| CourseNotes

American Pageant Ch. 19 Key Terms/People to Know Flashcards

3636188637	Dred Scott v. Stanford	Supreme Court decision that extended federal protection to slavery by ruling that Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in any territory. Also declared that slaves, as property, were not citizens of the United States.	0
3636188638	Bleeding Kansas	Civil war in Kansas over the issue of slavery in the territory, fought intermittently until 1861, when it merged with the wider national Civil War.	1
3636188639	Confederate States of America	Government established after seven Southern states seceded from the Union. Later joined by four more states from the Upper South.	2
3636188640	Constitutional Union Party	Formed by moderate Whigs and Know-Nothings in an effort to elect a compromise candidate and avert a sectional crisis	3
3636188641	Crittenden amendments	Proposed in an attempt to appease the South, the failed Constitutional amendments would have given federal protection for slavery in all territories south of 36°30' where slavery was supported by popular sovereignty.	4
3636188642	Freeport Doctrine	Declared that since slavery could not exist without laws to protect it, territorial legislatures, not the Supreme Court, would have the final say on the slavery question. First argued by Stephen Douglass in 1858 in response to Abraham Lincoln's "Freeport Question".	5
3636188643	Freeport Question	Raised during one of the Lincoln-Douglas debates by Abraham Lincoln, who asked whether the Court or the people should decide the future of slavery in the territories.	6
3636188644	Harpers Ferry	Federal arsenal in Virginia seized by abolitionist John Brown in 1859. Though Brown was later captured and executed, his raid alarmed Southerners who believed that Northerners shared in Brown's extremism.	7
3636188645	Lecompton Constitution	Proposed Kansas constitution, whose ratification was unfairly rigged so as to guarantee slavery in the territory. Initially ratified by proslavery forces, it was later voted down when Congress required that the entire constitution be put up for a vote.	8
3636188646	Lincoln-Douglas debates	Series of debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglass during the U.S. Senate race in Illinois. Douglass won the election but Lincoln gained national prominence and emerged as the leading candidate for the 1860 Republican nomination	9
3636188647	New England Emigrant Aid Company	Organization created to facilitate the migration of free laborers to Kansas in order to prevent the establishment of slavery in the territory.	10
3636188648	Panic of 1857	Financial crash brought on by gold-fueled inflation, overspeculation, and excess grain production. Raised calls in the North for higher tariffs and for free homesteads on western public lands.	11
3636188649	Tariff of 1857	Lowered duties on imports in response to a high Treasury surplus and pressure from Southern farmers.	12
3636188650	The Impending Crisis of the South	Antislavery tract, written by white Southerner Hinton R. Helper, arguing that non-slaveholding whites actually suffered most in a slave economy.	13
3636188651	Uncle Tom's Cabin	Harriet Beecher Stowe's widely read novel that dramatized the horrors of slavery. It heightened Northern support for abolition and escalated the sectional conflict.	14
3636194479	Harriet Beecher Stowe	author of Uncle Tom's Cabin, a novel that 'started the civil war'. It's effects were seen in the North (where they refused to enforce the new Fugitive Slave Law) as well as Europe (where Britain wanted to aid the South for economic benefits, but they didn't because they knew it would go against the many views of their own people)	15
3636196005	Henry Ward Beecher	Harriet's brother who was a preacher. He contributed weapons to the abolitionist movement, such as his acclaimed 'Beecher's Bibles' rifles	16
3636198553	James Buchanan	The 15th President of the United States (1857-1861). He tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both North and South, and he was unable to forestall the secession of South Carolina on December 20, 1860.	17
3636199847	Charles Sumner	Senator for Massachusetts who gave a speech called "The Crime Against Kansas" which went on to denounce the South, insult South Carolina and it's senator Andrew Butler. Reelected despite injury.	18
3636201674	Preston S. Brooks	Congressman for South Carolina who, pissed off by Sumner, wanted to challenge Sumner to a duel- but he felt that would make him a lower rank considering a duel is fought between those of equal social rank. So instead he beat Sumner with his cane. He was also reelected despite beating Sumner.	19
3636204212	Dred Scott	Slave who argued that since he lived in a free state, he should have his freedom. The Supreme Court ruled (1) he didn't even have citizenship, so he had no right to sue over the matter (2) he was his master's property and according to the fifth amendment, the judicial system can not take away someone's property (3) the Compromise of 1850 was unconstitutional and (4) they had no right to ban slavery from territories.	20
3636211820	Roger Taney	Supreme Court justice during Dred Scott case	21
3636216460	Stephen Douglas	a leading Democratic senator in the 1850s; nicknamed the "Little Giant" for his small size and great political power, he steered the Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act through Congress. Although increasingly alienated from the southern wing of his party, he ran against his political rival Abraham Lincoln for president in 1860 and lost.	22
3636217809	Abraham Lincoln	Tried to gain national exposure by debates with Stephen A. Douglas. These debates attracted much attention. His attacks on slavery made him nationally known. He felt slavery was morally wrong, but was not an abolitionist. He felt there was not an alternative to slavery and blacks were not prepared to live on equal terms as whites. Won presidency in November election.	23
3636220606	John Brown	An abolitionist who attempted to lead a slave revolt by capturing Armories in southern territory and giving weapons to slaves, was hung in Harper's Ferry after capturing an Armory	24
3636222289	John Breckinridge	vice president under James Buchanan and Democratic presidential nominee in 1860 who supported slavery and states' rights; he split the Democratic vote with Stephen Douglas and lost the election to Lincoln. He served in Confederate army and as secretary of war	25
3636225647	John Jordan Crittenden	Proposer of the Crittenden Amendments designed to appease the South, that Lincoln flatly rejected.	26

