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AP Language Summer Terms Flashcards

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4806948797Active VoiceWhen the subject of the sentence performs the action. ex: "Anthony drove while Toni searched for the house."0
4806948798Passive voiceWhen the subject of the sentence receives the action. ex: "The car was driven by Anthony."1
4806948799AllusionAn indirect reference to something (usually a literary text, although it can be other things commonly known, such as plays, songs, historical events) with which the reader is supposed to be familiar.2
4806948800AnecdoteA short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person3
4806948801AntecedentThe word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.4
4806948802Comic reliefA humorous scene or speech intended to lighten the mood5
4806948803DictionAn author's choice of words, phrases, sentence structures and figurative language, which combine to help create meaning and tone.6
4806948804ColloquialOrdinary or familiar type of conversation. Conversational; informal in language7
4806948805ColloquialismA word or phrase that is not formal or literary, typically one used in ordinary or familiar conversation.8
4806948806ConnotationRather than the dictionary definition (denotation), the associations suggested by a word. Implied meaning rather than literal meaning. ex: "policeman," "cop," and "The Man" all denote the same literal meaning of police officer, but each has a different connotation.9
4806948807DenotationThe literal dictionary definition of a word10
4806948808JargonSpecial words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand11
4806948809Vernacular1. Language or dialect of a particular country. 2. Language or dialect of a regional clan or group. 3. Plain everyday speech12
4806948810DidacticIntended to teach/instruct13
4806948811AdageA proverb, wise saying with a lesson. ex: "A rolling stone gathers no moss."14
4806948812AllegoryA story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one. ex: "Animal Farm" by George Orwell15
4806948813AphorismA brief, cleverly worded statement that makes a wise observation about life. ex: "God helps them that help themselves." ex: "A watched pot never boils."16
4806948814EllipsisOmission of words from a text; mark used to indicate an omission (when the meaning can be understood without them)17
4806948815EuphemismA polite or vague word or phrase used to replace another word or phrase that is thought of as too direct or rude. Sometimes used to exaggerate correctness to add humour. ex: "Physically challenged for crippled" ex: "Vertically challenged for short."18
4806948816Figurative LanguageLanguage that cannot be taken literally since it was written to create a special effect or feeling.19
4806948817Literal LanguageA form of language in which writers and speakers mean exactly what their words denote.20
4806948818AnalogyAn extended comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things, typically on the basis of their structure and for the purpose of explanation or clarification ex: "America is to the world as the hippo is to the jungle."21
4806948819HyperboleAn exaggeration. ex: "My mother will kill me if I'm late."22
4806948820IdiomA common, often used expression that doesn't make sense if you take it literally. ex: "I got chewed out by my coach."23
4806948821MetaphorMaking an implied comparison, not using "like," as," or other such words. (An extended metaphor is when the metaphor is continued later in the written work. A particularly elaborate extended metaphor is called using conceit.) ex: "My feet are popsicles."24
4806948822MetonymyA figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it ex: "England decides to keep check on immigration." ex: "The pen is mightier than the sword."25
4806948823SynecdocheA kind of metonymy when a whole is represented by naming one of its parts, or vice versa. ex: "Check out my new wheels."26
4806948824SimileUsing words such as "like" or "as" to make a direct comparison between two very different things. ex: "Cute as a kitten." ex: "Life is like a box of chocolates."27
4806948825SynesthesiaA description involving a crossing of the senses. ex: "I was deafened by his brightly-colored clothing."28
4806948826PersonificationGiving human-like qualities to something that is not human. ex: "The tired old truck groaned as it inched up the hill."29
4806948827ForeshadowingWhen an author gives hints about what will occur later in a story.30
4806948828GenreThe major category into which a literary work fits.31
4806948829GothicWriting characterised by gloom, mystery, fear and/or death.32
4806948830ImageryWord or words that animate a text in the reader's mind. Usually involves the five senses.33
4806948831InvectiveA long, emotionally violent, attack using strong, abusive language.34
4806948832IronyA contrast or discrepancy between what is stated and what is really meant, or between what is expected to happen and what actually does happen.35
4806948833Verbal ironyWhen you say something and mean the opposite/something different. ex: describing running a mile in eight minutes or faster as a "walk in the park"36
4806948834Dramatic ironyWhen the audience knows something that the character doesn't.37
4806948835Situational ironyOccurs when the outcome of a work is unexpected, or events turn out to be the opposite from what one had expected.38
4806948836JuxtapositionPlacement of two things closely together to emphasise comparisons or contrasts ex: Juxtaposing the average day of a typical American with that of someone in the third world in order to make a point of social commentary.39
4806948837MoodFeeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader. Setting, tone, and events can all affect it.40
4806948838MotifA recurring subject, theme, or idea in a literary work.41
4806948839OxymoronWhen apparently contradictory terms are grouped together and suggest a paradox. ex: "jumbo shrimp."42
4806948840PacingThe speed or tempo of an author's writing; the movement of a literary piece from one point or one section to another43
4806948841ParadoxA statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth. ex: "You can't get a job without experience, and you can't get experience without getting a job."44
4806948842ParallelismSentence construction which places equal grammatical constructions near each other, or repeats identical grammatical patterns. used to add emphasis, organisation, or sometimes pacing to writing. ex: "Cinderella swept the floor, dusted the mantle, and beat the rugs."45
4806948843AnaphoraA rhetorical figure of repetition in which the same word or phrase is repeated in (and usually at the beginning of) successive lines, clauses, or sentences. ex: "I came, I saw, I conquered."46
4806948844Chiasmus/AntimetaboleWhen the same words are used twice in succession, but the second time, the order of the words is reversed.47
4806948845AntithesisTwo opposite or contrasting words, phrases, or clauses, or even ideas, with parallel structure. ex: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times."48
4806948846Zeugma/SyllepsisWhen a single word governs or modifies two or more other words, and the meaning of the first word might change for each of the other words it governs or modifies. ex: "I quickly dressed myself and the salad."49
4806948847Parenthetical IdeaParentheses are used to set off an idea from the rest of the sentence. Almost considered an aside. ex: "In a short time (and the time is getting shorter by the gallon) America will be out of oil."50
4806948848ParodyAn exaggerated imitation of a serious work for humorous purposes. It borrows words or phrases from an original, and pokes fun at it. This is also a form of allusion, since it is referencing a previous text, event, etc.51
4806948849SatireA work that reveals a critical attitude toward some element of human behaviour by portraying it in an extreme way. It doesn't simply abuse (as in invective) or get personal (as in sarcasm). It targets groups or large concepts rather than individuals.52
4806948850PersonaThe fictional mask or narrator that tells a story. An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.53
4806948851PolysyndetonDeliberate use of many conjunctions54
4806948852PunWhen a word that has two or more meanings is used in a humorous way. ex: "I was stirred by his cooking lesson."55
4806948853RhetoricThe art of effective communication; using language effectively and persuasively.56
4806948854Aristotle's Rhetorical TriangleThe relationships, in any piece of writing, between the writer, the audience, and the purpose.57
4806948855Rhetorical QuestionQuestion not asked for information but for effect. ex: 'Are you finished interrupting me?'58
4806948856Hypophora, antipophora, or anthypophoraA figure of speech in which a writer raises a question and then immediately provides an answer to that question. Commonly, a question is asked in the first paragraph and then the paragraph is used to answer the question.59
4806948857SarcasmA generally bitter comment that is ironically or satirically worded. However, not all satire and irony are sarcastic. It is the bitter, mocking tone that separates sarcasm from mere verbal irony or satire.60
4806948858VicesBad qualities, habits, or patterns of behavior that incline us to actions that are harmful to ourselves and others.61
4806948859FolliesLack of good sense, foolishness.62
4806948860SentenceA group of words (including subject and verb) that expresses a complete thought.63
4806948861AppositiveA word or group of words placed beside a noun or noun substitute to supplement its meaning. ex: "Bob, the lumber yard worker, spoke with Judy, an accountant from the city."64
4806948862ClauseA grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb.65
4806948863Sentence structuresThe way a sentence is arranged, grammatically. includes where the noun and verb fall within an individual sentence.66
4806948864Balanced sentenceA sentence in which words, phrases, or clauses are set off against each other to emphasise a contrast ex: "If thought corrupts language, language can also corrupt thought."67
4806948865Compound sentenceContains at least two independent clauses but no dependent clauses. (more than one subject)68
4806948866Complex sentenceContains only one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.69
4806948867Cumulative sentence or Loose sentenceWhen the independent clause is elaborated by the successive addition of modifying clauses or phrases. ex: "He doubted whether he could ever again appear before an audience, his confidence broken, his limbs shaking, his collar wet with perspiration."70
