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PSY 1513 Study Guide. Flashcards

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5578266892psychologyScientific study of behavior and mental processes0
5578276506psychologists understand behavior and mental processes through thescientific method1
5578286113Case studydetailed study of one person2
5578288559Correlation coefficientthe # that indicates the strength and direction of a relationship between 2 variables3
5578306235which variable is being manipulated?independent4
5578314138Humanistic perspectivewe have a free will to choose our behavior5
5578322224who is known as the father of Psychology?Wundt6
5578329663Informed consentresearcher informs participant of risks of the study7
5578336276NeuronBasic cell of nervous system that transmits Info.8
5578355054Axon_____, info / dendrites_____, info.sends, receives9
5578362067Function of endorphinsPain relief10
5578370509Central Nervous System made up ofBrain and Spinal Cord11
5578378463Anatomy nervous system: contains___________--"Fight or Flight"Sympathetic12
5578388393Limbic SystemEmotional and Motivational processes13
5578394759Function of Amygdalafear, response14
5578405013Left cerebral hemisphere of brainLanguege15
5578427348Absolute threstholdThe minimum intensity of stimulus detected 50% of the time.16
5578433762___________is the sense of smellOlfaction17
5578445431Flavor involves the senses of ________ and _________taste and smell18
5578451528Kinesthetic sensesLocation of your body parts in relation to the ground and each other19
5578465450Define: Size constancytendency to interpret objects as always being the same size20
5578496822The sense of balance is know asVastibular21
5578499681Define: Perceptioninterpretation of sensory info.22
5578507046Define: Illusiona perception that doesn't correspond to reality23
5578515536Define: ConsciousnessAwareness of everything going on around you24
5578525070Adults sleep _________ than infants.less25
5578527184What hormone is released to facilitate sleepmelatonin26
5578533038Define: Narcolepsyfall asleep during alert part of the day27
5578539019Psychoactive drugssubstances that influence our brain and behavior28
55785498643 most commonly used drugs in Americans over age of 12Nicotine, Caffeine, Alcohol.29
5578558062Define: Toleranceneed more of a drug to achieve the same effect30
5578568171What do stimulants do to the functioning of the nervous system?Increase it (Alcohol is depressant)31
5578588288what are biological determined , innate patterns of the nervous system?instincts32
5578602386Examples of_________ primary drives---thirst, hunger, sexual desire.primary, (need)33
5578614063Need for _______ --attaining goalsachievement, (want)34
5578619788A BMI over 30 indicatesObesity35
5578632015Dieting can be effected by which emotions?Sadness, happiness.36
5578657000What 2 acts characterize bulimia?binging and purging37
5578681745Perfectionism is correlated withanorexia38
5578686677Kinsey believed sexual orientation is on acontinuuam39
5578698505Defina: Emotioncomplex reaction to an internal or external event40
5578706559Facial feedback hypothesisour emotional state is affected by the feedback from our face41
5578734839These are basic emotionsanger, happiness, fear, sadness42
5578747863Define: Learning---reletivali permanent change in behavior brought by experience or practice43
5578779649Who was responsible for classical conditioning?Pavlov44
5578787357Pavlov experiment of classical conditioning ? unconditioned stimulus conditioning stimulusdog food the bell45
5580557874Learning to make a reflex to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus.Classical conditioning46
5580564772The loud noise in the Little Albert study by WatsonUnconditional Stimulus47
5580567094____________ learning applies to voluntary behaviorOperate48
5580568421The difference in Positive and Negative reinforcementTreat Avoiding something bad49
5580572445Continuous reinforcementReinforcing every correct response50
5580575362Types of schedules of reinforcementFixed - weekly paycheck Variable - Fishing Ratio - Number of responses51
5580581626Latent LearningLearning that is stored even when behavior is not reinforced52
5580588882The 'aha' moment or sudden realization on how to solve a problemInsight53
5580590734Stage of memory that is retention for a period of timeStorage54
5580592398Ebbinghaus found that information is more quickly forgottenUsing maintenance rehearsal rather than elaborative rehearsal55
5580594962Relating new items to items you already know to assist you in memoryElaborative rehearsal56
5580598820Memory problem of people with Alzheimer's dementiaAnterograed amnezia57
5580601812Multiple choice tests use:Recognition58
5580603990Flashbulb memoriesEncoding that occurs because an event has emotional ties or association59
5580608276In problem solving, heuristics are know asRule of thumb60
5580611172Type of thinking that is best when a creative solution is neededDivergent thinking61