Powered by Quizlet.com

Statistics Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

4790636786	Arcsine Transform	When the data are proportions it is usually recommended that they be transformed with the arcsine transform. This takes the original data x and converts it to the transformed data y using this formula. (Jk08-28)	0
4790636787	Average Deviation	the mean absolute deviation that measures the absolute difference between the mean and each observation. This measure of deviation is not as well defined as is the standard deviation, partly because the mean is the least squares estimator of central tendency -so a measure of deviations that uses squared deviations is more comparable to the mean. (Jk08-718-734)	1
4790636788	Bimodal Frequency Distribution	A combination of two normal distributions -there are two peaks. If you find that your data fall into this distribution you might consider whether the data actually represent two separate populations of measurements. (Jk08-481)	2
4790636789	Central Tendency	In statistics, a __________________ (or more commonly, a measure of ____________________) is a central value of a typical value for a probability distribution. It is occasionally called an average or just the center of the distribution. (Jk08-22)	3
4790636790	Data Reduction	Summarize trends, capture the common aspects of a set of observations such as the average, standard deviation, and correlation among variables. (Jk08-304) In data reduction, we can describe the whole frequency distribution with just two numbers -the mean and the standard deviation. (Jk08-514)	4
4790636791	Degree of Freedom	In trying to measure variance we have to keep in mind that our estimate of the central tendency x-barra is probably wrong to a certain extent. We take this into account by giving up a "degree of freedom" in the sample formula. Degree of freedom is a measure of how much precision an estimate of variation has. (Jk08-734)	5
4790636792	x-bar		6
4790636793	Dispersion	We usually want to also know how closely clustered the data are around the central point or most typical value in the data. That is, how dispersed are the data values away from the center of the distribution? The minimum possible amount of dispersion is the case in which every measurement has the same value. (Jk08-718)	7
4790636794	Frequency Distribution	An arrangement of the values that one or more variables take in a sample. Each entry in the table contains the frequency of count of the occurrences of values within a particular group or interval, and in this way, the table summarizes the distribution of values in the sample. (Wikipedia)	8
4790636795	Histogram	A graphical representation of the distribution of data. It is an estimate of the probability distribution of a continuous variable and was first introduced by Karl Pearson. (Wikipedia)	9
4790636796	Inference	Generalize from a representative set of observations to a large universe of possible observations using hypothesis tests such as the t-test or analysis of variance. (Jk08-210) The normal distribution provides a basis for drawing inferences about the accuracy of our statistical estimates. (Jk08:515)	10
4790636797	Interval	This is a property that is measured on a scale that does not have a true zero value. In an interval scale, the magnitud of differences of adjacent observations can be determined (unlike the adjacent items on an ordinal scale), but because the zero value on the scale is arbitrary the scale cannot be interpreted in any absolute sense (Farenheit or Celcius scales). (Jk08-323)	11
4790636798	J-Shaped Frequency Distribution	This is a kind of skewed distribution with most observations coming from the very end of the measurement scale. For example, if you count speech errors per utterance you might find that most utterances have a speech error count of zero. So in a histogram, the number of utterances with a low error count will be very high and will decrease dramatically as the number of errors per utterance increases. (Jk08-481)	12
4790636799	Least squares estimates of central tendency	This means that if we take the difference between the mean and each value in our data set, square these differences and add them up, we will have a smaller value than if we were to do the same thing with the median or any other estimate of the "mid-point" of the data set. (Jk08669-674) This property is a very useful one of the derivation of statistical tests of significance. (Jk08:674)	13
4790636800	Mean	Also referred to as the arithmetic average, this is the least squares estimate of central tendency. First, how to calculate the mean -sum the data values and then divide by the number of values in the data set. (Jk08:660)	14
4790636801	Measures of Central Tendency	1. Mode 2. Median (center of gravity) 3. Mean (arithmetic average)	15
4790636802	Mode	The most frequently occurring value in the distribution --the tip of the frequency distribution. (Jk08:645)	16
4790636803	Nominal	Named properties --they have no meaningful order on a scale of any type. (Jk08:323) Examples: What language is being observed? What dialect.	17
4790636804	Normal Distribution	This is an especially useful theoretical function... If this is a good description of the source of variability in our measurements, then we can model this situation by assuming that the underlying property is at the center of the frequency distribution that we observe in our measurements and that the spread of the distribution is caused by error, with bigger errors being less likely to occur than smaller errors. (Jk08-443)	18
4790636805	Normal Distribution (2)	In this distribution, measurements tend to congregate around a typical value and values become less and less likely as they deviate further from this central value. (Jk08-461)	19
4790636806	Normal Distribution (3)	The curve of this distribution is defined by two parameters --what the central tendency is (M) and how quickly probability goes down as you move away from the center of the distribution (s). (Jk08-475)	20
4790636807	Descriptive Properties	Each observation has these. Some of these will be qualitative and some will be quantitative-- and descriptive properties (variables) come in one of four types: (i) Nominal, (ii) Ordinal, (iii) Interval, and (iv) Ratio. (Jk08-323)	21
4790636808	Ordinal	Orderable propierties --they aren't observed on a measurable scale, but this kind of property is transitive so that if is less than and is less than then is also less than . (e.g. excellent, good, fair, poor) (Jk08:323)	22
4790636809	Probabilty	One of the main goals of quantitative analysis is the exploration of processes that may have a basis in probability: theoretical modeling, say in information theory, or in practical contexts such as a probabilistic sentence parsing. (Jk08:515) We can quantify the difference between the sample mean and the hypothesized population mean in terms of a probability. (Jk08-1173)	23
4790636810	Probability Density Function (p.d.f.)	As probability theory is used in quite diverse applications, terminology is not uniform and sometimes confusing. This is most often reserved for continuous random variables. (Wikipedia) This takes the familiar bell-shaped curved. (Jk08:962)	24
4790636811	Probability Plot	This plot is a graphical technique for assessing whether or not a date set follows a given distribution such as the normal or Weibull. The data are plotted against a theoretical distribution in such a way that the points should form approximately a straight line. Departures from this straight line indicates departures from the specified distribution. (Jk08:583)	25
4790636812	Advantages of q-q plot	(1) The sample sizes do not need to be equal. (2) Many distributional aspects can be simultaneously tested. For example, shifts in location, shifts in scale, changes in symmetry, and the presence of outliers can all be detected from this plot. (Jk08-583)	26
4790636813	Quantile	By this, we mean the fraction (or percent) of points below the given value. That is the 0.3 (or 30%) one is the point at which 30% of the data fall below and 70% fall above that value. (Jk08-568)	27
4790636814	Quantile-quantile (q-q) plot	This is a graphical technique for determining if two data sets come from populations with a common distribution. This is a plot of the quantiles of the first data set against the quantiles of the second data set. A 45-degree reference line is also plotted. If the two sets come from a population with the same distribution, the points should fall approximately along this reference line. The greater the departure from this reference line, the greater the evidence of the conclusion that the two data sets have come from populations with different distributions. (Jk08-586)	28
4790636815	Quantitative Analysis	The four main goals of this are: (1) data reduction, (2) inference, (3) discovery of relationships, and (4) exploration of processes that may have a basis in probability. (Jk08-304)	29
4790636816	Range	A simple, but not very useful measure of dispersion is the range of the data values. This is the difference between the maximum and minimum values in the data set. (Jk08-78)	30
4790636817	Ratio	This is a property that we measure on a scale that does have an absolute zero value. This is called a ratio scale because ratios of these measurements are meaningful. Examples: acoustic measures --frequency, duration, frequency counts, reaction time. (Jk08-323)	31
4790636818	Relationships Discovery	Find descriptive or casual patterns in data which may be described in multiple regression models or in factor analysis. (Jk08-515)	32
4790636819	Root Mean Square (RMS)	The variance is the average squared deviation --the units are squared-- to get back to the original unit of measure we take the square root of the variance. This is the same as the value known as the RMS (root mean square), a measure of deviation used in acoustic phonetics (among other disciplines). (Jk08-734-755)	33
4790636820	Sum of The Squared Deviations		34
4790636821	Skewed Frequency Distribution	If measurements are taken on a scale, as we approach one end of the scale the frequency distribution is bound to be skewed because there is a limit beyond which the data values cannot go. We most often run into skewed frequency distributions when dealing with percentage data and reaction time data (where negative reactions times are not meaningful). (Jk08-475)	35
4790636822	Standardizing a data set	We can relate the frequency distribution of our data to the normal distribution because we know the mean and standard deviation of both. The key is to be able to express any value in a data set in terms of its distance in standard deviations from the mean. This way of expressing data values, in standard deviation units, puts our data on the normal distribution --where the mean is 0 and the standard deviation is 1. (Jk08-780-803)	36
4790636823	Transformation	One standard method that is used to make a data set fall on a more normal distribution is to transform the data from the original measurement scale and put it on a scale that is stretched or compressed in helpful ways. (Jk08-630)	37
4790636824	Types of Distribution	Data come in a variety of shapes of frequency distributions: (a) uniform, (b) skewed, (c) bimodal, (d) normal, (e) J-shaped, (f) U-shaped.	38
4790636825	U-shaped Frequency Distribution	A very polarized distribution of results. If you ask a number of people how strongly they supported the US invasion of Iraq most people world be either strongly in favor or strongly opposed with not too many in the middle. (Jk08-491)	39
4790636826	Uniform Frequency Distribution	If every outcome is equaly likely then the distribution is uniform. This happens for example with the six sideds of a dice -each one is (supposed to be) equally likely, so if you count up the number of rolls that come up "1" it should be on average 1 out of every 6 rolls. (Jk08-461)	40
4790636827	Variance	Variance is like the mean absolute deviation except that we square the deviations before averaging them. The variance is the average squared deviation --the units are squared--. (Jk08-734)	41
4790636828	Population Variance		42
4790636829	Sample Variance		43
4790636830	Weighted Mean	Suppose you asked someone to rate the grammaticality of a set of sentences, but you also left the person rate their ratings, to say that they feel very sure or not very sure at all about the rating given. These confidence values can be used as weights (Wi) in calculating the central tendency of the ratings, so that ratings given with high confidence influence the measure more than ratings given with a sense of confusion. (Jk08-695-718)	44
4790636831	Z-scores	The data values are converted into z-scores when each data value is replaced by the distance between it and the sample mean where the distance is measured as the number of standard deviations between the data value and the mean. Z-scores always have a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. (Jk08-803)	45
4790739050	population mean	mu Calculated by adding up all the values in a population and dividing by the number of items in that population Sum(all items) ------ number of items	46
4790777938	t statistic	used for validating or invalidating null hypothesis where it's less than 30 and you can't use the normal distribution follows a "normalized T distribution"	47
4790802748	standard deviation	"A measure of how much the data is varying from the mean"	48
4797961535	confidence interval	The confidence with which you can determine that a sample mean reflects a population mean within two parameters. E.G. I can say with 95% probability that the value of the population mean is .568 plus or minus .08.	49
4798191622	type 1 error	rejecting Ho when it is actually true	50
4798193819	type II error	rejecting H1 when it is actually true. Likelihood of beta is how likely type II error is.	51
4798197994	POWER	1 - beta. Null hypothesis is false and you reject it.	52
4798207648	parts of all statistical tests	Hypotheses test statistic critical value	53
4798208725	critical value	the probability value at reject the null hypothesis	54
4805793836	degrees of freedom	the number of values that are free to vary given summary statistics we are using.	55
4805815079	t test	you estimate the standard of deviation by using sample means. Totally different test. It gets more accurate as the degrees of freedom approach infinity, because you are getting closer to the population mean.	56
4805912551	two sample t test	test with two samples, and you are often comparing if the mean of both is no different. For example, a control group and a treatment group. null Hypothesis= u1-U2=0 hypothesis= U1-U2 does not equal 0	57
4805925626	causal inference	items or people are randomly assigned to groups such that the independent variable really is causing the difference in the dependent variable.	58
4805948356	nonrandom assignment	differences in results...could be explained by independent variable or other influences (If parents signed up the kids, that could be it).	59
4805999165	pooled standard deviation	used to compare two samples in a t test and combine their error. based on the assumption that the groups in the population having equal variance.	60
5026128952	factorial design	design used when you have more than one factor in a statistical analysis	61
5026135987	factor	In an experiment, the factor (also called an independent variable) is an explanatory variable manipulated by the experimenter. Each factor has two or more levels, i.e., different values of the factor. from Stattrek.com	62
5026176724	interaction effect	the effect of two factors collectively on a dependent variable. The main reason you perform a two factor ANOVA is to see the interaction effect as well as the main effects of the variables	63
5026218369	ANOVA	Analysis of Variance--	64
5026256375	Multiple Comparison Procedures (MCP)	What do you do if you reject the null hypothesis in ANOVA. If J>2--you don't know which groups yet... Only two groups--we know those two are the different ones. Used to control family-wise type 1 error rate and determine which groups are significantly different from each other. In general, you should do planned comparisons based on Theory; post-hoc should be reserved for exploratory situations. planned: higher power; limited to only a beforehand/a priori hypothesis Post hoc: can test everything (an infinity of tests); but... lower power	65
5026270518	ANCOVA	looking at covariance and filtering out the effects of "nuisance variables" to show the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable.	66
5026290207	two-factor ANOVA	Analysis of variance, also called ANOVA, is a collection of methods for comparing multiple means across different groups. It "Computes an F-Ratio of the variance between groups over the variance inside the groups, both scaled by their respective degrees of freedom: MSB/MSW. You take the variance??? of the means you want to compare, and you find the fstatistic critical number based on alpha (probability at which you reject the null hypothesis) using the degrees of freedom of the numerator and the the degreees of freedom of the denominator, v2. when you reject the null: Treatment + error It's an Omnibus test--you can test all variables/everything overall	67
5034798612	least squares	the best fit line with the lowest variance (squared error)	68