4806948868Periodic sentenceWhen the main idea is not completed until the end of the sentence. The writer begins with subordinate elements and postpones the main clause. ex: "His confidence broken, his limbs shaking, his collar wet with perspiration, he doubted whether he could ever again appear before an audience."71
4806948869Simple sentenceContains only one independent clause.72
4806948870Declarative sentenceStates an idea. It does not give a command or request, nor does it ask a question. ex: "The ball is round."73
4806948871Imperative sentenceIssues a command. ex: "Kick the ball."74
4806948872Interrogative sentenceSentences incorporating interrogative pronouns (what, which, who, whom, and whose). ex: "To whom did you kick the ball?"75
4806948873StyleThe choices in diction, tone, and syntax that a writer makes. May be conscious or unconscious.76
4806948874SymbolA thing that represents or stands for something else, especially a material object representing something abstract. ex: the Whale in Moby Dick.77
4806948875SyntaxThe way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences. Language rules that govern how words can be combined to form meaningful phrases and sentences78
4806948876ThemeA topic of discussion or writing; a major idea broad enough to cover the entire scope of a literary work.79
4806948877ThesisThe sentence or groups of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or proposition.80
4806948878ToneA writer's attitude toward his or her subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language, and organisation on the sentence and global levels.81
4806948879UnderstatementThe ironic minimising of fact, presents something as less significant than it is. The effect can frequently be humorous. ex: "Our defence played valiantly, and held the other team to merely eight touchdowns in the first quarter."82
4806948880LitotesA particular form of understatement, generated by denying the opposite of the statement which otherwise would be used. ex: "The flavours of the mushrooms, herbs, and spices combine to make the dish not at all disagreeable."83
4806948881ArgumentA piece of reasoning with one or more premises and a conclusion.84
4806948882Aristotle's appealsDivided all means of persuasion into three categories - logos, pathos, ethos.85
4806948883Ethos (credibility)An appeal to ethics, and it is a means of convincing someone of the character or credibility of the persuader.86
4806948884Pathos (emotional)An appeal to emotion, and is a way of convincing an audience of an argument by creating an emotional response.87
4806948885Logos (logical)An appeal to logic, and is a way of persuading an audience by reason.88
4806948886ConcessionAccepting at least part or all of an opposing viewpoint. Often used to make one's own argument stronger by demonstrating that one is willing to accept what is obviously true and reasonable, even if it is presented by the opposition.89
4806948887RebuttalA counterargument, refutation; response with contrary evidence90
4806948888Conditional StatementAn if-then statement and consists of two parts, an antecedent and a consequent. Often used as premises in an argument. ex: "If you studied hard, then you will pass the test."91
4806948889ContradictionA direct opposition between things compared; inconsistency92
4806948890CounterexampleAn example that opposes a claim/statement, thus falsifying it.93
4806948891Deductive argumentThe process of moving from a general rule to a specific example.94
4806948892Inductive argumentAn inference that goes from the numerous particulars to the universal.95
4806948893FallacyA failure of logical reasoning. Appear to make an argument reasonable, but falsely so.96
4806948894Ad hominemAn argument based on the failings of an adversary rather than on the merits of the case; a logical fallacy that involves a personal attack. ex: "How can you argue your case for vegetarianism when you are enjoying your steak?"97
4806948895Appeal to authorityThe claim that because somebody with authority supports an idea, the idea must be right. Often used in advertising.98
4806948896BandwagonA fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.99
4806948898False analogyWhen two cases are not sufficiently parallel to lead readers to accept a claim of connection between them. ex: "People who cannot go without their coffee every morning are no better than alcoholics."100
4806948899False causeA fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second ex: "It is dark now, which makes it very dangerous." ex: "Money makes people arrogant."101
4806948900Hasty generalizationA generalisation based on too little or unrepresentative data. ex: "My uncle didn't go to college, and he makes a lot of money. So, people who don't go to college do just as well as those who do."102
4806948901Non SequiturA conclusion that does not follow from its premises; an invalid argument. ex: "She's wearing red shoes. Her favourite colour must be red." ex: "My neighbour's cat is aloof and mean. Cats are nasty creatures."103
4806948902Slippery slopeThe assumption that once started, a situation will continue to its most extreme possible outcome. ex: "If you drink a glass of wine, then you'll soon be drinking all the time, and then you'll become a homeless alcoholic."104
4806948903QualifierA word or phrase that clarifies, modifies, or limits the meaning of another word or phrase. ex: "usually, probably, maybe, in most cases, and most likely"105
4806948904Sound argumentContains two things: a valid argument and all its premises must be true. Its conclusion also must be accepted.106
4806948905Valid argumentAn argument is valid if the conclusion logically follows from the premises.107
4806948906WarrantExplanation of why or how the data supports the claim, the underlying assumption that connects your data to your claim.108
5833248824AnadiplosisA repetition of the last word of one phrase, clause, or sentence at or very near the beginning of the text. "to double back" ex: "Fear leads to anger. Anger leads to hate. Hate leads to suffering."109
5833248825ApostropheAn interruption of discourse in order to directly address a personified thing, either present or absent. "turning away" ex: "O death, where is thy sting? O grave, where is thy victory?"110
5833252993AsyndetonA deliberate omission of conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses. ex: "I came, I saw, I conquered."111
5833258374EpanalepsisThe repetition of the first word of a clause or sentence at the end. ex: "In the world, ye shall have trials, but be of good cheer-I have overcome the world."112
5833258375ExpletiveA single word or short phrase, usually interrupting normal syntax. ex: in fact, of course, to be sure, indeed, I suppose, I hope, you know, you see, clearly, in any event, in effect, certainly113
5833258376HypophoraRaising one or more questions and then proceeding to answer them, usually at some length. ex: ask q in beginning of para and then use the para to answer114
5833259670ParenthesisThe insertion of a word, phrase, or whole sentence as an aside in the middle of another sentence. -dashes are more dramatic and forceful- (parentheses are less stringent)115
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AP Literature Terms Flashcards

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2984043741Allusiona reference in a work of literature to something outside the work, especially to a well-known historical or literary event, person, or work. -also can be from mythology, art, and culture0
2984043742Attitudethe disposition toward or opinion of a subject by a speaker, author, or character1
2984043743Tonemanner in which an author expresses his/her attitude2
2984043744Dictionword choice, focus on connotative meaning3
2984043745Syntaxthe structure of a sentence; the arrangement of words in a sentence4
2984043746Ironythe intended meaning may differ. The term implies a discrepancy; verbal irony states the opposite of what one means5
2984043747Point of viewvantage point from which story is told (omniscient, limited, 1st person, 3rd person, multiple voices)6
2984043748Omniscient point of viewnarrator can know, see, report whatever he or she chooses.7
2984043749Metaphora comparison without the use of a comparative term "as", "like", or "than"8
2984043750Similiecomparing two objects, usually with "like", "as", or "than"9
2984043751Symbolsomething that is both itself and also a sign of something else10
2984043752Settingthe physical location of a play, story, or novel11
2984043753Satirewriting that uses ridicule to arouse a reader's disapproval of the subject12
2984043754Themethe main thought expressed by a work13
2984043755Allegorystory in which people, things, and events have both a literal and symbolic meaning14
2984043756Apostrophedirect address to someone or something not present15
2984043757Connotationimplications of a word/phrase, instead of exact meaning16
2984043758Denotationdictionary meaning of a word17
2984043759Didacticexplicitly instructive18
2984043760Digressionuse of material unrelated to subject of work19
2984043761Epigrama concise yet forceful saying; a verse form, sometimes witty20
2984043762Euphemismusing indirection to avoid offensive bluntness21
2984043763Hyperboledeliberate exaggeration22
2984043764Jargonspecial language of profession or group23
2984043765Metonymya figure of speech that uses the name of on object or concept for that of another to which it is related -"scepter" for "sovereignty", "heart" for "love"24
2984043766Lyricalsonglike; emotion, subjectivity, imagination25
2984043767Oxymorontwo contradictory terms side by side26
2984043768Paradoxa contradictory statement that is true27
2984043769Parablea story designed to suggest a principle or moral28
2984043770Parodyimitates style of another for comic effect29
2984043771Personificationgiving nonhuman things human characteristics30
2984043772Rhetorical questiona question asked for effect, not in expectation of reply31
2984043773Soliloquya speech made by a character alone speaking his/her true thoughts aloud32
2984043774Stereotypeconventional pattern, expression, character, or idea33
2984043775Syllogismtwo statements are made and a conclusion is drawn from them34
2984043776Thesistheme, meaning, or position that a writer undertakes to prove or support35
2984043777Alliterationrepetition of the same consonant sounds at the beginning of two or more words within a line of poetry or prose36
