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New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania (Chapter 24) Flashcards

4008640872	The Spanish Caribbean	European and Americans first meet in Caribbean, indigenous Tiano, originally from Orinoco River valley in South America and settled in Caribbean in late centuries BCE; Columbus uses Hispaniola (Haiti and Dominical Republic) as base for trading with Taino: establishes center of Spanish operations at Santo Domingo, further planned to establish forts for trade, had to find alternate income source because no spices or silks; recruit locals to mine gold instead; encomienda: forced labor, laborers taken care of by Spanish, worked to convert population to Christianity, punished if they did not mine expected quantities of gold	0
4008659109	From Mining to Plantation Agriculture	Taino occasionally rebel but outgunned by Spanish military technology, smallpox epidemics being 1518, Spaniards launch raids to kidnap and replace workers, spread disease further, Taino society disappears by middle of sixteenth century; limited gold production causes Spanish to focus more on silver deposits in Mexico and Peru; while Spanish interest in Caribbean wanes, English, Dutch, and French recognize agricultural promise in sugar harvesting	1
4008670652	Conquest of Mexico and Peru	Spanish conquerors explore other territories on American mainland after disenchantment in Caribbean, Hernan Cortes brings down Aztec empire in Mexico: people ally with Spanish because of resentment held towards the Mexica, kill the last leaders of the Aztec empire in battle and through torture; Pizarro brings down Inca empire in Peru, subjected population resented Inca rulers and tax collectors, smallpox killed much of the population before conquest occurred; European imperialism succeeds in overtaking established agricultural societies capable of mobilizing large parts of population and collecting taxes/tribute	2
4008683391	Spanish Colonial Administration	conquests first administered by conquistadors through ad hoc arrangements, Spanish monarchy wanted formal and direct control over new lands so replace conquistadors with government bureaucrats, lawyers, and regular military forces; Spanish administration based in Mexico and Peru, extended to Florida and Buenos Aires: Mexico city built atop Tenochtitlan, founded Lima in Peru for access to coast, viceroys rules but supervised by audiencias, communication problems reduce the efficienty through which the monarchy directed the viceroys	3
4008710355	Portuguese Brazil	Treaty of Tordesillas divides Americas between Spain and Portugal, Portugal claims Brazil, little interest at first, but increases as other imperial powers take notice, exploited for sugarcane	4
4008716605	Spain and Portugal in the Americas	viewed Americas as a place to exploit, not settle and colonize, settler colonies in NA: Spanish towns, forts, missions or east coast of North America, some on west coast, dislodged in seventeenth century by English, French, Dutch mariners, permanent colonies in NA	5
4008724471	Colonial Government	exceptionally difficult conditions: starvation rampant, cannibalism occasionally practices, French and English private merchants invest heavily in expansion of colonies, greater levels of self-government than Spanish and Portuguese colonies: could choose their own royal governors and election own legislative, no viceroys or audiencias, after seven years war French domination of Canada falls to English	6
4008736352	Relations with Indigenous Peoples	North American peoples loosely organized and migratory, mix of hunter/gatherer and limited agricultural activity, European colonists stake out forested land and clear for agriculture, increasing number of Europeans arrive seeking ample land, try to legitimize land taking through negotiated treaties, also explain that their making better use of the land than Native Americans	7
4008758116	Conflict with Indigenous Peoples	colonists displace indigenous peoples, trespass on hunting grounds, english settlers negotiate treaties, poorly understood by natives, military conflict frequent but not on par with southern Spanish conquests, Native American population steadily displaced by immigration of English, French, Dutch, etc.	8
4008772737	The Formation of Multicultural Societies	European and African migrants move to Americas, European land holdings quickly become multicultural societies, mestizo societies formed	9
4008778843	North American Societies	higher ration of French, English female migrants to men in North and in South America, higher social stigma attached to relationships with Africans and Natives, fur traders have relationships with NA native women, europeans recognize the usefulness of Americans and Africans cultural knowledge	10
4008788219	Mining in the Spanish Empire	hunt for gold and silver, gold not extensive in Spanish holding but silver plentiful, adopt Inca mita system of conscripted labor, eventually assimilate into Spanish culture, quinto system for silver	11
4008798678	Global Significance of Silver	major resource of income for Spanish crown, Manila galleons take it to the Pacific rim for trading, very popular with Chinese	12
4008801284	The Hacienda	large estates product products of European origin to support large mining towns, encomienda system of utilizing native labor force, rampant abuses, gradually replaced by debt peonage: landowner loan natives seeds, tools, etc, peasants repay loans with cheap labor, paid so little unable to pay loans	13
4008808338	Resistance to Spanish Rule	half-hearted work, retreat into mountains and forests, appeal to Spanish crown	14
4008812433	Sugar and Slavery in Portuguese Brazil	engenho refers to complex on land, labor, etc all related to production of silver, sugarcane processing labor intensive to make molasses or refined sugar for export; unlike Spanish system of forced native labor, Portuguese rely on imported slaves, large-scale importing of slaves begins 1580s	15
4008821746	Fur Trading in North America	indigenous peoples trade pelts for wool blankets, iron pots, firearms, alcohol, beaver hunts cause frequent incursions into neighboring territories, European settler cultivators also displacing natives from traditional lands	16
4008829186	Slavery in North America	increasingly replace European indentured laborers, less prominent in north due to weak nature of cash-crop industry, slave trading still important part of economy	17
4008833477	Missionary Activity in the Americas	taught Christian doctrine, literacy, often accumulated cultural knowledge to better communicate their message, due to conquest and plague, many natives in Spanish America concluded gods had abandoned them and converted, often retain elements of pagan religion in Christian worship	18
4008840738	French and English Missions	less effective than Spanish missions, spaniards rules native populations more directly, migration patterns of NA natives made it more difficult to conduct missions, english colonists had little interest in converting natives	19
4008845197	Australia and the Larger World	broadly similar experiences to American natives, Portuguese mariners long in the region but Dutch sailors make first recorded sighting of Australia, VOC surveys territory and concludes on little value, James Cook lands and Botany Bay	20
4008853859	Pacific Islands and the Larger World	Manila galleons interested in quick trade routes, little exploration of Pacific: Guam significant because of trade routes; James Cook visits Hawaii in 1778: good relationship, sailors spread disease, Cook not welcomes and killed over disputer	21

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Chapter 24 New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania Flashcards