Powered by Quizlet.com

NUCLEIC ACIDS Flashcards

DNA and RNA

Terms : Hide Images

925291800	RNA	Ribonucleic acid is a single stranded nucleic acid with nucleotides cytosine, glutamine, adenine and uracil. Ribose is the sugar in RNA. RNA is used by organisms for protein synthesis.	0
925291801	DNA	Deoxynucleic acid is a double stranded nucleic acid with nucleiotides cytosine, glutamine, adenine and thymine. Deoxyribose is the sugar in DNA. DNA carries the genetic information for all life forms.	1
3361591456	WATSON AND CRICK	Scientists that developed double helix model of DNA.	2
3361596782	GUANINE	Component of nucleic acids that carries hereditary information in DNA and RNA in cells; pairs with cytosine.	3
3361600980	CYTOSINE	Type of nitrogen base, abbreviated as C and paired with G.	4
3361613442	ADENINE	A component of nucleic acids, energy-carrying molecules such as ATP, and certain coenzymes. Symbol is A and pairs with T.	5
3361619326	THYMINE	A component of nucleic acid that carries hereditary information in DNA in cells. Chemically, it is a pyrimidine base.	6
3361626525	URACIL	Nitrogen-containing base found in RNA (but not in DNA) and derived from pyrimidine; its symbol is U.	7
3361631985	NUCLEOTIDE	Monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base	8
3361638719	GENOME	All genetic information in an organism; all of an organism's chromosomes.	9

Powered by Quizlet.com

Ap Literature Final review Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

3519749982	irony	expressing one's meaning by using language that signifies the opposite	0
3519764220	mood	referred to as the atmosphere of a literary piece	1
3519767616	plot	general events in a story	2
3519770264	denotation	dictionary definition of a word	3
3519777901	connotation	feeling or idea a word invokes to its literal meaning	4
3519862573	thematic analysis		5
3519867701	Style and Prose analysis		6
3519867702	prosaic	having the style or diction of prose; lacking poetic beauty; unimaginative	7
3519876260	amorous	showing or relating to sexual desire	8
3519881402	prescience	foreknowledge; knowing something before it takes place	9
3519891468	epitaph	written in memory of a person who has passed away	10
3519895112	adage	proverb or short statement expressing the general truth based on truth usually in metaphorical language	11
3519909632	Aphorism	is a brief sentence or phrase that expresses an opinion or makes a statement of wisdom.	12
3520026175	epithet??	adjective expressing a quality characteristic of a person	13
3520037173	pragmatic	dealing with things sensibly and practically	14
3520115984	valiant	possessing or showing determination, courage	15
3520128160	insipid	lacking vigor or interest/flavor	16
3520134210	ardent	enthusiastic; passionate	17
3520140204	non-sequitur	conclusion that does not follow from the premise	18
3520149215	covenant--	a formal agreement between two or more persons to do or not to do something. God's promise to humanity to keep them safe if they were faithful to him.	19
3520233689	desiccated	dehydrated; lacking interest, passion, energy	20
3520238847	pallid	pale; lacking interest and vitality	21
3520262994	drab	dull	22
3520269207	archaic diction	It is the use of writing or speech which is now rarely used. It is the use of older versions of language	23
3520539184	tone	attitude of writer towards the literary piece	24
3520545086	Shift	topic, focus or tone change in a poem	25
3520550537	speaker		26
3520550538	voice		27
3520554342	direct characterization	characterization using descriptive adjectives	28
3520562422	indirect characterization	the process by which the writer shows the character's personality through speech, actions and appearance.	29
3520593145	1st point of view	one of the characters tells the story	30
3521327480	2nd point of view	narration that speaks to the reader or another character in the story, directly addressed as "you."	31
3521330927	3rd point of view	narration by one who does not take part in the action of the story	32
3520597866	colloquialism	informal expression for a formal situation	33
3520600497	diction	author's word choice	34
3520604021	idioms	A word or phrase that is not taken literally, it also refers to a dialect or jargon of a group of people, either in a certain region or a group with common interests	35
3520676919	metaphor	a figure of speech that makes a comparison between two unlike things without the use of such specific words of comparison as like, as	36
3520676920	simile	a figure of speech that makes an explicitly comparison between two unlike things, using words such as like, as	37
3520692433	personification	a figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes.	38
3520765963	analogy	general comparison made between two things to show how they are alike	39
3520781455	extended metaphor	a metaphor that is extended or developed as far as the writer wants to take it	40
3520785649	hyperbole	a figure of speech that uses an incredible exaggeration or overstatement,for effect	41
3520801825	paradox	a statement that appears self-contradictory, but that reveals a kind of truth	42
3520806216	syntax	determines how the chosen words are used to form a sentence	43
3521114125	inversion	the reversal of the normal word order in a sentence or phrase	44
3521122995	theme	defined as a main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be stated directly or indirectly.	45
3521152284	setting	the time, place, physical details, and circumstances in which a story occurs	46
3521152285	satire	the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity or vices; mockery	47
3543730465	allegory	a figure of speech in which abstract ideas and principles are described in terms of characters, figures and events and can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning	48

Powered by Quizlet.com

American Pageant 13th Edition Ch 26 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

3728925680	Colonel Chivington	Command murdered 400 in Sand Creek Massacre located in Colorado	0
3728931697	Bozeman Trail	1866 Sioux War party attacked the soldiers on this trail searching gold in Montana	1
3728940388	Captain Fetterman	Lead Bozeman Trail party and was attacked by Sioux, all 81 killed (rare Indian victory)	2
3728950430	Colonel Custer	Led scientific expedition to South Dakota for gold (Sioux Reservation), slaughtered in the Battle of Little Bighorn	3
3728964410	Nez Perce	Moved to Kansas in 1887, 40% died/ Involved in Battle of Bearpaw Mountain in Montana	4
3728967938	Bison	Hunchback cows. Hunted for hides & tongues. Hunted for sport til nearly extinct	5
3728980529	Helen Hunt Jackson	Author of Children's literature. Century of Dishonor & Ramona: government mistreatment of Indians	6
3728987172	Dawes Severalty Act	1887 Legally dissolved tribes and tribal ownership. "Americanized" Indians. Some restored in Indian Reorganization Act of 1934	7
3728999670	Dingley Tariff Bill	Passed in 1897. Proposed higher tariffs to cover national deficit	8
3729009309	Carlisle Indian School	Located in Penn 1879. Native American children were "Americanized"	9
3729011774	59ers	Rushed to Rockies to search for gold/ Nevada to search for Silver (Comstock Lode)	10
3729021791	Homestead Act of 1862	Adult citizens could claim 160 acres of land if they paid $30 & improved the land they lived on in 5 years	11
3729028955	Oklahoma	Relocated Indian Tribes. Oklahoma Organic Act- relocate Cherokee. State in 1902. "Sooners" settlers that came before 1890	12
3729035834	Gold Standard of 1900	Established gold as only backing for paper money. Ended bi-metalism (NO SILVER)	13
3729039930	1887 Droughts	Earth dry. Agriculture rough. 6 year drought in Kansas and Montana. Dry Farming & Wheat imported to deal with conditions	14
3729045397	Grange	Association ran by Oliver Kelley est in 1867 that wanted to enhance the isolated lives of farmers	15
3729052496	Populists	Political Party created from Farmer's Alliance. Attacked Wall Street & wanted nationalized RR, Telephone & Telegraph, graduated income tax, sub treasury with loans for farmers, coinage of silver	16
3729062194	Jacob Coxey	Went to Washington and led a march demanded that government use inflationary public works program to combat unemployment	17
3729068428	Eugene Debs	Labor leader. Organized American Railway Union. Imprisoned multiple times. Ran for President as a 3rd party candidate	18
3729074683	William McKinley	23rd President. Liked protective tariff and gold standard. Conservative and pro business.	19
3729078299	William Jennings Bryan	Lawyer. Democratic Populist Party. Pro inflation and Silver. Cross of Gold Speech. Ran for President multiple times- lost	20

Powered by Quizlet.com

Chapter 24 Matching, Chapter 24: The American Pageant Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