5580612501Functional fixednesBeing able to see objects in their typical roles62
5580616125Tendency to use methods to problem solve that have worked in the pastMental set63
5580619368Problem-solving with we estimate when we probability of an eventJudgement64
5580619369PragmaticsSocial skills of language65
5580622246Someone high in practical intelligence is good atAdapting to the environment66
5580626465_________ is heredity and __________ the influence of environmentNature Nurture67
5580631265Sequence of prenatal stagesGerminal Embryonic Fetal68
5580633902ZygoteFertilized egg69
5580637159Chromosomal disorder with extra 21st chromosomeDowns Syndrome70
5580639996An example of this motor skill is climbing treesGross71
5580641363Piaget says children over age 12 use this type of thinkingAbstract72
5580642490Vygotsky's scoffoldingWhen teacher helps more in the beginning and withdraws help as the learning improves73
5580649864What the Strange Situation was developed to measureAttachment74
5580645886Stranger anxietyDistress that an infant feels when faced with strangers75
5580655011The average infant born today is7 lbs, 20 inches long76
5580656103Rooting ReflexWhen you touch the side of the baby's cheek, the baby turns that way77
5580658086AttitudeOur belief that we have about something78
5580660376Foot in the door techniqueIncreasing compliance by asking for a small request which leads to something bigger.79
5580666091AttributionAct of assigning cause to a behavior80
5580676588Cognitive DissonanceInconsistencies between attitudes and behavior81
5580678183StereotypeIdea about a particular group of people82
5580679975We are attached to others who are __________ to ussimilar83
5580683107Stereotype threatWhen fears of being discriminated against cause people to conform to a stereotype84
5580691368AbnormalBehavior that is rarely seen85
5580692889Origins of mental disordersBiology Sociocultural86
5580694479Schizophrenia is apsychological disorder87
5580697608The main symptom of Generalized Anxiety DisorderAnxiety88
5580698796DelusionsFalse belief held by someone who doesn't believe it is false89
5580709755Characteristics of personality disordersPatterns of behavior that make social interactions difficult90
5580719090Learned helplessnessThe belief that you cannot control the outcome of events91
5580724424Compulsionsbehaviors92
55807272572 main symptoms of depression are changes inHow you are sleeping and eating93
5601823081Fixed ratio# of response required for reinforcement. Snow cone94
5601823082Variable ratio# of response required for reinforcement changes. Slot machine95
5602145575Fixed intervalTime btw reinforcement is same. Weekly paycheck96
5602145576Variable internalTime btw reinforcement changes. Fishing97
5602145577ObsessionsThoughts98
56167026262 motor skillFine99
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PSY 1513 Chapter One Review Flashcards

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5890674537psychologythe scientific study of behavior and mental processes (includes animal and human)0
5890674538four goals of psychologydescription, explanation, prediction, and control1
5890832053descriptionwhat is happening2
5890835020explanationwhy it happens3
5890836637predictionwhen will it happen again4
5890840174controlhow can it be changed5
5890866498objective introspectionthe process of objectively examining and measuring one's own thoughts and mental activities6
5890807071structuralismpsychological study focused on the structure of the mind7
5890830264functionalismpsychological study focused on how the mind allows people to function in the real world8
5890890973Gestalt psychologysensation and perception studied as a whole pattern rather than small pieces of the whole9
5890908911psychoanalysisSigmund Freud - importance of early life experiences, the unconscious mind, and development through stages10
5890920085behaviorismassociated with the work of John B. Watson; based on Pavlov's work with conditioning; focus on observable behavior11
5890940556psychodynamicbased on Freud; focuses on the role of the unconscious mind and its influence on the conscious behavior, early childhood experiences, development of a sense of self. and other motivations12
5890957008behavioralJohn Watson and B. F. Skinner; focuses on how behavioral responses are learned through classical or operant conditioning13
5890978315humanisticCarl Rogers and Abraham Maslow; focuses on human potential, free will, and self-actualization14
5890991725cognitivefocuses on memory, intelligence, perception, thought processes, problem solving, language, and learning15
5891009730socioculturalfocuses on the behavior of individuals as the result of the presence of other individuals. as part of groups, or as part of a larger culture16
5891010936biopsychologicalfocuses on influences of hormones, brain structures and chemicals, disease, etc.; human and animal behavior as seen as a direct result of events in the body17