2984043778Assonancerepetition of the same vowel sounds within a line of poetry or prose37
2984043779Blank verseunrhymed iambic pentameter; meter of most Shakespearean plays38
2984043780End-stoppeda pause at the end of a line of poetry (period, comma, colon, semicolon)39
2984043781Free versepoetry not in traditional meter, but still rhythmical40
2984043782Heroic couplettwo rhymed, end-stopped iambic pentameter lines of poetry41
2984043783Internal rhymerhyme within a line rather than at the end of a line42
2984043784Italian/Petrarchan Sonnetabba abba cde cde (an octave and a sestet)43
2984043785Onomatopoeiause of words whose sound suggests their meaning44
2984043786Shakespearean/Elizabethan Sonnetabab cdcd efef gg (3 quatrains and a couplet)45
2984043787Sonnetfourteen-line poem, iambic pentameter46
2984043788Stanzausually a repeated grouping of 3+ lines within a poem that has the same meter and rhyme scheme47
2984043789Synecdochea figure of speech in which a part is used to reference the whole, as in "ten sails" for "ten ships"48
2984043790Anaphorarepetition of word or words at beginning of two or more successive verses, clauses, or sentences49
2984043791Antecedenta word, phrase or clause to which a pronoun refers to50
2984043792Clausegroup of words with subject and verb; may be dependent (not a sentence) or independent (a sentence)51
2984043793Ellipsisomission of a word or several words necessary for a complete construction, but still understandable52
2984043794Imperativemood of verb that gives an order53
2984043795Modifyto restrict in meaning (modifiers=adjectives and adverbs)54
2984043796Parallel structuresimilar grammatical structure within a sentence or paragraph55
2984043797Periodic sentencea sentence in which the main clause comes at the end of a sentence56
2984043798Loose sentencea sentence in which the main clause is first, followed by dependent clauses and/or modifying phrases57
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AP Literature - Literary Criticism & Theory Flashcards

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4740765770Formalist or "New Criticism"- "The text, the text, and nothing but the text." - close reading of literary texts - when analyzing a work, only evidence from the text (intrinsic) is worth considering nothing from the outside (extrinsic) - questions of technique are most important for meaning - seek to understand how author or poet uses figures of speech, symbolism, narrative frames, and the other literary tools at his disposal to achieve "unity of effect" - a work of literature must stand or fall on its own merits - How do the literary elements found in a particular text work together to achieve a unified artistic effect?0
4740765771Biographical Criticism- studies the events in the life of the author in order to determine how they may have influenced the author's life - What real life event or personality inspired the author to create a given plot twist or character? - Where does real life leave off and the imagination take over?1
4740765943Historical Criticism- examine the social and intellectual milieu (environment) in which the author wrote - consider the politics and social movements prevalent during the time period of the text's creation - do so in order to determine how the literature under examination is both the product and shaper of society - How did the text in question influence contemporary events and how did contemporary events influence the author's creative choices?2
4740765944Feminist Criticism- investigate how a literary work either tends to serve or to challenge a patriarchal (male dominated) view of society - literature should be analyzed with the goal of explaining how the text exemplifies or reveals important insights about sex roles and society's structure - traditional "canon" (books that are commonly read and are valued as sacred or genuine) tends to define women as "other", or an object, compared to the male's high statues - focuses on social relationships, including the patterns of thought, behavior, values, enfranchisement and power between the sexes - "a political act whose aim is not simply to interpret the world but to change it by changing the consciousness of those who read and their relation to what they read..." (Judith Fetterly) - How does the text mirror or question a male-dominated (phallocentric) view of reality? - How are feminine and masculine defined and/ or qualified within the text? - How are women represented in texts written by men? - How does the text display the power relationships between genders?3
4740766156Marxist Criticism- inspired by the historical, economic and sociological theory of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels - focus on the connections between the content or form of a literary work and the economic, class, social or ideological factors that have shaped and determined it - perpetually oriented to investigating the social realities to condition works of art - worried about matters of class status, economic conditions, what is published and what is repressed in the literary marketplace, the preferences of the reading public, and so forth - Who has the power/ money in society? Who does not? What happens as a result? - How are the privileged and working classes conveyed? - How are class distinctions established?4
4740766420Psychoanalytical/Psychological Criticism- analyzes literature from the position that texts express the inner workings of the human mind - focuses on the choices of humans as moral agents - Leo Tolstoy, the accomplished Russian novelist, believed that the purpose of literature was "to make humans good by choice." - power of story has the ability to engage the individual imaginatively in other worlds and other times - invites the reader to put him or herself in the position of other human beings; to empathize - interested in every phase of human interaction and choice as developed in the text - constantly informs us about and leads us to question what it means to be a human being - closely follows these revelations and takes them as a central subject for analysis - What is the text telling us about what it means to be a human being? - Would you act like the main character in the same circumstances? - How is the repressed component of the human psyche represented? - What is behind a character's thoughts and actions? - What are the emotional conflicts within a character? - How was a character's deepest fears and desires presented?5
4740766425Archetypal or Mythological Criticism- stems from the notion that texts ultimately point out the universality of human experience - built largely on the psychology of Carl Jung - contends that there are certain shared memories that exist in the collective unconscious of the human species - a storehouse of images and patterns, vestigial traces of which inhere in all human beings and which find symbolic expression in all human art, including its literature - Practitioners such as Northrop Frye and Joseph Campbell have figured out a complex and comprehensive correspondence between the basic story patterns of humans comedy, romance, tragedy and irony and the myths and archetypal patterns associated with the seasonal cycle of spring, summer, fall and winter - the death/rebirth theme is said to be the archetype of archetypes - What universal patterns of human experience are evidenced and are being explored in the text? - What archetypes or tropes are present and how do they effect our understanding of the text?6
4740766912Reader Response Theory- a literary text is not separate and closed-off; rather, its meaning is completed when the individual reader comes in contact with it and while reading creates a new version of what the text is saying - notes that reading is ultimately a personal and idiosyncratic activity - this undoubtedly true "theory" does not qualify as a "critical lens" because it supports the obvious right of each individual to his or her own opinion about a piece of writing without the need to justify or defend himself/herself - in school, students are invited to respond to a text subjectively all the time - this happens, for example, when teachers ask them to "make connections" between the text and their own experience and knowledge of the world - how most people spontaneously react to literature - healthy, indispensable, and inherently subjective and, for that reason, not what we are trying to coach students to accomplish when writing a literary analysis paper - How did you like the book? - What are some connections with other texts? - What makes the text a "good" piece of literature?7
4740768079Postcolonial Criticism- a type of cultural criticism - involves the analysis of literary texts produced in countries and cultures that have come under the control of European colonial powers at some point in their history - it can refer to the analysis of texts written about colonized places by writers hailing from the colonizing culture - in Orientalism (1978), Edward Said, a pioneer of postcolonial criticism and studies, focused on the way in which the colonizing First World has invented false images and myths of the Third (postcolonial) World Stereotypical images and myths that have conveniently justified Western exploitation and domination of Eastern and Middle Eastern cultures and peoples - in the essay "Postcolonial Criticism" (1992), Homi K. Bhabha has shown how certain cultures (mis)represent other cultures, thereby extending their political and social domination in the modern world order - How does the text illustrate cultural groups marginalized as a result of colonization? - How does the text challenge Eurocentric attitudes? - How do post-colonial writers convey their experiences and identity?8
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AP English Literature Terms Flashcards

sources of definitions are The Princeton Review (TPR) and Barron's AP study guides. and class notes that Mr. Enns distributed :)

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4591830395barda poet, in olden times, a performer who told heroic stories to musical accompaniment0
4591830396bathosthe use of insincere or overdone sentimentality1
4591830397belle-lettresthe French term for the world of books, criticism, and literature in general2
4591830398bibliographya list of works cited or otherwise relevant to a subject or other work3
4591830399Bildungsromana German word referring to a novel structured as a series of events that take place as the hero travels in quest of a goal4