5873706854	Leland Stanford	Former California Governor and organizer of the Central Pacific Railroad	0
5873706855	Russel Conwell	Pro-business clergyman whose "Acres of Diamonds" speeches criticized the poor	1
5873706856	James J. Hill	Public-spirited railroad builder who assisted farmers in the northern areas served by his rail lines	2
5873706857	Cornelius Vanderbilt	Aggressive eastern railroad builder and consolidator who scorned the law as an obstacle to his enterprise	3
5873706858	James Buchanan Duke	Wealthy southern industrialist whose development of mass-produced cigarettes led him to endow a university that later bore his name	4
5873706859	Alexander Graham Bell	Former teacher of the deaf whose invention created an entire new industry	5
5873706860	Thomas Edison	Inventive genius of industrialization who worked on devices such as the electric light, the phonograph, and the motion picture	6
5873706861	Andrew Carnegie	Scottish immigrant who organized a vast new industry on the principle of "vertical integration"	7
5873706862	John D. Rockefeller	Aggressive energy-industry monopolist who used tough means to build a trust based on "horizontal integration"	8
5873706863	J. Pierpont Morgan	The only businessperson in America wealthy enough to buy out Andrew Carnegie and organized the Uniter States Steel Corporation	9
5873706864	Henry Grady	Southern newspaper editor who tirelessly promoted industrialization as the salvation of the economically backward South	10
5873706865	Terence V. Powderly	Eloquent leader of a secretive labor organization that made substantial gains in the 1880s before it suddenly collapsed	11
5873706866	William Graham Summer	Intellectual defender of laissez-faire capitalism who argued that the wealthy owed "nothing" to the poor	12
5873706867	John P. Altgeld	Illinois governor who pardoned the Haymarket anarchist	13
5873706868	Samuel Gompers	Organizer of a conservative craft-union group and advocate of "more" wages for skilled workers	14
5873706869	Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois	A Supreme Court decision that prohibited states from regulating the railroads because the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce. As a result, reformers turned their attention to the federal government, which now held sole power to regulate the railroad industry.	15
5873706870	Interstate Commerce Act	Congressional legislating that established the Interstate Commerce Commission, compelled railroads to publish standard rates, and prohibited rebates and pools. Railroads quickly became adept at using the Act to achieve their own ends, but the Act gave the government an important means to regulate big business.	16
5873706871	vertical integration	The practice perfected by Andrew Carnegie of controlling every step of the industrial production process in order to increase efficiency and limit competition.	17
5873706872	horizontal integration	The practice perfected by John D. Rockefeller of dominating a particular phase of the production process in order to monopolize a market, often by forming trusts and alliances with competitors.	18
5873706873	trust	A mechanism by which one company grants control over its operation, through ownership of its stock, to another company. The Standard Oil Company became known for this practice in the 1870s as it eliminated its competition by taking control of smaller oil companies.	19
5873706874	interlocking directorates	The practice of having executives or directors from one company serve on the Board of Directors of another company. J.P. Morgan introduced this practice to eliminate banking competition in the 1890s.	20
5873706875	Standard Oil Company	John D. Rockefeller's company, formed in 1870, which came to symbolize trusts and monopolies of the Gilded Age. By 1877 this company controlled 95% of the oil refineries in the US. It was also one of the first multinational corporations, and at times distributed more than half of the company's kerosene production outside the US. By the turn of the century it had become a target for trust-busting reformers, and in 1911 the Supreme Court order it to break up into several dozen smaller companies.	21
5873706876	Social Darwinists	Believers in the idea, popular in the late nineteenth century, that people gained wealth by "survival of the fittest." Therefore, the wealthy had simply won a natural competition and owed nothing to the poor, and indeed service to the poor would interfere with this organic process. Some of these people also applied this theory to whole nations and races, explaining that powerful peoples were naturally endowed with gifts that allowed them to gain superiority over others. This theory provided one of the popular justifications for US imperial ventures like the Spanish-American War.	22
5873706877	Sherman Anti-Trust Act	A law that forbade trusts or combinations in business, this was landmark legislation because it was one of the first Congressional attempts to regulate big business for the public good. At first the law was mostly used to restrain trade unions as the courts tended to side with companies in legal cases. In 1914 the Act was revised so it could more effectively be used against monopolistic corporations.	23
5873706878	National Labor Union	The first national labor organization in US history was founded in 1866 and gained 600,000 members from many parts of the workforce, although it limited the participation of Chinese, women, and blacks. The organization devoted much energy to fighting for an eight-hour workday before it dissolved in 1872.	24
5873706879	Knights of Labor	The second national labor organization, organized in 1869 as a secret society and opened for public membership in 1881. This group was known for their efforts to organize all workers, regardless of skill level, gender, or race. After the mid-1880s their membership declined for a variety of reasons, including this groups participation in violent strikes and discord between skilled and unskilled members.	25
5873706880	Haymarket Square	A May Day rally that turned violent when someone threw a bomb into the middle of the meeting, killing several dozen people. Eight anarchists were arrested for conspiracy contributing to the disorder, although evidence linking them to the bombing was thin. Four were executed, one committed suicide, and three were pardoned in 1893.	26
5873706881	American Federation of Labor	A national federation of trade unions that included only skilled workers, founded in 1866. Led by Samuel Gompers for nearly four decades, they sought to negotiate with employers for a better kind of capitalism that rewarded workers fairly with better wages, hours, and conditions. Their membership was almost entirely white and male until the middle of the twentieth century.	27
5873706882	closed shop	A union organizing term that refers to the practice of allowing only unionized employees to work for a particular company. The AFL became known for negotiating these agreements with employers, in which the employer would agree not to hire non-union members.	28
5873706883	Cornelius Vanderbilt	A railroad magnate who made millions in steam-boating before beginning a business consolidating railroads and eliminating competition in industry.	29
5873706884	Alexander Graham Bell	The inventor of the telephone, patented in 1876.	30
5873706885	Thomas Alva Edison	The inventor of, among other things, the electric light bulb, the phonograph, the mimeograph, the moving picture, and a machine capable of taking X-rays. Ultimately he held more than 1,000 patents for his inventions.	31
5873706886	Andrew Carnegie	A tycoon who came to dominate the burgeoning steel industry. His company, later named US Steel, was the biggest corporation in US history in 1901. After he retired, he donated most of his fortune to public libraries, universities, arts organizations, and other charitable causes.	32
5873706887	John D. Rockefeller	The founder of the Standard Oil Company, he developed the technique of horizontal integration and compelled other oil companies to join the Standard Oil "trust." He became the richest person in the world and the US's first billionaire. He later became known for his philanthropic support of universities and medical research.	33
5873706888	Samuel Gompers	The president of the American Federation of Labor nearly every year from its founding in 1886 until his death in 1924. He was no foe of capitalism but wanted employers to offer workers a fair deal by paying high wages and providing job security.	34

Powered by Quizlet.com

American Pageant Chapter 23 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