5891010937evolutionaryfocuses on the biological bases for universal mental characteristics, such as why we lie, how attractiveness influences mate selection, the universality of fear, and why we enjoy things like music and dance18
5891013116psychologisthas a doctorate (Ph.D., Psy.D., or Ed. D); works with humans or animals in a variety of settings based on the area of specialization; licensed, but generally does not prescribe medication19
5891013117psychiatristmedical doctor specializing in diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders; prescribes medication20
5891017348psychiatric social workerhas a masters in social work and often a professional license to practice21
5891118652scientific methodused to determine facts and reduce uncertainty steps perceiving the question forming a hypothesis testing the hypothesis by collecting and analyzing data drawing conclusions about the hypothesid reporting results22
5891138089hypothesisa tentative explanation about an event23
5891169289descriptive data collection methodsnaturalistic observation laboratory observation case studies surveys24
5891159542naturalistic observationobservation of animals or humans in their natural environment25
5891163400laboratory observationobservation of animals or humans in a laboratory setting26
5891163401case studiesstudying an individual or group in great detail to learn as many details as possible27
5891166160surveysasking questions about a topic via telephone, internet, or questionnaire28
5891215251correlationmeasure of relationship produces a value known as a correlation coefficient which shows the strength and direction of the relationship does not prove causation29
5891235414correlation coefficientcloser to 1 the stronger the relationship positive and negative do not matter when determining strength30
5891384610experimental research methodthe only research method that can determine cause and effect31
5891248874operational definitionsets forth the steps or procedures used to control/measure the variable32
5891250944independent variablevariable that is manipuated33
5891252170dependent variablevariable that is measured34
5891255116experimental groupgets the experimental manipulation or independent variable35
5891255117control groupreceives no treatment or treatment that should have no effect36
5891256778random assignmentensures that each part of the population has an equal chance of being chosen for inclusion in the sample and a equal chance of being assigned to the experimental group or the control group controls for extraneous or confounding variables37
5891258459placebo effectbeliefs/expectations about an experiment can influence behavior38
5891258460experimenter effectexperimenter's biases can influence participants' behavior39
5891264428guidelines for experimentation with humansRights/well-being of participants must be weighed against the value of the study. Participants must be allowed to make an informed decision about participation (informed consent). Deception must be justified. Participants may withdraw at any time. Participants must be protected from risks or told explicitly of those risks. Participants must be debriefed. Data must remain confidential.40
5891271059guidelines for experimentation with animals41
5891311325Why use animals for research?42
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Biochemistry Flashcards

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2910949627acidA substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.0
2910949628baseA substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.1
2910950195ADP(Adenosine Diphosphate) The compound that remains when a phosphate group is removed from ATP, releasing energy2
2910950196ATP(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work3
2910951035adenine (A)Purine. One of four nitrogen-containing bases in nucleotides composing the structure of RNA and DNA. Bonds with thymine.4
2910951036amino acidMonomer of Proteins5
2910951681bufferA solution that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution.6
2910951682carbohydrateClass of nutrients that includes sugars and starches7
2910952221celluloseCarbohydrate component of plant cell walls.8
2910952222covalent bondA chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule9
2910952704cytosine (C)Pyrimidine. One of four nitrogen-containing bases in nucleotides composing the structure of RNA and DNA. Bonds with guanine.10
2910952705dehydration reactionA chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.11
2910953768denaturationA process in which a protein unravels, losing its specific structure and hence function; can be caused by changes in pH or salt concentration or by high temperature. Also refers to the separation of the two strands of the DNA double helix, caused by similar factors.12
2910953839disaccharideA double sugar molecule made of two monosaccharides bonded together through dehydration synthesis.13
2910954737DNADeoxyribonucleic acid. A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.14
2910954738double helixThe form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape.15