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3837682254	Who was Doña Marina?	A young woman who helped Cortés in the conquest of Mexico by acting as a diplomat, and reporting her findings to Cortés.	0
3837712560	What aided the Spanish conquest of Mexico?	Epidemic diseases.	1
3837723562	Who were the Taíno?	A Caribbean tribe who were the first indigenous people to come in contact with Christopher Columbus.	2
3837743853	What was the island of Hispaniola used for?	The base of Spanish operations in the Caribbean.	3
3837755528	The Caribbean region offered no silks or spices for the European market, what was a solution for the Spanish settlers?	Mining gold.	4
3837766253	What was the encomienda?	System that gave spanish settlers the right to compel the indigenous peoples of the Americas to work in the mines or fields.	5
3837788110	Spanish settlers launched raiding parties to replace workers lost from what?	Smallpox.	6
3837824298	French, English, and Dutch settlers wanted to establish plantations in the Caribbean, but native populations were extinct and they were in need of laborers. Where did they import many slaves from?	Africa.	7
3837843115	Who was Motezcuzoma?	Aztec emperor who was brought down in 1520 by Cortés.	8
3837875632	Who was Atahualpa?	Inca ruler who was killed by Pizarro and his men.	9
3837895344	Viceroys were...? Who checked their authority?	The kings' representatives in the Americas. Audiencias checked their authority.	10
3837913468	True or False: Spanish administration in the Americas was a ragged affair.	True.	11

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25: Africa and the Atlantic world Flashcards

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3883953406	Thomas peters was	Central in promoting the establishment of a colony for ex-slaves in Sierra Leon	0
3883953407	The Rise in Maritime trade in the early modern era in Africa	Resulted in regional kingdoms replacing the Imperial State of west Africa	1
3883953408	the most Important early city in the Songhay empire was	Gao	2
3883953409	Sunni Ali built a powerful Imperial Navy to patrol the	Niger river	3
3883953410	All Songhay empires were	Islamic	4
3883953411	1505 all the Swahili city-states were subdude by the	Portuguese	5
3883953412	the Ruler of the kingdom of Kongo, Alfonso I, converted to what religion and encouraged his subjects to convert as well	Christianity	6
3883953413	An alliance with Portugal brought wealth and foreign recognition to kongo, as well as	The eventual destruction of the kingdoms	7
3883953414	The portuguese referred to Ndongo as Angola Because of the word ngola, which meant	King	8
3883953415	The first European colony in sub-Saharan Africa was	Angolia	9
3883953416	What was the massive fortified city in southern Africa that dominated the gold trade in its region of the continent until the late fifteenth century	Great Zimbabwe	10
3883953417	The center of the islamic learning in west Africa was	Timbuctu	11
3883953418	Islam and Christianity usually spread into sub-Saharan Africa	As syncretic versions of the originals	12
3883953419	Which of the following was not an accomplishment of the Fulani	they eliminated the traditional elements of syncretic Islam	13
3883953420	The founder of the religion that stressed that Jesus Christ had been a black man that Kongo was the true holy land was	Dona Beatriz	14
3883953421	During the early modern period in Africa, the basis of social organized continued to be	Kinship groups	15
3883953422	By 1800, the population of sub-Saharan Africa stood at	60 million	16
3883953423	Throughout most of history, the majority of slaves came from	Africa	17
3883953424	The arrival of the Europeans	Caused the slave trade to expand dramatically	18
3883953425	As part of the triangular slave trade, the Europeans usually picked up slaves in Africa in return for	Horses and manufactured goods	19
3883953426	Over the course of the entire period of trans-Atlantic slavery, the mortality rate for the middle passage was ______ percent	50% and then decline 5% per voyage	20
3883953427	How many Africans were forcefully brought to the Americas as part of the trans-Atlantic slave trade	12 million	21
3883953428	the only place where a slave bolts actually brought about an end slavery was	Hiti	22
3883953429	The following is not associated with the syncretic religions of the Africans in the Americas	Saramaka	23
3883997443	The first European slave traders were the	Portuguese	24
3884002926	The most important America crop introduced into Africa in the sixteenth century was	Manioc	25
3884020320	The Black Pioneers were	Escaped slaves who fought to maintain British rule in North American colonies	26
3884027961	A trading post was built at Cape Town in 1652 by the	Dutch	27
3884049214	The heaviest slave trading took place in the	Eighteenth century	28
3884055121	The only place where a slave revolt actually brought about an end to slavery was	Saint-Domingue	29
3884062997	Throughout the entire period of trans-Atlantic slavery, the mortality rate for the middle passage was	25 percent	30
3884068314	One of the factors that made African slavery different from the varieties practiced elsewhere was that	African law did not recognize private property and thus slaves served as a measure of personal wealth	31
3884073059	The Fulani	Attempted through military conquest to instill a strict form of Islam in Africa	32
3884074896	Islam was most popular in sub-Saharan Africa in	The commercial centers of West Africa and the Swahili city-states	33

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Ch 25: Africa and the Atlantic World Flashcards