4591830400blank versepoetry written in iambic pentameter, the primary meter used in English poetry and the works of Shakespeare and Milton. its lines generally do not rhyme5
4591830401bombastinflated, pretentious language used for trivial subjects6
4591830402burlesquea work of literature meant to ridicule a subject; a grotesque imitation; a broad parody and exaggerates it into ridiculousness7
4591830403cacophonygrating, inharmonious sounds8
4591830404caesuraa pause somewhere in the middle of a verse, often (but not always marked by punctuation)9
4591830405canonthe works considered most important in national literature or period; works widely read and studied10
4591830406caricaturea grotesque likeness of striking qualities in persons and things; a portrait that exaggerates a facet of personality11
4591830407carpe diem"seize the day"12
4591830408catharsisa cleansing of the spirit brought about by the pity and terror of a dramatic tragedy13
4591830409classica highly regarded work of literature or other art form that has withstood the test of time, similar to canon14
4591830410classicismderiving from the orderly qualities of ancient Greek and Roman culture; implies formality, objectivity, simplicity and restraint15
4591830411climaxthe high point, or turning point, of a story/play16
4591830412novela tale in which a young protagonist experiences an introduction to adulthood. the character may develop understanding via disillusionment, education, doses of reality, or any other experiences that alter his/her emotional/intellectual maturity. e.g. Invisible Man17
4591830413conceita witty or ingenious thought; a diverting or highly fanciful idea, often stated in figurative language; a startling or unusual metaphor, or a metaphor developed and expanded upon several lines18
4591830414anticlimaxthis occurs when an action produces far smaller results than one had been led to expect, it is frequently comic in effect19
4591830415antiheroa protagonist who is markedly unheroic: morally weak, cowardly, dishonest, or any number of other unsavory qualities20
4591830416asidea speech (usually just a short comment) made by an actor to the audience, as though momentarily stepping outside of the action on stage21
4591830417aspecta trait of characteristic, as in "an aspect of the dew drop"22
4591830418atmospherethe emotional tone or background that surrounds a scene23
4591830419black humorthis is the use of disturbing themes in comedy. e.g. two tramps comically debating over which should commit suicide first, and whether the branches of a tree will support their weight24
4591830420cadencethe beat or rhythm of poetry in a general sense25
4591830421cantois a divider in long poems, much like chapters in a novel26
4591830422coinagea.k.a. neologism, inventing a word27
4591830423colloquialismthis is a word or phrase used in everyday conversational English that isn't a part of accepted "schoolbook" English28
4591830424controlling imagewhen an image dominates and shapes the entire work29
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AP Literature Vocab 20 Flashcards

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4758455719Themean ingredient of a literary work which gives the work unity. The theme provides an answer to the question, "What is the work about?" Each literary work carries its own theme(s). Unlike plot, which deals with the action of a work, theme concerns itself with a work's message or contains the general idea of a work and is worded in a complete sentence.0
4758455720Toneexpresses the author's attitude toward his or her subject. Since there are as many tones in literature as there are tones of voice in real relationships, the tone of a literary work may be one of anger or approval, pride or piety; the entire gamut of attitudes toward life's phenomena.1
4758455721Tragedydepicts the downfall or destruction of a character2
4758455722Tragic Flawa tragic flaw or error in judgment3
4758455723Tropeanother name for figurative language4
4758455724Understatementstatement in which the literal sense of what is said falls short of the magnitude of what is being talked about (a litote is a type of understatement.) Understatement: where we deliberately say less than we mean, and let the audience understand the real meaning5
4758455725Verisimilitudethe semblance of truth; the degree to which a writer creates the appearance of truth6
4758455726Villanellea poem with five triplets and a final quatrain; only two rhyme sounds are permitted in the entire poem, and the first and third lines of the first stanza are repeated, alternately, as the third line of subsequent stanzas until the last, when they appear as the last two lines of the poem.7
4758455727Voicethe "speaker" in a piece of literature8
4758455728AnecdoteBrief story, told to illustrate a point or serve as an example of something, often shows character of an individual9
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American Pageant Chapter 24 Flashcards

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5847222578Leland StanfordOne of the Big Four financial backers of the Central Pacific railroad. He was the ex-governor of California who had useful political connections. He kept clean of bribery and drove the ceremonious "last gold spike" into the connected transcontinental railroad.0
5847222581Cornelius VanderbiltA railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical.1
5847222584Alexander Graham BellHe was an American inventor who was responsible for developing the telephone. This greatly improved communications in the country.2
5847222585Thomas EdisonAmerican inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures.3
5847222586John D. RockefellerWas an American industrialist and philanthropist. Revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy.4
5847222587JP MorganBanker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "Robber barons"5
5847222588Terence Powderlyled the Knights of Labor, a skilled and unskilled union, wanted equal pay for equal work, an 8hr work day and to end child labor6
5847222590Samuel GompersHe was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers.7
5847222591Philip ArmourPioneered the shipping of hogs to Chicago for slaughter, canning, and exporting of meat.8
5847222594Charles DarwinEnglish naturalist. He studied the plants and animals of South America and the Pacific islands, and in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) set forth his theory of evolution.9
5847222598James Buchanan DukeSouthern industrialist behind the American Tobacco Company and Southern Power Company who made great advances in the businesses of tobacco and hydroelectric power.10
5847222599land granta tract of land given by the government, as for colleges or railroads.11
5847222601standard time zonesA condition created by the railroad companies because efficient RR transportation needed to be regulated and directed12
5847222605vertical integrationPractice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution13
5847222606horizontal integrationAn act of joining or consolidating with ones competitors to create a monopoly. Rockefeller was excellent with using this technique to monopolize certain markets. It is responsible for the majority of his wealth.14
5847222607trustA monopoly that controls goods and services, often in combinations that reduce competition.15
5847222608interlocking directoratesA board of directors, the majority of whose members also serve as the board of directors of a competing corporation16
5847222611plutocracysociety ruled by the wealthy17
5847222612injunctionA judicial order to a party to do or stop doing something18
5847222614company townA town or city in which most or all real estate, buildings (both residential and commercial), utilities, hospitals, small businesses such as grocery stores and gas stations, and other necessities or luxuries of life within its borders are owned by a single company.19
5847222615Social DarwinismA description often applied to the late 19th century belief of people such as Herbert Spencer and others who argued that "survival of the fittest" justifies the competition of laissez-faire capitalism and imperialist policies.20
5847222616"survival of the fittest"Process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called natural selection21
5847222619scabsStirkebreakers hired by employers as replacement workers when unions went on strike22
5847222620lockoutWhen management closes the doors to the place of work and keeps the workers from entering until an agreement is reached23
5847222621yellow dog contractan agreement some companies forced workers to take that forbade them from joining a union. This was a method used to limit the power of unions, thus hampering their development.24
5847222622blacklistA list circulated among employers containing the names of persons who should not be hired25
5847222623nonproducersBankers and merchants; use connections to increase wealth to the disadvantage of producers (farmers/artisans); Whigs; Federal economic development include tariffs, national bank, and internal improvements; bankers, businessmen, farmers in good regions, wealthy planters;26
5847222624anarchistspeople who oppose all forms of organized government27
5847222625socialismA system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.28
5847222627craft unionunion made up of skilled workers in a specific trade or industry29
5847222628closed shopA company with a labor agreement under which union membership can be a condition of employment.30
5847222629Union Pacific RailroadCongress commissioned this railroad to push westward from Omaha, Nebraska to California31
5847222630Central Pacific RailroadA railroad that started in Sacramento , and connected with the Union Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, Utah32
5847222633Crédit Mobiliera joint-stock company organized in 1863 and reorganized in 1867 to build the Union Pacific Railroad. It was involved in a scandal in 1872 in which high government officials were accused of accepting bribes.33
5847222634Pullman Palace Carsluxury passenger cars that were built and were very popular for travelers34
5847222635Grangean association formed by farmers in the last 1800s to make life better for farmers by sharing information about crops, prices, and supplies35
5847222636Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railroad Company v. IllinoisA Supreme Court decision that severely limited the rights of states to control interstate commerce. It led to the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission.36