2910955388emulsificationphysical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules, thereby increasing the surface area that enzymes can use to digest the fat16
2910956010enzymeA type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing17
2910956011fatA large lipid molecule made from an alcohol called glycerol and three fatty acids; a triglyceride. Most function as energy-storage molecules.18
2910956012fatty acidMonomer of lipids, along with glycerol19
2910957064functional groupthe portion of a molecule that is active in a chemical reaction and that determines the properties of many organic compounds20
2910957065glucoseC6H12O621
2910957809glycogenAn extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.22
2910957810guanine (G)Purine. One of four nitrogen-containing bases in nucleotides composing the structure of RNA and DNA. Bonds with cytosine.23
2910957811hexoseA six carbon sugar molecule24
2910959196hydrogen bondA type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.25
2910959197hydrolysis reactionA chemical reaction that breaks apart a larger molecule by adding a molecule of water26
2910960278hydrophilicWater loving27
2910960279hydrophobicWater fearing28
2910961070inorganic moleculeMolecules that do not contain the element carbon (in most cases)29
2910961071ionA particle that is electrically charged (positive or negative)30
2910961072atomSmallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element31
2910961880ionic bondA chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.32
2910961881lipidEnergy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.33
2910961882moleculeA group of atoms held together by covalent bonds.34
2910962812monomerA simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers35
2910962813monosaccharideA single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose, the simplest type of sugar.36
2910963416nucleotideA building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.37
2910963417oilTriglyceride, usually of plant origin that is liquid form38
2910963418organic moleculeA molecule containing carbon that is a part of or produced by living systems.39
2910964326pentoseA five carbon sugar molecule40
2910964327peptide bondThe chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid41
2910964328phospholipidA lipid made up of a glyerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group; has two hydrophobic tails and a polar, hydrophilic head42
2910965746pH scalemeasurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 1443
2910984097polar covalent bondA covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally44
2910965747polymerA long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.45
2910966083polypeptideA polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.46
2910966084polysaccharideCarbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides47
2910967100proteinA three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids.48
2910989801purinea nitrogenous base that has a double-ring structure; such as adenine or guanine; when joined with sugar or phosphate, a component of nucleotides and nucleic acids49
2910993283pyrimidinea nitrogenous base that has a single-ring structure; one of the two general categories of nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA; thymine, cytosine, or uracil50
2910967101RNARibonucleic acid. A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses.51
2910967936saturated fatty acidA fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that can attach to the carbon skeleton.52
2910967937soluteA substance that is dissolved in a solution.53
2911033853solventA liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances54
2910967938starchA storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose.55
2910968999steroidA type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various functional groups attached.56
2910969000thymine (T)Pyrimidine. One of four nitrogen-containing bases in nucleotides composing the structure of DNA. Bonds with adenine.57
2910970024trigycerideThe form of fat storage in adipose cells; consists of a molecule of glycerol joined with three fatty acids.58
2910970025unsaturated fatty acidA fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.59
2910971767uracil (U)Pyrimidine. One of four nitrogen-containing bases in nucleotides composing the structure of RNA. Bonds with adenine.60
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AP Language 2013-14 Test 6 Flashcards

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1000711536boisterousloud, noisy, rough, lacking restraint0
1000711537chauvinista blindly devoted patriot1
1000711538conciliatoryreconciling, soothing, comforting, mollifying2
1000711539grazetouch or scrape lightly in passing3
1000711540heresybelief contrary or violation of what is generally accepted dogma4
1000711541imperativeurgent, essential5
1000711542incongruousout of place, not in harmony or agreement6
1000711543indistinctnot easily heard/seen/clearly marked7