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3967845060	Sunni Ali	Songhay emperor (reigned 1464-1493) embarked on a campaign to conquer his neighbors and consolidated the Songhai Empire. He brought the important trading cities of Timbuktu and Jenne under his control and used their wealth to dominate the Niger River. He built an elaborate administrative and military apparatus to oversee affairs in his realm, appointed governors to oversee provinces and instituted a hierarchy of command that turned his army into an effective military force. He also created an imperial navy to patrol the Niger River, which was an extremely important commercial highway in the Songhay Empire.	0
3967850325	Olaudah Equino	He was a freed slave that published an autobiography in 1789, he served as a slave in the West Indies, Virginia, and Pennsylvania, accompanied one of his masters on several campaigns during the 7 year's war	1
3967850326	Creoles	Language when enough African slaves existed in a certain area, they could communicate via their native tongues; these "creole" tongues drew on several African and European languages; in South Carolina & Georgia (75% of population were slaves), slaves spoke creole tongues Gullah & Geechee	2
3967850327	Middle Passage	once people were captured they would be taken to a holding pen until a ship arrived to take them, then the people were transported across the Atlantic Ocean( from Africa to the Caribbean and the Americas),most ships would provide enough room for slaves to sit upright, but some ships forced people to lie down and be chained to each other, conditions we very bad so some people tried to kill themselves through starvation, this journey would last 6 weeks and would travel through some of the worst conditions, during this time about 25% of people did not survive	3
3967851892	Maroons	Slaves that ran away from plantation communities and gathered in mountainous, forested, or swampy regions and built their own self governing communities	4
3967851893	Triangle Trade	system of trade linking Europe, Africa and America. Took European goods and exchanged them in Africa for slaves. Then they took African slaves to Caribbean and American destinations to be sold for 3 times (either in cash or sugar) what they were bought for on the African Coast. Finally the sugar and money were taken back to Europe	5
3967853759	King Alfonso I	King Nzinga Mbemba of Kongo (reigned 1506-1542), became a devout Roman Catholic and sought to control all his subjects to Christianity. Portuguese priests in Kongo reported that he attended religious services daily and studied the Bible so zealously that he sometimes neglected to eat.	6
3967853760	Queen Nzinga	(reigned 1623-1663) led spirited resistance against the Portuguese forces. She came from a long line of warrior kings. She dressed as a male warrior when leading troops in battle and insisted that her subjects refer to her as king rather than queen. She mobilized central African peoples against her Portuguese adversaries, and she also allied with Dutch mariners, who traded frequently on the African cost during the mid-seventeenth century. Her aim was to drive the Portuguese from her land, then expel the Dutch, and finally create a vast central African empire embracing the entire lower Congo basin.	7
3967855775	African Diaspora	The separation of Africans from their homeland through centuries of forced removal to serve as slaves in the Americas and elsewhere.	8
3967855776	Kingdom of Kongo	Best known principal state in central Africa. The kingdom emerged in the 14th century. Its rulers built a centralized state with officials overseeing military, judicial, and financial affairs. The people here converted to Christianity ass a way to establish closer commercial relations with the Portuguese merchants and diplomatic relations with the Portuguese monarchy. Destruction of kingdom due to slave raiding.. Kongo King decapitated	9
3968109610	What were the objectives of Dutch colonists in South Africa? What kind of colony did they establish? Compare these objectives to the Portuguese objectives in colonizing Angola.	In 1652, the VOC wanted to have a refreshment station at (Cape of Good Hope). To ensure its viability, they allowed some people to build a farm there. After some time, the colony expanded and more and more farmers came to South Africa. Most of these people were nomadic farmers (called 'Boeren' or 'Trekboeren'). So the established colony was agricultural, and wasn't established on purpose. The Portuguese, however, established their colony at first for the slave trade. Only after the abolishment of slavery, they sent lots of Portuguese (farmers as well) to strengthen their presence.	10
3968109611	What was the impact of the trans-Atlantic slave trade on the societies of west Africa? Consider social, political, and demographic effects.	Various states and ports developed on the West African coast. Portuguese desire for slaves brought about the end of the Kingdom of Kongo as it was invaded by groups that made war to make slaves out of the prisoners of war. During the 16th century, Portuguese trade with the kingdom of Ndongo (Angola) caused growth in Ndongo. After the Portuguese founded a colony there in 1575, they enlisted native allies to fight Ndongo for more slaves. This led to Queen Nzinga taking control of a resistance movement for 40 years that fought the Portuguese and their allies. The slave traders introduced American food crops to Africa which greatly increased population despite losing a large portion of the populus: about 10 million went across the Atlantic. Most of the Africans taken as slaves were men so the sex ratio in Africa became distorted; men took multiple wives in response to this and women took various duties previously done by men.	11
3968172645	Compare the experience of slaves in the Caribbean, in Brazil, and in North America.	Caribbean: high mortality rate from diseases, few women Brazil: high mortality rate from diseases, few women North America: only 5% of slaves went to North America, diseases were less harmful, more women, black families encouraged	12
3968187364	Did any African states or kingdoms benefit from their contacts with European traders? Who would be the likely beneficiaries? Who would suffer the most?	Afrian benefits from Europe: Wealth africans got weather for trading their lowly people into slavery. Suffers: the lowly people/slaves	13
3968197419	State the argument for and against slavery in American colonies in strictly economic terms. Can you suggest a more economical alternative to slave labor?	In economical terms slavery was profitable only for the rich men with several acres of land that would be cultivated by slaves without salary, small farmers couldn't compete with them and slavery caused unemployment and poverty among the freemen. It was tolerable when the colonies didn't have so much slaves but in the late 18th Century King George III were constantly raising the taxes so the rich will simply get more slaves to do the job instead of hire freemen, then the Colonies uprised.	14

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APWH Africa and the Atlantic World Flashcards

