning played a role in Japanese intellectual life, European art of anatomy and botany influenced Japanese scholars, Dutch medical and scientific treatises were translated into Japanese and scholars lean red to draw according to linear perspective so they could have more accurate textbooks, european astronomy was popular and scholars improved calendars and predict eclipses and other astronomical events accurately | | 74 |