5830630041	Which two countries beat the US in terms of population?	Britain and France	0
5830630042	Ulysses S Grant was a great soldier but not a great...	politician	1
5830630043	the nation believed that a good general would make a good...	president	2
5830630044	Which cities gave Grant gifts for being a northern hero?	Phil., Washington, Galena, IL and NY	3
5830630045	What year was Grant given the republican nom.?	1868	4
5830630046	Why did the Republicans nominate him?	wanted to reconstruct the south with force	5
5830630047	what was grant's campaign slogan?	let us have peace	6
5830630048	What did all democrats agree on?	denounced military reconstruction	7
5830630049	Which democrats wanted war bonds to be redeemed in gold?	wealthy eastern	8
5830630050	Which democrats presented the "ohio idea" that called for redemption in greenbacks?	poorer midwestern	9
5830630051	why did they want redemption in greenbacks?	lower interest rates	10
5830630052	Did the Democratic nominee Horatio Seymour accept the ohio idea?	no	11
5830630053	gaining support for grant by "waving the blood shirt" means what?	reviving gory memories of the civil war	12
5830630054	who won electoral college?	grant	13
5830630055	who did whites vote for the most?	seymour	14
5830630056	which states ballots were not counted?	MI, TX, and VA	15
5830630057	which people were corrupt?	railroad promoters, stock market manipulators, judges, legislators, and politicians	16
5830630058	who were "jubilee jim"fisk and jay gould?	pair who plotted in 1869 to corner the gold market	17
5830630059	what did they want the treasury to do?	stop selling gold	18
5830630060	who did they target as a politician?	Grant's brother in law-paid him	19
5830630061	how did their plan fail?	on black friday congress was compelled to release gold	20
5830630062	Who was Burly "boss" tweed?	led tweed ring-employed bribery	21
5830630063	which ny times cartoonist exposed tweed?	thomas nast	22
5830630064	which lawyer prosecuted tweed?	samuel j tilden	23
5830630065	how was grant a part of the crédit mobilier scandal in 1872?	credit mobilier railroad illegally hired themselves to build railroad then gave stock to congressmen-newspaper exposed two congressmen and vice president	24
5830630066	which of grant's cabinet were involved with the whiskey ring in 1874-75?	private secretary and Secretary of War William Belknap	25
5830630067	why did the liberal republican party form?	wanted end of corruption in gov and end of military reconst.	26
5830630068	who did they nominate as pres.?	horace greeley-editor of NY times	27
5830630069	why did Greeley not appeal to democrats but then win they're favor?	he attacked them in his newspaper-then was against military reconst.	28
5830630070	who did the republicans nominate in 1872?	renom. Grant	29
5830630071	who won the election?	grant	30
5830630072	even though the liberal rep. party didn't last, what did they inspire to happen after the election?	passing of amnesty acts against corruption reduce civil war tariffs civil service reform	31
5830630073	what caused the panic of 1873?	bankers had made too many loans to so many projects	32
5830630074	how many businesses went bankrupt?	15000	33
5830630075	how were blacks hit the hardest?	freedmen's savings and trust company collapsed	34
5830630076	why did "cheap money supporters"want more greenbacks?	after the war congress withdrew currency-now thought it would pay off debts easier	35
5830630077	what did creditors want?	wanted deflation of greenbacks	36
5830630078	what did the resumption act of 1875 do?	withdrew more greenbacks from circulation and redemption of debts with gold starting in 1879	37
5830630079	why was silver not used by congress?	was not as valuable as gold-did not use in currency	38
5830630080	did the method of "contraction" (reducing greenback circulation) help the depression?	no, worsened it	39
5830630081	what positive effect did it have?	people didn't want to exchange lighter greenbacks for gold	40
5830630082	what did republican hard money policy lead to?	a democratic HOR in 1874 and Greenback Labor party 1878	41
5830630083	what was the gilded age?	three decades after civil war-nickname by mark twain	42
5830630084	how many times did the majority party in HOR switch between 1869-1891?	six	43
5830630085	which economic issues did the dem and rep agree on?	tariff and civil service reform	44
5830630086	what did republican voters trace their lineage to?	Puritanism- codes of morality and gov should play role in regulating economic and political affairs of society	45
5830630087	and democrats?	lutherans and roman catholics-less stern view on human weakness, toleration of differences, gov should impose single moral standard	46
5830630088	which issues produced political battles at local level?	temperament and religious values	47
5830630089	which issues produced political battles at a bigger level?	prohibition and education	48
5830630090	where was democratic support the strongest?	in the south and northern industrial cities	49
5830630091	where was republican support the strongest?	midwest and rural northeast	50
5830630092	what was the grand army of the republic?	fraternal organization of several hundred veterans	51
5830630093	what is the disbursing of jobs to gain votes?	patronages	52
5830630094	Who led the Stalwart faction?	Lord Roscoe Conkling-US senator of Ny	53
5830630095	Who were the Half-Breeds?	opposed to conklingites-civil service reform	54
5830630096	Who was the leader of the half breeds?	james G blaine	55
5830630097	Was grant able to run for third term?	no-shut down by HOR	56
5830630098	Which republican candidate was the "great unknown"?	rutherford b hayes	57
5830630099	which state gave him the home field advantage?	ohio	58
5830630100	who was the democratic nom.?	samuel j tilden	59
5830630101	who had more electoral votes? who had more popular votes?	tilden for both	60
5830630102	Which three states were disputed?	LA, SC, and FL	61
5830630103	What was the compromise of 1877?	purported informal, unwritten deal that settled the intensely disputed 1876 U.S. presidential election. It resulted in the national government pulling the last federal troops out of the South, and formally ended the Reconstruction Era	62
5830630104	What did the democrats ask in return for hayes being president?	that the gov withdraw troops from LA and SC	63
5830630105	What political aspects did the republicans give the democrats?	assured them place in presidential patronage passed bill for texas and pacific railroad's construction of transcontinental line (promise not kept)	64
5830630106	how many days before the inauguration was the compromise held?	three	65
5830630107	what happened as a result of the hayes-tilden deal?	republicans abandoned efforts for racial equality	66
5830630108	What was the Civil Rights Act 1875?	equal accommodations in public places and prohibited racial discrimination in jury selection-not passed	67
5830630109	What was the 14th amendment?	included only gov violations of civil rights	68
5830630110	What did blacks face if they tried to assert their rights in the south?	unemployment, eviction, or physical harm	69
5830630111	what was sharecropping?	slaves went on former masters lands who became their landlords and creditors	70
5830630112	what was the "crop-lien" system?	storekeepers extended credit to small farmers for food and supplies-merchants took advantage of blacks	71
5830630113	What were the jim crow laws?	legal codes of segregation literacy requirements, voter registration laws and poll taxes	72
5830630114	what did the pless vs ferguson case say?	"separate but equal" facilities were constitutional	73
5830630115	what did the end of the reconstruction era open up?	class struggle	74
5830630116	why were there class struggles?	depression and panic of 1873	75
5830630117	what caused railroad workers to revolt?	4 top railroad presidents decided to cut workers' wages 1877	76