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4331721679	Kingdom of Ghana	west African kingdom rises to prominence 300~1200; grows rich from the gold-salt trade routes that open up after domestication of the camel allows trans-Saharan trade	0
4331731202	Mali Empire	west African kingdom that rises to prominence 1230~1600 having previously played a role in the gold-salt trade, spreading language and culture along the Niger River	1
4331737108	Sundiata Keita	founder of the Mali Empire 1235~1255; organizes and rules over a number of surrounding kingdoms as a federation	2
4331761686	Mansa Musa	Malian emperor 1312~1337 who oversees expansion of the wealth and territory of the empire; famed for extravagant 1324 pilgrimage to Mecca, returning with many prominent Muslim artists and architects to make Timbuktu a center of Islamic learning and culture in west Africa	3
4331774280	Songhay Empire	west African kingdom that comes to prominence 1464~1591 and grows to be the largest African empire prior to European colonization; grows rich by using naval force to secure trade along the Niger River	4
4331784458	Sunni Ali	military ruler and first king of the Songhay Empire 1464~1493, captures and fortifies cities, and replaces local leaders with those loyal to him	5
4331792570	Askia Muhammad	Songhay emperor 1493~1528 whose policies establish Islam as an integral part of the empire, revive Timbuktu as one of many centers of Muslim learning, and expand trade with Europe and Asia	6
4331802003	Battle of Tondibi	1591 battle in which Songhay army is defeated by Moroccan forces with superior firepower, allowing Moroccans control of the gold-salt trade and triggering the disintegration of the Songhay Empire	7
4331809156	griot	West African storyteller and royal advisor, representing the use of oral tradition to preserve history in west African nations	8
4331846006	Kilwa	wealthy Islamic city-state on the east coast of Africa, forced to pay tribute to Portuguese after 1502; representative of the wealth of Swahili ports gained from Indian Ocean trade, and their decline following European contact	9
4331852977	Afonso I	Christian name of King Nzinga Mbemba of Kongo (r.1509~1542), who welcomes European science and religion, attempting to convert the population to Catholicism, but refuses to sell land or adopt legal codes of Europeans; complains to Europeans about destabilizing effects of increased slave trade	10
4331865154	Nzinga	queen of Kingdom of Ndongo (Angola) 1623~1663 who fights against growing Portuguese influence in her kingdom; demands to be treated equally to Europeans during negotiations	11
4331872859	Great Zimbabwe	southern African kingdom that becomes rich from its location on the trade route between the coastal trading ports and interior of Africa, before declining as population leave to found new kingdom; noted for magnificent stone structures that still stand today	12
4331876910	Khoikhoi	pastoral nomads encountered by Dutch settlers in south Africa in the 17th century; subsequently decimated by smallpox	13
4331880584	Fulani	Islamic west African nomads who in 1680 rebel against Songhay Empire and attempt to enforce sharia law in west Africa	14
4331891037	Dona Beatriz	1684~1706, prophet of the Kongo Catholic Church and founder of Christian sect of Antonianism; fervent Christian who is eventually tried and executed for heresy	15
4331896275	Antonianism	Christian movement that claims Jesus and other significant early Christian figures originally came from Kongo; representative of the synthesis of major religions with native African beliefs and traditions	16
4331902476	manioc	root crop introduced to Africa from Americas and grows well in regions affected by drought, leading to population growth; representative of the effects of the Columbian Exchange upon Africa	17
4331907634	the 'Triangular Trade'	pattern of trade established following European colonization of Americas; sees manufactured goods (particularly firearms) traded in Africa for slaves which are sent to the Americas, to work on plantations producing cash crops and raw materials to be sent back to Europe	18
4332267512	the 'Middle Passage'	the transportation of slaves from Africa to the Americas; notable for the vast number of people subjected to this forced migration and the horrific conditions endured en route	19
4332273804	Asante	ethnic group inhabiting west Africa, amongst whom slaves captured in warfare would sometimes be held in high regard or as kinsmen; representative of some of cultural differences between Africans and Europeans with regards to slavery	20
4332277511	Oyo	Yoruba-speaking empire of west Africa noted for acting as middlemen in the slave trade; receiving salt from Europeans in return for captives and criminals	21
4332280503	Dahomey	west African kingdom that gains a reputation of profiting from the slave trade; representative of the accounts of European slave traders who exaggerated African participation in the trade as a means of justification	22
4332295808	cash crop	crop grown specifically for export/profit rather than consumption	23
4332296476	maroon	term given to slaves that run away, eventually leading to communities of escaped slaves, and in time rebellion, in the Americas	24
4332299626	creole language	language that develops amongst non-homogenous slave populations in the Americas; blend of European languages with African influences	25
4332302968	Olaudah Equiano	1745~1797, freed slave whose autobiography, with its comments on the rights of free colored people and eloquent attacks on the institution of slavery, is hugely influential amongst British abolitionists	26
4332308668	William Wilberforce	1759~1833, British politician who dedicates his life to religion, education, and morality; becomes a passionate campaigner for the abolition of the slave trade	27
4332312563	Thomas Clarkson	1760~1846, British abolitionist who dedicates - and risks - his life passionately campaigning for the end of the slave trade in Britain and later worldwide	28
4332318260	Slave Trade Act 1807	British Act of Parliament that abolishes slave trade in the British Empire, including the Atlantic slave trade	29
4332319908	Slavery Abolition Act 1833	British Act of Parliament that abolishes the institution of slavery in the British Empire	30

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Chapter 25 New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania Flashcards

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5925557858	Tainos	Indigenous people met by Spanish mariners; forced into slavery in gold mines; rebellions outgunned by Spanish military tech; smallpox also contributed to disappearance of society	0
5925557859	Hispaniola	Haiti-Dominican Republic; used by Columbus as base for trading with Tainos	1
5925557860	Encomienda	Forced labor	2
5925557861	Caribbean; sugarcane; slaves	Limited production of gold caused Spanish interest in exploiting the _____ for _____ production, which required massive importation of _____.	3
5925557862	Hernan Cortes	Brought down Aztec empire in Mexico; smallpox later destroyed besieged Tenochtitlan	4
5925557863	Francisco Pizarro	Brought down Inca empire in Peru; called conference of warring Inca rulers and massacred them	5
5925557864	New Spain	Mexico	6
5925557865	New Castile	Peru	7
5925557866	Viceroys	Governors; Spanish colonial administration	8
5925557867	Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)	Divides entire (non-Christian, so far) world between Spain and Portugal; Portugal claims Brazil for sugarcane production	9
5925557868	Nova Scotia, Quebec	Permanent French colonies in North America (2)	10
5925557869	Jamestown, Massachusetts Bay	Permanent English colonies in North America (2)	11
5925557870	New Amsterdam	Permanent Dutch (Netherlands) colony in North America (renamed New York by the English) (1)	12
5925557871	English, French; Spanish, Portugese	_____ and _____ colonies had greater levels of self-government than _____ and _____ colonies.	13
5925557872	Mestizo	"Mixed" societies in Spanish territory; people of Spanish and native parentage	14
5925557873	Mulattoes	Descendants of Spaniards and African slaves	15
5925557874	Zambos	Descendants of African slaves and natives	16
5925557875	Peninsulares	European migrants from Iberia; at top of colonial Spanish social hierarchy	17
5925557876	Criollos	Children of migrants from Iberia; second class in hierarchy	18
5925557877	Metis	Children of fur traders and North American native women	19
5925557878	Gold; silver	_____ was not extensive in Spanish holdings, but _____ was relatively plentiful.	20
5925557879	Mita	Incan system of conscripted labor in mines; employment of natives by the Spanish; dangerous working conditions	21
5925557880	Quinto	Profit for Spaniards in colonies (1/5 reserved for crown)	22
5925557881	Manila Galleons; silver	_____ _____ took _____ to the Pacific Rim for trading.	23
5925557882	Hacienda	Large estates producing products of European origin	24
5925557883	Debt patronage	Encomienda was later replaced with _____ _____	25
5925557884	Egenho	Refers to the sugar mill and the complex of labor, land, etc. that came with the industry; low profit margins	26
5925557885	African slaves	Unlike the Spanish system of forced native labor, the Portugese relied on imported _____ _____.	27
5925557886	Franciscan, Dominican, Jesuit	Missionary activity in the Americas included _____, _____, and _____ missionaries.	28
5925557887	Virgin of Guadalupe	Major Christian symbol of Mexico; represents mestizo woman/cultural syncreticism	29
5925557888	French, English; Spanish	_____ and _____ missions were less effective than _____ missions.	30
5925557889	Australia	Dutch VOC surveyed territory of _____ and concluded that it was of little value.	31
5925557890	Atahualpa	Incan ruler spared by Pizarro UNTIL he delivered gold.	32
5925557891	Encomendero	Spanish settlers who compelled Tainos to work and encouraged conversion to Christianity	33
5925557892	Audencias	Review of courts staffed by educated lawyers; kings of Spain subjected their viceroys to these.	34
5925557893	Motecuzoma II	Aztec emperor seized by Cortes	35
5925557894	Pero Alvares Cabral	Portugese mariner; stopped in Brazil while going through Atlantic to India	36
5925557895	Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca	Spanish nobleman and adventurer who went into interior regions of American continents	37
5925557896	James Cook	British colonist; only after his chartering of the eastern coast did Europeans become seriously interested in Australia	38
5925557897	Ferdinand Magellan	Him and his crew became first Europeans to cross the Pacific; before reaching the Philippines, encountered Marianas island group (Guam)	39