1000711544itineraryan established line of travel or access8
1000711545lethargicDeficient in alertness or activity9
1000711546lustrousbeing bright polished10
1000711547malleableyielding, easily shaped11
1000711548nascentcoming into existence, emerging12
1000711549pedestriancommonplace, trite, unremarkable13
1000711550placatesoothe, pacify, calm14
1000711551maudlinOverly emotional15
1000711552effervescentBubbly, lively16
1000711553commensuratematching, corresponding, or proportionate in degree, size, amount, or other property17
1000711554fidelityFaithfulness; loyalty18
1000711555approbation(n.) the expression of approval or favorable opinion, praise; official approval19
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AP LITERATURE Flashcards

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4963653142AllegoryThe term loosely describes any riding in verse or pros that has a double meaning0
4963653143AllusionReference in literature to person place event or another passage of literature allusions can originate in mythology biblical references historical events legends geography or earlier literary works authors often use allusions to establish a tone ,create an implied association,contrast to objects, or people make an unusual juxtaposition of references or bring the reader into A world of experience outside the limitations of the story it's self. Example would be Andy Warhol to 15 minutes of fame comment1
4964219639AmbiguityIntentional ambiguity in literature can be a powerful device leaving something undetermined in order to open up multiple possible meanings2
4964219640AnaphoraThen tensional repetition of beginning clauses in order to create an artistic affect3
4964219641AntiheroA protagonist who is a non-hero or the opposite of a traditional hero examples include Don Quizote Jay Gatsby and Macbeth4
4964219642Anti-thesisUsing opposite phrases in close conjunction examples might be " I burn and I freeze" or "Her character is why is sunlight black is midnight"5
4964219643ApostropheAddressing some abstraction or personification that is not physically present for example John Donne commands "oh death be not proud"6
4964291296ArchetypeAnd original model or pattern from which other later copies are made especially a character in action or situation that seems to represent common patterns of human life. For example "damsels in distress"7
4964291297AsyndetonThe artistic elimination of conjunctions in a sentence to create a particular effect. Example: He was a bag of bones.a floppy doll,a broken stick,a maniac."8
4964291298AtmosphereThe emotional feelings inspired by a work. Example: Poe's the fall of the house of Usher establishes an atmosphere of gloom and emotional decay9
4964291299Authorial VoiceThe voices or speakers used by authors when they seemingly speak for themselves in a book.10
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B12 Deficiency Anaemia Flashcards

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2712790641AetiologyAbsence of intrinsic factor which leads to B12 deficiency0
2712790993TypeSystemic disease, chronic1
2712791129Risk FactorsInfections of surgery that inhibit absorption of B12. Vegetarian/Vegan diet. Bad Bacteria. Diseases such as celiac, crohn's etc. Surgical removal of part/all small intestine. Autoimmune disease.2
2712802156PathogenesisInsufficient intrinsic factor, decreased absorption of Vitamin B12, ,affects normal RBC development, creating macrocytic (large cells, RBCs), these defective cells die early, insufficient numbers of erythrocytes, causing hypoxaemia - tissue hypoxia. Pernicious anemia is a normochromic form of anaemia meaning the concentration of haemoglobin in RBCs in normal but there are insufficient numbers of RBCs.3
2712803762Clinical ManifestationsEarly symptoms are nonspecific and vague: infections, mood swings, and gastrointestinal, cardiac or kidney ailments. When haemoglobin has decreased to 70-80g/L: weakness, fatigue, paresthesias of feet and fingers, difficulty walking, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, weight loss, sore, smooth, beefy red tongue. Skin may become lemon yellow (combo of pale and jaundice). Neurological abnormalities such as numbness, weakness, and unsteady gait.4
2712805559Red FlagsAbdominal Pain, Weight Loss5
2712806223Diagnostic ApproachesEvaluation is based on blood tests, bone marrow aspiration (draw out), serological studies, gastric biopsy, clinical manifestations and the Schilling Test. Serological studies reveal presence of antibodies against gastric cells and gastric biopsy reveals achlorhydria.6
2712807316Associated ComplicationsUntreated pernicious anaemia is fatal, usually because of heart failure. Also can cause progressive damage to the nervous system (esp nerves outside brain and spinal cord). Other complications are same as iron def. anaemia.7
2712808283PrognosisWith replacement therapy of Vitamin B12, mortality has decreased significantly.8