5830630118	what action by the president increased working class support for the strikers?	called in federal troops	77
5830630119	what did the strike reveal?	weakness of labor movements against the gov	78
5830630120	which two ethnicities clashed the most in labor unions?	irish and chinese	79
5830630121	who were most of the chinese immigrants?	single males who went to west in search of gold-in 1880 most went back to china with savings	80
5830630122	why were these immigrants at a disadvantage?	didn't have children to learn language and assimilate	81
5830630123	who were the kearneyites?	under leadership of irishman Denis Kearn-lashed out against chinese	82
5830630124	what was the chinese exclusion act of 1882?	prohibited further immigration from china	83
5830630125	what did the US vs Wong kim Ark case do?	ruled banning native-born chinese americans as unconstitutional	84
5830630126	who was the republican nom. in 1880?	james A garfield (OH)-won vp-chester A arthur (NY)	85
5830630127	who was the democratic nom.?	winfield scott hancock-war hero	86
5830630128	who did garfield have arguments with?	Sec of state James Blaine and senator roscoe conkling	87
5830630129	who was charles J guiteau?	shot garfield in the back in 1881-died	88
5830630130	what was guiteau's aim?	to give conklingnites good jobs	89
5830630131	what was a positive outcome of the assassination?	caused arthur to reform spoils system	90
5830630132	what was the pendleton act of 1883?	est. civil service commission and campaign contributions from federal employees illegal	91
5830630133	what was the negative outcome?	politicians had to look elsewhere for money-big businesses	92
5830630134	what did blaine lack that made him not be the republican nom. in 1884?	honesty-"mulligan letters"->corrupt deal with railroad	93
5830630135	what was the rumor with democratic nom. grover cleveland?	he was involved in an affair with a widow	94
5830630136	the election of 1884 was based more on .... than ....	personality, principle	95
5830630137	why did the irish vote for cleveland?	blaine didn't stand up for them	96
5830630138	what economic policy did cleveland believe in?	laissez faire-appealed to businessmen and bankers	97
5830630139	which bill did cleveland veto in 1887?	provided seeds for texas farmers	98
5830630140	how did he narrow the north and south chasm?	elected two confederates to cabinent	99
5830630141	why did cleveland fire republicans?	to make room for democrats	100
5830630142	what did cleveland continuously veto?	military pensions	101
5830630143	what resulted from the high tariffs after the war?	a high surplus in congress	102
5830630144	what were the two ways to squander the surplus?	spend on military pensions or lower tariff	103
5830630145	what were the positives of lowering the tariff?	lowered prices for consumers and less protection for monopolies	104
5830630146	what did republicans believe lowering tariffs would do?	higher taxes and lower wages and increased unemployment	105
5830630147	who was the republican nom. in 1888?	benjamin harrison	106
5830630148	who was the democratic nom.?	grover cleveland	107
5830630149	who was the first president voted out of office since Van Buren?	cleveland	108
5830630150	who dominated the house in 1888?	democrats	109
5830630151	who was the republican speaker of the house?	thomas reed	110
5830630152	what did he do to the stubborn democrats?	denied they were legally there in role call	111
5830630153	what did the billion dollar congress do to pay off debt?	gave pensions to civil war veterans and purchased silver	112
5830630154	which tariff protected republican industrialists from foreign competition?	mckinley tariff act of 1890-boosted rates	113
5830630155	why was this a burden to farmers?	had to buy high price american manufactured goods while selling goods to competitive world market	114
5830630156	why were republicans voted out of congress majority in 1890?	rural voters hated tariff-few ppl of Farmers Alliance elected to gov	115
5830630157	what was the populist party?	farmers alliance of west and south	116
5830630158	what did they call for?	inflation of silver, graduated income tax, gov ownership of railroads, telegraph and telephone, direct election of US senators, one term limit of pres., referendum to allow citizens to shape legisl. directly, shorter workday, and immigration restriction	117
5830630159	who did they nominate?	greenbacks Gen. James Weaver	118
5830630160	what was the homestead strike in 1892?	steelworkers angry over pay cuts-used violence	119
5830630161	what was another strike crushed by federal troops in 1892?	silver miners strike in Idaho	120
5830630162	what did the populists fall short of?	the electoral majority	121
5830630163	which group was opposed to them?	industrialist laborers	122
5830630164	why did the south not vote for them?	farmers alliance believed in racial equality	123
5830630165	which populist leader reached out to the black community?	tom watson	124
5830630166	what was the grandfather clause?	excerpted blacks from literacy tests to vote whose forebear had voted in 1860 (almost no one)	125
5830630167	what did the populist party become?	racist	126
5830630168	who become president in 1892?	cleveland-only president to ever be reelected	127
5830630169	what were the causes of the depression of 1893?	overbuilding, labor disorders and agricultural depression, silver, and loans to europe	128
5830630170	what decreased gold?	the "endless chain" operation	129
5830630171	why did cleveland repeal the sherman silver purchase act of 1890?	congress was losing gold money	130
5830630172	what would have happened if cleveland died from mouth surgery and vp adlai e stevenson took over?	would've deepened the crisis	131
5830630173	which democratic congressmen wanted free silver?	william jennings bryan	132
5830630174	what did cleveland do to democrats like him?	alienated them	133
5830630175	what would lowering america's gold standard do?	cripple american international trade	134
5830630176	what did cleveland do to restore the nation's finances?	asked for loans from jp morgan and head of wall st	135
5830630177	what was the backlash he received?	believed he had sold out the nation	136
5830630178	what was the wilson-gorman tariff of 1894?	democrats wanted lower tariff-barely made a dent in mckinley tariff	137
5830630179	who are referred to as the forgettable presidents?	grant, hayes, garfield, arthur, harrison and cleveland	138
5830630180	what did cleveland fail to do?	solve the economic crisis of 1893	139
5830630181	1868	grant defeats seymour for presidency	140
5830630182	1869	fisk and gould corner gold market	141
5830630183	1871	tweed scandal in NY	142
5830630184	1872	credit mobilier scandal exposed liberal republicans break with grant grant defeats greeley for presidency	143
5830630185	1873	panic of 1873	144
5830630186	1875	whiskey ring scandal civil rights act of 1875 resumption act	145
5830630187	1876	hayes-tilden election standoff and crisis	146
5830630188	1877	compromise of 1877 reconstruction ends railroads strikes paralyze nation	147
5830630189	1880	garfield defeats hancock for presidency	148
5830630190	1881	garfield assassinated-arthur as president	149
5830630191	1882	chinese exclusion act	150
5830630192	1883	civil rights cases pendleton act sets up ivil service commission	151
5830630193	1884	cleveland defeats blaine for presidency	152
5830630194	1888	harrison defeats cleveland for presidency	153
5830630195	1890	billion dollar congress mckinley tariff act sherman silver purchase act (repealed 1893)	154
5830630196	1892	homestead steel strike coeur d'alene (idaho) silver miners strike peoples party candidate Weaver wins 22 electoral votes cleveland defeats harrison and weaver for presidency	155
5830630197	1893	depression of 1893 begins republicans regain HOR	156
5830630198	1895	JP morgan's banking syndicate loans $65 million in gold to federal gov	157
5830630199	1896	Plessy vs Ferguson legitimizes "separate but equal"	158