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Chapter 25: The New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania Flashcards

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2790268788	Audiencias	Courts appointed by the king who reviewed the administration of viceroys serving Spanish colonies in America.	0
2790268789	Aztec empire	Central American empire constructed by the Mexica and expanded greatly during the fifteenth century during the reigns of Itzcoatl and Motecuzoma I.	1
2790268790	Christianity	Religion emerging from Middle East in the first century C.E. holding Jesus to be the son of God who sacrificed himself on behalf of mankind.	2
2790268791	Columbian Exchange	Global proliferation of plants, crops, animals, human populations, and diseases following Columbus' voyage.	3
2790268792	Conquistadores	Spanish adventurers like Cortes and Pizarro who conquered Central and South America in the sixteenth century.	4
2790268793	Criollos	Creoles, people born in the Americas of Spanish or Portuguese ancestry.	5
2790268794	East India Company	British joint-stock company that grew to be a state within a state in India; it possessed its own armed forces.	6
2790268795	Encomienda	System that gave the Spanish settlers (encomenderos) the right to compel the indigenous peoples of the Americas to work in the mines or fields.	7
2790268796	Engenho	Brazilian sugar mill; the term also came to symbolize the entire complex world relating to the production of sugar.	8
2790268797	Hacienda	Large Latin American estates.	9
2790268798	Inca Empire	Powerful South American empire that would reach its peak in the fifteenth century during the reigns of Pachacuti Inca and Topa Inca.	10
2790268799	Indentured labor	Labor source in the Americas; wealthy planters would pay the European poor to sell a portion of their working lives, usually seven years, in exchange for passage.	11
2790268800	Manila	Busy port city that became the Spanish capital of the Philippines following Spanish conquest of the Philippines in 1565.	12
2790268801	Manila Galleons	Heavily armed, fast ships that brought luxury goods from China to Mexico and carried silver from Mexico to China.	13
2790268802	Mestizo	Latin American term for children of Spanish and native parentage.	14
2790268803	Mulattoes	Brazilians of mixed ancestry.	15
2790268804	Métis	Canadian term for individuals of mixed European and indigenous ancestry.	16
2790268805	Peninsulares	Latin American officials from Spain or Portugal.	17
2790268806	Quinto	The one-fifth of Mexican and Peruvian silver production that was reserved for the Spanish monarchy.	18
2790268807	Repartimiento	Spanish labor system in Latin America, supposed to replace the encomienda system, in which native communities were compelled to provide laborers for the farms or mines and the Spanish employers were expected to pay fair wages.	19
2790268808	Taino	A Caribbean tribe who were the first indigenous peoples from the Americas to come into contact with Christopher Columbus.	20
2790268809	Treaty of Toresdillas	Treaty (1494) dividing the world outside Europe between Spain and Portugal along the North-South meridian at 370 leagues west of the Cape Verdes Islands.	21
2790268810	United East India Company (VOC)	Dutch joint-stock company, founded in 1602, that operated Dutch trading posts with government support but with little government oversight.	22
2790268811	Zambos	Latin American term for individuals born of indigenous and African parents.	23
2790268812	Treaty of Toresdillas	Treaty (1494) dividing the world outside Europe between Spain and Portugal along the North-South meridian at 370 leagues west of the Cape Verdes Islands.	24

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AP LITERATURE VOCABULARY (Fall 2016) Flashcards