2712808489Medical TreatmentInitial replacement therapy of Vitamin B12 is by weekly injections until deficiency is corrected. Monthly injections for the remainder of their life, recent practice is showing oral administration of high dose Vitamin B12 beneficial.9
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AP Literature Flashcards

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2336216502AllegoryAn allegory is a symbolism device where the meaning of a greater, often abstract, concept is conveyed with the aid of a more corporeal object or idea being used as an example.0
2336219362AlliterationAlliteration is a literary device where words are used in quick succession and begin with letters belonging to the same sound group.1
2336226325Anecdotemeans a short verbal accounting of a funny, amusing, interesting event or incident.2
2336231520DictionDiction is the distinctive tone or tenor of an author's writings.3
2336235057Parallelism'parallelism' is used to refer to the practice placing together similarly structure related phrases, words or clauses.4
2336240745MataphorIn a metaphor, one subject is implied to be another so as to draw a comparison between their similarities and shared traits.5
2336240746SimileUsing like or as.6
2336242662OxymoronOxymoron is a significant literary device as it allows the author to use contradictory, contrasting concepts placed together in a manner that actually ends up making sense in a strange, and slightly complex manner.7
2336246546Understatmentrefers to the practice of drawing attention to a fact that is already obvious and noticeable.8
2336248109ParadoxA paradox in literature refers to the use of concepts or ideas that are contradictory to one another, yet, when placed together hold significant value on several levels.9
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AP Literature Terms 1 Flashcards

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4747492365allegoryA story, fictional or non fictional, in which characters, things, and events represent qualities or concepts. -interaction meant to reveal an abstraction or a truth. EX: "The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe", by C.S. Lewis, is a religious allegory with Aslan as Christ and Edmund as Judas. EX:"Animal Farm", by George Orwell, is an allegory that describes the overthrow of the last Russian Tsar (Nicholas II).0
4747492366alliterationThe repetition of the same consonant sound at the beginning of words. EX: "Sally sells sea shells by the sea shore" EX: "Peter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppers."1
4747492804allusionIndirect reference to something with which the reader is supposed to be familiar (literary text, plays, songs, historical events) EX:•"Don't act like a Romeo in front of her." - Romeo and Juliet EX: "You are carrying the weight of the world on your shoulders." -Atlas, mythology2
4747492805ambiguityA word, phrase, or statement which contains more than one meaning OR the meaning is uncertain EX: I have never tasted a cake quite like that one before! --Was the cake good or bad? EX: The bark was painful. -- dog's bark or tree bark?3
4747492806analogycomparison of one pair of variables to a parallel set of variables. -author argues that the relationship between the first pair of variables is the same as the relationship between the second pair of variables. -Similes and metaphors are sometimes also analogies. EX: "America is to the world as the hippo is to the jungle." EX: Just as a sword is the weapon of a warrior, a pen is the weapon of a writer.4
4747493101antecedentThe word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. -The given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences. EX: Frankenstein was a good novel; I enjoyed it. --it EX: I like reading because it makes me relax. --it5
4747493102antithesisTwo opposite or contrasting words, phrases, or clauses, or even ideas, with parallel structure. EX: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times" EX: "Speech is silver, but silence is gold."6
4747493103aphorismterse statement which expresses a general truth or moral principle. -can be a memorable summation of the author's point. EX: "The man who removes a mountain begins by carrying away small stones"-William Faulkner EX: "The simplest questions are the hardest to answer." - Northrop Frye7
4747493606apostrophe (not grammar)When a writer or a speaker detaches himself ( or herself)from reality and addresses an imaginary character in his (or her) speech. EX: "Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star" - speaking to a star EX: "Oh! Stars and clouds and winds, ye are all about to mock me" - Frankenstein (Mary Shelly)8
4747493607atmosphereA type of feelings that readers get from a narrative based on details such as settings, background, objects and foreshadowing, etc. EX: The introduction to 1984 (George Orwell) establishes a gloomy rather dreary atmosphere. EX: Charles Dickens, in "A Tale of Two Cities", creates an important atmosphere whenever a major event occurs in a plot, such as we see ghostly mood of messenger's entrance in Dover mail indicates the things of future.9