Powered by Quizlet.com

AMSCO AP US History Chapter 21 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 21 The Progressive Era, 1901-1917

Terms : Hide Images

5115049925	urban middle class	Most Progressives were urban middle-class men and women. They included: doctors, lawyers, ministers, storekeepers, office workers, and middle managers. (p. 432)	0
5531076261	male and female	The Progressive were composed of both men and women. (p. 432)	1
5115049926	white, old stock Protestants	Native-born, their churches preached against vice and taught social responsibility. (p. 432)	2
5115049927	professional associations	Groups of individuals who share a common profession and are often organized for common political purposes related to that profession. (p. 432)	3
5115049928	Pragmatism	In the early 20th century this philosophy focused on using a practical approach to morals, ideals, and knowledge. They encouraged experimentation to find solutions that would produce a well-functioning democratic society. (p. 433)	4
5115049929	William James	In the early 20th century, he was an advocate of the new philosophy of pragmatism. He argued that people should take a practical approach to morals, ideals, and knowledge. (p. 433)	5
5115049930	John Dewey	He was a philosopher who believed in "learning by doing" which formed the foundation of progressive education. (p. 433)	6
5115049931	Frederick W. Taylor	An engineer who sought to eliminate wasted motion. Famous for scientific-management, especially time-management studies. (p. 433)	7
5115049932	scientific management	A management theory using efficiency experts to examine each work operation, then find ways to minimize the time needed to complete the work. (p. 433)	8
5115049933	Henry Demarest Lloyd	In 1894, he wrote the book "Wealth Against Commonwealth". He attacked the practices of Standard Oil and the railroads. (p. 434)	9
5115049934	Standard Oil Company	An oil trust with control of many oil refinery companies, which created a monopoly in the oil industry. (p. 434)	10
5115049935	Lincoln Steffans	He wrote "The Shame of the Cities" (1904) which described in detail the corruption that characterized big-city politics. (p. 434)	11
5115049936	Ida Tarbell	A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1902 series "The History of the Standard Oil Company". (p. 434)	12
5115049937	Jacob Riis	In 1890, he wrote "How The Other Half Lives", which showed the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. (p. 434)	13
5115049938	Theodore Dreiser	An American author who wrote "The Financier" and "The Titan", novels which portrayed the avarice and ruthlessness of an industrialist. (p. 434)	14
5115049939	Australian ballot	A government printed ballot of uniform size and shape to be cast in secret that was adopted by many states around 1890. (p. 435)	15
5115049940	direct primary	A nominating process where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office. (p. 435)	16
5115049941	Robert La Follett	In 1903, this Progressive Wisconsin Governor introduced a new system which allowed the voters to directly choose party candidates (direct primary), rather than being selected by party bosses. (p. 435)	17
5115049942	Seventeenth Amendment	In 1913, this constitutional amendment was passed. It required that all U.S. senators be elected by a popular vote. (p. 435)	18
5115049943	direct election of senators	In 1899, Nevada became the first state to elect U.S. senators directly. Previously state legislatures had chosen them. (p. 435)	19
5115049944	initiative, referendum, and recall	Amendments to state constitutions made changes to politics. An initiative allowed reformers to circumvent state legislatures by submitting new legislature to the voters in a general direct election. A referendum is the method by which actions of the legislature could be returned to the electorate for approval. A recall allowed voters to remove a politician from office before their term was completed. (p. 435)	20
5115049945	municipal reform	City bosses and their corrupt alliance with local businesses such as trolley lines and utility companies were targeted for reform by Progressives. (p. 436)	21
5115049946	Samuel M. Jones	This Toledo mayor used "Golden Rule" as his middle name. He instituted free kindergartens, night schools, and public playgrounds. (p. 436)	22
5115049947	Tom L. Johnson	This Cleveland mayor devoted himself to the cause of tax reform and three-cent trolley fares. He fought for public controlled city utilities and services, but failed. (p. 436)	23
5115049948	commission plan	A city's government would be divided into several departments, which would each be placed under the control of an expert commissioner. (p. 436)	24
5115049949	city manager plan	Legislation designed to break up political machines and replace traditional political management of cities with trained professional urban planners and managers. (p. 436)	25
5115049950	Charles Evans Hughes	In New York, he battled fraudulent insurance companies. (p. 436)	26
5531089056	Hiram Johnson	In California, he fought against the economic and political power of the Southern Pacific Railroad. (p. 436)	27
5115049951	Wisconsin Idea	A series of Progressive measures that included a direct primary law, tax reform, and state regulatory commissions. (p. 436)	28
5115049952	regulatory commissions	Progressives created state regulatory commissions to monitor railroads, utilities, and business such as insurance. (p. 436)	29
5115049953	state Prohibition laws	By 1915, two-thirds of the states had passed these laws which prohibited the sale of alcohol. (p 437)	30
5115049954	National Child Labor Committee	They proposed child labor laws which were adopted by many of the states. (p. 437)	31
5115049955	compulsory school attendance	Many states passed laws, which made it mandatory for children to go to public schools. (p. 437)	32
5115049956	Florence Kelley	She was a reformer who promoted state laws which protected women from long working hours. (p. 437)	33
5115049957	National Consumers' League	This organization was formed in the 1890's, under the leadership of Florence Kelly. They attempted to mobilize the power of women as consumers to force retailers and manufacturing to improve wages and working conditions. (p. 437)	34
5115049958	Lochner v. New York	A 1905, this Supreme Court case ruled against a state law that limited workers to a ten-hour workday. (p 437)	35
5115049959	Muller v. Oregon	A 1908 Supreme Court case, it ruled that women needed special protection against working long hours. (p. 437)	36
5115049960	Triangle Shirtwaist fire	In 1911, a high-rise garment factory burned, killing 146 people, mostly women. (p. 437)	37
5115049961	Square Deal	Economic policy by President Theodore Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers. (p. 438)	38
5115049962	anthracite coal miners' strike 1902	Pennsylvania coal miners went on strike for an increase in pay and a shorter working day. When the mine owners refused to negotiate, President Theodore Roosevelt threatened to seize control of the mines. A compromise was finally agreed upon. (p. 438)	39
5115049963	trust-busting	President Theodore Roosevelt broke up the railroads and Standard Oil by using the Sherman Antitrust Act. (p. 438)	40
5531115117	bad vs. good trusts	President Theodore Roosevelt did make a distinction between breaking up "bad trusts", which harmed the public and stifled competition, and regulating "good trusts" which through efficiency and low prices dominated a market. (p. 438)	41
5115049964	Elkins Act	This 1903 act allowed the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to stop railroads from granting rebates to favored customers. (p. 438)	42
5115049965	Hepburn Act	This 1906 act tightened existing railroad regulation. It empowered the Interstate Commerce Commission to set maximum railroad rates and to examine railroad's financial records. (p. 438)	43
5115049966	Uptown Sinclair; "The Jungle"	He wrote "The Jungle" which described the Chicago stockyards and meatpacking industry. (p. 438)	44
5115049967	Pure Food and Drug Act	This 1906 act forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. (p. 438)	45
5115049968	Meat Inspection Act	This 1906 act provided federal inspectors to visit meatpacking plants to insure that they met sanitation standards. (p. 439)	46
5531134611	conservation of public lands	President Theodore Roosevelt's most original and lasting contribution in domestic policy may have been his efforts to protect the nation's natural resources. (p. 439)	47
5115049969	Newlands Reclamation Act	A 1902 act that provide public land for irrigation projects in western states. (p. 439)	48
5115049970	White House Conference of Governors	A conference at the White House which publicized the need for conservation. (p. 439)	49
5115049971	Gifford Pinchot	First head of the U.S. Forest Service under President Theodore Roosevelt (p. 439)	50
5115049972	Socialist Party of American	This third party was dedicated to the welfare of the working class. Their platform called for radical reforms such as public ownership of the railroads, utilities, and even some major industries such as oil and steel. (p. 440)	51
5115049973	Eugene V. Debs	One of the founders of the Socialist party and the party's presidential candidate from 1900 to 1920. (p. 440)	52
5115049974	Bull Moose Party	Nickname for the new Progressive Party, which was formed to nominate Theodore Roosevelt in the 1912 presidential election. (p. 441)	53
5115049975	New Nationalism; New Freedom	In the election of 1912, the Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson were the main competitors. Roosevelt called for a "New Nationalism", with more government regulation of business and unions, women's suffrage (voting rights), and more social welfare programs. Wilson supported a "New Freedom", which would limit both big business and big government, bring about reform by ending corruption, and revive competition by supporting small business. (p. 441)	54
5115049976	Mann-Elkins Act	This 1910 act gave the Interstate Commerce Commission the power to suspend new railroad rates and oversee telephone, telegraph, and cable companies. (p. 432)	55
5115049977	Sixteenth Amendment, federal income tax	Ratified in 1913, this constitutional amendment, explicitly permitted Congress to levy a federal income tax. (p. 439)	56
5115049979	Payne-Aldrich Tariff 1909	In 1909, President William Howard Taft signed this bill which raised the tariffs on most imports. (p. 440)	57
5115049980	firing of Pinchot	In 1910, he was head of the Forest Service, but was fired by President Taft. (p. 440)	58
5115049981	Underwood Tariff	In 1913, this tariff substantially lowered tariffs for the first time in over 50 years. To compensate for the reduced tariff revenues, the bill included a graduated income tax with rates from 1 to 6 percent. (p. 442)	59
5115049982	Federal Reserve Act	In 1914, this act created a central banking system, consisting of twelve regional banks governed by the Federal Reserve Board. It was an attempt to provide the United States with a sound yet flexible currency. It still plays a major role in the American economy today. (p. 442)	60
5115049983	Federal Reserve Board	This board was organized to supervise twelve district banks in the Federal Reserve Bank system. (p. 442)	61
5115049984	Clayton Antitrust Act	In 1914, this antitrust legislation strengthened the provisions in the Sherman Antitrust Act for breaking up monopolies. It exempted unions from being prosecuted as trusts. (p. 442)	62
5115049985	Federal Trade Commision	A federal regulatory agency, established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices and help maintain a competitive economy. (p. 442)	63
5115049986	Federal Farm Loan Act	A 1916, 12 regional federal farm loan banks were established to provide farm loans at low interest rates. (p. 443)	64
5115049987	racial segregation laws	In the Progressive era (1901 - 1917), racial segregation was the rule in the South and the unofficial policy in the North. (p. 443)	65
5115049988	increased lynching	In the Progressive era, thousands of blacks were lynched (hung) by racist mobs. (p. 443)	66
5115049989	Booker T. Washington	This African American progressive argued that African Americans should concentrate on learning industrial skills in order to get better wages. (p. 443)	67
5115049990	W. E. B. Du Bois	This African American was a northerner with a college education. He argued that African American should demand equal political and social rights, which he believed were a prerequisite for economic independence. (p. 444)	68
5115049991	National Association for the Advancement of Colored People	This organization's mission was to abolish all forms of segregation and to increase educational opportunities for African Americans. (p. 444)	69
5115049992	National Urban League	Formed in 1911, this organization helped African Americans migrating from the south to northern cities. (p. 444)	70
5115049993	Carrie Chapman Catt	A suffragette, she worked to obtain the right for women to vote. She was president of the National Women's Suffrage Association, and founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920. (p. 445)	71
5115049994	National American Woman Suffrage Association	A group formed in the late 1800s to organize the women's suffrage movement. (p. 445)	72
5115049995	Alice Paul	A suffragette who focused on obtaining an amendment to the Constitution for women's suffrage (voting rights). (p. 445)	73
5115049996	National Woman's party	In 1916, Alice Paul formed this organization to focus on winning the support of Congress and the president for a Constitutional amendment for women's suffrage. (p. 445)	74
5115049997	Nineteenth Amendment	In 1920, this amendment passed which gave women the right to vote. (p. 445)	75
5115049998	League of Woman Voters	Organized by Carrie Chapman Catt. A civic organization dedicated to keeping voters informed about candidates and issues. (p. 445)	76
5115049999	Margaret Sanger	She founded an organization the became Panned Parenthood. They advocated for birth-control education. (p. 445)	77