5847222637Mesabi RangeA section of low hills in Minnesota owned by Rockefeller in 1887, it was a source of iron ore for steel production.37
5847222638Standard Oil CompanyFounded by John D. Rockefeller. Largest unit in the American oil industry in 1881. Known as A.D. Trust, it was outlawed by the Supreme Court of Ohio in 1899.38
5847222639Bessemer processA way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities.39
5847222640United States SteelCreated by J.P. Morgan from Carnegie's holdings; became the first billion dollar Corporation40
5847222641Gospel of WealthThis was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.41
5847222643Sherman Anti-Trust ActFirst federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions42
5847222644American Tobacco CompanyA company formed by the Duke family of Virginia after the invention of a machine for rolling cigarettes. The invention of the machine and the growing popularity of cigarettes provided a market for the company's ready-made cigarettes. Tobacco was the one industry that the South dominated in the late 19th century.43
5847222646Interstate Commerce ActEstablished the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices44
5847222647National Labor UnionThe first large-scale U.S. union; founded to organize skilled and unskilled laborers, farmers, and factory workers.45
5847222648Knights of LaborLed by Terence V. Powderly; open-membership policy extending to unskilled, semiskilled, women, African-Americans, immigrants; goal was to create a cooperative society between in which labors owned the industries in which they worked46
5847222649Haymarket SquareLabor disorders had broken out and on May 4 1886, the Chicago police advanced on a protest; alleged brutalities by the authorities. Following the hysteria, eight anarchists (possibly innocent) were rounded up. Because they preached "incendiary doctrines," they could be charged with conspiracy. Five were sentenced to death, one of which committed suicide; the other three were given stiff prison terms. Six years later, a newly elected Illinois governor recognized this gross injustice and pardoned the three survivors. Nevertheless, the Knights of Labor were toast: they became (incorrectly )associated with anarchy and all following strike efforts failed.47
5847222650American Federation of Labor1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.48
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AP Human Geography: Language Flashcards

Language

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5857804099AccentA distinctive mode of pronunciation of a language, especially one associated with a particular nation, locality, or social class.0
5857804100DialectA regional variation of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation, particular to a specific region or social group.1
5857804102Extinct LanguageA language that no longer has any speakers, or that is no longer in current use.2
5857804103IdeogramA written character symbolizing the idea of a thing without indicating the sounds used to say it. Used in Mandarin (Chinese)3
5857804104IsoglossA geographic boundary line delimiting the area in which a given linguistic feature occurs.4
5857804105Isolated LanguageA natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or "genetic") relationship with other languages or language families; that is, one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common with any other language. i.e A language family with only one language. (Basque)5
5857804106Language BranchA Subsection of a Language Family. Differences are not as extensive or old as with language families. i.e The Romance "-------" of the Indo-European language family.6
5857804107LanguageThe method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way.7
5857804108Language GroupA Collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary. An individual language, including all dialects (I.e. Italian, German, English)8
5857804109Language FamilyA collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history. The trunk of the language tree, from which language branches come from.9
5857804110Indo-European Language FamilyLargest language family that includes English and most other languages in the Western Hemisphere. Also used in South and Southwest Asia. Includes the Germanic branch, Indo-Iranian branch, Balto-Slavic branch, and Romance branch.10
5857804111Sino-Tibetan Language Family2nd largest language family. Includes Madarin, Thai, Cantonese and Burmese11
5857804112Lingua FrancaA Language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages (currently English worldwide).12
5857804113Literary TraditionA Language that is written as well as spoken.13
5857804114Monolingual StateA country in which only one language is spoken (i.e. Japan, Korea)14
5857804115BilingualThe ability to speak two languages.15
5857804116Multilingual StateA country in which more than one language is in use (India, Nigeria, Belgium, Switzerland)16
5857804117Official LanguageThe language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents, a language that is given special legal status.17
5857804118OrthographyThe conventional spelling system of a language.18
5857804119Pidgin LanguageA Form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages.19
5857804120Standard LanguageThe specific form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications.20
5857804121ToponymThe name of a place, often reflecting that place's history and culture.21
5857804123VernacularUsing a language or dialect native to a region or country rather than a literary, cultured, or foreign language. It is usually the language of the common people.22
5857804124CreoleA language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated. Developed out of an earlier pidgin stage.23
5857804125DenglishThe term is used in all German-speaking countries to refer to the increasingly strong influx of English or pseudo-English vocabulary into German.24
5857804126FranglaisA form of French using many words and idioms borrowed from English.25
5857804127EbonicsA dialect of English spoken by some African Americans.26
5857804128SpanglishA hybrid language combining words and idioms from both Spanish and English, especially Spanish speech that uses many English words and expressions.27
5857825582FrancophonePlaces and countries where French is spoken around the world. (Quebec in Canada, Vietnam, Haiti, Sub-Saharan Africa, Belgium, Switzerland, France).28
5858004044HankulThe system of writing Korean is written in. In this system, each letter represents a sound.29
5857866211Romance BranchA language branch of the Indo-European Language Family. This branch includes languages that evolved from Latin (the language of the Romans). The 5 main languages include: Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, and Romanian.30
5857872923Germanic BranchA language branch of the Indo-European Language Family. This branch is divided into North and West Germanic. North Germanic includes Scandinavian languages (Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic), which all came from Old Norse. West Germanic is further divided into High Germanic and Low Germanic subgroups. High German includes the standard German language. Low German includes English, Dutch, Flemish (Dialect of Dutch), Afrikaaans, and Frisian.31
5857872924Indo-Iranian BranchThe branch of the Indo-European language family with the most speakers. This branch includes more than 100 individual languages divided into an eastern group (Indic), which includes the languages of Hinid and Urdu and a western group (Iranian), which includes Farsi and Kurdish.32
5857882796Balto-Slavic BranchThis branch of the Indo-European language family can be broken down into four groups: East Slavic (Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian), Baltic (Latvian, Lithuanian), West Slavic (Polish, Czech, and Slovak), and South Slavic (Serbo-Croatian). Russian is the most widely used language in this branch, due to the spread of the Soviet Union.33
5857888683Celtic BranchA language branch of the Indo-European Language Family. This branch includes the languages of the British Isles before the invasion of the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. This branch is divided into two language groups: Goidelic(Gaelic), which includes Irish Gaelic and Scottish Gaelic, and Brythonic, which includes Welsh, Breton, and Cornish. These languages declined because the Celts lost most of their territory and the English colonizers forbid the use of the Celtic languages.34
5857888684Uralic Language FamilyLanguage Family in Europe that includes the languages of Estonian, Finnish, and Hungarian. Languages in this family originated from the Ural mountains in Russia, spreading through migration.35
5857897455Austronesian Language FamilyLanguage Family spoken mostly in Indonesia. This family includes the languages of Javanese, Indonesian, Malay, and Malagasy. The most spoken language in this family is Javanese, since Java is the populous island of Indonesia. The Indonesian language is used as a lingua franca in Indonesia, due to so many different native languages (739 active languages). Malay is spoken in Malaysia, Malagasy is spoken in Madagascar.36
5857897456Afro-Asiatic Language FamilyThis language family is found in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Middle East), where Islam is the dominant religion. This family includes the languages of Arabic and Hebrew. Hebrew is spoken in Israel, a Jewish state, and Arabic is spoken throughout the region since it is the language of the Koran, the Islamic holy book.37
5857900165Niger-Congo Language FamilyMore than 95% of people in Sub-Saharan Africa speak languages from this family. This family includes Swahili, the lingua franca in Africa, used by many to communicate as a second language, due to so many different native languages.38
5858100576Prehistoric SubgroupA language that predates the current language family, before the written record. Ex: Proto-Indo-European39
5857909510Altaic Language FamilyA language family spoken across central Asia named after the Altai Mountains. The most spoken language in this family is Turkish. The family also includes the languages spoken in the Caucasus Region and across Central Asia, previously controlled by the Soviet Union. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, newly independent countries in these regions reverted to their native languages in this family, including the countries of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Mongolia and Georgia.40