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5335353619	prodigious	adj. remarkably or impressively great in extent, size, or degree. (syn. enormous, tremendous)	0
5335392654	surreptitious	adj. stealthy, hidden (syn. secretive, stealthy)	1
5335394869	tactile	adj. of or connected with the sense of touch	2
5335397636	maudlin	adj. tearfully or weakly emotional; foolishly sentimental. sometimes associated with drunkenness	3
5335402153	intrinsic	adj. belonging naturally; essential	4
5335403988	satiate	v. to satisfy to the full (adj. satiated)	5
5335406098	languish	v. to suffer from being forced to remain in an unpleasant place or situation.	6
5335598483	strumpet	n. a female prostitute or a promiscuous woman	7
5335600074	palpitate	v. (of the heart) beat rapidly, strongly, or irregularly	8
5335602541	abject	adj. (of a situation or condition) extremely bad, unpleasant, and degrading (of a person or his behavior) completely without pride or dignity; self-abasing	9
5335609998	ephemeral	adj. lasting for a very short time	10
5335612042	futile	adj. incapable of producing any useful result; pointless	11
5335617733	limpid	adj. (of a liquid) free of anything that darkens; completely clear. (syn. transparent, translucent)	12
5335620833	austere	adj. severe in manner or appearance; uncompromising; strict; forbidding 2. rigorously self-disciplined and severely moral; ascetic; abstinent 3. grave; sober; solemn; serious 4. without excess, luxury, or ease; simple; limited; severe	13
5335634753	rustic	adj. 1. of, relating to, or living in the country, as distinguished from towns or cities; rural. 2. simple, artless, or unsophisticated. 3. uncouth, rude, or boorish. 4. made of roughly dressed limbs or roots of trees, as garden seats. 5. (of stonework) having the surfaces rough or irregular and the joints sunken or beveled. n. 6. a country person. 7. an unsophisticated country person.	14
5335640983	vindictive	adj. 1. disposed or inclined to revenge; vengeful. 2. proceeding from or showing a revengeful spirit.	15
5335650569	poignant	adj. 1. keenly distressing to the feelings 2. keen or strong in mental appeal 3. affecting or moving the emotions 4. pungent to the smell	16
5335661156	apocryphal	adj. 1. of doubtful authorship or authenticity 2. ecclesiastical - of doubtful sanction; uncanonical 3. false; spurious	17
5335667089	misanthrope	n. hater of humanity (ant. philanthropist)	18
5335671306	circumspect	adj. cautious; wary and unwilling to take risks	19
5335673575	malignant	adj. 1. mean, vindictive, malevolent 2. of a disease, very virulent or infectious	20
5335677110	insipid	adj. bland	21
5335679335	discerning	adj. having or showing good judgment	22
5335681880	disconcerting	adj. unsettling; concerning but in a disturbing way	23
5335684657	reproach	v. to address (someone) in such a way as to express disapproval or disappointment. n. the expression of disapproval or disappointment.	24
5335698735	excoriate	v. to censure or criticize severely	25
5335703311	upbraid	v. to find fault (with someone); to scold	26
5335704768	abhorrent	adj. inspiring disgust and loathing; repugnant	27
5619162347	petulant	adj. (of a person or their manner) childishly sulky or bad-tempered	28
5619179536	auspicious	adj. conducive to success; favorable, propitious, lucky	29
5619183877	perverse	adj. (of a person or their actions) showing a deliberate and obstinate desire to behave in a way that is unreasonable or unacceptable, often in spite of the consequences	30
5619198878	malevolent	adj. having or showing a wish to do evil to others; malicious	31
5619202253	deplorable	adj. deserving strong condemnation (think shameful and unforgivable); or shockingly bad in quality (think atrocious)	32
5619217278	pragmatic	adj. dealing with things sensibly and realistically in a way that is based on practical rather than theoretical consideration; relating to philosophical or political pragmatism	33
5619233285	phlegmatic	adj. (of a person) having an unemotional and stolidly calm disposition (calm, cool and composed)	34
5619243921	splenetic	adj. bad-tempered; spiteful	35
5619249430	sanguine	adj. optimistic or positive, especially in an apparently bad or difficult situation (optimistic) n. a blood-red color	36

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AP GOV Final Exam S1 (The US Constitution and Values, Purposes, and Principles of American Democracy) Flashcards