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Heme/Onc - Vitamin B12 deficiency, Folate deficiency Flashcards

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4658012820Vitamin B12 deficiency what type of anemia?macrocytic0
4658012821vitamin B12 deficiency B12 plays important role in - incidence increases with-NEURO function age1
4658012822B12 in what foods? (only source)animal proteins dairy eggs shellfish fish2
4658012823cobalamin absorption depends onadequate diet intake acid-pepsin in stomach pancreatic proteases gastric secretion of intrinsic factor ileum w/ functional cobalamin-IF receptors3
4658012824causes of vitamin B12 deficiencyinadequate diet (usually not the issue) malabsorption - *pernicious anemia* & others *other* H. pylori chronic pancreatitis zollinger-ellison syndrome HIV hereditary factors drugs4
4658012825pernicious anemiaautoimmune destruction of parietal cells --> dec IF ===> malabsorption of B12 may be with other autoimmune d/o - thyroid, addison's vitiligo5
4658012826other causes of malabsorption of B12gastrectomy/gastritis (total/partial, roux-en-Y) ileal resection (abs in terminal ileum) crohn's dz (ileal) fish tapeworm6
4658012827hereditary B12 deficiencytranscobalamin deficiency usually presents within few weeks of birth7
4658012828drugs that cause B12 deficiencymetformin (put on Ca2+ to avoid) PPIs8
4658012829vit B12 def - clinical manifestationsgeneral - glossitis NEURO - peripheral neuropathy (symmetrical, LE) ataxia (vibration, position), weakness PSYCH - irritability, depression, personality changes, memory impairment, dementia skeletal - osteoporosis9
4658012830vit B12 def - diagnosisCBC peripheral blood smear *vitamin B12* *methylmalonic acid* *homocysteine lvl*10
4658012831vit B12 def CBC: mcv peripheral blood smear:CBC: low Hgb, MCV >100, RDW inc (sizes vary) smear: macroovalocytes, lg oval erythrocytes, hypersegmented neutrophils11
4658012832vitamin B12 normal =>30012
4658012833borderline result = if borderline results... what should you do?200-300 order homocysteine lvl methylmalonic acid lvl13
4658012834low = B12 value is consistent with deficiency<20014
4658012835falsely low B12folate deficiency multiple myeloma pregnancy15
4658012836falsely normal B12chronic liver dz myeloproliferative disorders chronic renal dz16
4658012837if you suspect B12 def, what should also be checked for?folate deficiency17
4658012838B12 def methylmalonic acid = homocysteine lvl =increased increased18
4658012839which his increased with BOTH folate and B12 deficiency?homocystiene lvl19
4658012840increased methylmalonic acid can also be found in patients withchronic renal insufficiency20
4658012841methylmalonic acid & homocysteine lvls both normal = both increased =vit B12 and folate deficiency ruled out B12 deficiency confirmed21
4658012842autoimmune destruction of gastric parietal cellspernicious anemia22
4658012843pernicious anemia = increased risk ofgastric carcinoma 3x higher EGD to look for signs of cancer23
4658012844pernicious anemia diagnosisshilling test anti-intrinsic factor antibodies anti-parietal cell antibodies24
4658012845HIGHLY confirmatory for diagnosisanti-IF antibodies***25
4658012846shilling testrarely used today distinguishes IF related malabsorption (location)26
4658012847vit B12 deficiency treatmenttx underlying cause if possible vitamin B12 - IM or oral27
4658012848B12 IM dose1 mg IM QD x 7 days, then 1 mg IM weekly x 4 weeks, then 1 mg monthly28
4658012849oral B121000-2000 mcg/day29
4658012850hemoglobin normalizes by2 months30
4658012851neuro sx improve over3 months max @ 6-12 mo31
4658012852B12 screeningno guidelines base on history, PE, risk factors (i.e. bypass)32
4658012853where is folate found?animal products leafy veggies fruits cereal & grains nuts33
4658012854folate deficiency most commonly due tomalnutrition poor diet +/or alcoholism (alcohol inhibits abs)34
4658012855where is folate stored?liver stores last 2-4 months35
4658012856drugs that can cause folate deficiencymethotrexate phenytoin trimethoprim36
4658012857intestinal malabsorptioncrohn's sprue37
4658012858increased folate requirementsinflammatory dz - psoriasis exfoliative dermatitis RA crohn's38
4658012859folate deficiency clinical manifestationsweakness glossitis fatigue weight loss NO neuro sx39
4658012860folate deficiency diagnosisfolate level red cell folate homocysteine level40
4658012861folate level: red cell folate: homocysteine level:folate level: inc or dec (short-term reflection) **red cell folate: decreased homocysteine level: increased (methylmelonic acid NOT)41
4658012862what is most reliable indicator of folate lvl?red cell folate42
4658012863folate deficiency treatmenttx underlying folic acid43
4658012864folic acid dose1 mg/day 1-4 mo. or until complete hematologic recovery44
4658012865IMPORTANT: rule out this BEFORE treating for folic acidB12 deficiency45
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