5858013128Kurgan TheoryProposed by Marija Gimbutas, this theory argues the Proto-Indo-European language diffused by military conquest as nomadic herders on horseback (Kurgans) invaded west from the Asian Steppe ( border between Russia and Kazakhstan) around 4300 B.C in search of grasslands.41
5858013129Renfrew (Anatolian) TheoryProposed by Colin renfrew, this theory argues the Proto-Indo-European language diffused by way of agriculktural practices from Anatolia (Turkey) in 6300 BC.42
5858028519British Received Pronunciation (BRP)The dialect of English associated with upper class Britons living in the London area now considered the standard form of British speech.43
5858038089Language DivergenceWhen a lack of spatial interaction (isolation) among speakers of a language breaks the language into dialects and then new languages.44
5858038090Language ConvergenceWhen peoples with different languages have consistent spatial interaction and their languages collapse into one (i.e. pidgin and creole).45
5858042370Backward ReconstructionWhen linguists track sound shifts and the hardening of consonants backward to reveal an "original" language.46
5858042371Sound ShiftSlight word change in language within the subfamilies and language family from present time, backward to its origin (i.e: lacte in Latin, latta in Italian).47
5858056303Treaty of TordesillasPope Alexander VI's 1493 decision that officially split the New World into two empires, with Spain getting the West and Portugal the East.48
5858064614HindiApproximately one-third of Indians, mostly in the north, use this Indic language. This language can be spoken in many different ways, but there is only one official way to write the language, using a script called Devanagari. It serves as the lingua franca in India and is used by the government, growing into a national language in the nineteenth century when the British encouraged its use in government. It is part of the Indo-Iranian branch.49
5858066688SwahiliThe lingua franca in Africa, used by many to communicate as a second language, due to so many different native languages. This language was developed between African and Arab traders and is one for the few African languages with extensive literature. It is part of the Niger-Congo language family.50
5858068139UrduPakistan's principal language, spoken very much like Hindi but written with the Arabic alphabet, a legacy of the fact that most Pakistanis are Muslims, and their holiest book (the Quran) is written in Arabic. It is part of the Indo-Iranian branch.51
5858068140FarsiThe principle language of Iran, a remnant of the Persian Empire. It is written with the Arabic alphabet since Iran is a Muslim country. This language is part of the Indo-Iranian branch.52
5858071523MandarinThis language is the most spoken language in the world. It is spoken by approximately three-fourths of the Chinese people, and is used by the Chinese government. There is no single Chinese language. Instead of letters, Chinese languages use ideograms (characters) that mostly represent concepts rather than sounds.53
5858073963ArabicThis language serves as a unifying force in the Middle East (Northern Africa and Southwest Asia), typically referred to as the Arab World. This language is the language of Islam (used in the Koran),, which is predominant throughout the region. This language belongs to the Afro-Asiatic language family and is the official language in two dozen countries of North Africa and southwestern Asia, from Morocco to the Arabian Peninsula.54
5858076487HebrewThis language was an extinct language that has been revived. It diminished in use in the fourth century B.C. and was thereafter retained only for Jewish religious services. When Israel was established in 1948, this language became one of the new country's two official languages, along with Arabic. This language was chosen to unify the Jews of Israel and give them a sense of nationalism, since Israel was created by Jewish refugees and migrants who spoke many different languages. Reviving this language required the creation of many new words for the modern world.55
5858078150Irish GaelicThis is one of the two official languages of Ireland, along with English. This language was forbidden under English rule. When Ireland got their independence form England in 1922, this language became an important part of their cultural identity and sense of nationalism and became a compulsory course in all public schools and required for public service jobs.56
5858078151BasqueAlso known as Euskera, this isolated language predates the Indo-European language and is not related to any other language family in Europe. Spoken in the Pyrenees Mountains (between Spain and France), the mountainous homeland created isolation, making the preservation of the language possible.57
5858084444WelshThis is one of the two official languages of Wales, along with English. This language was forbidden under English rule, but has been revived in recent years. This language is a compulsory subject in all schools in Wales and knowledge of the language is now required for many jobs in Wales. Bilingual signs and television and radio programs have also been added to help preserve this language.58
5858086300InuktitutThe language spoken by the Inuits (indigenous tribe) of northern Canada. It is recognized as an official language, along with English and French in Nunavut, the Inuit territory of Canada. Similar to the Celtic languages, it has declined with the forces of globalization and is undergoing a revival since it is an important part of the Inuit culture and is taught in schools and represented on bilingual signs and in the government.59
5858087535GlobalizationThe process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence and operate on an international scale. Currently, America dominates the world with multinational corporations and media, which has made English the world's current lingua franca (international language of business).60
5858126766QuebecThis province in Canada primarily speaks French, due to its history of colonization. As a result, Canada is officially bilingual, recognizing both English and French as official languages.61
5858154897Vulgar LatinThis language was spoken by the Roman army at the time of occupation and is the basis of the Romance languages, which evolved out of this language overtime due to isolation.62
5858174265Latin AmericaThis region of the Americas primarily speaks Romance Languages, which derived from Latin. Brazil speaks Portuguese, Haiti and French Guiana speak French, while the majority of the other countries speak Spanish, all due to the patterns of colonization.63
5858177346BelgiumThis multilingual state in Europe, which is part of the francophone world, has experienced tensions between its two language groups. The Flemings live in the north province Flanders and speak Flemish, a Dutch dialect. The Walloons live in the south province Wallonia and speak French. Brussels, the capital city if officially bilingual to create a since of unity in the country. Antagonism between the Flemings and Walloons is aggravated by economic and political differences. Historically, the Walloons dominated Belgium's economy and politics and French was the official state language.64
5858177347SwitzerlandThis multilingual state in Europe, which is part of the francophone world, remains peaceful with four official languages (German, French, Italian, and Romanish). This country has institutionalized cultural diversity by creating a form of government that places considerable power in local, small communities (Decenetralization).65
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Monetary Policy Flashcards

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3956121693intrinsic valuethe inherent worth of something, independent of its value to anyone or anything else0
3956129820Store of valuean item that people can use to transfer purchasing power from the present to the future1
3956132209Divisibilitylarge and small units2
3956133136Fungibilityunits are capable of mutual substitution (money)3
3956136965reserve requirementThe specified minimum percentage of its checkable deposits that a bank or thrift must keep on deposit at the Federal Reserve Bank in its district or hold as vault cash. (increasing -> decreasing money supply, degreasing -> increasing money supply)4
3956141657commodity moneyobjects that have value in themselves and that are also used as money5
3956142853fiat moneyAnything that is money because the government has decreed it to be money (doesn't have to have an intrinsic value)6
3956160415vault cashThe currency a bank has in its vault and cash drawers.7
3956165952liquidityThe ease with witch an asset can be converted quickly into cash with little or no loss of purchasing power. Money is said to be perfectly _____, whereas other assets have a lesser degree of liquidity.8
3956170884M1the most narrowly defined money supply, equal to currency in the hands of the public and the checkable deposits of commercial banks and thrift institutions. (checking accounts), traveler's checks.9
3956176971small time depositsdeposits of less than 100,00010
3956186716M2the most narrowly defined money supply, equal to M1 plus non-checkable savings accounts (including money market deposit accounts), small time deposits, and individual money market mutual fund balances.11
3956196650travelers checksspecial kinds of checks that are used instead of cash by travelers12
3956197793M3equal to M2 plus large time deposits (deposits of $100,000 or more)13
3956205888noncheckable savings accounta savings account against which no checks can be written.14
3956210753money market deposit accounts (MMDAs)interest earning accounts at banks and thrift institutions, which pool the funds of depositors to buy various short-term securities.15
3956215798thrift institutiona savings and loan association, mutual savings bank or credit union.16
4052862239discount rateThe interest rate on the loans that the Fed makes to banks17
4052862942raising the discount ratediscourages banks from borrowing from reserves from the FED.18
4052864688lowering the discount rateencourages banks to borrow from the FED19
4052866550federal funds rateInterest rate banks charge each other for overnight loans20
4052868413federal open market committeethe 12 member group that determines the purchase and sale policies of the Federal Reserve Banks in the market for U.S. government securities21