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5886267279	Popular Sovereignty	-The government gets its power to rule from the people	0
5886269267	Limited Government	-The government is not all powerful; its powers are limited by the Constitution	1
5886271562	Separation of Powers	-The legislative, executive, and judicial powers are divided among three independent and coequal branches of government	2
5886275356	Checks and Balances	-The system of overlapping the powers of the three branches to permit each branch to "check" the power of the others so that one branch does not become too powerful	3
5886278132	Judicial Review	-Power of the courts to determine the constitutionality of the actions of the legislative and executive branches (Marbury v. Madison)	4
5886280868	Federalism	-The division of power among a national government and state governments	5
5886285419	Federalism in Action (Delegated or Expressed Powers)	-Those powers granted to the national government in the Constitution -To declare war, raise and maintain armed forces, regulate foreign and interstate trade, print and coin money, conduct foreign affairs, etc.	6
5886290596	Federalism in Action (Reserved Powers)	-The powers held by the states in the federal system -Determine qualifications for voters, conduct elections, govern marriage and divorce laws, public schools, license professionals, etc.	7
5886316417	Federalism in Action (Concurrent Powers)	-Those powers that both the national and state governments possess -To collect taxes, to make and enforce laws, establish and maintain courts, etc.	8
5886323355	Federalism in Action (Powers denied to both Federal and State Governments)	-Ex Post Facto Laws -Laws that apply to actions occurring before the law was passed -Bills of Attainder -Sentence a person to jail without a fair public trial -Levy taxes on exports -Pass any law that violates the US Constitution -Grant titles of nobility	9
5886331461	Legislative Branch	Makes the LAWS -National -Congress (Senate and House of Representatives) -State -General Assembly (Senate and House of Representatives) -Local -City Council, County Commissioners	10
5886339170	Judicial Branch	Interprets the laws and JUDGES them -National -District courts -> -US Court of Appeals -> -US Supreme Court -State -Trial Courts -> -District (misdemeanors) -Superior (felonies) -Appeals Courts -> -NC Supreme Court	11
5886357997	Executive Branch	ENFORCES the laws -National -President -State -Governor -Local -County: City Manager -Hired by county commissioner -City/Town: Mayor	12
5886371925	The Checks and Balances System	-Executive -> Judicial -Pardon people convicted of federal crimes -Nominates officers of the US government and federal judges -Judicial -> Executive -Can declare executive actions unconstitutional -Executive -> Legislative -Propose laws -Veto laws -Call special sessions of Congress -Can appeal directly to the public -Legislative -> Executive -Approves budget -Overrides presidential veto with 2/3 vote of both houses -Can impeach president and other federal officials -Senate tries all impeached officials -Senate approves all presidential appointments and treaties -Legislative -> Judicial -Congress can propose constitutional amendments to counter Supreme Court rulings -Sets the number, location, and jurisdiction of federal courts -Judicial -> Legislative -Can declare laws unconstitutional	13
5886430656	Provisions	Part of the US Constitution	14
5886430657	Preamble	-Introduction -Explains the purposes of the document -To.... -Form a more perfect union -Establish justice -Insure domestic tranquility -Provide for the common defense -Promote the general welfare -Secure the blessings of liberty for current and future generations	15
5886454338	US Constitution (Article I)	Discusses Legislative branch -Necessary and Proper Clause (Elastic Clause) -Basis for Congress' implied powers -Includes listing of powers denied to Congress	16
5886459226	US Constitution (Article II)	Discusses Executive branch	17
5886461711	US Constitution (Article III)	Discusses Judicial branch	18
5886463732	US Constitution (Article IV)	Discusses relations among states -"Full Faith and Credit Clause" -Each state must respect the laws, records, and court decisions of every other state	19
5886479384	US Constitution (Article V)	Provides for the methods by which formal changes (amendments) can be made	20
5886483846	US Constitution (Article VI)	-Supremacy Clause -Declaration of the supremacy of federal law over any and all state laws	21
5886487920	US Constitution (Article VII)	Provides for the method by which the Constitution would be ratified (approved) by the states	22
5886501096	The Legislative Branch	-US Congress -Bicameral (two houses) -House of Representatives -435 members (#/state based on population) -Our representative is David Price -Lower house -Senate -100 members (2/state) -Upper house -Qualifications -House of Representatives -25 years+ -Resident of state from which elected -US citizen -Senate -30 years+ -Resident of state from which elected -US citizen -Terms of Office (unlimited) -House of Representatives -2 years -Senate -6 years	23
5886525186	Legislative Leaders	-President of the Senate -Also the VP -Not a senate member -Only votes to break a tie -President pro tempore -Presides most often in VP's absence -Speaker of the House (Nancy Pelosi currently - first female) -Elected by the House -Serves as presiding officer, maintains order -Is a House member -May vote on any issue, must vote to break a tie	24
5886562487	Legislative Leaders (Continued)	-Majority Leader -Plans the order of business on the floor for the majority party -Minority Leader -Represents the minority party -Party whip -Checks with party members and advises the floor leader of the number of votes that can be counted on in any matter -Committee Chairperson -Member of the majority party with the most seniority (years of service) who chairs a committee, making key decisions about the treatment of a bill	25
5886575719	Powers of Congress	-Passes laws (both) -Confirms/rejects presidential appointments (senate) -Declares war and makes peace (both) -Impeaches federal government officials (house brings charges, senate holds trial) -Ratifies treaties (senate) -Overrides vetoes (2/3 vote both) -Finances government (all spending bills -> appropriation bills, must start in the house) -Approves the coining of money	26
5886589279	Steps in Making a Law	1) A bill is introduced by a member in one of the houses -It is given a title and printed -Leader of the house sends it to the appropriate committee 2) The bill is studied by the house committee -Committee holds hearings on bill -May amend, rewrite, pigeon hole (ignore), or approve bill -If bill is approved, committee sends it to full house with a favorable report 3) The bill is debated and approved or rejected by full house -The bill may be amended, returned to committee for more revisions, rejected, or approved -If majority of members approve the bill, it is passed and sent to the other house 4) The approved bill is sent to the other house -Given title and read -Sent to appropriate committee 5) The bill is studied by committee 6) If sent by committee, debated and approve or rejected by second house 7) The bill is sent to a joint conference committee if there are differences in the House and Senate versions of the bill. Both houses must approve the same conference committee version of the bill. 8) If bill is approved by both houses, it's then sent to the president. -The president signs or vetoes the bill -Pocket veto -President ignores bill and congress goes out of session within 10 days -Congress can override the veto with a 2/3 vote in each house	27
5886632371	Ways in which a Law may be Changed	1) A new law may be approved which replaces the former law 2) Laws may be repealed or abolished by Congress 3) Laws may be declared unconstitutional and revoked as a result of judicial review and interpretation 4) Citizens may collect a required number of signatures to force a REFERENDUM (legislature refers a piece of legislation to the people to approve/reject through vote) or INITIATIVE (citizens draft a proposed law and it goes on the ballot)	28
5886670798	Types of Laws	-Statutory Laws -Made by law-making bodies -Common Law -Developed from common practice and customary ways of dealing with problems -Administrative Law -Made by governmental agencies or departments -Constitutional Law -Based on the Constitution and the interpretations of the Constitution as described by Supreme Court decisions	29
5886685391	The Executive Branch	The -Components -President -VP -Executive Departments (15) -Cabinet (heads/secretaries of departments) -Qualifications -35 years old+ -Natural-born citizen -US resident for 14 years+ consecutively -Terms of Office -4 years (max. 2 terms because of the 22nd amendment) -Cabinet -Composed of the 15 executive department heads -Advises the president -Appointed by the president; approved by the Senate -Serves as long as the appointing president is in office and wants the member to serve -15 Executive Departments -Include State, Treasury, Defense, Education, Justice, Labor, Commerce, etc.	30
5886720770	Functions and Powers of the Executive Branch	-See that all laws are carried out (enforced) -Approves/vetoes bills passed by Congress -Commands armed forces -Develops and carries out foreign policy (our relationship with other nations) -Appoints ambassadors and federal judges -Proposes laws and programs to Congress -Prepares federal budget -Grants pardons -Administers federal programs and services through Cabinet departments -May call Congress into special session	31
5886740015	Presidential/Vice Presidential Elections	-Primaries and Caucuses are held to decide the delegate who will attend the party's national convention. -Delegates at each party's convention nominate a candidate to represent their party in the general election -In the General Election, voters select their choice of nominated candidates -The Electoral College actually chooses the President -Each state is allotted as many electoral votes (electors) as it has senators and representatives (senators + representatives = electoral votes -> NC has 15) -Every state has at least 3 votes -Total of 538 electoral votes; candidate must receive a majority 270 (435 in House, 100 in Senate, 3 for D.C.) -If no candidate wins a majority, the House chooses the president. Each state gets one vote. Two elections have been decided by the House.	32
5886788325	The Judicial Branch	-Function -To interpret the laws and Constitution -Components (lowest to highest) -District Courts -Trial courts -Original jurisdiction -Judge or jury trial -US Courts of Appeal (Circuit Courts) -Hear cases on appeal from lower courts (appellate jurisdiction) -3 judge panels -No juries -Decisions: Reverse, uphold, or remand (send back to be tried again) -US Supreme Court -Final appeals court -Original jurisdiction in cases dealing with ambassadors and in disputes between states -Interprets laws -Determines constitutionality of acts of other branches (judicial review)	33
5886801896	Terms of Office	-For life, or until resigns/impeachment	34
5886810942	Appointment Process	-Appointed by the President -Approved/confirmed by the Senate	35
5886817508	Majority Opinion	-Written statement by a majority of the justices in support of a decision made by the court (the winning side)	36
5886819114	Minority Opinion (Dissenting Opinion)	-Written statement not supporting the opinion	37
5886825599	Concurring Opinion	-When a justice votes with the majority but for a different reason	38
5886835089	Writ of Habeas Corpus	-Court order that a prisoner be brought before the court to determine if the imprisonment is lawful.	39
5886837076	Writ of Certiorari	-Order issued by a higher court directing a lower court to send up the record of a case for its review	40
5886840402	Due Process of Law	-Constitutional guarantee that the government will not deprive any person of their natural rights by any unfair action (substantive due process - 14th amendment) and that the government must act in accordance with established rules (procedural due process - 5th amendment)	41
5886844359	Criminal Law	-Body of law that defines crimes and their punishments -The government is the accuser (prosecutor)	42
5886847101	Civil Law	-Body of law relating to human conduct, including disputes between private persons (private individual is the plaintiff)	43
5886849683	Defendant	-In a civil case the person who has been accused of wrongdoing -In a criminal case the person the government has charged with a crime	44
5886852648	Misdemeanor	Minor crime (vandalism, parking violations, trespassing, etc.)	45
5886853882	Felony	Serious crime (murder, rape, kidnapping, etc.)	46
5886858281	Court Proceedings	-First Court Appearance -Judge/magistrate determines whether probable cause exists and decides whether to release the accused -Probable Cause Hearing -Evidence is presented to determine whether the case should go to trial -May be in the form of a grand jury or a preliminary hearing. -Arraignment -Formal charges read to defendant -Defendant enters plea -Jury Selection -Attorneys question prospective jurors -Trial or Agreement -Plea bargain: A guilty plea is submitted in return for a lesser charge -Probation: An alternative to prison, offender must follow certain conditions -Parole: The conditional release Acquit: To find not guilty	47
5886889698	Marbury v. Madison	-Established judicial review -Declared Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional	48
5886891523	McCulloch v. Maryland	-National government is supreme in conflict between national and state power	49
5886897483	Gibbons v. Ogden	-Congress regulates interstate commerce	50
5886898285	Gideon v. Wainwright	-Person accused of a major crime has the right to an attorney	51
5886900098	Miranda v. Arizona	-At the time of arrest suspects must be informed of their rights before questioning	52
5886901248	Mapp v. Ohio	-Evidence obtained during an illegal search cannot be used	53
5886901982	Plessy v. Ferguson	-Established the principle of separate but equal	54
5886906853	Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka	-Overturned Plessy -Began school integration	55
5886909331	Swann v. Charlotte Mecklenburg Board of Education	-Using busing to desegregate schools is okay	56
5886915019	Korematsu v. US	-Internment camps upheld -Government can infringe on civil liberties for national security	57
5886916298	Heart of Atlanta Motel v. US	-Prohibits racial discrimination under the commerce clause	58
5886919262	Regents of the University of California v. Bakke	-Affirmative action cannot include quotas	59
5886925304	Roe v. Wade	-Legalized abortion	60
5886925305	Furman v. Georgia	-Death penalty is unconstitutional when it is not applied equally	61
5886927135	Gregg v. Georgia	-Death penalty is not cruel and unusual if it is applied with procedures	62
5886928784	Engel v. Vitale	-School prayer violates the establishment clause	63
5886929648	Tinker v. Des Moines	-Students can wear symbolic speech to protest in school	64
5886931580	Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier	-Inappropriate school newspaper articles can be censored	65
5886932846	New Jersey v. T.L.O.	-School has the right to search if it is "reasonable"	66
5886936625	Bethel School District v. Frasier	-Inappropriate school speech can be prohibited	67
5886937438	Texas v. Johnson	-It's legal to burn the US flag	68
5886942985	Amending the Constitution	-Proposed by -Congress (2/3 vote in each house) -OR National Convention (called by congress at request of two thirds of the state legislatures) -Ratified by -Legislatures (of 3/4 of states) -OR Conventions (in 3/4 of states) -Amendment added to the Constitution -26 of 27 amendments were proposed by Congress and ratified by State Legislatures	69
5886998799	Amendments to the US Constitution (13th)	-Abolished slavery	70
5886999530	Amendments to the US Constitution (14th)	-Defines citizenship -Due process protections -Equal protection clause	71
5887000773	Amendments to the US Constitution (15th)	-No denial of vote due to race, color, or previous condition of servitude	72
5887001749	Amendments to the US Constitution (18th)	-Prohibition of alcoholic beverages	73
5887003711	Amendments to the US Constitution (19th)	-Gave women the right to vote (suffrage)	74
5887004742	Amendments to the US Constitution (21st)	-Repeal of the 18th amendment	75
5887006120	Amendments to the US Constitution (24th)	-Outlawed poll taxes (paying money to vote)	76
5887007511	Amendments to the US Constitution (26th)	-Gave 18 year olds the right to vote	77
5887011639	Informal Ways of Amending the Constitution	-Passage of basic legislation -Laws spell out brief provisions -How Congress uses its powers -Actions taken by the President -How the President uses his or her powers (e.g. Executive agreement avoids need for Senate approval) -Decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court -Interpret the meaning of the Constitution -Activities of political parties -Not mentioned in the Constitution (the executive cabinet)	78
5887022354	Interpretation of the Constitution	-Strict Constructionist -One who advocates a narrow interpretation of the Constitution's provisions, in particular those granting power to the government -Loose Constructionist -One who believes that the provisions of the Constitution are to be constructed in broad terms (liberal constructionist)	79