Powered by Quizlet.com

Community Ecology Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

5094347762	Community	All species that exist in a certain area + interact - directly and indirectly	0
5094351934	How to species interact indirectly	Via an intermediate species	1
5094353814	Fitness	Ability to survive + produce fertile, viable offspring	2
5094356971	Interaction affects:	1) Distribution + abundance 2) Natural selection + coevolution 3) Dynamic + conditional	3
5106526408	Coevolution	2 species reciprocally influence each other's adaptations e.g. prey gets faster, so predator gets faster	4
5094367744	Commensalism	One species benefitted, one unaffected; conditional	5
5094373711	Problem of neutral effects	Difficult to quantify	6
5094375768	Competition	Lowers fitness for both species using the same resources	7
5094379662	When do interspecific interactions occur?	When niches overlap	8
5094386163	Niche	Range of resources species can use or range of conditions in can tolerate	9
5094393579	Symmetric Competition	Both species in overlap area persist, but at reduced population sizes	10
5094403000	Asymmetric Competition	One species suffers greater fitness decline; dependent on extent of niche overlap	11
5094415101	Competition Exclusion	2 species cannot coexist if they have identical niches - asymmetric competition	12
5094435470	Fundamental niche	Total theoretical range of niche	13
5094437072	Realised niche	Portion of fundamental niche species actually occupies - barriers, predators, competition etc. could be in way	14
5106543492	Niche Modeling	Using geo-referenced data from history collections + databases - get latitude + longitude points and their bioclim data	15
5106551841	What do you use Niche Modeling for?	Use software to predict distribution of fundamental niche; predict spread of introduced species; suggest new places to start recording abundance	16
5106564507	How to do experiments with competition	Remove one of competitors - observe response of other	17
5106570891	Niche Differentiation	Evolutionary change in resource use caused by competition over generations	18
5106582112	Character Displacement	Evolutionary change in species' traits enabling it exploit different resources - allows for niche differentiation when sympatric + asymmetric speciation	19
5106591702	Resource Partitioning	Occupying slightly different parts of habitat or using same resource slightly differently e.g. Warbler birds on a tree	20
5106598966	Sympatric	Speciation alongside other species	21
5106600856	Allopatric	Speciation in separate areas	22
5106611249	Consumption	Increases consumer's fitness, decreases prey's fitness	23
5106612968	Herbivory	Herbivores consume plant tissues	24
5106617869	Meta-Analysis	Study of studies- analysis of large data sets	25
5106627563	Top-down control of herbivores	Herbivore populations limited by predation + disease	26
5106629185	Bottom-up limitation	Plant tissues offer poor nutrition + well defended - have less than 10% nitrogen found in animal tissues of equal weight	27
5106642898	Why can't herbivores just eat more food to solve the nutrient problem?	Risk of predation too dangerous	28
5106645432	Parasitism	Host suffers, parasite gains	29
5106648090	Brood Parasitism	Birds lay eggs in nests of other species	30
5106651429	Controlling hosts/manipulation	Must transmit self between hosts; Zombie ants + fungus, flatworms controlling snails so the climb higher and look like caterpillars so eaten by birds	31
5106656431	Benefit of Parasites	Stop certain species dominating areas if populations get too large	32
5106661825	Social parasites	Using other species to raise young	33
5106692353	Why are parasites not all fatal?	Often much smaller than host	34
5106698890	Predation	Predator kills + consumes all/most of another individual	35
5106704691	Constitutive Defences	Permanent defenses against predation; present even in absence of predators, including cryptic colouration, escape behaviour, toxins	36
5106711248	Aposematic Colouration	Organisms that produce toxins are colourful	37
5106714101	Disruptive Colouration	When in a herd - cannot pick out individuals	38
5106723042	Mimicry	One species resembling another	39
5106726646	Batesian mimicry	Harmless or tasty species mimics a harmful one (Bates a companion of Wallace on Brazil trip)	40
5106735229	Mullerian mimicry	2 toxic species look similar - increases likelihood that predators learn to avoid them	41
5106739324	Aggressive mimicry	Predators mimic harmless species - innocent looking fly trap	42
5106798965	Inducible defences	Physical/chemical/behavioural traits induced in prey when predator present	43
5106803485	Example	Mussels have thicker shells when crabs present	44
5106809489	Benefits of inducible defenses over constitutive defences	Energetically efficient but slow to produce	45
5106820205	Phenotypic Plasticity	Genotype can produce different phenotypes depending on environment	46
5106829283	How do plants show inducible defences	Produce proteins e.g. radishes producing glucosinolates and trichome hairs when exposed to herbivores	47
5106835985	Indirect Inducible Defence by plants	Attract other predators to attack herbivores	48
5106847132	Prey's intrinsic growth rate (rmax) compared to predators	Larger - physically smaller animals, produce more offspring, mature earlier	49
5106849730	What is the Rmax value	Max. population growth rate achievable under ideal conditions	50
5106864256	Proof that predators still efficient in reducing prey populations	Population cycles, predator removal, biological control	51
5106870128	Predators advances	Speed, nocturnal vision, venom, surprise, strength, herd cooperation Owls - binocular vision, fringed feathers for silent flying	52
5106874899	Arms race	Due to predator + prey interactions and coevolution; traits increasing efficiency become more abundant - humans and plasmodium	53
5106909247	Biocontrol	Using predators or parasites to control pests - helps maximize production whilst minimizing use of insecticides/other harmful compounds	54
5106919395	Problem of biocontrol	Could be introducing invasive species	55
5106922313	Mutualism	Fitness benefits for both species involved	56
5106928417	Rewards from mutualism	Transporting gametes; getting food; housing; protection	57
5106931375	3 types of mutualism	1) Resource-resource based 2) Resource-service based 3) Service-service based	58
5106940031	Alternative name	Reciprocal parasitism (Judith) - not a form of species simply being nice to one another	59
5106944345	Deceitful mutualism	Deceit pollinators - attractive but provide no pollen, or nectar robbing - takes nectar without pollinating: cheaters; natural selection favours these	60
5106948879	Dynamic or static?	Dynamic - could switch from positive affects to one organism suffering in particular conditions - switches from parasitism, mutualism, to competiton	61
5106956010	Is sharing always equal?	No - can be asymmetrical e.g. plant roots and mycorrhizal fungi	62
5106971288	Increasing other species fitness instead of your own?	Natural selection does increase fitness of other species; but must increase own fitness too	63
5106974467	Ammensalism	Neutral effect on one species, negative on the other	64
5106982350	What does community structure depend on	1) Total # of species 2) Relative abundance of each species 3) Sum interactions among all species 4) Physical attributes of community - its abiotic factors and biotic factors	65
5107005781	Clements' Views on Community Predictability	1) Communities stable, orderly + predictable 2) Coevolution important - species unlikely to exist if other is not present too 3) Will reach the stable Climax Community - determined by environment	66
5107024909	Gleason's Views	1) Communities neither stable nor predictable 2) Matter of chance if community develops in same area after a disturbance 3) Believes less in importance of biotic factors and species interactions	67
5107038183	Experimental test on ponds and 2 possible hypotheses	1) If community predictable: each pond should develop in the same way 2) If community unpredictable: each pond should develop differently	68
5107044478	Reality	Both hypotheses partially correct; both biotic interactions + climate and chance + history important in determining species presence - range is independent	69
5114057829	Keystone species	One that has a large impact on community structure - greater impact of distribution + abundance of surrounding species than its abundance + total biomass would suggest - typically consumers/predators; maintains biodiversity/species richness	70
5114063129	How could the structural species be removed?	Harvesting, disease, competition with an invasive species, climate change	71
5114068112	Food Web	Network of exchanges of energy + nutrients among producers, consumers + decomposer - focuses on feeding interactions	72
5114072093	Use food webs to look at	Effects of keystone species	73
5114073410	Food chain	Single path within a food web	74
5114074939	Trophic level	Position of organism within a food chain	75
5157027509	Producer	Produces own biomass from inorganic compounds	76
5157030987	Consumer	Cannot produce own biomass from inorganic compounds, so consumers other organisms	77
5157039531	Decomposer	Fungi/bacteria that produce biomass by breaking down dead organisms	78
5114081618	Disturbance	Strong, short lived disruption to community - changes distribution of organisms + resources	79
5114087996	Examples of disturbances	Fires, windstorms, floods, tree falls, disease epidemics	80
5114092225	What resources could be changed?	Light levels, nutrients, unoccupied space	81
5114102635	Disturbance Regime	Predictable frequency and severity in particular areas - characteristic disturbance	82
5114112228	Why need a regime?	To maintain communities in good condition, must ensure normal regime or community composition changes dramatically	83
5114115694	Post-disturbance	Organisms replace those lost	84
5114118294	Primary Succession	Disturbance removes soil + organisms - after floods, volcanic eruptions, landslides	85
5114124280	How does soil reform?	Weathered rock; dead organisms and faeces add to the substrate organic matter; thick enough and roots can take hold	86
5114130149	Secondary Succession	Disturbance removes some organisms from area but leaves soil in tact - after fires + logging	87
5114141965	Pioneer species characteristics	Short-lived; small size; high dispersal range; small seeds; rapid growth; high reproductive rate; mature young; extreme condition tolerance	88
5114147966	Climax species	Long lived; large size; large seeds; good competitors	89
5114153613	What determines area's successional pathway	Traits of species involved; species interactions; historical + environmental conditions	90
5114160836	How are pioneers "weedy"	Adapted to disturbed soils; tolerant serves abiotic conditions e.g. light levels, poor nutrient availability, desiccation; devote most energy to reproducing not competing	91
5114167410	Facilitation	Early arriving species make conditions more favourable e.g. providing space, nutrients	92
5114170132	Tolerance	Existing species that don't affect subsequent species establishing	93
5114172771	Inhibition	Makes establishment of subsequent species harder e.g. trees blocking sunlight	94

Powered by Quizlet.com

Chapter 13 Vocab World Civilizations The Global Experience (AP & 6th Edition) Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

5333107684	Taika Reforms	Attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolute Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army	0
5333107685	Tale of Genji	Written by Lady Murasaki; first novel in any language; relates life history of prominent and amorous son of the Japanese emperor; evidence for mannered style of Japanese society	1
5333107686	Fujiwara	Japanese aristocratic family in mid-9th century; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power	2
5333107687	Bushi	Regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies	3
5333107688	Samurai	Mounted troops of Japanese warrior leaders (bushi); loyal to local lords, not the emperor	4
5333107689	Seppuku	Ritual suicide or disembowelment in West as hara-kiri; demonstrated courage and a means to restore family honor	5
5333107690	Taira	Powerful Japanese family in 11th and 12th centuries; competed with the Minamota family; defeated after the Gempei Wars	6
5333107691	Minamoto	Defeated the rival Taira family in Gempei Wars and established military government (bakufu) in 12th century Japan	7
5333107692	Gempei wars	Waged for five years from 1180, on Honshu between Taira and Minamoto families; resulted in destruction of Taira	8
5333107693	Bakufu	Military government established by the Minamoto following the Gempei Wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai	9
5333107694	Shoguns	Military leaders of bakufu (military governments in Japan)	10
5333107695	Hojo	A warrior family closely allied with the Minamoto; dominated the Kamakura regime and manipulated Minamoto rulers; ruled in name of emperor	11
5333107696	Ashikaga Takuaji	Member of the Minamoto family; overthrew the Kamakura regime and established the Ashikaga Shogunate from 1336 - 1573; drove emperor from Kyoto to Yoshino	12
5333107697	Daimyos	Warlord rulers of 300 small states following civil war and disruption of Ashikaga Shogunate; holdings consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states	13
5333107698	Choson	Earliest Korean Kingdom; conquered by han emperor in 109 BCE	14
5333107699	Koguryo	Tribal people of northern Korea; established an independent kingdom in the northern half of the peninsula; adopted cultural Signification	15
5333107700	Silla	Independent Korean kingdom in southeastern part of peninsula; defeated Koguryo along with their Chinese Tang allies; submitted as a vassal of the Tang emperor and agreed to tribute payment; ruled united Korea by 668	16
5333107701	Paekche	Independent Korean kingdom in southeastern part of peninsula; defeated by rival Silla kingdom and its Chinese Tang allies in 7th century	17
5333107702	Signification	Extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other religions; typical of Korea and Japan, less typical of Vietnam	18
5333107703	Trung Sisters	Leaders of one of the frequent peasant rebellions in Vietnam against Chinese rule; revolt broke out in 39 c.e.; demonstrates importance of Vietnamese women in indigenous society	19
5333107704	Chams	Indianized rivals of the Vietnamese; driven into the highlands by the successful Vietnamese drive to the South	20
5333107705	Nguyen	Rival Vietnamese dynasty that arose in southern Vietnam to challenge traditional dynasty of Trinh in north at Hanoi; kingdom centered on Red and Mekong rivers; capital at Hue	21
5333107706	Trinh	Dynasty that ruled in north Vietnam at Hanoi, 1533 to 1772; rivals of Nguyen family in South	22

Class Notes

Social Science

Math

Science

Fine Arts

Test Prep

Textbook Notes

Members Only

Forum

Blogs

Textbook Request

American Pageant Ch. 19 Key Terms/People to Know Flashcards

Statistics Flashcards

NUCLEIC ACIDS Flashcards

Ap Literature Final review Flashcards

American Pageant 13th Edition Ch 26 Flashcards

Chapter 24 Matching, Chapter 24: The American Pageant Flashcards

American Pageant Chapter 23 Flashcards

AMSCO AP US History Chapter 21 Flashcards

Community Ecology Flashcards

Chapter 13 Vocab World Civilizations The Global Experience (AP & 6th Edition) Flashcards

Pages

Need Help?

Need Notes?

About Course-Notes.Org

You are here

Pages

Need Help?

Need Notes?

About Course-Notes.Org