4052875762proportional or "flat" taxesa system that applies the same tax rate to every taxpayer regardless of income (ex: medicare)22
4052876770regressive taxA tax that takes a larger percent from low-income people than high income people (ex: social security)23
4052878434progressive taxThose whom make more money pay a higher percent of their income in tax24
4052879848effective tax rateWhat percent of a household/company ACTUALLY pays for tax.25
4052885297money market graphmeasures nominal interest rate, not real for monetary policy, not fiscal shifting SUPPLY not demand.26
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Chapter 24: New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania Flashcards

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1209036790What was Doña Marina's role in the Spanish conquest of the Aztecs? A) She unwittingly infected many of her people with smallpox. B) She betrayed the secret entrance to Tenochtitlan. C) She bore Cortés a child, who would bring unity among both peoples. D) She could speak several native languages and served as an interpreter. E) She was the first Catholic convert.D) She could speak several native languages and served as an interpreter.0
1209036791The first indigenous people that the Spanish empire dispossessed of their lands and forced into labor were the A) Aztecs. B) Incas. C) Iroquois. D) Maya. E) Taíno.E) Taíno.1
1209036792The labor system that compelled native workers to labor in Spanish mines and fields in exchange for protection and Christian conversion was known as A) the encomienda system. B) the hacienda. C) slavery. D) indentured servitude. E) the repartimiento system.A) the encomienda system.2
1209036793Which of the following was NOT a significant factor in Cortés's defeat of the Aztec empire? A) superior Spanish technology, especially swords, muskets, cannons, and horses B) a devastating smallpox epidemic C) the inadequate defenses of Tenochtitlan D) the resentment of many indigenous peoples to Aztec rule E) All these answers are correct, as none were factors in the defeat of the Aztecs.C) the inadequate defenses of Tenochtitlan3
1209036794In colonial governments, the power of the Spanish viceroy was kept in check by the authority of A) the Catholic church. B) the audiencias. C) the colonial legislature. D) the Spanish crown. E) the colonial militias.D) the Spanish crown.4
1209036795How did Portugal gain an empire in Brazil? A) Portuguese mariners were first to explore the Amazon basin. B) The Treaty of Tordesillas, designed to divide the Atlantic between Spain and Portugal, unintentionally granted Brazil to Portugal. C) Initially, the Spanish had no interest in South America. D) Brazilian natives successfully resisted Spanish invaders. E) None of these answers is correct.B) The Treaty of Tordesillas, designed to divide the Atlantic between Spain and Portugal, unintentionally granted Brazil to Portugal.5
1209036796The English settlements in North America grew slowly at first because A) of the large, densely-populated Indian communities that dominated the coast. B) the first English settlements did not prepare sufficient food crops. C) the colonies did not produce commodities that Europeans were eager to buy. D) the English government did not support or protect the colonies. E) All these answers are correct.B) the first English settlements did not prepare sufficient food crops.6
1209036797One significant difference in the administration of English colonies compared to their Spanish counterparts was A) the Spanish crown was less actively involved in the government of their colonies. B) English governors were elected directly by the colonists, while Spanish viceroys were appointed by the crown. C) Spanish colonies had powerful local assemblies, while the English did not. D) English colonies were often financed by private investors, who retained control over colonial affairs. E) the church played a greater role in the administration of Spanish colonies.D) English colonies were often financed by private investors, who retained control over colonial affairs.7
1209036798How did European settlers in North America legally justify seizing lands from native North American peoples? A) The settlers negotiated treaties. B) Because the native Americans were not Christian, they had no right to the land. C) Because the native Americans were hunters and gatherers rather than farmers, their claims to the land were not considered valid. D) The settlers established squatters' rights on unoccupied lands. E) By defeating the native Americans in battle, the English and French claimed the land as a spoil of war.A) The settlers negotiated treaties.8
1209036799A mestizo is a A) person born in Spain who immigrated to the New World. B) person of Spanish descent born in the New World. C) person of mixed Spanish and indigenous descent. D) person of mixed African and indigenous descent. E) person of mixed Spanish and African descent.C) person of mixed Spanish and indigenous descent.9
1209036800Criollos differed from peninsulares only in that A) they were born in the western hemisphere and not the eastern hemisphere. B) their mothers were part native. C) they had no land and were economically dependent. D) they had not yet been baptized in the Catholic church. E) they were indentured servants, while peninsulares were free.A) they were born in the western hemisphere and not the eastern hemisphere.10
1209036801The most valuable commodity for the Spanish in the Americas was A) minerals like silver and gold. B) sugar and rum. C) tobacco. D) furs. E) timber.A) minerals like silver and gold.11
1209036802How did the mining industries of the Americas stimulate global economic growth? A) Mining increased the demand for labor, sparking the growth of an indigenous middle class. B) Mineral ores from Mexico provided the raw materials for European manufacturing. C) The sale of slaves to the mines by the Portuguese resulted in the Portuguese spending their wealth throughout Europe and Africa. D) The Spanish quinto circulated throughout European and Asian markets. E) All these answers are correct.D) The Spanish quinto circulated throughout European and Asian markets.12
1209036803Which of the following is NOT true of the mita system? A) It was used by the Spanish at Potosí. B) It had been used by the Incas. C) It was a form of slavery, in that workers were not paid. D) It led to high rates of death among workers. E) It affected a large portion of the indigenous population.C) It was a form of slavery, in that workers were not paid.13
1209036804The labor system that dominated on haciendas of Spanish America was A) indentured servitude. B) slavery. C) the mita system. D) the encomienda system. E) wage labor.D) the encomienda system.14
1209036805Why did the production of sugar differ from that of other agricultural commodities of the western hemisphere? A) Sugar production was particularly hard on the environment. B) Sugarcane required extensive processing to turn it into a profitable export. C) African slaves were the only people who knew how to grow sugarcane. D) Sugar was extremely profitable with very little investment. E) It was only possible to grow in Brazil, and it had an extremely short growing season.B) Sugarcane required extensive processing to turn it into a profitable export.15
1209036806Which of the following was NOT a typical result of the North American fur trade? A) intense competition and even warfare among indigenous peoples for European trade B) intense competition among French, Dutch, and English fur traders C) the decimation of the beaver population in North America D) hostile relations between European traders and Native American trappers E) the introduction of European manufactured goods to indigenous peoplesD) hostile relations between European traders and Native American trappers16
1209036808Indentured servants who worked off their contracts in the colonies often A) returned disappointed to Europe. B) hoped to become wealthy plantation-owners. C) hoped to become active in the politics of the colonies. D) hoped to become independent artisans or planters. E) remained in debt for many years.D) hoped to become independent artisans or planters.17
1209036811Why were the indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica and South America more likely to accept Christianity than were the peoples of North America? A) Mesoamerican and South American peoples found many similarities between their religions and Catholicism. B) North American peoples were more geographically scattered, and thus more difficult for missionaries to reach. C) Catholic missionaries in Spanish America were more tolerant of native cultures than were the Protestant missionaries in North America. D) Catholic rule in the New World was more generous and enlightened than the English or the French rule. E) None of these answers is correct.B) North American peoples were more geographically scattered, and thus more difficult for missionaries to reach.18
1209036813The first explorers to Australia were not interested in settlement because A) the first explorers were driven away by hostile aborigines. B) the first explorers could not sail across the Great Barrier Reef. C) the land appeared too densely forested to settle easily. D) Australia was too far from European markets. E) All these answers are correct.C) the land appeared too densely forested to settle easily.19
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Africa and the Atlantic world Flashcards

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5757611735African Politics and Society in Early Modern Times- Between the eighth and sixteenth centuries, powerful kingdoms and imperial states ruled the savannas of west Africa. - Ghana was earliest one, however Mali took over - By the fifteenth century the Mali empire had begun to weaken, and the expansive state of Songhay emerged to take its place as the dominant power of the western grass- lands. - The Songhay empire dominated west Africa for most of the sixteenth centur y, but it was the last of the great imperial states of the grasslands. - In 1505 a massive Portuguese naval expedition subdued all the Swahili cities from Sofala to Mombasa. Portuguese forces built administrative centers at Mozambique and Malindi and con- structed forts throughout the region in hopes of controlling trade in east Africa. They did not succeed in that effort, but they disrupted trade patterns enough to send the Swahili cities into a decline from which they never fully recovered.0