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Biochemistry Flashcards

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5356278910	Atom	The smallest unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical element.	0
5356278911	Molecule	The smallest particle in a chemical element or compound. These particles are made up of two or more atoms that are held together by chemical bonds.	1
5356278912	Covalent bond	A chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.	2
5356278913	Ionic bond	A type of chemical bond that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.	3
5356278915	Macromolecule	A very large molecule, such as protein, commonly created by polymerization of smaller subunits (monomers). They are sometimes composed of thousands or more atoms.	4
5356278917	Tissue	Distinct types of material which make up organisms and consist of specialized cells and their products.	5
5356278918	Carbohydrate	A biological molecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms. Examples are sugar, cellulose, chitin and starch.	6
5356278919	Nucleic acid	A large biological molecule made up of nucleotides. Examples are DNA and RNA.	7
5356278920	Protein	A large biological molecule composed of one or more long chains of amino acids. Examples include all enzymes, collagen, keratin, insulin, immunoglobulins, muscle fibers.	8
5356278921	Lipid	A large biological molecule made up of fatty acids that are not soluble water. Examples include fats, waxes, and cholesterol.	9
5356278922	Isotope	each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, and hence differ in relative atomic mass but not in chemical properties; in particular, a radioactive form of an element.	10
5356278924	Enzyme	a protein produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction.	11
5356278925	Monomer	a subunit of a bigger molecule, a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.	12
5356278926	Polymer	a substance that has a molecular structure consisting chiefly or entirely of a large number of similar units bonded together, e.g., many synthetic organic materials used as plastics and resins.	13
5356278927	Element	each of more than one hundred substances that cannot be chemically interconverted or broken down into simpler substances.	14