5757634278The Kingdoms of Central Africa and South Africa- Kongo, Ndongo, Luba, and Lunda in the basin of the Congo River - Best known of them was the kingdom of Kongo, since abundant written records throw light on its experience in early modern times. - Its rulers built a centralized state with officials overseeing military, ju- dicial, and financial affairs, and by the late fifteenth century Kongo embraced much of the modern-day Republic of Congo and Angola.1
5757643309Kongo- Relations with Portugal brought wealth and foreign recognition to Kongo but also led eventually to the destruction of the kingdom and the establishment of a Portu- guese colony in Angola. - In spite of periodic invasions, Kongo remained strong until the mid-seventeenth century. Portuguese forces aided Kongo in expelling invaders, but at the same time they continued to trade in slaves.2
5757657324Ndongo- Meanwhile, Portuguese explorers were developing a brisk slave trade to the south in the kingdom of Ndongo, which the Portuguese referred to as Angola from the title of the king, ngola. - small chiefdom subject to the kings of Kongo to a powerful regional kingdom, largely on the basis of the wealth it was able to attract by trading directly with Portuguese merchants rather than through Kongolese intermediaries. - steadily increased their influence inland by allying with neighboring peoples who delivered increasing numbers of war captives to feed the growing slave trade. Over the next several decades, Portuguese forces campaigned in Ndongo in an effort to establish a colony that would support large-scale trading in slaves. - When Nzinga died, Portuguese forces faced less capable resistance, and they both extended and tightened their control over Angola, the first European colony in sub-Saharan Africa.3
5757673257Islam and Christianity in Early Modern Africa- Islam was most popular in the commercial centers of west Africa and the Swahili city-states of east Africa. In the sixteenth century the trading city of Timbuktu had a prominent Islamic university and 180 schools that taught the Quran. - Most African Muslims blended Islam with indigenous beliefs and customs. - Christianity made compromises with traditional beliefs and customs when it spread in sub-Saharan Africa. The Portuguese community in Kongo and An- gola supported priests and missionaries who introduced Roman Catholic Christianity to central Africa. They found strong interest among rulers such as King Afonso I of Kongo and his descendants, who eagerly adopted European-style Christianity as a foundation for commercial and political alliances with Portugal. Beyond the ruling courts, however, Christian teachings blended with African traditions to form syn- cretic cults. Some Africans regarded Christian missionaries as magicians and wore crosses and other Christian symbols as amulets to ward off danger from angry spirits.4
5757686508Social Change in Early Modern Africa- Kinship groups, for ex- ample, the most impor tant social units that emerged after the Bantu migrations, continued to serve as the basis of social organization and sometimes political organi- zation as well. Within agricultural villages throughout sub-Saharan Africa, clans under the leadership of prominent individuals organized the affairs of their kinship groups and disciplined those who violated community standards. In regions where king- doms and empires had not emerged, clan leaders consulted with one another and governed large regions. Indeed, even in lands ruled by formal states, clan leaders usually implemented state policy at the village level. - This strong demographic expansion is all the more remarkable because it took place precisely when millions of Africans underwent an involuntary, forced migration to destinations in the Caribbean and the Americas. Despite that migration, American food crops supported expanding populations in all regions of sub-Saharan Africa during early modern times.5
5757695784The Atlantic Slave TradeIn exchange for slaves, African peoples received European manufactured products—most notably firearms, which they sometimes used to strengthen military forces that then sought further re- cruits for the slave trade. Only in the early nineteenth century did the Atlantic slave trade come to an end. During the course of the century, most states abolished the in- stitution of slavery itself .6
5757706882Human cargoes- they were delivering five hundred slaves per year to Portugal and Spain. In Europe, African slaves usually worked as miners, porters, or domestic servants, since free peasants and serfs cultivated the land. - Slave traders also delivered their human cargoes to Portuguese island colonies in the Atlantic. - The demand for labor in the western hemisphere stimulated a profitable com- Triangular Trade merce known as the triangular trade, since European ships often undertook voyages of three legs. On the first leg they carried horses and European manufactured goods— mostly cloth and metalwares, especially firearms—that they exchanged in Africa for slaves. The second leg took enslaved Africans to Caribbean and American destina- tions. Upon arrival merchants sold their human cargoes to plantation owners for two to three times what they had cost on the African coast.7
5757720657middle passageFollowing capture, enslaved individu- als under went a forced march to the coast where they lived in holding pens until a ship arrived to transport them to the west- ern hemisphere. Then they embarked on the dreadful "middle passage," the trans- Atlantic journey aboard filthy and crowded slave ships. Enslaved passengers traveled below decks in hideously cramped quar- ters. Most ships provided slaves with enough room to sit upright, although not to stand, but some forced them to lie in chains on shelves with barely half a meter (twenty inches) of space between them. Conditions were so bad that many slaves attempted to starve themselves to death or mounted revolts. Ship crews attempted to preser ve the lives of slaves, intending to sell them for a profit at the end of the voyage, but often treated the unwilling pas- sengers with cruelty and contempt. Crew members used tools to pry open the mouths of those who refused to eat and pitched sick individuals into the ocean rather than have them infect others or waste limited supplies of food. - approximately 25 percent of in- dividuals enslaved in Africa did not survive the middle passage.8
5757735149The Impact of the Slave Trade in Africa- During the seven- teenth century, slave exports rose dramatically to twenty thousand per year, as Euro- pean peoples settled in the western hemisphere and called for African labor to cultivate their lands. The high point of the slave trade came in the eighteenth century, when the number of slaves exported to the Americas averaged fifty-five thousand per year. - Other societies flourished during early modern times and benefited economically from the slave trade. Those Africans who raided, took captives, and sold slaves to Europeans profited handsomely from the trade, as did the port cities and the states that coordinated trade with European merchants. Asante, Dahomey, and Oyo peoples, for example, took advantage of the slave trade to obtain firearms from European merchants and build powerful states in west Africa.9
5757748922Plantation Societies- Most African slaves went to plantations in the tropical and subtropical regions of the western hemisphere. When European peoples arrived in the Caribbean and the Amer- icas, they found vast stretches of fertile land and soon began to envision huge profits from plantations that would satisfy the growing European demand for sugar and other agricultural commodities. - Many of these plantations produced sugar, which was one of the most lucrative cash crops of early modern times. But plantations produced other crops as well. Dur- ing the seventeenth century, tobacco rivaled sugar as a profitable product. Rice also became a major plantation product, as did indigo. By the eighteenth centur y many plantations concentrated on the cultivation of cotton, and coffee had begun to emerge asaplantation specialty.10
5757759653The Making of African-American Cultural TraditionsMore often they spoke a creole tongue that drew on several African and European languages. In the low countr y of South Carolina and Georgia, for example, slaves made up about three-quarters of the population in the eighteenth century and regularly communicated in the creole languages Gullah and Geechee, respectively. Like their languages, slaves' religions also combined elements from different soci- eties. Some slaves shipped out of Africa were Christians, and many others converted to Christianity after their arrival in the western hemisphere. Most Africans and African- Americans did not practice European Christianity, however, but rather a syncretic faith that made considerable room for African interests and traditions. Because they devel- oped mostly in plantation societies under conditions of slavery, these syncretic religions usually did not create an institutional structure or establish a hierarchy of priests and other church officials. - As in their languages and religions, slaves relied on their African traditions in cre- ating musical forms attuned to the plantation landscape. For many of these involun- tary laborers, the playing of African music brought a sense of home and community to mind11
5757766325The end of the slave trade and the Abolition of Slavery- Fre- quent slave revolts in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries made the institution of slavery an expensive and dangerous business. Some freed slaves contributed to the abolitionist cause by writing books that exposed the brutality of institutional slavery. - Quite apart from moral andpo- litical arguments, economic forces also contributed to the end of slavery and the slave trade. Plan- tations, slavery, and the slave trade continued to flourish as long as they were profitable, notwithstanding the efforts of abolitionists. - The abolition of the institution of slavery itself was a long and drawn-out process: emancipation of all slaves came in 1833 in British colonies, 1848 in French colonies, 1865 in the United States, 1886 in Cuba, and 1888 in Brazil. Saudi Arabia and An- gola abolished slavery in the 1960s.12
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